Network Working Group S. Sharikov
Internet-Draft Regtime Ltd
Intended status: Informational D. Miloshevic
Expires: January 5, 2010 Afilias
J. Klensin
July 4, 2009
Internationalized Domain Names Registration and Administration
Guideline for European languages using Cyrillic
draft-sharikov-idn-reg-00.txt
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Abstract
This document is a guideline for Registries and Registrars on
registering internationalized domain names (IDNs) based on (in
alphabetical order) Bosnian, Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian,
Montenegrin, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian languages in a DNS zone.
For completeness of the "European" languages, it also discusses the
additional characters needed for Moldovan and Kildin Sami. It
describes appropriate characters for registration and variant
considerations for characters from Greek and Latin scripts with
similar appearances and/or derivations.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Similar Characters and Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Languages and Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1. Bosnian, Serbian, Montenegrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2. Bulgarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3. Byelorussian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. Macedonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.6. Russian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.8. Ukrainian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Language-based Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Table processing rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Table Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Steps after registering an input label . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Appendix A. European Cyrillic Character Tables . . . . . . . . . 8
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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1. Introduction
Cyrillic is one of a fairly small number of scripts that are used,
with different subsets of characters, to write a large number of
languages, some of which are not closely related to the others. When
those languages might be used together in a zone (typical of generic
TLDs (gTLDs) but likely in other zones both at and below the root,
special considerations for intermixing characters may apply.
Cyrillic also has the property that, while it is usually considered a
separate script from the Latin (Roman) and Greek ones, it shares many
characters with them, creating opportunities for visual confusion.
This specification provides guidelines for the use of Cyrillic, as
encoded in Unicode [Unicode51] with internationalized domain name
(IDN) labels derived from most "European" languages that use the
script (use of the term "European" is a convenience, since there is
disagreement about the relevant boundaries for different purposes
and, of course, much of Russia lies within geological Asia).
Specifically it covers (in alphabetic order) Bosnian, Bulgarian,
Byelorussian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Russian, Serbian, and
Ukrainian. Supplemental tables, based on information in the Unicode
Standard and the Omniglot discussion of Moldovan [OmniglotMoldovan]
and Sami languages [OmniglotSami] are provided for use with Moldovan
and Kildin Sami. The former is no longer in official use with
Cyrillic script and no registrations are considered likely for the
latter, at least within the relevant ccTLD. Languages of Asia that
use Cyrillic are not considered here and should be the subject of
separate specifications.
While Cyrillic script is the primary one used for many of the
relevant languages and countries, Latin script is often used instead
of, or in combination with, it. Standard keyboards used in most of
the countries have both Cyrillic and Latin characters. Therefore
some registries could use Latin scripts for domain names registration
in their zones. In some cases, there would even be a requirement for
mixing Cyrillic and Latin characters in the same label although this
is not generally considered desirable. In addition, registries that
support many scripts will probably encounter the need to support
labels in Greek or Latin scripts as well as Cyrillic and a large
number of character forms are shared among those three scripts.
Because the DNS has no way for the end-user to distinguish among the
languages that might have been used to inspire a particular label, it
seems useful to treat the characters of a large number of languages
that use Cyrillic in their writing systems together, rather than
trying to differentiate them. The discussion and tables in this
specification should provide a foundation for developing more
restrictive rules for zones in which only a single language is likely
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to be used, but it does not specify those language-specific rules.
1.1. Similar Characters and Variants
For some human languages, there are characters and/or strings that
have equivalent or near-equivalent meanings. If someone is allowed
to register a name with such a character or string, the registry
might want to automatically register all the names that have the same
meaning in that language. Further, some registries might want to
restrict the set of characters to be registered for language-based
reasons. In addition, IDNA [RFC3490] allows the use of thousands of
non-alphanumeric characters, and some zone administrators will want
to prohibit some or all of these characters.
So-called "variant techniques", introduced in [RFC3743] and
generalized beyond East Asian language in [RFC4290], describe ways of
registering IDN domain names to decrease the risk of
misunderstandings, cybersquatting, and other forms of confusion.
The tables below (Appendix A) identify confusable characters in Latin
and Greek scripts that might be easily confused with Cyrillic ones.
