Network Working Group                                          M. Scharf
Internet-Draft                                   University of Stuttgart
Intended status: Experimental                                   S. Floyd
Expires: January 8, 2009                                            ICIR
                                                            P. Sarolahti
                                                   Nokia Research Center
                                                            July 7, 2008


               TCP Flow Control for Fast Startup Schemes
           draft-scharf-tcpm-flow-control-quick-start-00.txt

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Abstract

   This document describes extensions for the flow control of the
   Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) that avoid interactions with fast
   startup congestion control mechanisms, in particular the Quick-Start
   TCP extension.  Quick-Start is an optional TCP extension that allows
   to start data transfers with a large congestion window, using
   feedback of the routers along the path.  This can avoid the time
   consuming Slow-Start, provided that the TCP flow control is not a
   limiting factor.




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   There are two potential interactions between the TCP flow control and
   congestion control schemes without the standard Slow-Start: First,
   receivers might not allocate a sufficiently large buffer space after
   connection setup, or they may advertise a receive window implicitly
   assuming the Slow-Start behavior on the sender side.  This document
   therefore provides guidelines for buffer allocation in hosts
   supporting the Quick-Start extension.  Second, the TCP receive window
   scaling mechanism can prevent fast startups immediately after the
   initial three-way handshake connection setup.  This document
   describes a simple solution to overcome this problem.


Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Requirements Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Receive Buffer Dimensioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     3.1.  Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
     3.2.  Recommendations for Buffer Dimensioning with
           Quick-Start  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   4.  Receive Window Scaling Issues  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.1.  Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     4.2.  Interaction Problem  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.3.  Proposed Solution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     4.4.  Deployment Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   7.  Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   8.  References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     8.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     8.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   Appendix A.  Applicability to Other Proposals  . . . . . . . . . . 11
   Appendix B.  Alternative Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   Appendix C.  Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 13















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1.  Introduction

   The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) [RFC0793] realizes both flow
   control and congestion control.  The TCP flow control is a receiver-
   driven mechanism that informs the sender about the available receive
   buffer space and limits the maximum amount of outstanding data.  In
   general, flow control and congestion control are independent
   mechanisms, and the allocation of receive buffer space is up to the
   receiving network stack only.  But if the TCP connection spans a path
   with a large bandwidth-delay product (BDP), both congestion and
   receive window should have large values in order to achieve good TCP
   performance (see [RFC2488],[RFC3481]).  This results in some overlap
   of flow control and congestion control.

   A fast startup scheme, which speeds up data transfers by not using
   the standard Slow-Start mechanism [RFC2581], can suffer from further
   interactions between the TCP flow control and congestion control.
   While not being appropriate for the global Internet, such a fast
   startup congestion control could be deployed for instance in
   controlled environments.  The experimental Quick-Start TCP extension
   [RFC4782] is currently the only specified TCP extension that realizes
   a fast startup.  This is why this document only considers Quick-
   Start.  However, as discussed in Appendix A, interactions between the
   TCP flow control and congestion control mechanisms could also arise
   if a fast startup was realized by other means.

   With Quick-Start, TCP hosts can request permission from the routers
   along a network path to send at a higher rate than allowed by the
   default TCP congestion control, in particular during connection setup
   or after longer idle periods.  The explicit router feedback avoids
   the time-consuming capacity probing by the TCP Slow-Start and can
   significantly improve transfer times over paths with a high
   bandwidth-delay product [SAF07].

   The usage of a fast startup significantly changes the TCP behavior
   during connection setup, since a sender can use large congestion
   windows immediately after connection setup.  Concerning the flow
   control, these large windows raise two questions: First, what
   receiver buffer allocation strategies should be used?  And second,
   how to appropriately signal large windows?  This document addresses
   these issues and shows that fast startup schemes require special
   mechanisms in both cases.  The document thereby supplements the
   Quick-Start TCP specification [RFC4782], where flow control issues
   have not been addressed in detail.

   The rest of this document is structured as follows: First, the
   question of receive buffer allocation in combination with Quick-Start
   is addressed and dimensioning guidelines are provided.  And second, a



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   usage of the receive window scaling mechanism [RFC1323] is specified,
   which is required to fully benefit from Quick-Start when the Quick-
   Start request is used in the initial <SYN> segment.


2.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].


