INTERNET DRAFT                                            Y. Serbest
   Internet Engineering Task Force                                  SBC
   Document:                                                    Ray Qiu
   draft-serbest-l2vpn-vpls-mcast-02.txt                    Venu Hemige
   February 2005                                                Alcatel
   Category: Informational                                     Rob Nath
   Expires: August 2005                                      Riverstone




                   Supporting IP Multicast over VPLS

   Status of this memo

   By submitting this Internet-Draft, we represent that any applicable
   patent or other IPR claims of which we are aware have been disclosed,
   or will be disclosed, and any of which we become aware will be
   disclosed in accordance with RFC 3668.

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   Sections 5 and 6 of RFC 3667 and Section 5 of RFC 3668.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

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   Abstract

   In Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), the PE devices provide a
   logical interconnect such that CE devices belonging to a specific
   VPLS instance appear to be connected by a single LAN.  A VPLS
   solution performs replication for multicast traffic at the ingress PE
   devices.  When replicated at the ingress PE, multicast traffic wastes
   bandwidth when 1. Multicast traffic is sent to sites with no members,
   and 2. Pseudo wires to different sites go through a shared path.
   This document is addressing the former by IGMP and PIM snooping.

   Conventions used in this document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.
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   Table of Contents
1  Contributing Authors..............................................3
2  Introduction......................................................3
3  Overview of VPLS..................................................4
4  Multicast Traffic over VPLS.......................................4
5  Constraining of IP Multicast in a VPLS............................5
 5.1  IPv6 Considerations............................................6
 5.2  General Rules for IGMP/PIM Snooping in VPLS....................7
 5.3  IGMP Snooping for VPLS.........................................7
   5.3.1   Discovering Multicast Routers.............................8
   5.3.2   IGMP Snooping Protocol State..............................8
   5.3.3   IGMP Join.................................................9
   5.3.4   IGMP Leave...............................................13
   5.3.5   Failure Scenarios........................................14
   5.3.6   Scaling Considerations for IGMP Snooping.................14
   5.3.7   Downstream Proxy Behavior................................15
   5.3.8   Upstream Proxy Behavior..................................15
 5.4  PIM Snooping for VPLS.........................................16
   5.4.1   PIM Snooping State Summarization Macros..................16
   5.4.2   PIM-DM...................................................18
   5.4.2.1 Discovering Multicast Routers............................18
   5.4.2.2 PIM-DM Multicast Forwarding..............................19
   5.4.2.3 PIM-DM Pruning...........................................20
   5.4.2.4 PIM-DM Grafting..........................................21
   5.4.2.5 Failure Scenarios........................................22
   5.4.3   PIM-SM...................................................22
   5.4.3.1 Discovering Multicast Routers............................22
   5.4.3.2 PIM-SM (*,G) Join........................................23
   5.4.3.3 PIM-SM Pruning...........................................25
   5.4.3.4 PIM-SM (S,G) Join........................................26
   5.4.3.5 PIM-SM (S,G,rpt) Prunes..................................26
   5.4.3.6 PIM-SM (*,*,RP) State....................................26
   5.4.3.7 Failure Scenarios........................................27
   5.4.3.8 Special Cases for PIM-SM Snooping........................27
   5.4.4   PIM-SSM..................................................29
   5.4.4.1 Discovering Multicast Routers............................30
   5.4.4.2 Guidelines for PIM-SSM Snooping..........................30
   5.4.4.3 PIM-SSM Join.............................................31
   5.4.4.4 PIM-SSM Prune............................................32
   5.4.4.5 Failure Scenarios........................................32
   5.4.4.6 Special Cases for PIM-SSM Snooping.......................32
   5.4.5   Bidirectional-PIM (BIDIR-PIM)............................32
   5.4.5.1 Discovering Multicast Routers............................32
   5.4.5.2 Guidelines for BIDIR-PIM Snooping........................33
   5.4.5.3 BIDIR-PIM Join...........................................34
   5.4.5.4 BIDIR-PIM Prune..........................................35
   5.4.5.5 Failure Scenarios........................................35
   5.4.6   Multicast Source Directly Connected to the VPLS Instance.35
   5.4.7   Data Forwarding Rules....................................36
   5.4.8   PIM Snooping at PWs Overwhelm PEs........................36
6  Security Considerations..........................................39


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7  References.......................................................39
 7.1  Normative References..........................................39
 7.2  Informative References........................................39
8  Authors' Addresses...............................................39
9  Intellectual Property Statement..................................40
10    Full copyright statement......................................41

1 Contributing Authors
   This document was the combined effort of several individuals.  The
   following are the authors, in alphabetical order, who contributed to
   this document:

          Suresh Boddapati
          Venu Hemige
          Sunil Khandekar
          Vach Kompella
          Marc Lasserre
          Rob Nath
          Ray Qiu
          Yetik Serbest

2 Introduction
   In Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), the Provider Edge (PE) devices
   provide a logical interconnect such that Customer Edge (CE) devices
   belonging to a specific VPLS instance appear to be connected by a
   single LAN. Forwarding information base for particular VPLS instance
   is populated dynamically by source MAC address learning.  This is a
   straightforward solution to support unicast traffic, with reasonable
   flooding for unicast unknown traffic.  Since a VPLS provides LAN
   emulation for IEEE bridges as wells as for routers, the unicast and
   multicast traffic need to follow the same path for layer-2 protocols
   to work properly.  As such, multicast traffic is treated as broadcast
   traffic and is flooded to every site in the VPLS instance.

   VPLS solutions (i.e., [VPLS-LDP] and [VPLS-BGP]) perform replication
   for multicast traffic at the ingress PE devices.  When replicated at
   the ingress PE, multicast traffic wastes bandwidth when: 1. Multicast
   traffic is sent to sites with no members, 2. Pseudo wires to
   different sites go through a shared path, and 3. Multicast traffic is
   forwarded along a shortest path tree as opposed to the minimum cost
   spanning tree.  This document is addressing the first problem by IGMP
   and PIM snooping.  Using VPLS in conjunction with IGMP and/or PIM
   snooping has the following advantages:
     - It improves VPLS to support IP multicast efficiently (not
        necessarily optimum, as there can still be bandwidth waste),
     - It prevents sending multicast traffic to sites with no members,
     - It keeps P routers in the core stateless,
     - The Service Provider (SP) does not need to perform the tasks to
        provide multicast service (e.g., running PIM, managing P-group
        addresses, managing multicast tunnels)



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     - The SP does not need to maintain PIM adjacencies with the
        customers.

   In this document, we describe the procedures for Internet Group
   Management Protocol (IGMP) and Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
   snooping over VPLS for efficient distribution of IP multicast
   traffic.

3 Overview of VPLS
   In case of VPLS, the PE devices provide a logical interconnect such
   that CE devices belonging to a specific VPLS appear to be connected
   by a single LAN.  End-to-end VPLS consists of a bridge module and a
   LAN emulation module ([L2VPN-FR]).

   In a VPLS, a customer site receives layer-2 service from the SP.  The
   PE is attached via an access connection to one or more CEs.  The PE
   performs forwarding of user data packets based on information in the
   layer-2 header, that is, MAC destination address.  The CE sees a
   bridge.

   The details of VPLS reference model, which we summarize here, can be
   found in [L2VPN-FR].  In VPLS, the PE can be viewed as containing a
   Virtual Switching Instance (VSI) for each L2VPN that it serves.  A CE
   device attaches, possibly through an access network, to a bridge
   module of a PE.  Within the PE, the bridge module attaches, through
   an Emulated LAN Interface to an Emulated LAN.  For each VPLS, there
   is an Emulated LAN instance.  The Emulated LAN consists of VPLS
   Forwarder module (one per PE per VPLS service instance) connected by
   pseudo wires (PW), where the PWs may be traveling through Packet
   Switched Network (PSN) tunnels over a routed backbone.  VSI is a
   logical entity that contains a VPLS forwarder module and part of the
   bridge module relevant to the VPLS service instance [L2VPN-FR].
   Hence, the VSI terminates PWs for interconnection with other VSIs and
   also terminates attachment circuits (ACs) for accommodating CEs.  A
   VSI includes the forwarding information base for a L2VPN [L2VPN-FR]
   which is the set of information regarding how to forward layer-2
   frames received over the AC from the CE to VSIs in other PEs
   supporting the same L2VPN service (and/or to other ACs), and contains
   information regarding how to forward layer-2 frames received from PWs
   to ACs.  Forwarding information bases can be populated dynamically
   (such as by source MAC address learning) or statically (e.g., by
   configuration).  Each PE device is responsible for proper forwarding
   of the customer traffic to the appropriate destination(s) based on
   the forwarding information base of the corresponding VSI.

4 Multicast Traffic over VPLS
   In VPLS, if a PE receives a frame from an Attachment Circuit (AC)
   with no matching entry in the forwarding information base for that
   particular VPLS instance, it floods the frame to all other PEs (which
   are part of this VPLS instance) and to directly connected ACs (other



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   than the one that the frame is received from).  The flooding of a
   frame occurs when:
     - The destination MAC address has not been learned,
     - The destination MAC address is a broadcast address,
     - The destination MAC address is a multicast address.

   Malicious attacks (e.g., receiving unknown frames constantly) aside,
   the first situation is handled by VPLS solutions as long as
   destination MAC address can be learned.  After that point on, the
   frames will not be flooded.  A PE is REQUIRED to have safeguards,
   such as unknown unicast limiting and MAC table limiting, against
   malicious unknown unicast attacks.

   There is no way around flooding broadcast frames.  To prevent runaway
   broadcast traffic from adversely affecting the VPLS service and the
   SP network, a PE is REQUIRED to have tools to rate limit the
   broadcast traffic as well.

   Similar to broadcast frames, multicast frames are flooded as well, as
   a PE can not know where multicast members reside.  Rate limiting
   multicast traffic, while possible, should be done carefully since
   several network control protocols relies on multicast.  For one
   thing, layer-2 and layer-3 protocols utilize multicast for their
   operation.  For instance, Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) use an
   IEEE assigned all bridges multicast MAC address, and OSPF is
   multicast to all OSPF routers multicast MAC address.  If the rate-
   limiting of multicast traffic is not done properly, the customer
   network will experience instability and poor performance.  For the
   other, it is not straightforward to determine the right rate limiting
   parameters for multicast.

   A VPLS solution MUST NOT affect the operation of customer layer-2
   protocols (e.g., BPDUs).  Additionally, a VPLS solution MUST NOT
   affect the operation of layer-3 protocols.

   In the following section, we describe procedures to constrain the
   flooding of IP multicast traffic in a VPLS.

5 Constraining of IP Multicast in a VPLS
   The objective of improving the efficiency of VPLS for multicast
   traffic that we are trying to optimize here has the following
   constraints:
     - The service is VPLS, i.e., a layer-2 VPN,
     - In VPLS, ingress replication is required,
     - There is no layer-3 adjacency (e.g., PIM) between a CE and a
        PE.

   Under these circumstances, the most obvious approach is
   implementation of IGMP and PIM snooping in VPLS.  Other multicast
   routing protocols such as DVMRP and MOSPF are outside the scope of
   this document.