1.2. Terminology
The terminology that follows is derived from [RFC3743] and [RFC4290],
but this specification does not depend on them.
A "string" is an ordered set of one or more characters.
This document discusses characters that have equivalent or near-
equivalent characters or strings. The "base character" is the
character that has one or more equivalents; the "variant(s)" are the
character(s) and/or string(s) that are equivalent to the base
character.
A "registration bundle" is the set of all labels that comes from
expanding all base characters for a single name into their variants.
A registry is the administrative authority for a DNS zone. That is,
the registry is the body that makes and enforces policies that are
used in a particular zone in the DNS. The term "registry" applies to
all zones in the DNS, not only those that exist at the top level.
[[anchor4: Note in Draft: This specification is based on the original
version of IDNA. Updates to any revision should be obvious, but the
terminology should be adjusted in needed and special attention should
be paid to the mapping-only variants listed in the Appendix. (RFC
Editor, if the I-D reaches you with this note in place, please just
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drop it.)]]
2. Languages and Characters
In the interest of clarity and balance, this document describes a
"Base Cyrillic" set of twenty-three characters for use in comparing
the character usage for Russian and Central European languages that
use Cyrillic. The balance of this section compares the character
usage of the individual languages in that group.
"Base Cyrillic" consists of the following Unicode code points (names
associated with these code points and those below appear in
Appendix A): U+0430, U+0431, U+0432, U+0433, U+0434, U+0435, U+0436,
U+0437, U+043A, U+043B, U+043C, U+043D, U+043E, U+043F, U+0440,
U+0441, U+0442, U+0443, U+0444, U+0445, U+0446, U+0447, U+0448.
The individual languages that are the focus of this specification are
discussed below (in English alphabetical order):
2.1. Bosnian, Serbian, Montenegrin
Bosnian, Serbian, and Montenegrin have 30 letters in the alphabet and
the additional seven characters to the base of 23 shared Cyrillic
characters: U+0438, U+0458, U+0452, U+0459, U+045A, U+045B, U+045F.
2.2. Bulgarian
The Bulgarian alphabet has thirty characters, seven in addition to
the basic twenty-three: U+0456, U+0439, U+0449, U+044A, U+044C,
U+044E, U+044F.
2.3. Byelorussian
Byerlorussian alphabet has 32 characters, i.e., additional nine
characters to the base of 23 characters: U+0451, U+0456, U+0439,
U+044B, U+044C, U+045E, U+044D, U+044E, U+044F.
2.4. Macedonian
Macedonian has 31 characters in the alphabet. This is eight in
addition to the basic set: U+0438, U+0458, U+0452, U+0459, U+045A,
U+045C, U+045F, U+0491, U+0455.
2.5. Montenegrin
See Bosnian, Section 2.1, above.
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2.6. Russian
The current Russian alphabet has 33 characters, consisting of the
Base Cyrillic set plus an additional ten characters: U+0451 U+0438,
U+0439, U+0449, U+044A, U+044B, U+044C, U+044D, U+044E, U+044F.
2.7. Serbian
See Bosnian, Section 2.1, above.
2.8. Ukrainian
Ukrainian has 31 characters and therefore an additional 8 characters
to the base of 23: U+0454, U+0456, U+0457, U+0491, U+0449, U+044A,
U+044E, U+044F.
3. Language-based Tables
The registration strategy described in this document uses a table
that lists all characters allowed for input and any variants of those
characters. Note that the table lists all characters allowed, not
only the ones that have variants.
4. Table processing rules
The input to the process is called the "input label". The output of
the process is either failure (the input label cannot be registered
at all), or a registration bundle that contains one or more labels
that have been processed with ToASCII.
5. Table Format
The table in Appendix A consists of four columns. The first and
second identify the Cyrillic character and the third and fourth
identify Latin or Greek characters that might be easily confused with
them visually. If both a Latin and Greek character are present, the
Greek one appears in the third and fourth columns on the subsequent
line (with "..." in the first column to indicate more information
about the character specified on the previous line). Variants needed
only because of case folding are shown with "+++" in the first
column, as noted in the table.
Each character in the table is given in the "U+" notation for Unicode
characters followed, in the next column, by its name as shown in the
Unicode Standard. For easy reference, the characters are listed in
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the order in which they appear in the Unicode Standard.
