Network Working Group P. Shafer
Internet-Draft Juniper Networks
Intended status: Informational September 4, 2008
Expires: March 8, 2009
An Architecture for Network Management
draft-shafer-netmod-arch-00
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on March 8, 2009.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
Abstract
NETCONF and YANG are pieces of an ambitious plan to improve network
management. NETCONF gives access to native capabilities of the
devices within a network, defining methods for manipulating
configuration databases, retrieving operational data, and invoking
specific operations. YANG provides the means to define the content
trafficked via NETCONF, both data and operations. Using both
technologies, the standards modules can be defined to give
interoperability and commonality to devices, while still allowing
devices to express their unique capabilities.
This document describes how NETCONF and YANG help build network
management applications that meet the needs of network services
providers. An architecture is described which is friendly to both
devices and applications, to vendors and standards bodies, to young
and to old, to red states and to blue states. It's a startling
vision, coming to networks near you starting August, 2009.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
Table of Contents
1. Key Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. NETCONF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. YANG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1. XML Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. An Architecture for NETMOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. YANG and Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.1. Device Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.2. Generic Content Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.3. XML "over the wire" Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.4. Application Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.5. Bottom Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Modeling Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 23
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
1. Key Words
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14, [RFC2119].
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
2. Introduction
Networks are increasing in complexity and capacity, as well as the
density of the services deployed upon them. The drive for uptime,
reliability, and predictable latency drives the need for automation.
The problems with network management are not simple. They are
complex and intricate. But these problems must be solved for
networks to meet the stability needs of existing services while
incorporating new services in a world where the growth of the
networks is exhausting the supply of qualified networking engineers.
We need to move from a CLI world into a world of automation, but that
automation must be robust and trustworthy.
This document presents an architecture based on NETCONF ([RFC4741])
and [YANG]. NETCONF and YANG address the problems of network
management with flexibility and expressiveness. NETCONF allows any
manner of configuration and operational data to be carried with few
rules governing the data. YANG allows data models to be defined that
are flexible and extensible in ways that allow the data to be
cohesive and structured, but not rigid.
This approach allows the device to express its native capabilities in
a way that is flexible and extensible. Evolution of devices and data
models are permitted and managed.
2.1. NETCONF
NETCONF allows applications to use an XML-based RPC mechanism that
leverages the simplicity and availability of high-quality XML
parsers. XML gives a rich, flexible, hierarchical, standard
representation of data that matches nearly perfectly the data needs
of networking devices.
XML's hierarchical data representation allows complex networking data
to be rendered in a natural way. For example, the following
configuration places interfaces in OSPF areas. The <ospf> element
contains a list of <area> elements, each of which contain a list of
<interface> elements. The <name> element identifies the specific
area or interface. Additional configuration for each area or
interface appears directly inside the appropriate element.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
<ospf xmlns="http://ns.ietf.org/netconf/ospf">
<area>
<name>0.0.0.0</name>
<interface>
<name>ge-0/0/0.0</name>
<!-- The priority for this interface -->
<priority>30</priority>
</interface>
<interface>
<name>ge-0/0/1.0</name>
</interface>
</area>
<area>
<name>10.1.2.0</name>
<interface>
<name>ge-0/0/2.0</name>
</interface>
<interface>
<name>ge-0/0/3.0</name>
</interface>
</area>
</ospf>
2.2. YANG
YANG is a data model language for NETCONF that allows the description
of hierarchies of nodes and the constraints that exist amongst them.
These data models are extensible in a manner that allows tight
integration of standard data models and proprietary data models.
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Open Question |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| More words? |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
module ietf-ospf {
namespace http://ns.ietf.org/netconf/ospf;
prefix ospf;
import network-types {
prefix nett;
}
container ospf { // declare the top-level tag
list area {
key name;
leaf name {
type nett:area-id;
}
list interface {
key name;
leaf name {
type nett:interface-name;
}
leaf priority {
type uint {
range 1..255;
}
}
}
}
}
}
Open source tools for YANG are available on
http://www.yang-central.org.
2.2.1. XML Namespaces
XML includes the concept of namespaces, allowing XML elements from
different sources to be combined in the same hierarchy without
risking collision. YANG modules define content for specific
namespaces, but one module may augment the definition of another
module, introducing elements from that module's namespace into the
first module's hierarchy.