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   Another approach to constrain multicast traffic in a VPLS is to
   utilize point-multipoint LSPs (e.g., [PMP-RSVP-TE]).  In such case,
   one has to establish a point-multipoint LSP from a source PE (i.e.,
   the PE to which the source router is connected to) to all other PEs
   participating in the VPLS instance.  In this case, if nothing is
   done, all PEs will receive multicast traffic even if they donÆt have
   any members hanging off of them.  One can apply IGMP/PIM snooping,
   but this time IGMP/PIM snooping should be done in P routers as well.
   One can propose a dynamic way of establishing point-multipoint LSPs,
   for instance by mapping IGMP/PIM messages to RSVP-TE signaling.  One
   should consider the effect of such approach on the signaling load and
   on the delay between the time the join request received and the
   traffic is received (this is important for IPTV application for
   instance).  This approach is outside the scope of this document.

   Although, in some extremely controlled cases, such as a ring topology
   of PE routers with no P routers or a tree topology, the efficiency of
   the replication of IP multicast can be improved.  For instance, spoke
   PWs of a hierarchical VPLS can be daisy-chained together and some
   replication rules can be devised.  These cases will not be considered
   in this document.

   In the following sections, we provide some guidelines for the
   implementation of IGMP and PIM snooping in VPLS.

5.1 IPv6 Considerations
   In VPLS, PEs forward Ethernet frames received from CEs and as such
   are agnostic of the layer-3 protocol used by the CEs.  However, as an
   IGMP and PIM snooping switch, the PE would have to look deeper into
   the IP and IGMP/PIM packets and build snooping state based on that.
   As already stated, the scope of this document is limited to snooping
   IGMP/PIM packets.  So, we are concerned with snooping specific IP
   payloads.  Nonetheless, there are two IP versions a PE would have to
   be able to interpret.  IGMP is the Group Management Protocol which
   applies only to IPv4.  MLD [MLD] is the equivalent of IGMPv2 defined
   for IPv6.  MLDv2 [MLDv2] is the equivalent of IGMPv3 defined for
   IPv6.  PIM runs on top of both IPv4 and IPv6.

   This document mandates that a PE MUST be able to snoop IGMP and PIM
   encapsulated as IPv4 payloads.  The PE SHOULD also be capable of
   snooping MLD/MLDv2 packets and PIM packets encapsulated as IPv6
   payloads.  If the PE cannot snoop IPv6 payloads, then it MUST NOT
   build any snooping state for such multicast groups and MUST simply
   flood any data traffic sent to such groups.  This allows an IPv6-
   unaware PE to perform the snooping function only on IPv4 multicast
   groups.  This is possible because an IPv4 multicast address and an
   IPv6 multicast address never share the same MAC address.

   To avoid confusion, this document describes the procedures for
   IGMP/PIM snooping for IPv4.  The procedures described for IGMP can
   also be applied to MLD and MLDv2.  Please refer to Section 3 of


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   [MAGMA-SNOOP] for a list of IPv4/IPv6 differences an IGMP/MLD
   snooping switch has to be aware of.  In addition to those
   differences, some of the other differences of interest are:
     - IPv4 multicast addresses map to multicast MAC addresses
        starting with 01:00:5E and IPv6 multicast addresses map to
        multicast MAC addresses starting with 33:33. So the MAC
        addresses used for IPv4 and IPv6 never overlap.

5.2 General Rules for IGMP/PIM Snooping in VPLS
   The following rules for the correct operation of IGMP/PIM snooping
   MUST be followed.

   Rule 1: IGMP and PIM messages forwarded by PEs MUST follow the split-
   horizon rule for mesh PWs as defined in [VPLS-LDP].

   Rule 2: IGMP/PIM snooping states in a PE MUST be per VPLS instance.

   Rule 3: If a PE does not have any entry in a IGMP/PIM snooping state
   for multicast group (*,G) or (S,G), the multicast traffic to that
   group in the VPLS instance MUST be flooded.

   Rule 4: A PE MUST support PIM mode selection per VPLS instance via
   CLI and/or EMS. Another option could be to deduce the PIM mode from
   RP address for a specific multicast group. For instance, a RP address
   can be learned during the Designated Forwarder (DF) election stage
   for Bidirectional-PIM.

5.3 IGMP Snooping for VPLS
   IGMP is a mechanism to inform the routers on a subnet of a hostÆs
   request to become a member of a particular multicast group.  IGMP is
   a stateful protocol.  The router (i.e., the Querier) regularly
   verifies that the hosts want to continue to participate in the
   multicast groups by sending periodic queries, transmitted to all
   hosts multicast group (IP:224.0.0.1, MAC:01-00-5E-00-00-01) on the
   subnet.  If the hosts are still interested in that particular
   multicast group, they respond with membership report message,
   transmitted to the multicast group of which they are members.  In
   IGMPv1 [RFC1112], the hosts simply stop responding to IGMP queries
   with membership reports, when they want to leave a multicast group.
   IGMPv2 [RFC2236] adds a leave message that a host will use when it
   needs to leave a particular multicast group.  IGMPv3 [RFC3376]
   extends the report/leave mechanism beyond multicast group to permit
   joins and leaves to be issued for specific source/group (S,G) pairs.

   In IGMP snooping, a PE snoops on the IGMP protocol exchange between
   hosts and routers, and based on that restricts the flooding of IP
   multicast traffic.  In the following, we explore the mechanisms
   involved in implementing IGMP snooping for VPLS.  Please refer to
   Figure 1 as an example of VPLS with IGMP snooping.  In the figure,
   Router 1 is the Querier.  If multiple routers exist on a single
   subnet (basically that is what a VPLS instance is), they can mutually


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   elect a designated router (DR) that will manage all of the IGMP
   messages for that subnet.


                                  VPLS Instance
            +------+ AC1 +------+             +------+ AC4 +------+
            | Host |-----|  PE  |-------------|  PE  |-----|Router|
            |   1  |     |   1  |\   PW1to3  /|   3  |     |   1  |
            +------+     +------+ \         / +------+     +------+
                             |     \       /     |
                             |      \     /      |
                             |       \   /PW2to3 |
                             |        \ /        |
                       PW1to2|         \         |PW3to4
                             |        / \        |
                             |       /   \PW1to4 |
                             |      /     \      |
                             |     /       \     |
            +------+     +------+ /         \ +------+     +------+
            | Host |     |  PE  |/   PW2to4  \|  PE  |     |Router|
            |   2  |-----|   2  |-------------|   4  |-----|   2  |
            +------+ AC2 +------+             +------+ AC5 +------+
                             |
                             |AC3
                         +------+
                         | Host |
                         |   3  |
                         +------+


         Figure 1 Reference Diagram for IGMP Snooping for VPLS

5.3.1  Discovering Multicast Routers
   A PE need to discover the multicast routers in VPLS instances.  This
   is necessary because:
     - Designated Router can be different from the Querier on a LAN.
     - It is not always the Querier that initiates PIM joins
     - Multicast traffic to the LAN could arrive from a non-querying
        router because it could be the closest to the source.

   As recommended in [MAGMA-SNOOP], the PEs can discover multicast
   routers using Multicast Router Discovery Protocol or they can be
   statically configured.  Since multicast routing protocols other than
   PIM is out scope, multicast routers can also be discovered by
   snooping PIM Hello packets as described in Section 5.4.2.1.

5.3.2  IGMP Snooping Protocol State
   The IGMP snooping mechanism described here builds the following state
   on the PEs.

   For each VPLS Instance


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     - Set of Multicast Routers (McastRouters) in the VPLS instance
        using mechanisms listed in Section 5.2.1.
     - The IGMP Querying Router (Querier) in the VPLS instance.

   For each Group entry (*,G) or Source Filtering entry (S,G) in a VPLS
   instance
     - Set of interfaces (ACs and/or PWs) from which IGMP membership
        reports were received. For (*,G) entries, we will call this set
        igmp_include(*,G). For (S,G) entries, we will call this set
        igmp_include(S,G).
     - Set of interfaces from which IGMPv3 hosts have requested to not
        receive traffic from the specified sources. We will call this
        set igmp_exclude(S,G).

   On each interface I, for each (*,G) or (S,G) entry
     - A Group Timer (GroupTimer(*,G,I)) representing the hold-time
        for each downstream (*,G) report received on interface I.
     - A Source Timer (SrcTimer(S,G,I)) representing the hold-time for
        each downstream (S,G) report received on interface I.

5.3.3  IGMP Join
   The IGMP snooping mechanism for joining a multicast group (for all
   IGMP versions) works as follows:
     - The PE does querier election (by tracking query messages and
        the source IP addresses) to determine the Querier when there
        are multiple routers present. Additionally, the query must be
        received with a non-zero source-ip-address to perform the
        Querier election
     - At this point all PEs learn the place of the Querier.  For
        instance, for PE 1 it is behind PW1to3, for PE 2 behind PW2to3,
        for PE 3 behind AC4, for PE 4 behind PW3to4.
     - The Querier sends a membership query on the LAN.  The
        membership query can be either general query or group specific
        query.
     - PE 3 replicates the query message and forwards it to all PEs
        participating in the VPLS instance (i.e., PE 1, PE 2, PE 4).
     - PE 3 keeps a state of {[McastRouters: AC4, PW3to4], [Querier:
        AC4]}.
     - All PEs then forward the query to ACs which are part of the
        VPLS instance.
     - Suppose that all hosts (Host 1, Host 2, and Host 3) want to
        participate in the multicast group.
     - Host 2 first (for the sake of the example) sends a membership
        report to the multicast group (e.g., IP: 239.1.1.1, MAC: 01-00-
        5E-01-01-01), of which Host 2 wants to be a member.




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     - PE 2 replicates the membership report message and forwards it
        to all PEs participating in the VPLS instance (i.e., PE 1, PE
        3, PE 4).
     - PE 2 notes that there is a directly connected host, which is
        willing to participate in the multicast group and updates its
        state to {[McastRouters: PW2to3, PW2to4], [Querier: PW2to3],
        [igmp_include(*,G):AC2; GroupTimer(*,G,AC2)=GMI]}.

     Guideline 1: A PE MUST forward a membership report message to ACs
     that are part of "McastRouters" state.  This is necessary to avoid
     report suppression for other members in order for the PEs to
     construct correct states and to not have any orphan receiver
     hosts.

   There are still some scenarios that can result in orphan receivers.
   For instance, a multicast router and some hosts could be connected to
   a customer layer-2 switch, and that layer-2 switch can be connected
   to a PE via an AC.  In such scenario, the customer layer-2 switch
   MUST perform IGMP snooping as well, and it MUST NOT forward the IGMP
   report messages coming from the PE to the hosts directly connected to
   it.  There can be some cases such that the layer-2 switch does not
   have IGMP snooping capability or that device is a dummy hub/bridge.
   In such cases, one can statically configure the AC, through which the
   IGMP incapable layer-2 device is connected, to be a (S,G)/(*,G)
   member on the PE.  This way, multicast traffic will always be sent to
   the hosts connected to that layer-2 device, even they donÆt send
   joins because of join suppression.

