Network Working Group                                    F. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft                              Boeing Research & Technology
Obsoletes: rfc5320, rfc5558, rfc5720,                      April 3, 2020
           rfc6179, rfc6706 (if
           approved)
Intended status: Standards Track
Expires: October 5, 2020


             Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization (AERO)
                    draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-38

Abstract

   This document specifies the operation of IP over tunnel virtual links
   using Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization (AERO).  AERO interfaces
   use an IPv6 link-local address format that supports operation of the
   IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol and links ND to IP forwarding.
   Prefix delegation/registration services are employed for network
   admission and to manage the routing system.  Multilink operation,
   mobility management, quality of service (QoS) signaling and route
   optimization are naturally supported through dynamic neighbor cache
   updates.  Standard IP multicasting services are also supported.  AERO
   is a widely-applicable mobile internetworking service especially
   well-suited to aviation services, mobile Virtual Private Networks
   (VPNs) and many other applications.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on October 5, 2020.








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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2020 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization (AERO) . . . . . . . .  10
     3.1.  AERO Link Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.2.  AERO Node Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     3.3.  AERO Routing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       3.3.1.  IPv4 Compatibility Routing  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.4.  AERO Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.5.  Spanning Partitioned AERO Networks (SPAN) . . . . . . . .  16
       3.5.1.  SPAN Compatibility Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
       3.5.2.  Client SPAN Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     3.6.  AERO Interface Characteristics  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     3.7.  AERO Interface Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       3.7.1.  AERO Server/Gateway Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       3.7.2.  AERO Proxy Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       3.7.3.  AERO Client Behavior  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
       3.7.4.  AERO Relay Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     3.8.  AERO Interface Neighbor Cache Maintenance . . . . . . . .  26
     3.9.  AERO Interface Encapsulation and Re-encapsulation . . . .  28
     3.10. AERO Interface Decapsulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     3.11. AERO Interface Data Origin Authentication . . . . . . . .  29
     3.12. AERO Interface MTU and Fragmentation  . . . . . . . . . .  30
     3.13. AERO Interface Forwarding Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       3.13.1.  Client Forwarding Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       3.13.2.  Proxy Forwarding Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       3.13.3.  Server/Gateway Forwarding Algorithm  . . . . . . . .  34
       3.13.4.  Relay Forwarding Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
     3.14. AERO Interface Error Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     3.15. AERO Router Discovery, Prefix Delegation and
           Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       3.15.1.  AERO ND/PD Service Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38



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       3.15.2.  AERO Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
       3.15.3.  AERO Server Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     3.16. The AERO Proxy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
       3.16.1.  Detecting and Responding to Server Failures  . . . .  46
       3.16.2.  Point-to-Multipoint Server Coordindation . . . . . .  47
     3.17. AERO Route Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
       3.17.1.  Route Optimization Initiation  . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       3.17.2.  Relaying the NS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
       3.17.3.  Processing the NS and Sending the NA . . . . . . . .  48
       3.17.4.  Relaying the NA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
       3.17.5.  Processing the NA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
       3.17.6.  Route Optimization Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     3.18. Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) . . . . . . . . .  51
     3.19. Mobility Management and Quality of Service (QoS)  . . . .  52
       3.19.1.  Mobility Update Messaging  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
       3.19.2.  Announcing Link-Layer Address and/or QoS Preference
                Changes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
       3.19.3.  Bringing New Links Into Service  . . . . . . . . . .  54
       3.19.4.  Removing Existing Links from Service . . . . . . . .  54
       3.19.5.  Moving to a New Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     3.20. Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
       3.20.1.  Source-Specific Multicast (SSM)  . . . . . . . . . .  56
       3.20.2.  Any-Source Multicast (ASM) . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
       3.20.3.  Bi-Directional PIM (BIDIR-PIM) . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     3.21. Operation over Multiple AERO Links (VLANs)  . . . . . . .  58
     3.22. DNS Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
     3.23. Transition Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
     3.24. Detecting and Reacting to Server and Relay Failures . . .  60
     3.25. AERO Clients on the Open Internet . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
   4.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  63
   7.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68
   Appendix A.  AERO Alternate Encapsulations  . . . . . . . . . . .  75
   Appendix B.  Non-Normative Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
     B.1.  Implementation Strategies for Route Optimization  . . . .  77
     B.2.  Implicit Mobility Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77
     B.3.  Direct Underlying Interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  78
     B.4.  Operation on AERO Links with /64 ASPs . . . . . . . . . .  78
     B.5.  AERO Critical Infrastructure Considerations . . . . . . .  79
     B.6.  AERO Server Failure Implications  . . . . . . . . . . . .  79
     B.7.  AERO Client / Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
   Appendix C.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90