For example, if the above OSPF configuration were the standard, a
vendor module may augment this with vendor-specific extensions.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
module vendorx-ospf {
namespace http://vendorx.example.com/ospf;
prefix vendorx;
import ietf-ospf {
prefix ospf;
}
augment ospf:ospf/ospf:area/ospf:interfaces {
leaf no-neighbor-down-notification {
type empty;
description "Don't inform other protocols about"
+ " neighbor down events";
}
}
}
The <no-neighbor-down-notification> element is then placed in the
vendorx namespace:
<protocols xmlns="http://ietf.org/netconf/protocols"
xmlns:vendorx="http://vendorx.example.com/ospf">
<ospf xmlns="http://ietf.org/netconf/ospf">
<area>
<name>0.0.0.0</name>
<interface>
<name>ge-0/0/0.0</name>
<priority>30</priority>
<vendorx:no-neighbor-down-notification/>
</interface>
</area>
</ospf>
</protocols>
Extensions are seamlessly integrated with base modules, allowing them
to be fetched, archived, loaded, and deleted within their natural
hierarchy.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
3. An Architecture for NETMOD
In the NETMOD architecture, each device vendor implements a set of
data models in their devices. These models are either standard data
models, defined in YANG modules published by a standards body, or
proprietary data models, defined in YANG modules published by vendor.
Proprietary data models allow the vendor to accurately describe the
content and behavior of their devices in explicit detail.
Applications may take advantage of these specifics to give their
users complete control over the device.
Standard data models define content that is independent of the
vendor, allowing client applications to request specific behavior
without concern for the vendor, product line, or installed software
revision. The translation between the standard model and the device
specific behavior is performed by the device, freeing the application
from such concerns.
When a NETCONF session begins, the namespaces for all supported
modules are announced as capabilities via the device's <hello>
message. The device should also support the schema discovery
mechanism [ref], enabling applications to discover the location from
which the modules may be downloaded.
The schema discovery for standard YANG modules should list a common,
standard location for these modules, assumably one set by the
organization that defined the standard.
When an application connects with a device, it receives the list of
capabilities supported by that device. The application may compare
the set of capabilities announced by the device with the set of
modules the application is aware of. Any new modules or new
revisions of known modules may be downloaded as needed from the
locations given via the schema discovery mechanism.
Once the application has access to the YANG modules, it may
manipulate the device as a "YANG module browser", capable of parsing
the elements sent from the device with an understanding of the
organization of the data. The module describes the syntax of the
data and constraints on that data, allowing the application to create
data that abides by those constraints.
To have a real understanding of a module's content, the application
may need to incorporate logic specific to that module. Semantic
information contained in description statements is not machine
readable, but module-specific custom work can be done to tailor the
user interface to the particular semantic needs of the module.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
For example, a module could define the "location" of a device using
longitude and latitude, and the application can use the "browser"
style to display this data using input fields in a web form. Custom
logic would be needed to take the value of these fields and place the
device on a map of the world, and more logic would be needed to
update the data values when the user drags the device from Dallas to
Dulles.
If an application is meant to manage a specific problem, it may model
the data internally in whatever form is most convenient to its
organizational needs. When the application interacts with a device,
it may choose one of two paths. If the device implements a standard
module, the application may generate content for that standard by
translating its internal form into the standard one.
If the device doesn't implement such a standard or no such standard
exists, the application may use a transformation that is particular
to that device's vendor, product model, hardware, or software.
Depending on the application, this transformation may be provided by
the application vendor, the device vendor, a third-party, or the
provider.
For a popular application, the vendor may wish to provide this
transformation to increase the uptake of their devices. For popular
devices, the application may provide this transformation as a means
of making the application useful in the maximum number of provider
networks. For problem domains where the mapping from the application
to the device is not straight-forward or requires tailoring to the
specific provider or environment, the provider may wish to control
this transformation. Additionally, other parties may make such
transformations available via open source.
This gives two similar views of the world, as only ASCII Art can
explain:
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
Case A: Case B:
Application does Device does
the transformation the transformation
between standard between standard
and device views and device views
+---Application---+ +---Application---+
| | | |
Internal | +-------------+ | | +-------------+ |
View | | IV | | | | IV | |
(IV) | +-------------+ | | +-------------+ |
| | | | | |
| | (transform) | | | (transform) |
| v | | v |
Standard | +-------------+ | | +-------------+ |
View | | SV | | | | SV | |
(SV) | +-------------+ | | +-------------+ |
+-----------------+ | | |
| (transmit) | | (transform) |
v | | |
+-----Device------+ | v |
| +-------------+ | | +-------------+ |
| | SV | | | | DV | |
| +-------------+ | | +-------------+ |
| | | +-----------------+
| | (transform) | | (transmit)
| v | v
+ +-------------+ | +-----Device------+
Device | | DV | | | |
Config | +-------------+ | | |
(DV) +-----------------+ +-----------------+
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Open Question |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Do we need this picture? Does it add anything worth adding? |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
Note that both cases may appear within a single application on an "as
needed" basis. If the device announces the capability for the
standard YANG module, the application may transmit to the device via
NETCONF the content in the standard modules format. If the device
does not announce the appropriate capability, the application may
find a transformation that matches the device, perform the
transformation on the standard data to produce device native
configuration, and transmit via NETCONF that device configuration to
the device.