The table does not, and any future revision MUST NOT, have more than
one entry for a particular base character.
6. Steps after registering an input label
A registry has at least three policy options for handling the cases
where the registration bundle has more than one label. These
options, and their key implications, are:
o Allocate all labels to the same registrant, making the zone
information identical to that of the input label.
This option will cause end users to be able to find names with
variants more easily, but will result in larger zone files. In
principle, the zone file could become so large that it could
negatively affect the ability of the registry to perform name
resolution.
o Block all labels so they cannot be registered in the future.
This option does not increase the size of the zone file, but it
may cause end users to not be able to find names with variants
that they would expect.
o Allocate some labels and block some other labels.
This option is likely to cause the most confusion with users
because including some variants will cause a name to be found,
bout using other variants will cause the name to be not found.
With any of these three options, the registry MUST keep a database
that links each label in the registration bundle to the input label.
This link needs to be maintained so that changes in the non-DNS
registration information (such as the label's owner name and address)
is reflected in every member of the registration bundle as well.
7. Acknowledgments
Support from Afilias for a major portion of this work is appreciated.
Appendix A. European Cyrillic Character Tables
These tables are constructed on the basis of the characters that can
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actually occur in the DNS, i.e., those that can be obtained by
applying the ToUnicode operation of RFC 3490 to an ACE-encoded label
as defined there. If the characters that can be mapped into those
characters are to be considered instead, then the number of variants
would increase considerably. For example, while Cyrillic Small
Letter A and Greek Small Letter Alpha are readily distinguished
visually, their capital letter equivalents are not, so, if the
extended set of Nameprep [RFC3491] mappings are considered, the two
small letters must be considered variants of each other.
These additional, possibly-required, variants are shown below with
"+++" in the first column of the table.
Characters needed for European languages, other than Moldovan and
Sami, written in Cyrillic.
+----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode Name |
| Char | | | |
+----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| U+0430 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A | U+0061 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER A |
| +++ | | U+03B0 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER ALPHA |
| U+0431 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE | | |
| U+0432 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE | U+0062 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER B |
| +++ | | U+03B2 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER BETA |
| U+0433 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0072 | LATIN SMALL |
| | GHE | | LETTER R |
| +++ | | U+03B3 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER GAMMA |
| U+0434 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE | | |
| +++ | | U+03B4 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER DELTA |
| U+0435 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE | U+0065 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER E |
| +++ | | U+03B5 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER EPSILON |
| U+0436 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | ZHE | | |
| U+0437 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE | | |
| U+0438 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | U+0075 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER U |
| U+0439 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHORT I | | |
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| U+043A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA | U+006B | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER K |
| ... | | U+03BA | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER KAPPA |
| U+043B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL | | |
| +++ | | U+039B | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER LAMBDA |
| U+043C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM | U+006D | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER M |
| +++ | | U+03BC | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER MU |
| U+043D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN | U+0068 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER H |
| +++ | | U+03B7 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER ETA |
| U+043E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O | U+006F | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER O |
| ... | | U+03BF | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER OMICRON |
| U+043F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE | U+006E | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER N |
| ... | | U+03C0 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER PI |
| U+0440 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER | U+0070 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER P |
| ... | | U+03C1 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER RHO |
| U+0441 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES | U+0063 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER C |
| U+0442 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE | U+0074 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER T |
| +++ | | U+03C4 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER TAU |
| U+0443 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U | U+0079 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER Y |
| +++ | | U+03C5 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER UPSILON |
| U+0444 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF | U+03D5 | GREEK PHI SYMBOL |
| +++ | | U+03C6 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER PHI |
| U+0445 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA | U+0078 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER X |
| ... | | U+03C7 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER CHI |
| U+0446 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | TSE | | |
| U+0447 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | CHE | | |