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1.  Introduction

   Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization (AERO) fulfills the
   requirements of Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) [RFC7333] and
   route optimization [RFC5522] for aeronautical networking and other
   network mobility use cases.  AERO is based on a Non-Broadcast,
   Multiple Access (NBMA) virtual link model known as the AERO link.
   The AERO link is a virtual overlay configured over one or more
   underlying Internetworks, and nodes on the link can exchange IP
   packets via tunneling.  Multilink operation allows for increased
   reliability, bandwidth optimization and traffic path diversity.

   The AERO service comprises Clients, Proxys, Servers and Gateways that
   are seen as AERO link neighbors.  Each node's AERO interface uses an
   IPv6 link-local address format (known as the AERO address) that
   supports operation of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol
   [RFC4861] and links ND to IP forwarding.  A node's AERO interface can
   be configured over multiple underlying interfaces, and may therefore
   appear as a single interface with multiple link-layer addresses.
   Each link-layer address is subject to change due to mobility and/or
   QoS fluctuations, and link-layer address changes are signaled by ND
   messaging the same as for any IPv6 link.

   AERO links provide a cloud-based service where mobile nodes may use
   any Server acting as a Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) and fixed nodes
   may use any Gateway on the link for efficient communications.  Fixed
   nodes forward packets destined to other AERO nodes to the nearest
   Gateway, which forwards them through the cloud.  A mobile node's
   initial packets are forwarded through the Server, while direct
   routing is supported through asymmetric extended route optimization
   while data packets are flowing.  Both unicast and multicast
   communications are supported, and mobile nodes may efficiently move
   between locations while maintaining continuous communications with
   correspondents and without changing their IP Address.

   AERO Relays are interconnected in a secured private BGP overlay
   routing instance known as the "SPAN".  The SPAN provides a hybrid
   routing/bridging service to join the underlying Internetworks of
   multiple disjoint administrative domains into a single unified AERO
   link.  Each AERO link instance is characterized by the set of
   Mobility Service Prefixes (MSPs) common to all mobile nodes.  The
   link extends to the point where a Gateway/Server is on the optimal
   route from any correspondent node on the link, and provides a gateway
   between the underlying Internetwork and the SPAN.  To the underlying
   Internetwork, the Gateway/Server is the source of a route to its MSP,
   and hence uplink traffic to the mobile node is naturally routed to
   the nearest Gateway/Server.




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   AERO assumes the use of PIM Sparse Mode in support of multicast
   communication.  In support of Source Specific Multicast (SSM) when a
   Mobile Node is the source, AERO route optimization ensures that a
   shortest-path multicast tree is established with provisions for
   mobility and multilink operation.  In all other multicast scenarios
   there are no AERO dependencies.

   AERO was designed for aeronautical networking for both manned and
   unmanned aircraft, where the aircraft is treated as a mobile node
   that can connect an Internet of Things (IoT).  AERO is also
   applicable to a wide variety of other use cases.  For example, it can
   be used to coordinate the Virtual Private Network (VPN) links of
   mobile nodes (e.g., cellphones, tablets, laptop computers, etc.) that
   connect into a home enterprise network via public access networks
   using services such as OpenVPN [OVPN].  Other applicable use cases
   are also in scope.

   The following numbered sections present the AERO specification.  The
   appendices at the end of the document are non-normative.

2.  Terminology

   The terminology in the normative references applies; the following
   terms are defined within the scope of this document:

   IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND)
      an IPv6 control message service for coordinating neighbor
      relationships between nodes connected to a common link.  AERO
      interfaces use the ND service specified in [RFC4861].

   IPv6 Prefix Delegation (PD)
      a networking service for delegating IPv6 prefixes to nodes on the
      link.  The nominal PD service is DHCPv6 [RFC8415], however
      alternate services (e.g., based on ND messaging) are also in scope
      [I-D.templin-v6ops-pdhost][I-D.templin-6man-dhcpv6-ndopt].  Most
      notably, a minimal form of PD known as "prefix registration" can
      be used if the Client knows its prefix in advance and can
      represent it in the IPv6 source address of an ND message.