   Continuing with the example:

     - PE 2 does not forward the membership report of Host 2 to Host
        3.
     - Per the guideline above, PE 1 does not forward the membership
        report of Host 2 to Host 1.
     - Per the guideline above, PE 3 does forward the membership
        report of Host 2 to Router 1 (the Querier).
     - PE 3 notes that there is a host in the VPLS instance, which is
        willing to participate in the multicast group and updates its
        state to {[McastRouters: AC4, PW3to4], [Querier: AC4],
        [igmp_include(*,G): PW2to3; GroupTimer(*,G,PW2to3)=GMI]}
        regardless of the type of the query.
     - LetÆs assume that Host 1 subsequently sends a membership report
        to the same multicast group.
     - PE 1 replicates the membership report message and forwards it
        to all PEs participating in the VPLS instance (i.e., PE 2, PE
        3, PE 4).




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     - PE 1 notes that there is a directly connected host, which is
        willing to participate in the multicast group.  Basically, it
        keeps a state of {[McastRouters: PW1to3, PW1to4], [Querier:
        PW1to3], [igmp_include(*,G): AC1,PW1to2;
        GroupTimer(*,G,AC1)=GMI]}.
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 2 does not forward the membership report of
        Host 1 to Host 2 and Host 3.
     - PE 3 and PE 4 receive the membership report message of Host 1
        and check their states.  Per Guideline 1, they send the report
        to Router 1 and Router 2 respectively.  They also update their
        states to reflect Host 1.
     - Now, Host 3 sends a membership report to the same multicast
        group.
     - PE 2 updates its state to {[McastRouters: PW2to3, PW2to4],
        [Querier: PW2to3], [igmp_include(*,G): AC2,AC3,PW1to2;
        GroupTimer(*,G,AC3)=GMI]}. It then floods the report message to
        all PEs participating in the VPLS instance.  Per Guideline 1,
        PE 3 forwards the membership report of Host 3 to Router 1, and
        PE 4 forwards the membership report of Host 3 to Router 2.

   At this point, all PEs have necessary states to ensure that no
   multicast traffic will be sent to sites with no members.

   The previous steps work the same way for IGMPv1 and IGMPv2, when the
   query is general or source specific.

   The group and source specific query for IGMPv3 is considered
   separately below.  In IGMPv3, there is no simple membership join or
   leave report.  IGMPv3 reports are one of IS_INCLUDE, IS_EXCLUDE,
   ALLOW, BLOCK, TO_INCLUDE, TO_EXCLUDE.  The PEs MUST implement the
   "router behavior" portion of the state machine defined in Section 6
   of [RFC3376].

   The IGMP snooping mechanism for joining a multicast group (for
   IGMPv3) works as follows:
     - The Querier sends a membership query to the LAN.  The
        membership query is group and source specific query with a list
        of sources (e.g., S1, S2, .., Sn).
     - PE 3 replicates the query message and forwards it to all PEs
        participating in the VPLS instance (i.e., PE 1, PE 2, PE 4).
     - PE 3 keeps a state of {[McastRouters: AC4, PW3to4], [Querier:
        AC4]}.
     - All PEs then forward the query to ACs which are part of the
        VPLS instance.
     - Suppose that all hosts (Host 1, Host 2, and Host 3) want to
        participate in the multicast group.  Host 1 and Host 2 want to
        subscribe to (Sn,G), and Host 3 wants to subscribe to (S3,G).



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     - Host 2 first (for the sake of the example) sends a membership
        report message with group record type IS_INCLUDE for (Sn,G).
     - PE 2 replicates the membership report message and forwards it
        to all PEs participating in the VPLS instance (i.e., PE 1, PE
        3, PE 4).
     - PE 2 notes that there is a directly connected host, which is
        willing to participate in the multicast group and updates its
        state to {[McastRouters: PW2to3, PW2to4], [Querier: PW2to3],
        [igmp_include(Sn,G): AC2; SrcTimer(Sn,G,AC2)=GMI]}.
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 2 does not forward the membership report of
        Host 2 to Host 3.
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 1 does not forward the membership report of
        Host 2 to Host 1.
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 3 does forward the membership report of
        Host 2 to Router 1 (the Querier).
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 4 does forward the membership report of
        Host 2 to Router 2.
     - PE 3 notes that there is a host in the VPLS instance, which is
        willing to participate in the multicast group.  Basically, it
        updates its state to {[McastRouters: AC4, PW3to4], [Querier:
        AC4], [igmp_include(Sn,G): PW2to3; SrcTimer(Sn,G,PW2to3)=GMI]}.
     - Likewise, PE 4 updates its state to {[McastRouters: PW3to4,
        AC5], [Querier: PW3to4], [igmp_include(Sn,G):PW2to4;
        SrcTimer(Sn,G,PW2to4)=GMI]}.
     - LetÆs say Host 1 now sends a membership report message with
        group record type IS_INCLUDE for (Sn,G).
     - Similar procedures are followed by PEs as explained in the
        previous steps.  For instance, PE 1 updates its state to
        {[McastRouters: PW1to3, PW1to4], [Querier: PW1to3],
        [igmp_include(Sn,G): PW1to2, AC1; SrcTimer(Sn,G,AC1)=GMI}.  PE
        3 updates its state to {[McastRouters: AC4, PW3to4], [Querier:
        AC4] [igmp_include(Sn,G): PW2to3, PW1to3;
        SrcTimer(Sn,G,PW1to3)=GMI]}.
     - Finally, Host 3 sends a membership report message with group
        record type IS_INCLUDE for (S3,G).
     - PE 2 replicates the membership report message and forwards it
        to all PEs participating in the VPLS instance (i.e., PE 1, PE
        3, PE 4).
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 2 does not forward the membership report of
        Host 3 to Host 2.
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 1 does not forward the membership report of
        Host 3 to Host 1.
     - Per Guideline 1, PE 3 does forward the membership report of
        Host 3 to Router 1.




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     - Per Guideline 1, PE 4 does forward the membership report of
        Host 3 to Router 2.
     - All PEs update their states accordingly.  For instance, PE 2
        updates its state to {[McastRouters: PW2to3, PW2to4], [Querier:
        PW2to3], [igmp_include(S3,G): AC3; SrcTimer(S3,G,AC3)=GMI]],
        [igmp_include(Sn,G): PW1to2, AC2], [SrcTimer(Sn,G,AC2)=GMI]}.
        PE 4 updates its state to {[McastRouters: AC5, PW3to4],
        [Querier: PW3to4], [igmp_include(S3,G): PW2to4;
        SrcTimer(S3,G,PW2to4)=GMI], [igmp_include(Sn,G): PW1to4,
        PW2to4; SrcTimer(Sn,G,PW2to4)=GMI]}.

   At this point, all PEs have necessary states to not send multicast
   traffic to sites with no members.

   Based on above description of IGMPv3 based snooping for VPLS, one may
   conclude that the PEs MUST have the capability to store (S,G) state
   and MUST forward/replicate traffic accordingly.  This is, however,
   not MANDATORY.  A PE MAY only keep (*,G) based states rather than on
   a per (S,G) basis with the understanding that this will result in a
   less efficient IP multicast forwarding within each VPLS instance.

   Guideline 2: If a PE receives unsolicited report message and if it
   does not possess a state for that particular multicast group, it MUST
   flood that unsolicited membership report message to all PEs
   participating in the VPLS instance, as well as to the multicast
   router if it is locally attached.

5.3.4  IGMP Leave
   The IGMP snooping mechanism for leaving a multicast group works as
   follows:
     - In the case of IGMPv2, when a PE receives a leave (*,G) message
        from a host via its AC, it lowers the corresponding
        GroupTimer(*,G,AC) to "Last Member Query Time" (LMQT).
     - In the case of IGMPv3, when a PE receives a membership report
        message with group record type of IS_EXCLUDE or TO_EXCLUDE or
        BLOCK for (S,G) from a host via its AC, it lowers the
        corresponding SrcTimer(S,G,AC) for all affected (S,G)s to LMQT.

   In the following guideline, a "leave (*,G)/(S,G) message" also means
   IGMPv3 membership report message with group record type of IS_EXCLUDE
   or TO_EXCLUDE or BLOCK for (S,G).

     Guideline 3: A PE MUST NOT forward a leave (*,G)/(S,G) message to
     ACs participating in the VPLS instance, If the PE still has
     locally connected hosts or hosts connected over a H-VPLS spoke in
     its state.





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     Guideline 4: A PE MUST forward a leave (*,G)/(S,G) message to all
     PEs participating in the VPLS instance.  A PE MAY forward the
     leave (*,G)/(S,G) message to the "McastRouters" ONLY, if there are
     no member hosts in its state.

     Guideline 5: If a PE does not receive a (*,G) membership report
     from an AC before GroupTimer(*,G,AC) expires, the PE MUST remove
     the AC from its state.  In case of IGMPv3, if a PE does not
     receive a (S,G) membership report from an AC before the
     SrcTimer(S,G,AC) expires, the PE MUST remove the AC from its
     state.

5.3.5  Failure Scenarios
   Up to now, we did not consider any failures, which we will focus in
   this section.
     - In case the Querier fails (e.g., AC to the Querier fails),
        another router in the VPLS instance will be selected as the
        Querier.  The new Querier will be sending queries.  In such
        circumstances, the IGMP snooping states in the PEs will be
        updated/overwritten by the same procedure explained above.
     - In case a Multicast router fails, the IGMP snooping states in
        the PEs will be updated/overwritten by the multicast router
        discovery procedures provided in Section 5.3.1.
     - In case a host fails (e.g., AC to the host fails), a PE removes
        the host from its IGMP snooping state for that particular
        multicast group.  Guidelines 3, 4 and 5 still apply here.
     - In case a PW (which is in IGMP snooping state) fails, the PEs
        will remove the PW from their IGMP snooping state.  For
        instance, if PW1to3 fails, then PE 1 will remove PW1to3 from
        its state as the Querier connection, and PE 3 will remove
        PW1to3 from its state as one of the host connections.
        Guidelines 3, 4 and 5 still apply here.  After PW is restored,
        the IGMP snooping states in the PEs will be updated/overwritten
        by the same procedure explained above.  One can implement a
        dead timer before making any changes to IGMP snooping states
        upon PW failure.  In that case, IGMP snooping states will be
        altered if the PW can not be restored before the dead timer
        expires.

5.3.6  Scaling Considerations for IGMP Snooping
   In scenarios where there are multiple ACs connected to a PE, it is
   quite likely that IGMP membership reports for the same group are
   received from multiple ACs.  The normal behavior would be to have
   each of the membership reports sent to McastRouters.  But in
   scenarios where many ACs send IGMP membership reports to the same
   groups, the burden on all the other PEs can be overwhelming.  To make
   matters worse, there can be a large number of hosts on the same AC


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   that all request IGMP membership reports to the same group.  While
   [IGMPv2] suggests the use of report suppression, [IGMPv3] does not.
   Regardless, if hosts do not implement report suppression, this can be
   a scaling issue on the PEs.  This section outlines the optimization
   suggested in [MAGMA-SNOOOP] to perform proxy-querying and proxy-
   reporting function on the PEs to avoid report explosion.

