Network Working Group                                         V. Smyslov
Internet-Draft                                                ELVIS-PLUS
Intended status: Standards Track                        December 3, 2018
Expires: June 6, 2019


              Intermediate Exchange in the IKEv2 Protocol
                   draft-smyslov-ipsecme-ikev2-aux-02

Abstract

   This documents defines a new exchange, called Intermediate Exchange,
   for the Internet Key Exchange protocol Version 2 (IKEv2).  This
   exchange can be used for transferring large amount of data in the
   process of IKEv2 Security Association (SA) establishment.
   Introducing Intermediate Exchange allows re-using existing IKE
   Fragmentation mechanism, that helps to avoid IP fragmentation of
   large IKE messages, but cannot be used in the initial IKEv2 exchange.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 6, 2019.

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   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Terminology and Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Intermediate Exchange Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     3.1.  Support for Intermediate Exchange Negotiation . . . . . .   3
     3.2.  Using Intermediate Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.3.  The INTERMEDIATE Exchange Protection and Authentication .   5
       3.3.1.  Protection of the INTERMEDIATE Messages . . . . . . .   5
       3.3.2.  Authentication of the INTERMEDIATE Exchanges  . . . .   5
     3.4.  Error Handling in the INTERMEDIATE Exchange . . . . . . .   8
   4.  Interaction with other IKEv2 Extensions . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10

1.  Introduction

   The Internet Key Exchange protocol version 2 (IKEv2) defined in
   [RFC7296] uses UDP as a transport for its messages.  If size of the
   messages is large enough, IP fragmentation takes place, that may
   interfere badly with some network devices.  The problem is described
   in more detail in [RFC7383], which also defines an extension to the
   IKEv2 called IKE Fragmentation.  This extension allows IKE messages
   to be fragmented at IKE level, eliminating possible issues caused by
   IP fragmentation.  However, the IKE Fragmentation cannot be used in
   the initial IKEv2 exchange, IKE_SA_INIT.  This limitation in most
   cases is not a problem, since the IKE_SA_INIT messages used to be
   small enough not to cause IP fragmentation.

   Recent progress in Quantum Computing has brought a concern that
   classical Diffie-Hellman key exchange methods will become insecure in
   a relatively near future and should be replaced with Quantum Computer
   (QC) resistant ones.  Currently most of QC-resistant key exchange
   methods have large public keys.  If these keys are exchanged in the
   IKE_SA_INIT, then most probably IP fragmentation will take place,
   therefore all the problems caused by it will become inevitable.

   A possible solution to the problem would be to use TCP as a transport
   for IKEv2, as defined in [RFC8229].  However this approach has




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   significant drawbacks and is intended to be a "last resort" when UDP
   transport is completely blocked by intermediate network devices.

   This document defines a new exchange for the IKEv2 protocol, called
   Intermediate Exchange or INTERMEDIATE.  One or more these exchanges
   may take place right after the IKE_SA_INIT exchange and prior to the
   IKE_AUTH exchange.  The INTERMEDIATE exchange messages can be
   fragmented using IKE Fragmentation mechanism, so these exchanges may
   be used to transfer large amounts of data which don't fit into the
   IKE_SA_INIT exchange without causing IP fragmentation.

   While ability to transfer large public keys of QC-resistant key
   exchange methods is a primary motivation for introducing of the
   Intermediate Exchange, its application is not limited to this use
   case.  This exchange may be used whenever some data need to be
   transferred before the IKE_AUTH exchange and for some reason the
   IKE_SA_INIT exchange is not suited for this purpose.  This document
   defines the INTERMEDIATE exchange without tying it to any specific
   use case.  It is expected that separate specifications will define
   for which purposes and how the INTERMEDIATE exchange is used in the
   IKEv2.

2.  Terminology and Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Intermediate Exchange Details

3.1.  Support for Intermediate Exchange Negotiation

   The initiator indicates its support for Intermediate Exchange by
   including a notification of type INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED in
   the IKE_SA_INIT request message.  If the responder also supports this
   exchange, it includes this notification in the response message.