   Access Network (ANET)
      a node's first-hop data link service network, e.g., a radio access
      network, cellular service provider network, corporate enterprise
      network, or the public Internet itself.  For secured ANETs, link-
      layer security services such as IEEE 802.1X and physical-layer
      security prevent unauthorized access internally while border
      network-layer security services such as firewalls and proxies
      prevent unauthorized outside access.




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   ANET interface
      a node's attachment to a link in an ANET.

   ANET address
      an IP address assigned to a node's interface connection to an
      ANET.

   Internetwork (INET)
      a connected IP network topology with a coherent routing and
      addressing plan and that provides a transit backbone service for
      ANET end systems.  INETs also provide an underlay service over
      which the AERO virtual link is configured.  Example INETs include
      corporate enterprise networks, aviation networks, and the public
      Internet itself.  When there is no administrative boundary between
      an ANET and the INET, the ANET and INET are one and the same.

   INET Partition
      frequently, INETs such as large corporate enterprise networks are
      sub-divided internally into separate isolated partitions.  Each
      partition is fully connected internally but disconnected from
      other partitions, and there is no requirement that separate
      partitions maintain consistent Internet Protocol and/or addressing
      plans.  (An INET partition is the same as a SPAN segment discussed
      below.)

   INET interface
      a node's attachment to a link in an INET.

   INET address
      an IP address assigned to a node's interface connection to an
      INET.

   AERO link
      a Non-Broadcast, Multiple Access (NBMA) tunnel virtual overlay
      configured over one or more underlying INETs.  Nodes on the AERO
      link appear as single-hop neighbors from the perspective of the
      virtual overlay even though they may be separated by many
      underlying INET hops.  AERO links may be configured over multiple
      underlying SPAN segments (see below).

   AERO interface
      a node's attachment to an AERO link.  Since the addresses assigned
      to an AERO interface are managed for uniqueness, AERO interfaces
      do not require Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) and therefore set
      the administrative variable 'DupAddrDetectTransmits' to zero
      [RFC4862].

   underlying interface



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      an ANET or INET interface over which an AERO interface is
      configured.

   AERO address
      an IPv6 link-local address assigned to an AERO interface and
      constructed as specified in Section 3.4.

   base AERO address
      the lowest-numbered AERO address aggregated by the MNP (see
      Section 3.4).

   Mobility Service Prefix (MSP)
      an IP prefix assigned to the AERO link and from which more-
      specific Mobile Network Prefixes (MNPs) are derived.

   Mobile Network Prefix (MNP)
      an IP prefix allocated from an MSP and delegated to an AERO Client
      or Gateway.

   AERO node
      a node that is connected to an AERO link, or that provides
      services to other nodes on an AERO link.

   AERO Client ("Client")
      an AERO node that connects to one or more ANETs and requests MNP
      PDs from AERO Servers.  The Client assigns a Client AERO address
      to the AERO interface for use in ND exchanges with other AERO
      nodes and forwards packets to correspondents according to AERO
      interface neighbor cache state.

   AERO Server ("Server")
      an INET node that configures an AERO interface to provide default
      forwarding and mobility/multilink services for AERO Clients.  The
      Server assigns an administratively-provisioned AERO address to its
      AERO interface to support the operation of the ND/PD services, and
      advertises all of its associated MNPs via BGP peerings with
      Relays.

   AERO Gateway ("Gateway")
      an AERO Server that also provides forwarding services between
      nodes reached via the AERO link and correspondents on other links.
      AERO Gateways are provisioned with MNPs (i.e., the same as for an
      AERO Client) and run a dynamic routing protocol to discover any
      non-MNP IP routes.  In both cases, the Gateway advertises the
      MSP(s) over INET interfaces, and distributes all of its associated
      MNPs and non-MNP IP routes via BGP peerings with Relays (i.e., the
      same as for an AERO Server).




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   AERO Relay ("Relay")
      a node that provides hybrid routing/bridging services (as well as
      a security trust anchor) for nodes on an AERO link.  As a router,
      the Relay forwards packets using standard IP forwarding.  As a
      bridge, the Relay forwards packets over the AERO link without
      decrementing the IPv6 Hop Limit.  AERO Relays peer with Servers
      and other Relays to discover the full set of MNPs for the link as
      well as any non-MNPs that are reachable via Gateways.