   For this optimization, we separate out the IGMP group state on the
   PEs into downstream state and upstream state.

   Note that the following sub-sections describe the procedures for
   (*,G).  The same procedures must be extended to (S,G)s.  Furthermore,
   the behavior described is for a downstream PE.  While it is very
   important for downstream PEs to implement the proxy behavior
   described here, the scalability issues are not as bad on upstream
   PEs.  Optimizing upstream PEs would be designed to alleviate the
   burden on the upstream CEs.  Nevertheless, the same procedures can be
   applied to upstream PEs as well, as an added optimization.  The only
   difference would be that ACs would be upstream interface(s) and PWs
   would be downstream interface(s) for such PEs.

5.3.7  Downstream Proxy Behavior
   When an IGMP membership Report for a group is received on an AC, the
   PE adds the AC to the corresponding igmp_include set and resets the
   GrpTimer to GMI.

   When an IGMP membership Leave for a group is received on an AC, the
   PE lowers the corresponding GrpTimer to LMQT and sends out a proxy
   group-specific query on that AC.  When sending the group-specific
   query, the PE encodes 0.0.0.0 (or:: in case of IPv6) in the source-ip
   address field.  If there is no other host interested in that group,
   then the AC is removed from the corresponding igmp_include set after
   the GrpTimer expires.

   There may be some cases where the Querier and hosts are connected via
   a layer-2 device behind an AC.  To take care of those special
   circumstances, the PE MUST NOT send out the proxy group-specific
   query on the interface on which the Querier exists.

5.3.8  Upstream Proxy Behavior
   When the igmp_include set for a group becomes non-null, the PE sends
   out a proxy IGMP Join report for that group to McastRouters.  When
   the igmp_include set for a group becomes empty, the PE sends out a
   proxy IGMP Leave report for that group to McastRouters.

   When the PE receives a general query, it replies with its current
   snooping state for all groups and group-sources.  It also forwards
   the general query to all ACs thus removing the need for proxy general
   queries.  When the PE receives a group-specific or group-source
   specific query, the PE does not forward such queries to the ACs.
   Instead, it replies with a proxy report if it has snooping state for
   that group or group-source.  When sending the proxy report, the PE


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   encodes 0.0.0.0 (or :: in the case of IPv6) in the source-ip address
   field.

5.4 PIM Snooping for VPLS
   IGMP snooping procedures described above provide efficient delivery
   of IP multicast traffic in a given VPLS service when end stations are
   connected to the VPLS.  However, when VPLS is offered as a WAN
   service it is likely that the CE devices are routers and would run
   PIM between them.  To provide efficient IP multicasting in such
   cases, it is necessary that the PE routers offering the VPLS service
   do PIM snooping.  This section describes the procedures for PIM
   snooping.

   PIM is a multicast routing protocol, which runs exclusively between
   routers. PIM shares many of the common characteristics of a routing
   protocol, such as discovery messages (e.g., neighbor discovery using
   Hello messages), topology information (e.g., multicast tree), and
   error detection and notification (e.g., dead timer and designated
   router election).  On the other hand, PIM does not participate in any
   kind of exchange of databases, as it uses the unicast routing table
   to provide reverse path information for building multicast trees.
   There are a few variants of PIM.  In PIM-DM ([PIM-DM]), multicast
   data is pushed towards the members similar to broadcast mechanism.
   PIM-DM constructs a separate delivery tree for each multicast group.
   As opposed to PIM-DM, other PIM versions (PIM-SM [RFC2362], PIM-SSM
   [PIM-SSM], and BIDIR-PIM [BIDIR-PIM]) invokes a pull methodology
   instead of push technique.

   PIM routers periodically exchange Hello messages to discover and
   maintain stateful sessions with neighbors.  After neighbors are
   discovered, PIM routers can signal their intentions to join/prune
   specific multicast groups.  This is accomplished by having downstream
   routers send an explicit join message (for the sake of
   generalization, consider Graft messages for PIM-DM as join messages)
   to the upstream routers.  The join/prune message can be group
   specific (*,G) or group and source specific (S,G).

   In PIM snooping, a PE snoops on the PIM message exchange between
   routers, and builds its multicast states.  Based on the multicast
   states, it forwards IP multicast traffic accordingly to avoid
   unnecessary flooding.

5.4.1  PIM Snooping State Summarization Macros
   The following sets are defined to help build the forwarding state on
   a PE.  Some sets may apply only to a subset of the PIM Protocol
   variants as noted along with the definition of the sets.

   pim_joins(*,G) =
   Set of all downstream interfaces on which PIM (*,G) Joins are
   received.  This set applies only to PIM-SM, PIM-SSM, PIM-BIDIR.

   pim_joins(S,G) =


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   Set of all downstream interfaces on which PIM (S,G) Joins are
   received.  This set applies only to PIM-SM, PIM-SSM.

   all_pim_DM_oiflist =
   If the upstream interface (the interface towards the upstream PIM
   neighbor) is a PW, then this set is the set of all ACs on which there
   are PIM neighbors.  If the upstream interface is an AC, then this is
   the set of all interfaces (both AC and PW) on which there are PIM
   neighbors.  This set applies only to PIM-DM.

   pim_prunes(S,G) =
   Set of all downstream interfaces on which PIM (S,G) prunes are
   received.  This set applies only to PIM-DM.

   pim_prunes(S,G,rpt) =
   Set of all downstream interfaces on which PIM (S,G,rpt) prunes are
   received.  This set applies only to PIM-SM.

   pim_oiflist(*,G) =
   Set of interfaces that PIM contributes to the list of outgoing
   interfaces to which data traffic must be forwarded on a (*,G) match.

   pim_oiflist(S,G) =
   Set of interfaces that PIM contributes to the list of outgoing
   interfaces to which data traffic must be forwarded on an (S,G) match.

   Note that pim_oiflist is not the complete list of outgoing interfaces
   (oiflist).  IGMP/MLD also contribute to this list.

   For PIM-DM,

    pim_oiflist(S,G) = all_pim_DM_oiflist (-) pim_prunes(S,G)

   For PIM-SM and PIM-SSM,

    pim_inherited_oiflist(S,G,rpt) = pim_joins(*,G) (-)
                                     pim_prunes(S,G,rpt)

    pim_oiflist(*,G) = pim_joins(*,G)

    pim_oiflist(S,G) = pim_inherited_oiflist(S,G,rpt) (+)
                       pim_joins(S,G)

   For PIM-BIDIR,

    pim_oiflist(*,G) = DF(RP(G)) + pim_joins(*,G)
    Where DF(RP(G)) is the AC/PW towards the router that is the
    designated forwarder for RP(G).

   In the following, the mechanisms involved for implementing PIMv2
   ([RFC2362]) snooping in VPLS are specified.  PIMv1 is out of the



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   scope of this document.  Please refer to Figure 2 as an example of
   VPLS with PIM snooping.


                                  VPLS Instance
            +------+ AC1 +------+             +------+ AC4 +------+
            |Router|-----|  PE  |-------------|  PE  |-----|Router|
            |   1  |     |   1  |\   PW1to3  /|   3  |     |   4  |
            +------+     +------+ \         / +------+     +------+
                             |     \       /     |
                             |      \     /      |
                             |       \   /PW2to3 |
                             |        \ /        |
                       PW1to2|         \         |PW3to4
                             |        / \        |
                             |       /   \PW1to4 |
                             |      /     \      |
                             |     /       \     |
            +------+     +------+ /         \ +------+     +------+
            |Router|     |  PE  |/   PW2to4  \|  PE  |     |Router|
            |   2  |-----|   2  |-------------|   4  |-----|   5  |
            +------+ AC2 +------+             +------+ AC5 +------+
                             |
                             |AC3
                         +------+
                         |Router|
                         |   3  |
                         +------+


          Figure 2 Reference Diagram for PIM Snooping for VPLS

   In the following sub-sections, snooping mechanisms for each variety
   of PIM are specified.

5.4.2  PIM-DM
   The characteristics of PIM-DM is flood and prune behavior.  Shortest
   path trees are built as a multicast source starts transmitting.

   In Figure 2, the multicast source is behind Router 4, and all routers
   have at least one receiver except Router 3 and Router 5.

5.4.2.1   Discovering Multicast Routers
   The PIM-DM snooping mechanism for neighbor discovery works as
   follows:
     - To establish PIM neighbor adjacencies, PIM multicast routers
        (all routers in this example) send PIM Hello messages to the
        ALL PIM Routers group address (IPv4: 224.0.0.13, MAC: 01-00-5E-
        00-00-0D) on every PIM enabled interfaces.  The IPv6 ALL PIM
        Routers group is "ff02::d".  In addition, PIM Hello messages
        are used to elect Designated Router for a multi-access network.


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        In PIM-DM, the DR acts as the Querier if IGMPv1 is used.
        Otherwise, DR has no function in PIM-DM.

     Guideline 6: PIM Hello messages MUST be flooded in the VPLS
     instance.  A PE MUST populate its "PIM Neighbors" list according
     to the snooping results.  This is a general PIM snooping guideline
     and applies to all variants of PIM snooping.

     Guideline 7: For PIM-DM only.  pim_oiflist(S,G) is populated with
     all_pim_DM_oiflist (the ACs/PWs in the "PIM Neighbors" list).
     Changes to the "PIM Neighbors" list MUST be replicated to
     all_pim_DM_oiflist.

     - Every router starts sending PIM Hello messages.  Per Guideline
        6, every PE replicates Hello messages and forwards them to all
        PEs participating in the VPLS instance.
     - Based on PIM Hello exchanges PE routers populate PIM snooping
        states as follows.  PE 1: {[pim_oiflist(S,G): AC1, PW1to2,
        PW1to3, PW1to4], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)] }, PE
        2: {[pim_oiflist(S,G): AC2, AC3, PW1to2, PW2to3, PW2to4], [PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3),
        (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3:
        {[pim_oiflist(S,G): AC4, PW1to3, PW2to3, PW3to4], [PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3),
        (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[pim_oiflist(S,G):
        AC5, PW1to4, PW2to4, PW3to4], [PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4),
        (Router 5,AC5)]}.  The original pim_oiflist(S,G) is populated
        with ACs/PWs in the PIM neighbor list per Guideline 7..
     - PIM Hello messages contain a Holdtime value, which tells the
        receiver when to expire the neighbor adjacency (which is three
        times the Hello period).

     Guideline 8: If a PE does not receive a Hello message from a
     router within its Holdtime, the PE MUST remove that router from
     the PIM snooping state.  If a PE receives a Hello message from a
     router with Holdtime value set to zero, the PE MUST remove that
     router from the PIM snooping state immediately.  PEs MUST track
     the Hello Holdtime value per PIM neighbor.

5.4.2.2   PIM-DM Multicast Forwarding
   The PIM-DM snooping mechanism for multicast forwarding works as
   follows:
     - When the source starts sending traffic to multicast group
        (S,G), PE 3 updates its state to PE 3: {[(S,G); Source: (Router


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        4,AC4); pim_oiflist(S,G): PW1to3, PW2to3, PW3to4], [PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3),
        (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}.  AC4 is removed from the
        "pim_oiflist" list for (S,G), since it is where the multicast
        traffic comes from.