3.  Receive Buffer Dimensioning

3.1.  Background

   According to [RFC2581], a TCP sender can transmit up to the minimum
   of the congestion window and the receive window (also called
   receiver's advertised window).  Several factors can have an impact on
   the value of the receive window: On the one hand, hosts with a
   potentially high number of TCP connections need to optimize their
   buffer and memory usage to be able to serve a maximum possible number
   of TCP connections.  On the other hand, a receiver that wants to use
   the available bandwidth should advertise a receive window that is big
   enough to allow an efficient utilization of the connection path.
   Finding a fixed receive buffer size that is optimal between these two
   goals is difficult.

   This is why many modern TCP implementations use an intelligent
   dynamic buffer management.  There are different auto-tuning
   techniques and heuristics [Dun06] designed to prevent the receive
   window from limiting the data rate at the sender.  An implementation
   using receive window auto-tuning is described for instance in [SB05].
   A common characteristic of most of these buffer allocation strategies
   is that they initially advertise a rather small receive window.  The
   more data arrives, the more buffer is advertised to the corresponding
   connection.  This behavior is reasonable if the sender uses the
   standard Slow-Start algorithm and thus starts with a small congestion
   window anyway.  However, when a fast startup shall be used, the
   receiver must be ready to buffer a large amount of data immediately
   after the connection setup.

3.2.  Recommendations for Buffer Dimensioning with Quick-Start

   A network stack that supports the Quick-Start TCP extension should
   apply the following guidelines for receive buffer allocation, in
   addition to the normal buffer management principles:




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   When a host receives and approves a Quick-Start request, it SHOULD
   announce a receive window that is large enough so that a potential
   Quick-Start data transfer can start with a high sending window.  If
   buffer size auto-tuning is used, it SHOULD be ensured that a
   sufficiently high initial receive window is announced.  The handling
   of buffer space upon arrival of a Quick-Start request SHOULD be
   configurable by the corresponding application.

   The TCP host could estimate the required buffer space as the product
   of the approved Quick-Start rate and the round-trip time, and
   advertise a receive window based on this required buffer space.  This
   receive window should allow the other TCP host to fully use the
   approved Quick-Start Request.  If the TCP host doesn't know the
   round-trip time, the TCP host could use an estimate of the round-trip
   time in calculating the required buffer space.  For instance, the
   buffer dimension could be done for a configurable "worst-case" RTT
   such as 500 ms.  Alternately, the TCP host could base the advertised
   receive window on the available buffer space, without calculating the
   buffer space required for the other TCP host to fully use the
   approved Quick-Start Request.


4.  Receive Window Scaling Issues

4.1.  Background

   The TCP header specified in [RFC0793] uses a 16 bit field to report
   the receive window size to the sender.  This effectively limits the
   sending window to 64 KB.  To circumvent this limitation, the "Window
   Scale" TCP extension [RFC1323] defines an implicit scale factor,
   which is used to multiply the window size value found in a TCP header
   to obtain a 32 bit window size.  If enabled, the scale factor is
   announced during connection setup by the "Window Scale" TCP option in
   <SYN> and <SYN,ACK> segments.

   In general, using receive window scaling is highly beneficial for TCP
   connections over path with a large bandwidth-delay product
   [RFC2488],[RFC3481].  Otherwise, the path capacity cannot fully be
   utilized by TCP.  Quick-Start TCP can significantly speed up data
   transfers over such paths [RFC4782],[SAF07].  As a consequence, a
   host supporting Quick-Start should enable receive window scaling
   according to [RFC1323].  If Quick-Start is used in the initial three-
   way handshake, the minimum required scaling factor may be obtained
   from the required receive buffer space, which can be approximated as
   described in the previous section.






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4.2.  Interaction Problem

   A problem arises when the Quick-Start mechanism is used within the
   three-way handshake, and the Quick-Start request is added to the
   initial <SYN> segment: In this scenario, if the Quick-Start request
   is approved by the routers along the path, the receiver echoes back
   the Quick-Start response in the <SYN,ACK> segment.  This process is
   illustrated in [RFC4782].  Upon reception of the <SYN,ACK> with the
   Quick-Start response, the sender can set the congestion window to the
   determined value so that it can immediately start to send with the
   approved data rate.