   AERO Proxy ("Proxy")
      a node that provides proxying services between Clients in an ANET
      and Servers in external INETs.  The AERO Proxy is a conduit
      between the ANET and external INETs in the same manner as for
      common web proxies, and behaves in a similar fashion as for ND
      proxies [RFC4389].

   Spanning Partitioned AERO Networks (SPAN)
      a means for bridging disjoint INET partitions as segments of a
      unified AERO link the same as for a bridged campus LAN.  The SPAN
      is a mid-layer IPv6 encapsulation service in the AERO routing
      system that supports a unified AERO link view for all segments.
      Each segment in the SPAN is a distinct INET partition.

   SPAN Service Prefix (SSP)
      a global or unique local /96 IPv6 prefix assigned to the AERO link
      to support SPAN services.

   SPAN Partition Prefix (SPP)
      a sub-prefix of the SPAN Service Prefix uniquely assigned to a
      single SPAN segment.

   SPAN Address
      a global or unique local IPv6 address taken from a SPAN Partition
      Prefix and constructed as specified in Section 3.5.  SPAN
      addresses are statelessly derived from AERO addresses, and vice-
      versa.

   ingress tunnel endpoint (ITE)
      an AERO interface endpoint that injects encapsulated packets into
      an AERO link.

   egress tunnel endpoint (ETE)
      an AERO interface endpoint that receives encapsulated packets from
      an AERO link.

   link-layer address
      an IP address used as an encapsulation header source or
      destination address from the perspective of the AERO interface.



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      When an upper layer protocol (e.g., UDP) is used as part of the
      encapsulation, the port number is also considered as part of the
      link-layer address.  From the perspective of the AERO interface,
      the link-layer address is either an INET address for intra-segment
      encapsulation or a SPAN address for inter-segment encapsulation.

   network layer address
      the source or destination address of an encapsulated IP packet
      presented to the AERO interface.

   end user network (EUN)
      an internal virtual or external edge IP network that an AERO
      Client or Gateway connects to the rest of the network via the AERO
      interface.  The Client/Gateway sees each EUN as a "downstream"
      network, and sees the AERO interface as the point of attachment to
      the "upstream" network.

   Mobile Node (MN)
      an AERO Client and all of its downstream-attached networks that
      move together as a single unit, i.e., an end system that connects
      an Internet of Things.

   Mobile Router (MR)
      a MN's on-board router that forwards packets between any
      downstream-attached networks and the AERO link.

   Route Optimization Source (ROS)
      the AERO node nearest the source that initiates route
      optimization.  The ROS may be a Server or Proxy acting on behalf
      of the source Client.

   Route Optimization responder (ROR)
      the AERO node nearest the target destination that responds to
      route optimization requests.  The ROR may be a Server acting on
      behalf of a target MNP Client, or a Gateway for a non-MNP
      destination.

   MAP List
      a geographically and/or topologically referenced list of AERO
      addresses of all Servers within the same AERO link.  There is a
      single MAP list for the entire AERO link.

   ROS List
      a list of AERO/SPAN-to-INET address mappings of all ROSes within
      the same SPAN segment.  There is a distinct ROS list for each
      segment.

   Distributed Mobility Management (DMM)



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      a BGP-based overlay routing service coordinated by Servers and
      Relays that tracks all Server-to-Client associations.

   Mobility Service (MS)
      the collective set of all Servers, Proxys, Relays and Gateways
      that provide the AERO Service to Clients.

   Mobility Service Endpoint MSE)
      an individual Server, Proxy, Relay or Gateway in the Mobility
      Service.

   Throughout the document, the simple terms "Client", "Server",
   "Relay", "Proxy" and "Gateway" refer to "AERO Client", "AERO Server",
   "AERO Relay", "AERO Proxy" and "AERO Gateway", respectively.
   Capitalization is used to distinguish these terms from other common
   Internetworking uses in which they appear without capitalization.