     Guideline 9: Multicast traffic MUST be replicated per PW and AC
     basis, i.e., even if there are more than one PIM neighbor behind a
     PW/AC, only one replication MUST be sent to that PW/AC.

     - PE 3 replicates the multicast traffic and sends it to the other
        PE routers in its pim_oiflist(S,G).
     - Consequently, all PEs update their states as follows. PE 1:
        {[(S,G); Source: (Router 4,PW1to3); pim_oiflist(S,G): AC1],
        [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2),
        (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: {[(S,G); Source:
        (Router 4,PW2to3); pim_oiflist(S,G): AC2, AC3], [PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router
        4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 4: {[(S,G); Source: (Router
        4,PW3to4); pim_oiflist(S,G): AC5], [PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4),
        (Router 5,AC5)]}.

5.4.2.3   PIM-DM Pruning
   At this point all the routers (Router 1, Router 2,Router 3, Router 5)
   receive the multicast traffic.

     - However, Router 3 and Router 5 do not have any members for that
        multicast group, so they send prune messages to leave the
        multicast group to the ALL PIM Routers group.  PE 2 updates its
        state to PE 2: {[(S,G); Source: (Router 4,PW2to3);
        pim_prunes(S,G): AC3, pim_oiflist(S,G): AC2], [PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router
        4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}.  PE 4 also removes Router 5
        from its state as well.

     Guideline 10: The PIM-DM prune message MUST be forwarded towards
     the upstream PE only if pim_oiflist(S,G) became empty as a result
     of the received prune message.  If pim_oiflist(S,G) was already
     null when the PIM-DM prune was received, then the prune MUST NOT
     be forwarded upstream.

     - PE 2 does not forward the prune message per Guideline 10.  PE 4
        updates its state to PE 4: {[(S,G); Source: (Router 4,AC4);
        pim_prunes(S,G): AC5, pim_oiflist(S,G):], [PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router


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        4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.  PE 4 does forward the prune
        message to PE 3 (upstream neighbor) per guideline 10 and
     - PIM-DM prune messages contain a Holdtime value, which specifies
        how many seconds the prune state should last.

     Guideline 11: For PIM-DM only.  A PE MUST keep the prune state for
     a PW/AC according to the Holdtime in the prune message, unless a
     corresponding Graft message is received.

     - Upon receiving the prune messages, each PE 3 updates its state
        accordingly to PE 3: {[(S,G); Source: (Router 4,AC4);
        pim_prunes(S,G): PW2to4, pim_oiflist(S,G): PW1to3, PW2to3],
        [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3),
        (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5, PW3to4)]}.

     Guideline 12: For PIM-DM only.  To avoid overriding joins, a PE
     SHOULD suppress the PIM prune messages to directly connected
     routers (i.e., ACs), as long as there is a PW/AC in its
     corresponding pim_oiflist(S,G).

     - In this case, PE 1, PE 2, and PE 3 do not forward the prune
        messages to their directly connected routers.

5.4.2.4   PIM-DM Grafting
   The multicast traffic is now flowing only to points in the network
   where receivers are present.

     Guideline 13: For PIM-DM only.  A PE MUST remove the AC/PW from
     its corresponding prune state (pim_prunes(S,G)) when it receives a
     graft message from the AC/PW.  That is, the corresponding AC/PW
     MUST be added to the pim_oiflist(S,G) list.

     Guideline 14: For PIM-DM only.  PIM-DM graft messages MUST be
     forwarded based on the destination MAC address.  If the
     destination MAC address is 01-00-5E-00-00-0D, then the graft
     message MUST be flooded in the VPLS instance.  PIM-DM graft
     messages MUST NOT be forwarded if pim_oiflist is non-null.

     - For the sake of example, suppose now Router 3 has a receiver
        the multicast group (S,G).  Assuming Router 3 sends a graft
        message in IP unicast to Router 4 to restart the flow of
        multicast traffic.  PE 2 updates its state to PE 2: {[(S,G);
        Source: (Router 4,PW2to3); pim_prunes(S,G): , pim_oiflist(S,G):
        AC2, AC3], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2),
        (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}.  PE 2



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        does not forward the graft message to PE 3 according to
        Guideline 14.

5.4.2.5   Failure Scenarios
     Guideline 15: PIM Assert messages MUST be flooded in the VPLS
     instance.

     Guideline 16: If an AC/PW goes down, a PE MUST remove it from its
     PIM snooping state.

   Failures can be easily handled in PIM-DM snooping, as it uses push
   technique.  If an AC or a PW goes down, PEs in the VPLS instance will
   remove it from their snooping state.  After the AC/PW comes back up,
   it will be automatically added to the pim_oiflist by PE routers, as
   all PWs/ACs MUST be in the pim_oiflist, unless they are pruned later
   on.

5.4.3  PIM-SM
   The key characteristics of PIM-SM is explicit join behavior.  In this
   model, the multicast traffic is only sent to locations that
   specifically request it.  The root node of a tree is the Rendezvous
   Point (RP) in case of a shared tree or the first hop router that is
   directly connected to the multicast source in the case of a shortest
   path tree.

   In Figure 2, the RP is behind Router 4, and all routers have at least
   one member except Router 3 and Router 5.

   As in the case with IGMPv3 snooping, we assume that the PEs have the
   capability to store (S,G) states for PIM-SM snooping and
   forward/replicate traffic accordingly.

   If the PE were to convert a received PIM (S,G) into PIM (*,G), then
   it would not know where the RP is and hence where to forward the join
   and prunes.  Legacy switches may not be able to support (S,G)
   forwarding and hence the forwarding portion can probably be made
   optional.  But there may be some issues with that if there are
   multiple (S,G)s for the same G.  For instance, the PEs may go into
   continuous tear-down/build-up of snooping state.  In addition, the
   efficiency of multicast forwarding will be less.

5.4.3.1   Discovering Multicast Routers
   The PIM-SM snooping mechanism for neighbor discovery works the same
   way as the procedure defined in PIM-DM section, with the exception of
   PIM-DM only guidelines.
     - Based on PIM Hello exchanges PE routers populate PIM snooping
        states as follows.  PE 1: { [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1),
        (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router
        5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: { [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router
        2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]},


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        PE 3: { [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: { [PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4),
        (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.

   To reduce the amount of PIM Join/Prune traffic in the VPLS network,
   it is important that Explicit-Tracking capability be disabled between
   the CEs.  If a CE advertises tracking support, it is RECOMMENDED that
   the PEs modify the tracking-support option in CE Hello packets before
   forwarding them to ensure that tracking support is disabled between
   the CEs.  Otherwise, the mechanism listed for "JP_Optimization"
   throughout the PIM-SM and PIM-SSM sections of this document MUST NOT
   be employed.

   NOTE: The examples below are for scenarios where JP_Optimization is
   not employed.

   For PIM-SM to work properly, all routers within the domain must use
   the same mappings of group addresses to RP addresses.  Currently,
   there are three methods for RP discovery: 1. Static RP configuration,
   2, Auto-RP, and 3. PIMv2 Bootstrap Router mechanism.

     Guideline 17: Cisco RP-Discovery (IP:224.0.1.40, MAC:01-00-5E-00-
     01-28), Cisco-RP-Announce (IP:224.0.1.39, MAC:01-00-5E-00-01-27),
     all bootstrap router (BSR) (IP:224.0.0.13, MAC:01-00-5E-00-00-0D
     for IPv4 or FF02::D for IPv6)  messages MUST be flooded in the
     VPLS instance.

5.4.3.2   PIM-SM (*,G) Join
   The PIM-SM snooping mechanism for joining a multicast group (*,G)
   works as follows:

     Guideline 18: PIM-SM join messages MUST be sent only to the remote
     PE, which is connected to the router to which the Join is
     addressed.
     JP_Optimization: The PIM-SM join message MUST be forwarded towards
     the upstream CE only if pim_joins(*,G) became non-empty as a
     result of the received join message.  If pim_joins(*,G) was
     already non-null when the PIM-SM join was received, then the join
     MUST NOT be forwarded upstream.

   PIM-SM join messages MUST be sent only to the remote PE, which is
   connected to the router to which the Join is addressed.  The remote
   PE can be determined by the "Upstream Neighbor Address" field of the
   Join message. The "Upstream Neighbor Address" can be correlated to a
   PW or an AC in the "PIM Neighbors" state.  By Guideline 18, we are
   ensuring that the other routers that are part of the VPLS instance do
   not receive the PIM join messages and will initiate their own join



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   messages if they are interested in receiving that particular
   multicast traffic.

     - Assume Router 1 wants to join the multicast group (*,G) sends a
        join message for the multicast group (*,G).  PE 1 sends the
        join message to PE 3 by Guideline 18.

     Guideline 19: A PE MUST add a PW/AC to its pim_joins(*,G) list, if
     it receives a (*,G) join message from the PW/AC.

     - PE 1 updates their states as follows: PE 1: {[pim_joins(*,G):
        AC1], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)]}.

   A periodic refresh mechanism is used in PIM-SM to maintain the proper
   state.  PIM-SM join messages contain a Holdtime value, which
   specifies for how many seconds the join state should be kept.

     Guideline 20: If a PE does not receive a refresh join message from
     a PW/AC within its Holdtime, the PE MUST remove the PW/AC from its
     pim_joins(*,G) list.

     - All PEs update their states accordingly as follows: PE 1:
        {[pim_joins(*,G): AC1], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)]}, PE
        2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router
        3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3:
        {[pim_joins(*,G): PW1to3], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3),
        (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router
        5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.
     - After Router 2 joins the same multicast group, the states
        become as follows: PE 1: {[pim_joins(*,G): AC1], [PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router
        4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: {[pim_joins(*,G): AC2],
        [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router
        3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3:
        {[pim_joins(*,G): PW1to3, PW2to3], [PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router
        5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.
     - For the sake of example, Router 3 joins the multicast group.
        PE 2 sends the join message to PE 3.
     - Next Router 5 joins the group, and the states are updated
        accordingly: PE 1: {[pim_joins(*,G): AC1], [PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3),


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        (Router 5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: {[pim_joins(*,G): AC2, AC3], [PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3),
        (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3: {[pim_joins(*,G):
        PW1to3, PW2to3, PW3to4], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3),
        (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router
        5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[pim_joins(*,G): AC5],[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router
        4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}

   At this point, all PEs have necessary states to not send multicast
   traffic to sites with no members.

5.4.3.3   PIM-SM Pruning
   The PIM-SM snooping mechanism for leaving a multicast group works as
   follows:
     - Assume Router 5 sends a prune message.

     Guideline 21: PIM-SM prune messages MUST be flooded in the VPLS
     instance.
     JP_Optimization: Instead of the above guideline, a PE MUST forward
     prune messages only towards the upstream CE and only if
     pim_joins(*,G) became empty as a result of the received prune
     message.  If pim_joins(*,G) is non-empty after receiving the prune
     message, the PE MUST NOT forward the prune message.