   However, [RFC1323] defines that the "Window field in a SYN (i.e., a
   <SYN> or <SYN,ACK>) segment itself is never scaled."  This means that
   the maximum receive window that can be signaled to the sender in the
   <SYN,ACK> is 64 KB.  As a consequence, the TCP flow control will
   prevent the TCP sender from having more than 64 KB of outstanding
   data, even if the receiver has much more free buffer, and the Quick-
   Start feedback allows a much larger congestion window.

   This effect essentially limits the maximum amount of data sent by
   Quick-Start to 64 KB, when the sender sends the Quick-Start request
   in the initial <SYN> segment.  Also, the congestion window after
   quiting the Quick-Start rate pacing phase is at most 64 KB, as the
   congestion window is set to the amount of data that has actually been
   sent during the rate pacing phase.  This is an undesirable
   restriction for the Quick-Start mechanism, even if 64 KB is still
   much more than the initial congestion window in Slow-Start that is
   allowed by [RFC3390].

   This issue only occurs when Quick-Start is used in the three-way TCP
   connection setup procedure, and only in the direction of the
   connection originator to the acceptor.  Still, this case is one of
   the planned usage scenarios for the Quick-Start TCP extension.

4.3.  Proposed Solution

   The limitation imposed by the window scaling could be addressed in
   different ways.  This document proposes the following solution: If
   necessary, the TCP host SHOULD send a scaled receive window in a
   separate <ACK> packet following the <SYN,ACK> packet.

   This means that when a host receives a <SYN> segment with a Quick-
   Start option, it processes the option as described in [RFC4782].
   Provided that the host has Quick-Start support enabled, the Quick-
   Start response is echoed back in the <SYN,ACK> segment.  As
   explained, this segment cannot announce receive windows larger than
   64 KB.  If the receiver allocates a buffer space larger than 64 KB,



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   an additional empty segment (without <SYN> flag) SHOULD be sent after
   the <SYN,ACK> segment, in order to announce the true receive window.
   The resulting message flow is depicted in Figure 1.

      Sender       Routers (approving QS request)        Receiver
      ------       -------                               --------
        |                                                  |
        | ------------------------------------------------>|
        |  QS request                                      |
        |  TCP <SYN>, unscaled receive window              |
        |      window scaling and other options            |
        |                                                  |
        | <------------------------------------------------|
        |  QS response                                     |
        |  TCP <SYN,ACK>, unscaled receive window          |
        |      window scaling and other options            |
        |                                                  |
        | <------------------------------------------------|
        |  Additional acknowledgment                       |
        |  TCP <ACK>, scaled receive window                |
        |                                                  |
        | ------------------------------------------------>|
        |  QS report                                       |
        |  TCP <ACK>                                       |
        |                                                  |
        | ================================================>|
        | ================================================>|
        |  Rate paced data transfer                        |
        |                                                  |
        | <------------------------------------------------|
        |  First new acknowledgment                        |
        V                                                  V

        Figure 1: Message sequence chart of the proposed mechanism

   After having received this additional acknowledgment, the sender is
   aware of the true available receive buffer.  Provided that the Quick-
   Start request is approved on the path and that the receive window is
   sufficiently large, this allows the sender to send more than 64 KB
   during the Quick-Start rate pacing phase.

   We note that there is some degree of freedom as to when to send the
   additional acknowledgment.  The straightforward solution is to send
   it immediately after the <SYN,ACK> segment.  But this is not
   required: It is sufficient if the sender receives this segment before
   reaching the limit of the unscaled receive window.  As a consequence,
   receivers could also delay the sending of this segment for some small
   amount of time.



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4.4.  Deployment Considerations

   The method proposed in this document is compliant with the TCP
   specifications: Sending empty segments to increase the receive window
   is implicitly allowed by [RFC0793], and in [RFC2581] it is clearly
   stated that sending an acknowledgment is allowed to update the
   receive window.  For standard-compliant TCP stacks, implementing the
   method thus should require changes in the receiver TCP implementation
   only.

   However, sending an empty acknowledgment shortly after a <SYN,ACK>
   segment is an atypical TCP communication event.  The <SYN,ACK> and
   the additional segment could get reordered in the network.  In this
   case, the sending host will typically ignore the additional segment,
   as it is still awaiting the <SYN,ACK>.  Furthermore, middleboxes such
   as stateful firewalls might drop the additional acknowledgment.  Even
   worse, this segment might also be dropped because a middlebox
   receives it earlier than the <ACK> segment from the sender.  At this
   point in time, from the viewpoint of the middlebox, the bi-
   directional end-to-end TCP connection is not yet established.  If the
   additional segment gets dropped, the sender only knows the unscaled
   receive window until the next new acknowledgment arrives, which may
   limit the benefit of Quick-Start.  Delaying the additional
   acknowledgment for a short period of time could help to avoid such
   problems.  Further investigation is needed to analyze whether such a
   delay is required.