   The terminology of DHCPv6 [RFC8415] and IPv6 ND [RFC4861] (including
   the names of node variables, messages and protocol constants) is used
   throughout this document.  The terms "All-Routers multicast", "All-
   Nodes multicast", "Solicited-Node multicast" and "Subnet-Router
   anycast" are defined in [RFC4291] (with Link-Local scope assumed).
   Also, the term "IP" is used to generically refer to either Internet
   Protocol version, i.e., IPv4 [RFC0791] or IPv6 [RFC8200].

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119][RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization (AERO)

   The following sections specify the operation of IP over Asymmetric
   Extended Route Optimization (AERO) links:

3.1.  AERO Link Reference Model














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                          +----------------+
                          | AERO Relay R1  |
                          | Nbr: S1, S2, P1|
                          |(X1->S1; X2->S2)|
                          |      MSP M1    |
                          +-+---------+--+-+
       +--------------+     | Secured |  |     +--------------+
       |AERO Server S1|     | tunnels |  |     |AERO Server S2|
       |  Nbr: C1, R1 +-----+         |  +-----+  Nbr: C2, R1 |
       |  default->R1 |               |        |  default->R1 |
       |    X1->C1    |               |        |    X2->C2    |
       +-------+------+               |        +------+-------+
               |       AERO Link      |               |
       X===+===+===================+==)===============+===+===X
           |                       |  |                   |
     +-----+--------+     +--------+--+-----+    +--------+-----+
     |AERO Client C1|     |  AERO Proxy P1  |    |AERO Client C2|
     |    Nbr: S1   |     |(Proxy Nbr Cache)|    |   Nbr: S2    |
     | default->S1  |     +--------+--------+    | default->S2  |
     |    MNP X1    |              |             |    MNP X2    |
     +------+-------+     .--------+------.      +-----+--------+
            |           (- Proxyed Clients -)          |
           .-.            `---------------'           .-.
        ,-(  _)-.                                  ,-(  _)-.
     .-(_  IP   )-.   +-------+     +-------+    .-(_  IP   )-.
   (__    EUN      )--|Host H1|     |Host H2|--(__    EUN      )
      `-(______)-'    +-------+     +-------+     `-(______)-'

                    Figure 1: AERO Link Reference Model

   Figure 1 presents the AERO link reference model.  In this model:

   o  the AERO link is an overlay network service configured over one or
      more underlying INET partitions which may be managed by different
      administrative authorities and have incompatible protocols and/or
      addressing plans.

   o  AERO Relay R1 aggregates Mobility Service Prefix (MSP) M1,
      discovers Mobile Network Prefixes (MNPs) X* and advertises the MSP
      via BGP peerings over secured tunnels to Servers (S1, S2).  Relays
      use the SPAN service to bridge disjoint segments of a partitioned
      AERO link.

   o  AERO Servers S1 and S2 configure secured tunnels with Relay R1 and
      also provide mobility, multilink and default router services for
      their associated Clients C1 and C2.





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   o  AERO Clients C1 and C2 associate with Servers S1 and S2,
      respectively.  They receive Mobile Network Prefix (MNP)
      delegations X1 and X2, and also act as default routers for their
      associated physical or internal virtual EUNs.  Simple hosts H1 and
      H2 attach to the EUNs served by Clients C1 and C2, respectively.

   o  AERO Proxy P1 configures a secured tunnel with Relay R1 and
      provides proxy services for AERO Clients in secured enclaves that
      cannot associate directly with other AERO link neighbors.

   Each node on the AERO link maintains an AERO interface neighbor cache
   and an IP forwarding table the same as for any link.  Although the
   figure shows a limited deployment, in common operational practice
   there will normally be many additional Relays, Servers, Clients and
   Proxys.

3.2.  AERO Node Types

   AERO Relays provide hybrid routing/bridging services (as well as a
   security trust anchor) for nodes on an AERO link.  Relays use
   standard IPv6 routing to forward packets both within the same INET
   partitions and between disjoint INET partitions based on a mid-layer
   IPv6 encapsulation known as the SPAN header.  The inner IP layer
   experiences a virtual bridging service since the inner IP TTL/Hop
   Limit is not decremented during forwarding.  Each Relay also peers
   with Servers and other Relays in a dynamic routing protocol instance
   to provide a Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) service for the
   list of active MNPs (see Section 3.3).  Relays present the AERO link
   as a set of one or more Mobility Service Prefixes (MSPs) but as link-
   layer devices need not connect directly to the AERO link themselves
   unless an administrative interface is desired.  Relays configure
   secured tunnels with Servers, Proxys and other Relays; they further
   maintain IP forwarding table entries for each Mobile Network Prefix
   (MNP) and any other reachable non-MNP prefixes.