     Guideline 22: A PE MUST remove a PW/AC from its pim_joins(*,G)
     list if it receives a (*,G) prune message from the PW/AC.  A
     prune-delay timer SHOULD be implemented to support prune override.
     However, the prune-delay timer is not required if there is only
     one PIM neighbor on that AC/PW on which the prune was received.

     - PE 4 floods the (*,G) prune to the VPLS instance per Guideline
        21.  PE routers participating in the VPLS instance also forward
        the (*,G) prune to the ACs, which are connected to the VPLS
        instance. The states are updated as follows: PE 1:
        {[pim_joins(*,G): AC1], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)]}, PE
        2: {[pim_joins(*,G): AC2, AC3], [PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3),
        (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3: {[pim_joins(*,G): PW1to3, PW2to3],
        [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3),
        (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router
        4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.





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   In PIM-SM snooping, prune messages are flooded by PE routers.  In
   such implementation, PE routers may receive overriding join messages,
   which will not affect anything.

5.4.3.4   PIM-SM (S,G) Join
   The PIM-SM snooping mechanism for source and group specific join
   works as follows:

     Guideline 23: A PE MUST add a PW/AC to its pim_joins(S,G) list if
     it receives a (S,G) join message from the PW/AC.  The PE MUST
     forward the received join message towards the upstream CE.
     JP_Optimization: The PE MUST forward the Join message towards the
     upstream neighbor only if the pim_joins(S,G) list becomes non-
     empty as a result of the received join.  If the pim_joins(S,G)
     list was non-empty prior to receiving the join message, then the
     PE MUST NOT forward the join message.

     Guideline 24: A PE MUST remove a PW/AC from its pim_joins(S,G)
     list if it receives a (S,G) prune message from the PW/AC.  The PE
     MUST flood the prune message in the VPLS instance.  A prune-delay
     timer SHOULD be implemented to support prune override on the
     downstream AC/PW.  However, the prune-delay timer is not required
     if there is only one PIM neighbor on that AC/PW on which the prune
     was received.
     JP_Optimization: Instead of flooding the prune message in the VPLS
     instance, the PE MUST forward the prune message towards the
     upstream neighbor only if the pim_joins(S,G) list becomes empty as
     a result of the received prune.  If the pim_joins(S,G) list
     remains non-empty after receiving the prune message, then the PE
     MUST NOT forward the prune message.

     Guideline 25: A PE MUST prefer (S,G) state to (*,G), if both S and
     G match.

5.4.3.5   PIM-SM (S,G,rpt) Prunes
     Guideline 28: When a PE receives a Prune(S,G,rpt) on an AC/PW, it
     MUST add the AC/PW to the pim_prunes(S,G,rpt) list.  Additionally,
     if pim_inherited_olist(S,G,rpt) becomes empty, the PE MUST forward
     the Prune(S,G,rpt) towards the upstream neighbor.  If
     pim_snoop_inherited_olist(S,G,rpt) is still non-empty, then the PE
     MUST NOT forward the Prunes(S,G,rpt).

5.4.3.6   PIM-SM (*,*,RP) State
   PIM-SM defines a (*,*,RP) state which is used when traffic needs to
   cross multicast domains.  A (*,*,RP) receiver requests all multicast
   traffic within a PIM domain to be sent to it.  If the two multicast
   domains are both PIM-SM, they can use MSDP to leak multicast routes.
   But, if one is PIM-SM and the other is PIM-DM (hence, MSDP can not be



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   used), then the border router would initiate a (*,*,RP) join to all
   RPs in the PIM-SM domain.

   If the customers will configure multiple and different PIM domains,
   PIM-SM snooping MUST support (*,*,RP) state as well.  Depending on
   how likely scenario this is, future versions may include (*,*,RP)
   states.

5.4.3.7   Failure Scenarios
   Failures can be easily handled in PIM-SM snooping, as it employs
   state-refresh technique.  PEs in the VPLS instance will remove any
   entry for non-refreshing routers from their states.

5.4.3.8   Special Cases for PIM-SM Snooping
   There are some special cases to consider for PIM-SM snooping.  First
   one is the RP-on-a-stick.  The RP-on-a-stick scenario may occur when
   the Shortest Path Tree and the Shared Tree shares a common Ethernet
   segment, as all routers will be connected over a multicast access
   network (i.e., VPLS).  Such a scenario will be handled by PIM-SM
   rules (particularly, the incoming interface can not also appear in
   the outgoing interface list) very nicely.  Second scenario is the
   turnaround router.  The turnaround router scenario occurs when
   shortest path tree and shared tree share a common path.  The router
   at which these trees merge is the turnaround router.  PIM-SM handles
   this case by proxy (S,G) join implementation by the turnaround
   router.

   There can be some scenarios where CE routers can receive duplicate
   multicast traffic.  LetÆs consider the scenario in Figure 3.



                                              +------+ AC3 +------+
                                              |  PE2 |-----|  R3  |
                                             /|      |     |      |
                                            / +------+     +------+
                                           /     |             |
                                          /      |             |
                                         /PW1to2 |             |
                                        /        |          +-----+
                                       /         |PW2to3    | Src |
                                      /          |          +-----+
                                     /           |             |
                                    /            |             |
                                   /             |             |
            +------+     +------+ /           +------+     +------+
            |  R1  |     |  PE1 |/   PW1to3   |  PE3 |     |  R4  |
            |      |-----|      |-------------|      |-----|      |
            +------+ AC1 +------+             +------+ AC4 +------+
                             |                    |
                             |AC2                 |AC5
                         +------+             +------+


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                         |  R2  |             |  R5  |     +---+
                         |      |             |      |-----|RP |
                         +------+             +------+     +---+


             Figure 3 CE Routers Receive Duplicate Traffic

   In the scenario depicted in Figure 3, both R1 and R2 has two ECMP
   routes to reach the source "Src".  Hence, R1 may pick R3 as its next
   hop ("Upstream Neighbor"), and R2 may pick R4 as its next hop.  As a
   result, both R1 and R2 will receive duplicate traffic.

   This issue can be solved as follows.  PEs can keep the PW/AC that the
   join message is forwarded to (upstream PW/AC) in "pim_joins(S,G)"
   list in addition to the PW/AC that the join message is received
   (downstream PW/AC).  If the traffic arrives from a different PW/AC,
   that traffic is not forwarded downstream.  Hence, in the example
   depicted in Figure 3 where source is dual homed to R3 and R4, R1 will
   receive (S,G) traffic if it comes from PW1to2, and R2 will receive
   (S,G) traffic if it comes from PW1to3.

   Again, in Figure 3, R1 may send (S,G) join to R3 and R2 may send
   (*,G) join to the RP behind R5.  In this scenario as well, both R1
   and R2 will receive duplicate traffic, as Guideline 25 will be no
   help to prevent it.

   In this case, where R1 joins for (S,G), and R2 joins for (*,G), we
   can do the following.  We can solve the problem by triggering Assert
   mechanism in CE routers.  The PE which detects the duplicate traffic
   problem can simply remove the snooping state for that particular
   multicast group, and can send out "flush" message to other PEs
   participating in the VPLS instance.  In return, other PEs also flush
   their snooping state for that multicast group.  As a result, all the
   PEs will flood the multicast traffic in the VPLS instance (by Rule
   3).  Consequently, CEs will do Assert.  The flush message TLV can be
   sent over the targeted LDP sessions running among PEs.  For this
   purpose, we propose new "Multicast Group TLV".

   Multicast groups to be flushed can be signaled using an LDP Address
   Withdraw Message that contains a FEC TLV (to identify the VPLS
   instance), a Multicast Group TLV and optional parameters.  The format
   of the Multicast Group TLV is described below.

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |U|F|       Type                |            Length             |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          Multicast Group Address  (Encoded-Group format)      |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          Multicast Source Address (Encoded-Unicast format)    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


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       //
   //
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


      U bit
           Unknown bit.  This bit MUST be set to 1.  If TLV is not
      understood by the node, it MUST be ignored.

      F bit
           Forward bit.  This bit MUST be set to 0.  Since the LDP
      mechanism used here is Targeted, the TLV MUST NOT be forwarded.

      Type
           Type field.  This identifies the TLV type as Multicast Group
      TLV.
      Value: TBA by IANA.

      Length
           Length field.  This field specifies the total length of the
      Multicast addresses in the TLV, including Multicast Group
      addresses and Multicast Source Addresses.

      Multicast Group Address
           The address of the Multicast group that needs to be flushed.
      Detailed format is described in [RFC2362] Section 4.9.1.

      Multicast Source Address
           The host address of the Multicast source.  Detailed format is
      described in [RFC2362] Section 4.9.1.  A special wild card value
      consisting of an address field of all zeroes can be used to
      indicate any source, and all the (S,G) and (*,G) entries that
      match the Group Address G MUST be flushed.

5.4.4  PIM-SSM
   The key characteristics of PIM-SSM is explicit join behavior, but it
   eliminates the shared tree and the rendezvous point in PIM-SM.  In
   this model, a shortest path tree for each (S,G) is built with the
   first hop router (that is directly connected to the multicast source)
   being the root node.  PIM-SSM is ideal for one-to-many multicast
   services.

   In Figure 2, S1 is behind Router 1, and S4 is behind Router 4.
   Routers 2 and 4 want to join (S1,G), while Router 5 wants to join
   (S4,G).

   We assume that the PEs have the capability to store (S,G) states for
   PIM-SSM snooping and constrain multicast flooding scope accordingly.
   An implementation, can fall back to (*,G) states, if its hardware can
   not support it.  In such case, the efficiency of multicast forwarding
   will be less.



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5.4.4.1   Discovering Multicast Routers
   The PIM-SSM snooping mechanism for neighbor discovery works the same
   way as the procedure defined in PIM-DM section, with the exception of
   PIM-DM only guidelines.
     - Based on PIM Hello exchanges PE routers populate PIM snooping
        states as follows.  PE 1: { [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1),
        (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router
        5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: { [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router
        2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]},
        PE 3: { [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: { [PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4),
        (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.

5.4.4.2   Guidelines for PIM-SSM Snooping
   PIM-SSM snooping is actually simpler than PIM-SM and only the
   following guidelines (some of which are repetitions from PIM-SM
   section) apply.

     Guideline 28: A PE MUST add a PW/AC to its (S,G) pim_joins(S,G)
     list if it receives a (S,G) join message from the PW/AC.

     Guideline 29: PIM-SSM join messages MUST be sent only to the
     remote PE, which is connected to the router to which the Join is
     addressed.
     JP_Optimization: The PE MUST forward the Join message towards the
     upstream neighbor only if the pim_joins(S,G) list becomes non-
     empty as a result of the received join.  If the pim_joins(S,G)
     list was non-empty prior to receiving the join message, then the
     PE MUST NOT forward the join message.