Initiator                                 Responder
-----------                               -----------
HDR, SAi1, KEi, Ni,
[N(INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED)] -->
                                     <--  HDR, SAr1, KEr, Nr, [CERTREQ],
                                    [N(INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED)]

   The INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED is a Status Type IKEv2
   notification.  Its Notify Message Type is <TBA by IANA>.  Protocol ID



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   and SPI Size are both set to 0.  This specification doesn't define
   any data this notification may contain, so the Notification Data is
   left empty.  However, future enhancements of this specification may
   override this.  Implementations MUST ignore the non-empty
   Notification Data if they don't understand its purpose.

3.2.  Using Intermediate Exchange

   If both peers indicated their support for the Intermediate Exchange,
   the initiator may use one or more these exchanges to transfer
   additional data.  Using the INTERMEDIATE exchange is optional, the
   initiator may find it unnecessary after completing the IKE_SA_INIT
   exchange.

   The Intermediate Exchange is denoted as INTERMEDIATE, its Exchange
   Type is <TBA by IANA>.

   Initiator                                 Responder
   -----------                               -----------
   HDR, ..., SK {...}  -->
                                        <--  HDR, ..., SK {...}

   The initiator may use several INTERMEDIATE exchanges if necessary.
   Since initiator's Window Size is initially set to one (Section 2.3 of
   [RFC7296]), these exchanges MUST follow each other and MUST all be
   completed before the IKE_AUTH exchange is initiated.  The IKE SA MUST
   NOT be considered as established until the IKE_AUTH exchange is
   successfully completed.

   The Message IDs for the INTERMEDIATE exchanges MUST be chosen
   according to the standard IKEv2 rule, described in the Section 2.2.
   of [RFC7296], i.e.  it is set to 1 for the first INTERMEDIATE
   exchange, 2 for the next (if any) and so on.  The message ID for the
   first pair of the IKE_AUTH messages is one more than the one that was
   used in the last INTERMEDIATE exchange.

   If the presence of NAT is detected in the IKE_SA_INIT exchange via
   NAT_DETECTION_SOURCE_IP and NAT_DETECTION_DESTINATION_IP
   notifications, then the peers MUST switch to port 4500 immediately
   once this exchange is completed, i.e. in the first INTERMEDIATE
   exchange.

   The content of the INTERMEDIATE exchange messages depends on the data
   being transferred and will be defined by specifications utilizing
   this exchange.  However, since the main motivation for the
   INTERMEDIATE exchange is to avoid IP fragmentation when large amount
   of data need to be transferred prior to IKE_AUTH, the Encrypted
   payload MUST be present in the INTERMEDIATE exchange messages and



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   payloads containing large data MUST be placed inside.  This will
   allow IKE Fragmentation [RFC7383] to take place, provided it is
   supported by the peers and negotiated in the initial exchange.

3.3.  The INTERMEDIATE Exchange Protection and Authentication

3.3.1.  Protection of the INTERMEDIATE Messages

   The keys SK_e[i/r] and SK_a[i/r] for the Encrypted payload in the
   INTERMEDIATE exchanges are computed in a standard fashion, as defined
   in the Section 2.14 of [RFC7296].  Every subsequent INTERMEDIATE
   exchange uses the most recently calculated keys before this exchange
   is started.  The first INTERMEDIATE exchange always uses SK_e[i/r]
   and SK_a[i/r] keys that were computed as result the IKE_SA_INIT
   exchange.  If this INTERMEDIATE exchange performs additional key
   exchange resulting in the update of SK_e[i/r] and SK_a[i/r], then
   these updated keys are used for encryption and authentication of next
   INTERMEDIATE exchange, otherwise the current keys are used, and so
   on.

3.3.2.  Authentication of the INTERMEDIATE Exchanges

   The data transferred in the INTERMEDIATE exchanges must be
   authenticated in the IKE_AUTH exchange.  For this purpose the
   definition of the blob to be signed (or MAC'ed) from the Section 2.15
   of [RFC7296] is modified as follows:

 InitiatorSignedOctets = RealMsg1 | NonceRData | MACedIDForI [| IntAuth]
 ResponderSignedOctets = RealMsg2 | NonceIData | MACedIDForR [| IntAuth]

 IntAuth =  IntAuth_1 | [| IntAuth_2 [| IntAuth_3]] ...