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| U+0448 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHA | | |
| U+0449 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHCHA | | |
| U+044A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | HARD SIGN | | |
| U+044B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | YERU | | |
| U+044C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SOFT SIGN | | |
| U+044D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E | | |
| U+044E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU | | |
| U+044F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA | | |
| U+0451 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO | | |
| +++ | | U+00EB | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER E WITH |
| | | | DIAERESIS |
| U+0452 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | DJE | | |
| U+0453 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | GJE | | |
| U+0454 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+03B5 | GREEK SMALL |
| | UKRAINIAN IE | | LETTER EPSILON |
| U+0455 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0073 | LATIN SMALL |
| | DZE | | LETTER S |
| U+0456 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0069 | LATIN SMALL |
| | BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I | | LETTER I |
| +++ | | U+03B9 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER IOTA |
| U+0457 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+03CA | GREEK SMALL |
| | UKRAINIAN YI | | LETTER IOTA WITH |
| | | | DIALYTIKA |
| +++ | | U+00EF | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER I WITH |
| | | | DIAERESIS |
| U+0458 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE | U+006A | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER J |
| ... | | U+03F3 | GREEK LETTER YOT |
| U+0459 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | LJE | | |
| U+045A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | NJE | | |
| U+045B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | TSHE | | |
| U+045C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | KJE | | |
| U+045D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | | |
| | WITH GRAVE | | |
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| U+045E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHORT U | | |
| U+045F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | DZHE | | |
| U+0491 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | GHE WITH UPTURN | | |
| U+04C2 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | ZHE WITH BREVE | | |
+----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
Additional characters needed for Moldovan written in Cyrillic.
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+------------+
| Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode |
| Char | | | Name |
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+------------+
| U+04C2 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE | | |
| | WITH BREVE | | |
+-------------+------------------------------+---------+------------+
Information in this table relies completely on the additional
character identified as needed for Moldovan in The Unicode Standard.
Moldovan is normally written in Latin characters today, so IDN use of
the characters above is not anticipated.
Additional characters needed for Sami written in Cyrillic.
+------------+-------------------------------+---------+------------+
| Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode |
| Char | | | Name |
+------------+-------------------------------+---------+------------+
| U+048B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I | | |
| | WITH TAIL | | |
| U+048D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SEMISOFT SIGN | | |
| U+048F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER WITH | | |
| | TICK | | |
| U+04C6 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL WITH | | |
| | TAIL | | |
| U+04CA | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN WITH | | |
| | TAIL | | |
| U+04CE | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM WITH | | |
| | TAIL | | |
| U+04ED | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E WITH | | |
| | DIAERESIS | | |
+------------+-------------------------------+---------+------------+
Information in this table relies completely on the characters
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identified as needed for Kildin Sami in The Unicode Standard. No
separate verification or consideration for IDN use has been made, nor
has careful consideration been given to the question of whether the
tails and tics that distinguish most of these characters from their
basic Cyrillic counterparts would be noticed by a user who was not
expecting them.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC3490] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello,
"Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)",
RFC 3490, March 2003.
[RFC3491] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep
Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)",
RFC 3491, March 2003.
[Unicode51]
The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard, Version
5.1.0", 2008.
Defined by: The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, Boston, MA,
Addison-Wesley, 2007, ISBN 0-321-48091-0, as amended by
Unicode 5.1.0
(http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/).
8.2. Informative References
[OmniglotMoldovan]
Ager, S., "Moldovan", 2009,
<http://www.omniglot.com/writing/moldovan.htm>.
[OmniglotSami]
Ager, S., "Sami (Saami)", 2009,
<http://www.omniglot.com/writing/saami.htm>.
[RFC3743] Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H., and Y. Ko, "Joint
Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized
Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean", RFC 3743, April 2004.
[RFC4290] Klensin, J., "Suggested Practices for Registration of
Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 4290,
December 2005.
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Authors' Addresses
Sergey Sharikov
Regtime Ltd
Kalinina str.,14
Samara 443008
Russia
Phone: +7(846) 979-9039
Fax: +7(846)979-9038
Email: s.shar@regtime.net
Desiree Miloshevic
Afilias
Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St. Giles
Oxford OX1 3JS
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 7973 987 147
Email: dmiloshevic@afilias.info
John C Klensin
1770 Massachusetts Ave, #322
Cambridge, MA 02140
USA
Phone: +1 617 491 5735
Email: john-ietf@jck.com
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