In both cases, the key is the ability to discover the capabilities of
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
the specific device, download the YANG modules that support those
capabilities, gain an understanding of those data models and their
constraints, generate appropriate content, and transmit that content
to the device.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
4. YANG and Friends
The YANG data modeling language is the central piece of a group of
related technologies. The YANG language itself, described in [ref],
defines the syntax of the language and its statements, the meaning of
those statements, and how to combine them to build the hierarchy of
nodes that describe a data model.
That document also defines the "on the wire" XML content for NETCONF
operations on data models defined in YANG modules. This includes the
basic mapping between YANG data tree nodes and XML elements, as well
as mechanisms used in <edit-config> content to manipulate that data,
such as arranging the order of nodes within a list.
YANG is a fairly simple language, using a syntax that is regular and
easily described, designed for human readability. But in some
environments, incorporating a YANG parser may not be an acceptable
option. For those scenarios, a XML grammar for YANG is defined in
YIN (YANG Independent Notation) [ref]. YIN allows the use of XML
parsers which are readily available in both open source and
commercial versions. Conversion between YANG and YIN is direct,
loss-less and reversible. YANG statements are converted to XML
elements, preserving the structure and content of YANG, but enabling
the use of "off the shelf" XML parsers rather than requiring the
integration of a YANG parser. YIN maintains complete semantic
equivalence with YANG.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Open Question |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Should we note that YANG parsers are also available "off the |
| shelf" also? |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Difficult as it is to believe, there will be environments where tools
are not available which offer native support. To support developers
marooned in such environments, YANG offers the ability to translate
modules into DSDL schemas, including RelaxNG and Schematron. With
these schemas, existing tools may test that NETCONF operations and
content are valid and well-formed before processing them. The
complete standard mapping of YANG to DSDL is detailed in [ref], and
is implemented in "off the shelf" open source and commercial
software. Where no equivalent functionality is availabe in DSDL,
annotations will be used to ensure the preservation of high-level
semantics. Many DSDL engines offer plug-able functionality to allow
enforcement of such constraints.
In addition, a standard type library for use by YANG is available in
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
[ref]. These types allow access to the vast wealth of the Sierra
Madra, in true John-Wayne style.
4.1. Applicability
The data model in the YANG module yields value in five specific
areas.
4.1.1. Device Developer
The YANG model tells the device developer what data is being modeled.
The developer reads the YANG models, absorbs the zen of the model,
and writes code that supports the model. The model describes the
data hierarchy and associated constraints, and the description and
reference material helps the developer understand how to transform
the models view into the device native implementation.
4.1.2. Generic Content Support
The YANG model can be compiled into a YANG-based engine for either
the client or server side. Incoming data can be validated, as can
outgoing data. The complete configuration database may be validated
in accordance with the constraints described in the data model.
Serializers and deserializers, for generating and receiving XML
content, can be driven by the meta-data in the model. As data is
received, the meta-data is consulted to ensure the incoming XML
element is valid at the current spot in the hierarchy.
The YANG-based toolset can also generate support material for
development environment environments, including structure or object
definitions, for inclusion at compile time. But care must be taken
for the extensibility of YANG definitions. Nodes in the data model
may be augmented by other YANG modules, both standard and
proprietary.
4.1.3. XML "over the wire" Definitions
The YANG module dictates the XML encoding sent "over the wire",
though actual transmission should be encrypted so as not to appear as
readable text on the physical media. The rules that define the
encoding are fixed, so the YANG module can be used to ascertain
whether a specific NETCONF payload is obeying the rules.
4.1.4. Application Developer
The YANG module tells the application developer what data can be
modeled. Developers can inspect the modules and take one of three
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 14]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
distinct views. In this section, we will consider them and the
impact of YANG on their design. In the real world, most applications
are a mixture of these approaches.
4.1.4.1. Hard Coded
An application can be coded against the specific, well-known contents
of YANG modules, implementing their organization, rules, and logic
directly with explicit knowledge. For example, a script could be
written to change the domain name of a set of devices using a
standard YANG module that includes such a leaf node. This script
takes the new domain name as an argument and insert it into a string
containing the rest of the XML encoding as required by the YANG
module. This content is then sent via NETCONF to the devices.
This type of application is useful for small, fixed problems where
the cost and complexity of flexibility is overwhelmed by the ease of
hard coding direct knowledge into the application.
4.1.5. Bottom Up
An application may take a generic, bottom up approach to
configuration, concentrating on the device's data directly and
treating that data in without specific understanding.