 IntAuth_1 = IntAuth_1_I | IntAuth_1_R
 IntAuth_2 = IntAuth_2_I | IntAuth_2_R
 IntAuth_3 = IntAuth_3_I | IntAuth_3_R
 ...

 IntAuth_1_I = prf(SK_pi_1, [IntAuth_1_I_P |] IntAuth_1_I_A)
 IntAuth_2_I = prf(SK_pi_2, [IntAuth_2_I_P |] IntAuth_2_I_A)
 IntAuth_3_I = prf(SK_pi_3, [IntAuth_3_I_P |] IntAuth_3_I_A)
 ...

 IntAuth_1_R = prf(SK_pr_1, [IntAuth_1_R_P |] IntAuth_1_R_A)
 IntAuth_2_R = prf(SK_pr_2, [IntAuth_2_R_P |] IntAuth_2_R_A)
 IntAuth_3_R = prf(SK_pr_3, [IntAuth_3_R_P |] IntAuth_3_R_A)
 ...





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   IntAuth_1_I/IntAuth_1_R, IntAuth_2_I/IntAuth_2_R, IntAuth_3_I/
   IntAuth_3_R, etc. represent the results of applying the negotiated
   prf to the content of the INTERMEDIATE messages sent by the initiator
   (IntAuth_*_I) and by the responder (IntAuth_*_R) in an order of
   increasing Message IDs (i.e. in an order the INTERMEDIATE exchanges
   took place).  The prf is applied to the two chunks of data: optional
   IntAuth_*_[I/R]_P and mandatory IntAuth_*_[I/R]_A.  The IntAuth_*_[I/
   R]_A chunk lasts from the first octet of the IKE Header (not
   including prepended four octets of zeros, if port 4500 is used) to
   the last octet of the Encrypted Payload header.  The IntAuth_*_[I/
   R]_P chunk is present if the Encrypted payload is not empty.  It
   consists of the not yet encrypted content of the Encrypted payload,
   excluding Initialization Vector, Padding, Pad Length and Integrity
   Checksum Data fields (see 3.14 of [RFC7296] for description of the
   Encrypted payload).  In other words, the IntAuth_*_[I/R]_P chunk is
   the inner payloads of the Encrypted payload in plaintext form.



































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                        1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ^ ^
   |                       IKE SA Initiator's SPI                  | | |
   |                                                               | | |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ I |
   |                       IKE SA Responder's SPI                  | K |
   |                                                               | E |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   |
   |  Next Payload | MjVer | MnVer | Exchange Type |     Flags     | H |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ d |
   |                          Message ID                           | r A
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | |
   |                            Length                             | | |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ v |
   |                                                               |   |
   ~                 Unencrypted payloads (if any)                 ~   |
   |                                                               |   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ^ |
   | Next Payload  |C|  RESERVED   |         Payload Length        | | |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ E v
   |                     Initialization Vector                     | n
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ c ^
   |                                                               | r |
   ~             Inner payloads (not yet encrypted)                ~   P
   |                                                               | P |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ l v
   |              Padding (0-255 octets)           |  Pad Length   | d
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
   ~                    Integrity Checksum Data                    ~ |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ v

   Figure 1: Data to Authenticate in the INTERMEDIATE Exchange Messages

   Figure 1 illustrates the layout of the IntAuth_*_[I/R]_P (denoted as
   P) and the IntAuth_*_[I/R]_A (denoted as A) chunks in case the
   Encrypted payload is not empty.

   The calculations are applied to whole messages only, before possible
   fragmentation.  This ensures that the IntAuth will be the same
   regardless of whether fragmentation takes place or not ([RFC7383]
   allows sending first unfragmented message and then trying
   fragmentation in case of no reply).

   Each calculation of IntAuth_*_[I/R] uses its own key SK_p[i/r]_*,
   which is the most recently updated SK_p[i/r] key available before the
   corresponded INTERMEDIATE exchange is started.  The first
   INTERMEDIATE exchange always uses SK_p[i/r] key that was computed in



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   the IKE_SA_INIT as SK_p[i/r]_1.  If the first INTERMEDIATE exchange
   performs additional key exchange resulting in SK_p[i/r] update, then
   this updated SK_p[i/r] is used as SK_p[i/r]_2, otherwise the original
   SK_p[i/r] is used, and so on.  Note, that if keys are updated then
   for any given INTERMEDIATE exchange the keys SK_e[i/r] and SK_a[i/r]
   used for its messages protection (see Section 3.3.1) and the keys
   SK_p[i/r] for its authentication are always from the same generation.