     Guideline 30: PIM prune messages MUST be flooded in the VPLS
     instance.  A prune-delay timer SHOULD be implemented to support
     prune override on the downstream AC/PW.  However, the prune-delay
     timer is not required if there is only one PIM neighbor on that
     AC/PW on which the prune was received.
     JP_Optimization: Instead of flooding the prune message in the VPLS
     instance, the PE MUST forward the prune message towards the
     upstream neighbor only if the pim_joins(S,G) list becomes empty as
     a result of the received prune.  If the pim_joins(S,G) list
     remains non-empty after receiving the prune message, then the PE
     MUST NOT forward the prune message.

     Guideline 31: If A PE does not receive a refresh join message from
     a PW/AC within its Holdtime, the PE MUST remove the PW/AC from its
     pim_joins(S,G) list.



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     Guideline 32: A PE MUST remove a PW/AC from its pim_joins(S,G)
     list if it receives a (S,G) prune message from the PW/AC.  A
     prune-delay timer SHOULD be implemented to support prune override.

5.4.4.3   PIM-SSM Join
   The PIM-SSM snooping mechanism for joining a multicast group works as
   follows:
     - Assume Router 2 requests to join the multicast group (S1,G).
     - PE 2 updates its state, and then sends the join message to PE
        1.
     - All PEs update their states as follows: PE 1:
        {[pim_joins(S1,G): PW1to2], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1),
        (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router
        5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: {[pim_joins(S1,G): AC2], [PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router
        4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router
        5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.
     - Next, assume Router 4 sends a join (S1,G) message.  Following
        the same procedures, all PEs update their states as follows: PE
        1: {[pim_joins(S1,G): PW1to2, PW1to3], [PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router
        5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: {[pim_joins(S1,G): AC2], [PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router
        4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3: {[pim_joins(S1,G): AC4],
        [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3),
        (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router
        4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.
     - Then, assume Router 5 requests to join the multicast group
        (S4,G).  After the same procedures are applied, all PEs update
        their states as follows: PE 1: {[pim_joins(S1,G): PW1to2,
        PW1to3], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2:
        {[pim_joins(S1,G): AC2], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2),
        (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router
        5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3: {[pim_joins(S1,G): AC4], [pim_joins(S4,G):
        PW3to4], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4:
        {[pim_joins(S4,G): AC5], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4),
        (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router
        5,AC5)]}.






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5.4.4.4   PIM-SSM Prune
   At this point, all PEs have necessary states to not send multicast
   traffic to sites with no members.

   The PIM-SSM snooping mechanism for leaving a multicast group works as
   follows:
   Assume Router 2 sends a (S1,G) prune message to leave the multicast
   group.  The prune message gets flooded in the VPLS instance.  All PEs
   update their states as follows: PE 1: {[pim_joins(S1,G): PW1to3],
   [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router
   4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
   1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router
   5,PW2to4)]}, PE 3: {[pim_joins(S1,G): AC4], [(S4,G); Flood to:
   PW3to4], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router
   3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4:
   {[pim_joins(S4,G): AC5], [PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router
   2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.

   In PIM-SSM snooping, prune messages are flooded by PE routers.  In
   such implementation, PE routers may receive overriding join messages,
   which will not affect anything.

5.4.4.5   Failure Scenarios
   Similar to PIM-SSM snooping, failures can be easily handled in PIM-
   SSM snooping, as it employs state-refresh technique.  The PEs in the
   VPLS instance will remove entry for non-refreshing routers from their
   states.

5.4.4.6   Special Cases for PIM-SSM Snooping
   The scenarios with duplicate traffic as depicted in Figure 3 apply to
   PIM-SSM snooping as well.  Again, the issue can be solved by the
   method described in Section 5.4.3.8.

5.4.5  Bidirectional-PIM (BIDIR-PIM)
   BIDIR-PIM is a variation of PIM-SM.  The main differences between
   PIM-SM and Bidirectional-PIM are as follows:
     - There are no source-based trees, and source-specific multicast
        is not supported (i.e., no (S,G) states) in BIDIR-PIM.
     - Multicast traffic can flow up the shared tree in BIDIR-PIM.
     - To avoid forwarding loops, one router on each link is elected
        as the Designated Forwarder (DF) for each RP in BIDIR-PIM.

   The main advantage of BIDIR-PIM is that it scales well for many-to-
   many applications.  However, the lack of source-based trees means
   that multicast traffic is forced to remain on the shared tree.

5.4.5.1   Discovering Multicast Routers
   The PIM-SSM snooping mechanism for neighbor discovery works the same
   way as the procedure defined in PIM-DM section, with the exception of
   PIM-DM only guidelines.



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     - Based on PIM Hello exchanges PE routers populate PIM snooping
        states as follows.  PE 1: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1),
        (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router
        5,PW1to4)]}, PE 2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router
        2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)]},
        PE 3: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)]}, PE 4: {[PIM
        Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4),
        (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)]}.

   For BIDIR-PIM to work properly, all routers within the domain must
   know the address of the RP.  There are three methods to do that: 1.
   Static RP configuration, 2, Auto-RP, and 3. PIMv2 Bootstrap.
   Guideline 17 applies here as well.

   During RP discovery time, PIM routers elect DF per subnet for each
   RP.  The algorithm to elect the DF is as follows: all PIM neighbors
   in a subnet advertise their unicast route to the RP and the router
   with the best route is elected.

     Guideline 33: All PEs MUST snoop the DF election messages and
     determine the DF for each [(*,G),RP] (i.e., RP(G)) pair.  The
     AC/PW towards the DF (i.e., DF(RP)) MUST be added to the
     pim_oiflist for each (*,G) whose RP(G) is RP.  When DF(RP)
     changes, the pim_oiflist must be updated accordingly.

     - In Figure 2, there is one RP (letÆs call it RPA) behind Router
        5.  Based on DF election messages, PE routers populate PIM
        snooping states as follows: PE 1: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router
        5,PW1to4)], [DF(RPA): PW1to3], PE 2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3),
        (Router 5,PW2to4)], [DF(RPA): PW2to3]}, PE 3: {[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4),
        (Router 5,PW3to4)], [DF(RPA): AC5]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router
        4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)], [DF(RPA): PW3to4]}.

5.4.5.2   Guidelines for BIDIR-PIM Snooping
   The BIDIR-PIM snooping for Join and Prune messages is similar to
   PIM-SM and the following guidelines (some of which are repetitions
   from PIM-SM section) apply.

     Guideline 34: A PE MUST add a PW/AC to its pim_joins(*,G) list if
     it receives a (*,G) join message from the PW/AC.




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     Guideline 35: BIDIR-PIM join messages MUST be flooded to all PEs
     in the VPLS instance.  BIDIR-PIM join messages received on remote
     PEs MUST be forwarded only towards the router to which the Join is
     addressed.

     Guideline 36: BIDIR-PIM prune messages MUST be flooded in the VPLS
     instance.

     Guideline 37: If A PE does not receive a refresh join message from
     a PW/AC within its Holdtime, the PE MUST remove the PW/AC from its
     pim_joins(*,G) list.

     Guideline 38: A PE MUST remove a PW/AC from its pim_joins(*,G)
     list if it receives a (*,G) prune message from the PW/AC.  A
     prune-delay timer SHOULD be implemented to support prune override.

5.4.5.3   BIDIR-PIM Join
   The BIDIR-PIM snooping mechanism for joining a multicast group works
   as follows:
     - As before, assume the RP for both G1 and G4 (RPA) is behind
        Router 4.  Assume Router 2 wants to join the multicast group
        (*,G1).  PE 2 sends the join message to the other PEs. All PEs
        update their states as follows: PE 1: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router
        5,PW1to4)], [DF(RPA): PW1to3], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW1to2]}, PE
        2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router
        3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)], [DF(RPA):
        PW2to3], [pim_joins(*,G1): AC2]}, PE 3: {[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4),
        (Router 5,PW3to4)], [DF(RPA): AC4], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW2to3]},
        PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)], [DF(RPA):
        PW3to4], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW2to4]}.
     - Next, assume Router 4 wants to join the multicast group (*,G1).
        All PEs update their states as follows: PE 1: {[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3),
        (Router 5,PW1to4)], [DF(RPA): PW1to3], [pim_joins(*,G1):
        PW1to2, PW1to3]}, PE 2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2),
        (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router
        5,PW2to4)], [DF(RPA): PW2to3], [pim_joins(*,G1): AC2, PW2to3},
        PE 3: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)], [DF(RPA): AC4],
        pim_joins(*,G1): PW2to3, AC4]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4),
        (Router 5,AC5)], [DF(RPA): PW3to4], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW2to4,
        PW3to4]}.


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     - Then, assume Router 5 wants to join the multicast group (*,G4).
        Following the same procedures, all PEs update their states as
        follows: PE 1: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)],
        [DF(RPA): PW1to3], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW1to2, PW1to3],
        [pim_joins(*,G4): PW1to4]}, PE 2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2), (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3),
        (Router 5,PW2to4)], [DF(RPA): PW2to3], [pim_joins(*,G1): AC2,
        PW2to3], [pim_joins(*,G4): PW2to4]}, PE 3: {[PIM Neighbors:
        (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4),
        (Router 5,PW3to4)], [DF(RPA): AC4], pim_joins(*,G1): PW2to3,
        AC4], pim_joins(*,G4): PW3to4]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router
        1,PW1to4), (Router 2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4),
        (Router 5,AC5)], [DF(RPA): PW3to4], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW2to4,
        PW3to4], [pim_joins(*,G4): AC5]}.

5.4.5.4   BIDIR-PIM Prune
   At this point, all PEs have necessary states to not send multicast
   traffic to sites with no members.

   One example of the BIDIR-PIM snooping mechanism for leaving a
   multicast group works as follows:
     - Assume Router 2 wants to leave the multicast group (*,G1) and
        sends a (*,G1) prune message.  The prune message gets flooded
        in the VPLS instance.  All PEs update their states as follows:
        PE 1: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,AC1), (Router 2,Router
        3,PW1to2), (Router 4,PW1to3), (Router 5,PW1to4)], [DF(RPA):
        PW1to3], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW1to3], [pim_joins(*,G4): PW1to4]},
        PE 2: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to2), (Router 2,AC2),
        (Router 3,AC3), (Router 4,PW2to3), (Router 5,PW2to4)],
        [DF(RPA): PW2to3], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW2to3], [pim_joins(*,G4):
        PW2to4]}, PE 3: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to3), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW2to3), (Router 4,AC4), (Router 5,PW3to4)],
        [DF(RPA): AC4], [pim_joins(*,G1): AC1], [pim_joins(*,G4):
        PW3to4]}, PE 4: {[PIM Neighbors: (Router 1,PW1to4), (Router
        2,Router 3,PW2to4), (Router 4,PW3to4), (Router 5,AC5)],
        [DF(RPA): PW3to4], [pim_joins(*,G1): PW3to4], [pim_joins(*,G4):
        AC5]}.

5.4.5.5   Failure Scenarios
   Once again, failures can be easily handled in BIDIR-PIM snooping, as
   it employs state-refresh technique.  PEs in the VPLS instance will
   remove entry for non-refreshing routers from their states.

