OAuth Working Group                                     N. Sakimura, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                 Nomura Research Institute
Intended status: Standards Track                              J. Bradley
Expires: October 23, 2014                                  Ping Identity
                                                              N. Agarwal
                                                                  Google
                                                          April 21, 2014


         OAuth Symmetric Proof of Posession for Code Extension
                      draft-sakimura-oauth-tcse-03

Abstract

   The OAuth 2.0 public client utilizing authorization code grant is
   susceptible to the code interception attack.  This specification
   describe a mechanism that acts as a control against this threat.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 23, 2014.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents



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   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  code verifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.2.  code challenge  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Client checks the server support  . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  (optional) Client registers its desired code challenge
           algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.3.  Client creates a code verifier  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.4.  Client sends the code challenge with the authorization
           request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.5.  Server returns the code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.6.  Client sends the code and the secret to the token
           endpoint  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.7.  Server verifies code_verifier before returning the tokens   5
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  OAuth Parameters Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  Revision History  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8

1.  Introduction

   Public clients in OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749] is suseptible to the "code"
   interception attack.  The "code" interception attack is an attack
   that a malicious client intercepts the "code" returned from the
   authorization endpoint and uses it to obtain the access token.  This
   is possible on a public client as there is no client secret
   associated for it to be sent to the token endpoint.  This is
   especially true on some smartphone platform in which the "code" is
   returned to a redirect URI with a custom scheme as there can be
   multiple apps that can register the same scheme.Under this scenario,
   the mitigation strategy stated in section 4.4.1 of [RFC6819] does not




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   work as they rely on per-client instance secret or per client
   instance redirect uri.

   To mitigate this attack, this extension utilizes dynamically created
   cryptographically random key called 'code verifier'.  The code
   verifier is created for every authorization request and its
   transformed value called code challenge is sent to the authorization
   server to obtain the authorization code.  The "code" obtained is then
   sent to the token endpoint with the code verifier and the server
   compairs it with the previously received reqeust code so that it can
   perfom the proof of posession of the code verifier by the client.
   This works as the mitigation since the attacker would not know the
   one-time key.

2.  Terminology

   In addition to the terms defined in OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749], this
   specification defines the following terms.

2.1.  code verifier

   a cryptographically random string with big enough entropy that is
   used to correlate the authorization request to the token request

2.2.  code challenge

   either the code verifier itself or some transformation of it that is
   sent from the client to the server in the authorization request

   NOTE 1: The client and the server MAY use mutually agreed pre-
   negotiated algorithm such as base64url encoding of the left most
   128bit of SHA256 hash.

   NOTE 2: If no algorithm has been negotiated, it is treated as the
   code verifier itself.

3.  Protocol

3.1.  Client checks the server support

   Before starting the authorization process, the client MUST make sure
   that the server supports this specification.  It may be obtained out-
   of-band or through some other mechanisms such as the discovery
   document in OpenID Connect Discovery [OpenID.Discovery].  The exact
   mechanism on how the client obtains this information is out of scope
   of this specification.





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   The client that wishes to use this specification MUST stop proceeding
   if the server does not support this extension.

3.2.  (optional) Client registers its desired code challenge algorithm

   In this specification, the client sends the transformation of the
   code verifier to the authorization server in the front channel.  The
   default transformation is not doing transformation at all.  If the
   the server supports, the client MAY register its desired
   transformation algorithm to the server.  If the algorithm is
   registered, the server MUST reject any request that does not conform
   to the algorithm.

   How does this client registers the algorithm is out of scope for this
   specification.

   Also, this specification does not define any transformation other
   than the default transformation.

3.3.  Client creates a code verifier

   The client then creates a code verifier, "code_verifier", in the
   following manner.

   code_verifier = high entropy cryptographic random string of length
   less than 128 bytes

   NOTE: code verifier MUST have high enough entropy to make it
   inpractical to guess the value.

3.4.  Client sends the code challenge with the authorization request

   Then, the client creates a code challenge, "code_challenge", by
   applying the pre-negotiated algorithm between the client and the
   server.  The default behavior is no transofrmation, i.e.,
   "code_challenge" == "code_verifier".  The authorization server MUST
   support this 'no transformation' algorithm.

   The client sends the code challenge with the following parameter with
   the OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749] Authorization Request:

   code_challenge  REQUIRED. code challenge.

3.5.  Server returns the code

   When the server issues a "code", it MUST associate the
   "code_challenge" value with the "code" so that it can be used later.