   A possible alternative to the message flow in Figure 1 would be to
   piggyback the Quick-Start response on the additional acknowledgment
   segment instead of the <SYN,ACK>.  However, this approach has several
   drawbacks and is therefore not recommended: First, the Quick-Start
   response would be received later, which could cause additional
   delays.  Second, the <SYN,ACK> is immediately acknowledged by the
   <ACK> segment.  The Quick-Start rate report can thus be piggybacked
   on this <ACK>.  In contrast, if the Quick-Start response is included
   in the additional acknowledgment, the Quick-Start report has to be
   piggybacked to a data segment, i. e., it depends on the availability
   of application data whether and when the Quick-Start report is sent.

   The additional segment mandated by this document results in a network
   overhead of one segment.  In many potential usage scenarios this
   overhead will be small compared to the network load caused by the
   acknowledgments of a starting high-speed Quick-Start data transfer.

   Instead of sending one additional acknowledgment, a host could also
   send a small number of copies in order to improve robustness.  This
   could help to reduce the risk of reordering with the <SYN,ACK>
   segment.  However, given the additional overhead, it is recommended



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   to send only one acknowledgment unless there are indications that the
   path suffers from frequent packet reordering.


5.  Security Considerations

   Quick-Start TCP imposes a number of security challenges.  Known
   security threats as well as counter-measures are discussed in the
   section "Security Considerations" of [RFC4782].  Since this document
   describes extensions to Quick-Start TCP, the security issues and
   solutions identified in [RFC4782] apply here, too.

   If a host reserves large amounts of buffer space during the three-way
   handshake, this could increase the vulnerability to "syn flooding"
   attacks: An attacker sending many Quick-Start requests could try to
   allocate much buffer space at a host, which is then not available any
   more for other TCP connections.  If most involved routers support
   Quick-Start, this type of attack is difficult to realize, since the
   routers may reject many requests before they reach a host.  However,
   an attack could be possible if some routers on the path do not
   support Quick-Start.  A simple countermeasure would be to set an
   upper limit on the total amount of buffer space granted to
   connections with Quick-Start, and possibly to deny requests if they
   arrive at a host with too high a frequency.  The main impact of this
   abuse is that Quick-Start may be rendered useless for other
   connections.  This can result in some performance degradation,
   because the default Slow-Start must be used instead.  In general, it
   is an inherent weak point of Quick-Start that one can send much more
   requests than required, which temporarily can block resources for
   other earnest Quick-Start requests [RFC4782].

   It is an allowed behavior for a TCP connection endpoint to send an
   additional acknowledgment segment in order to update the receive
   window.  The usage of the proposed mechanism causes some limited
   network overhead, but it does not result in additional security
   threats.


6.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no actions for IANA.


7.  Acknowledgments

   Special thanks to Haiko Strotbek, Martin Koehn, Simon Hauger,
   Christian Mueller, and Gorry Fairhurst for suggestions and comments.




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8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0793]  Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
              RFC 793, September 1981.

   [RFC1323]  Jacobson, V., Braden, B., and D. Borman, "TCP Extensions
              for High Performance", RFC 1323, May 1992.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2581]  Allman, M., Paxson, V., and W. Stevens, "TCP Congestion
              Control", RFC 2581, April 1999.

   [RFC3390]  Allman, M., Floyd, S., and C. Partridge, "Increasing TCP's
              Initial Window", RFC 3390, October 2002.

   [RFC4782]  Floyd, S., Allman, M., Jain, A., and P. Sarolahti, "Quick-
              Start for TCP and IP", RFC 4782, January 2007.

8.2.  Informative References

   [Dun06]    Dunigan, T., "TCP auto-tuning zoo", available
              at http://www.csm.ornl.gov/~dunigan/net100/auto.html,
              February 2006.

   [FPK07]    Falk, A., Pryadkin, Y., and D. Katabi, "Specification for
              the Explicit Control Protocol (XCP)", Internet Draft, work
              in progress, June 2007.