5.4.6  Multicast Source Directly Connected to the VPLS Instance
   If there is a source in the CE network that connects directly into
   the VPLS instance, then multicast traffic from that source MUST be



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   sent to all PIM routers on the VPLS instance apart from the outgoing
   interface list for the corresponding snooping state.  If there is
   already (S,G)/(*,G) snooping state that is formed on any PE, this
   will not happen per the current forwarding rules and guidelines.  The
   (S,G)/(*,G) state may not send traffic towards all the routers.  So,
   in order to determine if traffic needs to be flooded to all routers,
   a PE must be able to determine if the traffic came from a host on
   that LAN.  There are three ways to address this problem:
     - The PE would have to do ARP snooping to determine if a source
        is directly connected.
     - Another option is to have configuration on all PEs to say there
        are CE sources that are directly connected to the VPLS instance
        and disallow snooping for the groups for which the source is
        going to send traffic. This way traffic from that source to
        those groups will always be flooded within the provider
        network.
     - A third option is to require that sources of CE multicast
        routers must appear behind a router.

5.4.7  Data Forwarding Rules
   The final list of outgoing interfaces for a given (S,G) or (*,G) is
   computed by combining the IGMP and PIM state summarization macros.

   oifList(*,G) = igmp_include(*,G) (+) pim_oiflist(*,G)

   oiflist(S,G) = igmp_include(*,G) (-) igmp_exclude(S,G) (+)
                   igmp_include(S,G) (+) pim_oiflist(S,G)

   If PIM Snooping is active for a given (*,G) or (S,G), then the PE
   also tracks the upstream AC/PW as the RPF interface.  Data traffic
   MUST be forwarded ONLY IF traffic arrives on the RPF interface.  If
   data traffic arrives on any other interface, then the following rules
   apply:
     - If the traffic arrives on an AC and the PE determines that the
        traffic is coming from a directly connected source, then the
        rules described in Section 5.4.6 apply.
     - Otherwise, it could be a PIM ASSERT scenario.  Then the rules
        described in Section 5.4.3.8 apply.

   In the presence of only IGMP Snooping state, there is no RPF
   interface that can be remembered. In such a scenario, traffic should
   simply be forwarded to the pim_oiflist after performing source
   interface pruning.

5.4.8  PIM Snooping at PWs Overwhelm PEs
   In [MVPN-VPLS], it is commented that PIM snooping (due to refreshing
   scheme) in PWs will overwhelm PEs.  To address this issue, we provide
   a proposal in this section.




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   Although PIM refresh reduction is under consideration, PEs are
   RECOMMENEDED to implement this scheme, as CEs need not change, and
   PEs will not depend on CEs to turn refresh reduction on.  Only the
   PEs need to implement this scheme.  Note this scheme is trying to
   take care of Refresh reduction only.  If all the states are
   continuously flapping, then VPLS has to deal with it irrespective of
   which solution is used for refresh reduction.

   In order to prevent control traffic explosion in the core, the PEs
   can be configured to not exceed a threshold which represents the
   aggregate amount of PIM refresh traffic that can be generated in the
   core.  Since the PEs are fully meshed, the PEs can determine their
   individual rate by dividing the threshold by the number of PEs in the
   mesh.  This gives the amount of PIM refresh traffic that a PE can
   generate in the core.  Once we have this number (call it the
   tx_threshold), we proceed in the following fashion.

   For every PIM Join/Prune PDU received by a PE from the access side
   (i.e., AC), the PE will modify the holdtime to a large value
   (possibly even infinity) before sending out into the core.  The
   holdtime, call it core_holdtime, can be configured OR can be
   adaptively computed based on the number of entries the PE has.  The
   core_holdtime ensures that the core side (all the relevant PEs and
   the CEs connected to them) will not time out the state as fast as an
   access side upstream router would, in the absence of a Join refresh.
   The PE will also keep track of when the holdtimer will expire in the
   core for an entry (call this the core_holdtimer).  A typical value of
   the core_holdtime would be something like 10-20 times the received
   holdtime in the PDU.  The core_holdtime is jittered across PDUs so
   that all of them do not fire at once (all entries in a PDU get the
   same core_holdtime).

   Once this is done, for every entry that has a core_holdtimer running,
   the PE will not send any refreshes that it receives from the access
   side, into the core, if the following condition is satisfied:
   The core_holdtimer will expire at a time that is greater than twice
   the holdtime encoded in the Join/Prune PDU received from the access
   (this is an arbitrary multiplier, call it X).  If the core_holdtime
   will expire at a time that is less than X times the holdtime encoded
   in the Join/Prune PDU received from the access, AND if the PE can
   send a JP PDU (because it will not exceed the tx_threshold), only
   then the PE will propagate the refresh into the core, again with the
   holdtime modified to the core_holdtime.  If it canÆt because it would
   exceed the tx_threshold, it will wait for the next refresh as long as
   X is greater than 1.  If X is 1, then it will propagate the refresh
   irrespective of whether the tx_threshold will exceed or not.  The
   idea here is that if X is reasonable enough, then it will get a
   chance to send out the refresh without exceeding the threshold most
   of the times.

   To take care of the possibility of Join/Prune PDUs getting lost, we
   could have a configured robustness variable R like in IGMP for the


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   VPLS instance (possibly even per PW).  This simply means that we will
   propagate the Joins R times into the core instead of 1, before we
   skip propagating them when they arrive.

   The hold time is modified only when there is at least one of the
   following in the PDU:
     - (*,G) Join, (S,G) Join or (S,G,rpt) Prune, since these are the
        states that are refreshed.
     - (*,G) Prune, (S,G) Prune and (S,G,rpt) Join are not refreshed
        in PIM and are used only to deregister state, so the holdtime
        modification does not apply to these.

   Corresponding to every entry that a PE creates upon receiving a Join
   from an AC, the PE maintains an upstream state which consists of:
   1) Upstream PW (defined in the previous sections)
   2) Upstream neighbor (defined in the previous sections)
   3) core_holdtimer

   Once this state is created due to a downstream state received on an
   AC, the PE takes no action with respect to the upstream state if it
   receives Joins for the same state from other ACs.  Since the upstream
   PW has already been notified, there is no need to propagate those
   Joins towards the PW.

   If a CE on an AC sends a Join causing the upstream state to be
   created and the downstream state times out (due to not seeing a Join
   from the CE again), and if that is the only downstream state, then
   the PE will simulate a Prune towards the PW by using any AC neighbor
   as the source IP of the Prune packet.  This ensures that the core
   side will time out the state immediately.  Same thing applies to
   (S,G,rpt) Joins.

   Core_holdtime determination (optional): As mentioned earlier, a PE
   can adaptively determine the value of core_holdtime it should use,
   based on the number of entries it has on the AC side.  For example,
   if a PE has 1000 entries, and its tx_threshold is 10 packets per
   second, and assuming a worst case of 1 Join/Prune entry per
   Join/Prune PDU, it is safe to say that if every 60 seconds, the PE
   receives a refresh for all 1000 entries and it propagates only 10 of
   them (unique), it will take 60 * 100 seconds for all the entries to
   be refreshed i.e. 100 minutes.  A reasonable value of core holdtime
   then can be used as 1.25 * 6000 = 7500 seconds.  X above can be
   chosen to be 25 or 50.  If you assume a better case, say 50 entries
   per Join/Prune PDU, 1000 entries would take 20 PDUs i.e. 120 seconds.
   So a core_holdtime of 1.25 * 120 = 150 seconds with X = 2 might do.
   The basic idea being, it would refresh more often if there are less
   entries, and less often if there are more entries.  Or the
   core_holdtime could be simply configured to keep it simple.

   The scheme can be extended to PIM Hellos as well wherein we modify
   the holdtime sent in hellos towards the PWs.  If an adjacency times


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   out, PE can simulate a Hello and send it out towards the PW with a
   holdtime of 0.

6 Security Considerations
   Security considerations provided in VPLS solution documents (i.e.,
   [VPLS-LDP] and [VPLS-BGP) apply to this document as well.

7 References
7.1 Normative References

7.2 Informative References
   [VPLS-LDP]       Lasserre, M, et al. "Virtual Private LAN Services
                    over MPLS", work in progress
   [VPLSD-BGP]      Kompella, K, et al. "Virtual Private LAN Service",
                    work in progress
   [L2VPN-FR]       Andersson, L, et al. "L2VPN Framework", work in
                    progress
   [PMP-RSVP-TE]    Aggarwal, R, et al. "Extensions to RSVP-TE for Point
                    to Multipoint TE LSPs", work in progress
   [RFC1112]        Deering, S., "Host Extensions for IP Multicasting",
                    RFC 1112, August 1989.
   [RFC2236]        Fenner, W., "Internet Group Management Protocol,
                    Version 2", RFC 2236, November 1997.
   [RFC3376]        Cain, B., et al. "Internet Group Management
                    Protocol, Version 3", RFC 3376, October 2002.
   [MAGMA-SNOOP]    Christensen, M., et al. "Considerations for IGMP and
                    MLD Snooping Switches", work in progress
   [PIM-DM]         Deering, S., et al. "Protocol Independent Multicast
                    Version 2 û Dense Mode Specification", draft-ietf-
                    pim-v2-dm-03.txt, June 1999.
   [RFC2362]        Estrin, D, et al. "Protocol Independent Multicast-
                    Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification", RFC
                    2362, June 1998.
   [PIM-SSM]        Holbrook, H., et al. "Source-Specific Multicast for
                    IP", work in progress
   [BIDIR-PIM]      Handley, M., et al. "Bi-directional Protocol
                    Independent Multicast (BIDIR-PIM)", work in progress
   [MVPN-VPLS]]     Aggarwal, R., et al. "Multicast in BGP/MPLS VPNs and
                    VPLS", work in progress

8 Authors' Addresses

   Yetik Serbest
   SBC Labs
   9505 Arboretum Blvd.
   Austin, TX 78759
   Yetik_serbest@labs.sbc.com

   Ray Qiu
   Alcatel North America
   701 East Middlefield Rd.
   Mountain View, CA 94043


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   Ray.Qiu@alcatel.com

   Venu Hemige
   Alcatel North America
   701 East Middlefield Rd.
   Mountain View, CA 94043
   Venu.hemige@alcatel.com

   Rob Nath
   Riverstone Networks
   5200 Great America Parkway
   Santa Clara, CA 95054
   Rnath@riverstonenet.com

   Suresh Boddapati
   Alcatel North America
   701 East Middlefield Rd.
   Mountain View, CA 94043
   Suresh.boddapati@alcatel.com

   Sunil Khandekar
   Alcatel North America
   701 East Middlefield Rd.
   Mountain View, CA 94043
   Sunil.khandekar@alcatel.com

   Vach Kompella
   Alcatel North America
   701 East Middlefield Rd.
   Mountain View, CA 94043
   Vach.kompella@alcatel.com

   Marc Lasserre
   Riverstone Networks
   Marc@riverstonenet.com

9 Intellectual Property Statement

   The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
   Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
   pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
   this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
   might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
   made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
   on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
   found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
   assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
   attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
   such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this



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   specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
   http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
   copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
   rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
   this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
   ipr@ietf.org.

10 Full copyright statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject
   to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78 and
   except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.

   This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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   OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
   ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
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   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
































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