3.4.  Error Handling in the INTERMEDIATE Exchange

   Since messages of the INTERMEDIATE exchange are not authenticated
   until the IKE_AUTH exchange successfully completes, possible errors
   need to be handled carefully.  There is a trade-off between providing
   a better diagnostics of the problem and a risk to become a part of
   DoS attack.  See Section 2.21.1 and 2.21.2 of [RFC7296] describe how
   errors are handled in initial IKEv2 exchanges, these considerations
   are applied to the INTERMEDIATE exchange too.

4.  Interaction with other IKEv2 Extensions

   The INTERMEDIATE exchanges MAY be used in the IKEv2 Session
   Resumption [RFC5723] between the IKE_SESSION_RESUME and the IKE_AUTH
   exchanges.

5.  Security Considerations

   The data that is transferred by means of the INTERMEDIATE exchanges
   is not authenticated until the subsequent IKE_AUTH exchange is
   completed.  However, if the data is placed inside the Encrypted
   payload, then it is protected from passive eavesdroppers.  In
   addition the peers can be certain that they receives messages from
   the party he/she performed the IKE_SA_INIT with if they can
   successfully verify the Integrity Checksum Data of the Encrypted
   payload.

   The main application for Intermediate Exchange is to transfer large
   amount of data before IKE SA is set up without causing IP
   fragmentation.  For that reason it is expected that in most cases IKE
   Fragmentation will be employed in the INTERMEDIATE exchanges.
   Section 5 of [RFC7383] contains security considerations for IKE
   Fragmentation.

   Note, that if an attacker was able to break key exchange in real time
   (e.g. by means of Quantum Computer), then the security of the
   INTERMEDIATE exchange would degrade.  In particular, such an attacker
   would be able both to read data contained in the Encrypted payload
   and to forge it.  The forgery would become evident in the IKE_AUTH
   exchange (provided the attacker cannot break employed authentication



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   mechanism), but the ability to inject forged the INTERMEDIATE
   exchange messages with valid ICV would allow the attacker to mount
   Denial-of-Service attack.  Moreover, if in this situation the
   negotiated prf was not secure against preimage attack with known key,
   then the attacker could forge the INTERMEDIATE exchange messages
   without later being detected in the IKE_AUTH exchange.  To do this
   the attacker should find the same IntAuth_*_[I|R] value for the
   forged message as for original.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This document defines a new Exchange Type in the "IKEv2 Exchange
   Types" registry:

     <TBA>       INTERMEDIATE

   This document also defines a new Notify Message Types in the "Notify
   Message Types - Status Types" registry:

     <TBA>       INTERMEDIATE_EXCHANGE_SUPPORTED

7.  Acknowledgements

   The idea to use an intermediate exchange between IKE_SA_INIT and
   IKE_AUTH was first suggested by Tero Kivinen.  Scott Fluhrer and
   Daniel Van Geest identified a possible problem with authentication of
   the INTERMEDIATE exchange and helped to resolve it.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC7296]  Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
              Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
              2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.






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   [RFC7383]  Smyslov, V., "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
              (IKEv2) Message Fragmentation", RFC 7383,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7383, November 2014, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc7383>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [RFC8229]  Pauly, T., Touati, S., and R. Mantha, "TCP Encapsulation
              of IKE and IPsec Packets", RFC 8229, DOI 10.17487/RFC8229,
              August 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8229>.

   [RFC5723]  Sheffer, Y. and H. Tschofenig, "Internet Key Exchange
              Protocol Version 2 (IKEv2) Session Resumption", RFC 5723,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5723, January 2010, <https://www.rfc-
              editor.org/info/rfc5723>.

Author's Address

   Valery Smyslov
   ELVIS-PLUS
   PO Box 81
   Moscow (Zelenograd)  124460
   RU

   Phone: +7 495 276 0211
   Email: svan@elvis.ru

























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