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   Typically, the "code_challenge" value is stored in encrypted form in
   the "code", but it could as well be just stored in the server in
   association with the code.  The server MUST NOT include the
   "code_challenge" value in the form that any entity but itself can
   extract it.

3.6.  Client sends the code and the secret to the token endpoint

   Upon receipt of the "code", the client sends the request to the token
   endpoint.  In addition to the parameters defined in OAuth 2.0
   [RFC6749], it sends the following parameter:

   code_verifier  REQUIRED. code verifier

3.7.  Server verifies code_verifier before returning the tokens

   Upon receipt of the request at the token endpoint, the server
   verifies it by calculating the code challenge from "code_verifier"
   value and comparing it with the previously associated
   "code_challenge".  If they are equal, then the successful response
   SHOULD be returned.  If the values are not equal, an error response
   indicating "invalid_grant" as described in section 5.2 of OAuth 2.0
   [RFC6749] SHOULD be returned.

4.  IANA Considerations

   This specification makes a registration request as follows:

4.1.  OAuth Parameters Registry

   This specification registers the following parameters in the IANA
   OAuth Parameters registry defined in OAuth 2.0 [RFC6749].

   o  Parameter name: code_verifier

   o  Parameter usage location: Access Token Request

   o  Change controller: OpenID Foundation Artifact Binding Working
      Group - openid-specs-ab@lists.openid.net

   o  Specification document(s): this document

   o  Related information: None

   o  Parameter name: code_challenge

   o  Parameter usage location: Authorization Request




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   o  Change controller: OpenID Foundation Artifact Binding Working
      Group - openid-specs-ab@lists.openid.net

   o  Specification document(s): this document

   o  Related information: None

5.  Security Considerations

   The security model relies on the fact that the code verifier is not
   learned or guessed by the attacker.  It is vitally important to
   adhear to this principle.  As such, the code verifier has to be
   created in such a manner that it is cryptographically random and has
   high entropy that it is not practical for the attacker to guess, and
   if it is to be returned inside "code", it has to be encrypted in such
   a manner that only the server can decrypt and extract it.

   If the no transformation algorithm, which is the default algorithm,
   is used, the client MUST make sure that the request channel is
   adequately protected.  On a platform that it is not possible, the
   client and the server SHOULD utilize a transformation algorithm that
   makes it reasonably hard to recalculate the code verifier from the
   code challenge.

   All the OAuth security analysis presented in [RFC6819] applies so
   readers SHOULD carefully follow it.

6.  Acknowledgements

   The initial draft of this specification was created by the OpenID AB/
   Connect Working Group of the OpenID Foundation, by most notably of
   the following people:

   o  Naveen Agarwal, Google

   o  Dirk Belfanz, Google

   o  Sergey Beryozkin

   o  John Bradley, Ping Identity

   o  Brian Campbell, Ping Identity

   o  Phill Hunt, Oracle

   o  Ryo Ito, mixi

   o  Michael B. Jones, Microsoft



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   o  Torsten Lodderstadt, Deutsche Telekom

   o  Breno de Madeiros, Google

   o  Prateek Mishra, Oracle

   o  Anthony Nadalin, Microsoft

   o  Axel Nenker, Deutsche Telekom

   o  Nat Sakimura, Nomura Research Institute

7.  Revision History

   -02

   o  Changed title.

   o  Changed parameter names.

   o  Changed the default transformation algorithm and added crypto
      agility.

   o  More text in the security consideration.

   o  Now references RFC 6819.

   o  Recorded more contributors.

   -01

   o  Minor editorial changes.

   -00

   o  Initial version.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC6749]  Hardt, D., "The OAuth 2.0 Authorization Framework", RFC
              6749, October 2012.





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   [RFC6819]  Lodderstedt, T., McGloin, M., and P. Hunt, "OAuth 2.0
              Threat Model and Security Considerations", RFC 6819,
              January 2013.

8.2.  Informative References

   [OpenID.Discovery]
              Sakimura, N., Bradley, J., Jones, M., and E. Jay, "OpenID
              Connect Discovery 1.0", May 2013.

   [RFC4949]  Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", RFC
              4949, August 2007.

Authors' Addresses

   Nat Sakimura (editor)
   Nomura Research Institute

   Email: sakimura@gmail.com
   URI:   http://nat.sakimura.org/


   John Bradley
   Ping Identity

   Email: jbradley@pingidentity.com


   Naveen Agarwal
   Google

   Email: naa@google.com



















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