YANG modules may be used to drive the operation of the YANG
equivalent of a "MIB Browser". Such an application manipulates the
device's configuration data based on the data organization contained
in the YANG module. For example, a GUI may present a straight-
forward visualization where elements of the YANG hierarchy are
depicted in a hierarchy of folders or GUI panels. Clicking on a line
expands to the contents of the matching content.
This type of GUI can easily be built by generating XSLT stylesheets
from the YANG data models. An XSLT engine can then be used to turn
configuration data into a set of web pages.
The YANG modules allows the application to enforce the set of
constraints it defines without understanding any specifics of the
YANG module. The application need only understand the YANG and its
encoding rules. This sort of browser has been available for MIBs,
but will have better information at its disposal with YANG.
4.1.5.1. Top Down
In contrast to the generic approach, the top-down approach allows the
application to take a view of the configuration data which is
distinct from the standard and/or proprietary YANG modules. The
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 15]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
application is free to construct its own model for data organization
and to present this model to the user. When the data needs to be
transported to device, the application transforms the application
data into device data. This transformation is under the control and
maintenance of the application, allowing the transformation to be
changed and updated without affecting the device.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 16]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
5. Modeling Considerations
In developing good data models, there are many conflicting interests
the data modeler must keep in mind. Modelers need to be aware of
four types of behavior in modeled device:
o [strict compliance] behavior that follow the model completely
o [modeled deviations] behavior that follows within deviations
allowed by the model
o [allowable deviations] behavior that falls outside the model, but
can still be handled
o [unacceptable deviations] behavior that is not at all consistent
with the model
Consider a data model that contains the number of hotdogs that can be
consumed before puking on a roller coaster. A simple model can
simply list this element as a state node of the data model.
Compliant models report the value, allowing clients to reconsider
either another hotdog or another ride on the roller coaster.
The model may opt for a more complex model which limits this node to
only apply to people that ride roller coasters. If an implementation
does not support the ability to ride roller coasters, the value is
uninteresting and such implementation are not required to conjure up
a meaningless value.
Once the model is published, an implementer may decide to make this
node configurable, where the standard model describes it a state
data. The implementation reports the value normally and may have an
"out of band" mechanism for reporting that this node behaves in a
different manner than the standard. Applications capable of
discovering such behavior can make allowances, but applications that
do not continue treating the implementation as if it were compliant.
Rarely, implementations may make decisions that prevent compliance
with the standard. Such occasions are horrible, regrettable, nasty,
and a pox on the face of standardization. But they remain a part of
reality, and modelers and application writers ignore them at their
own risk. An implementation that reports the hotdog limit as "cow"
would be difficult to manage, but one must expect to encounter such
"cow reporters" in the field.
Despite this, both client and server should view the YANG module as a
contract, with both side agreeing to abide by the terms. The modeler
should do their best to be explicit about the terms of such a
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 17]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
contract, lest some weasel successfully explains how "cow" is a valid
value. But both client and server implementations should strive to
faithfully and accurately implement the data model described in the
YANG module.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 18]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
6. Conclusion
[Wherein we tell you what an amazing job we've done]
We have done an amazing job.
Many standardization efforts result in a "design by committee"-style
camel instead of a horse, but the YANG design committee and the
NETMOD working group have used the implementation experience of their
members to build a data modeling language for NETCONF that balances
simplicity, flexibility, and extensibility in a harmony unequaled
since the dawn of the claw hammer. The development of multiple YANG
implementations has given us early feedback on technical issues and
helped crisp the wording of many issues in the YANG specification.
While we are aware of the difficulties that network management has
traditionally faced and the number of bodies that lie at the base of
the mountain we are scaling, we are certain that these tools are a
vast improvement on the previous generation, and feel assured that
this will help us evolve the network management world in a timely and
stable way to allow the evolution of new and powerful applications
that will deliver automation to fulfill the needs of providers and
their networks.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 19]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
7. Security Considerations
Security is an important task, and YANG should be an integral part of
access mechanism defined for NETCONF. Access and Authorization (A&A)
should also be integrated with traditional on-device mechanisms, such
as RADIUS and local passwords. The SSH transport for NETCONF
provides such facilities. In addition, these on-device A&A mechanism
can provide additional constraints for the operations of a client
targeting a NETCONF server. The definitions and limits of such
constraints are not part of the current effort and will be addressed
by future work.
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 20]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
8. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4741] Enns, R., "NETCONF Configuration Protocol", RFC 4741,
December 2006.
[YANG] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A data modeling language for
NETCONF", draft-ietf-netmod-yang-00 (work in progress).
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 21]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
Author's Address
Phil Shafer
Juniper Networks
Email: phil@juniper.net
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 22]
Internet-Draft NETMODARCH September 2008
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
Acknowledgment
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
Administrative Support Activity (IASA).
Shafer Expires March 8, 2009 [Page 23]