   [LAJ+07]   Liu, D., Allman, M., Jin, S., and L. Wang, "Congestion
              Control Without a Startup Phase", Proc. PFLDnet2007,
              February 2007.

   [RFC2488]  Allman, M., Glover, D., and L. Sanchez, "Enhancing TCP
              Over Satellite Channels using Standard Mechanisms",
              BCP 28, RFC 2488, January 1999.

   [RFC3481]  Inamura, H., Montenegro, G., Ludwig, R., Gurtov, A., and
              F. Khafizov, "TCP over Second (2.5G) and Third (3G)
              Generation Wireless Networks", BCP 71, RFC 3481,
              February 2003.

   [SAF07]    Sarolahti, P., Allman, M., and S. Floyd, "Determining an
              Appropriate Sending Rate Over an Underutilized Network
              Path", Computer Networks, vol. 51, no. 7, 2007.



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   [SB05]     Smith, M. and S. Bishop, "Flow Control in the Linux
              Network Stack", available
              at http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pes20/Netsem/linuxnet.pdf,
              February 2005.


Appendix A.  Applicability to Other Proposals

   Besides Quick-Start, there are some other fast startup proposals
   under discussion.  A common characteristic is that they can be more
   aggressive than the standard TCP Slow-Start.  A comprehensive survey
   of this related work can be found in [RFC4782].  For instance, the
   Explicit Control Protocol (XCP) [FPK07] proposes a new congestion
   control based on explicit router feedback.  Furthermore, there are
   discussions in the research community whether a host could start to
   send with a large congestion window, combined with a rate pacing
   mechanism and a conservative reaction in case of congestion [LAJ+07].
   Basically, the effects discussed in this document are inherent to all
   fast startup schemes and not specific to Quick-Start.

   Dynamic receive buffer dimensioning is a non-trivial task for all
   fast startup schemes.  The amount of information that a receiver can
   gain during a connection setup procedure differs from proposal to
   proposal.  However, the basic guideline to advertise a larger inital
   receive window applies to all proposals similar to Quick-Start.

   If the TCP header semantics apply, the interaction with receive
   window scaling mechanism could also be a problem for other
   approaches.  In this case, the workaround of sending an additional
   acknowledgment can be helpful, too.


Appendix B.  Alternative Solutions

   The limitation imposed by the window scaling could be addressed in
   several ways.  This document proposes to send an additional
   acknowledgment to announce the true receive window, if needed.  This
   method is compliant with the current TCP standards.

   Alternatively, one could circumvent [RFC1323] in several ways.  For
   instance, one could use a scaled receive window in <SYN> and
   <SYN,ACK> segments, if they include Quick-Start options.  The usage
   of a scaled window could also be indicated by some other means (e.
   g., a new TCP option).  Finally, the advertised window could
   selectively be ignored by a sender that receives a Quick-Start
   response.  Still, such alternative solutions would require changes in
   the TCP header semantics and might cause interworking problems with
   currently deployed TCP implementations.



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Appendix C.  Document Revision History

   This document was originally entitled by "Avoiding Interactions of
   Quick-Start TCP and Flow Control".  Changes from earlier versions of
   the document include:
   o  draft-scharf-tcpm-flow-control-quick-start-00.txt: Changed title
      and more precise statements on the applicability beyond Quick-
      Start
   o  draft-scharf-tsvwg-quick-start-flow-control-01.txt: Improved
      description of deployment implications
   o  draft-scharf-tsvwg-quick-start-flow-control-00.txt: Initial
      version


Authors' Addresses

   Michael Scharf
   University of Stuttgart
   Pfaffenwaldring 47
   D-70569 Stuttgart
   Germany

   Phone: +49 711 685 69006
   Email: michael.scharf@ikr.uni-stuttgart.de
   URI:   http://www.ikr.uni-stuttgart.de/en/~scharf


   Sally Floyd
   ICIR (ICSI Center for Internet Research)

   Phone: +1 (510) 666-2989
   Email: floyd@icir.org
   URI:   http://www.icir.org/floyd/


   Pasi Sarolahti
   Nokia Research Center
   P.O. Box 407
   FI-00045 NOKIA GROUP
   Finland

   Phone: +358 50 4876607
   Email: pasi.sarolahti@iki.fi








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