   AERO Servers provide default forwarding and mobility/multilink
   services for AERO Client Mobile Nodes (MNs).  Each Server also peers
   with Relays in a dynamic routing protocol instance to advertise its
   list of associated MNPs (see Section 3.3).  Servers facilitate PD
   exchanges with Clients, where each delegated prefix becomes an MNP
   taken from an MSP.  Servers forward packets between AERO interface
   neighbors and track each Client's mobility profiles.

   AERO Clients register their MNPs through PD exchanges with AERO
   Servers over the AERO link, and distribute the MNPs to nodes on EUNs.
   A Client may also be co-resident on the same physical or virtual
   platform as a Server; in that case, the Client and Server behave as a
   single functional unit.



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   AERO Proxys provide a conduit for ANET AERO Clients to associate with
   AERO Servers in external INETs.  Client and Servers exchange control
   plane messages via the Proxy acting as a bridge between the ANET/INET
   boundary.  The Proxy forwards data packets between Clients and the
   AERO link according to forwarding information in the neighbor cache.
   The Proxy function is specified in Section 3.16.

   AERO Gateways are Servers that provide forwarding services between
   the AERO interface and INET/EUN interfaces.  Gateways are provisioned
   with MNPs the same as for an AERO Client, and also run a dynamic
   routing protocol to discover any non-MNP IP routes.  The Gateway
   advertises the MSP(s) to INETs, and distributes all of its associated
   MNPs and non-MNP IP routes via BGP peerings with Relays.

   AERO Relays, Servers, Proxys and Gateways are critical infrastructure
   elements in fixed (i.e., non-mobile) INET deployments and hence have
   permanent and unchanging INET addresses.  AERO Clients are MNs that
   connect via ANET interfaces, i.e., their ANET addresses may change
   when the Client moves to a new ANET connection.

3.3.  AERO Routing System

   The AERO routing system comprises a private instance of the Border
   Gateway Protocol (BGP) [RFC4271] that is coordinated between Relays
   and Servers and does not interact with either the public Internet BGP
   routing system or any underlying INET routing systems.

   In a reference deployment, each Server is configured as an Autonomous
   System Border Router (ASBR) for a stub Autonomous System (AS) using
   an AS Number (ASN) that is unique within the BGP instance, and each
   Server further uses eBGP to peer with one or more Relays but does not
   peer with other Servers.  Each INET of a multi-segment AERO link must
   include one or more Relays, which peer with the Servers and Proxys
   within that INET.  All Relays within the same INET are members of the
   same hub AS using a common ASN, and use iBGP to maintain a consistent
   view of all active MNPs currently in service.  The Relays of
   different INETs peer with one another using eBGP.

   Relays advertise the AERO link's MSPs and any non-MNP routes to each
   of their Servers.  This means that any aggregated non-MNPs (including
   "default") are advertised to all Servers.  Each Relay configures a
   black-hole route for each of its MSPs.  By black-holing the MSPs, the
   Relay will maintain forwarding table entries only for the MNPs that
   are currently active, and packets destined to all other MNPs will
   correctly incur Destination Unreachable messages due to the black-
   hole route.  In this way, Servers have only partial topology
   knowledge (i.e., they know only about the MNPs of their directly




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   associated Clients) and they forward all other packets to Relays
   which have full topology knowledge.

   Servers maintain a working set of associated MNPs, and dynamically
   announce new MNPs and withdraw departed MNPs in eBGP updates to
   Relays.  Servers that are configured as Gateways also redistribute
   non-MNP routes learned from non-AERO interfaces via their eBGP Relay
   peerings.

   Clients are expected to remain associated with their current Servers
   for extended timeframes, however Servers SHOULD selectively suppress
   updates for impatient Clients that repeatedly associate and
   disassociate with them in order to dampen routing churn.  Servers
   that are configured as Gateways advertise the MSPs via INET/EUN
   interfaces, and forward packets between INET/EUN interfaces and the
   AERO interface using standard IP forwarding.

   Scaling properties of the AERO routing system are limited by the
   number of BGP routes that can be carried by Relays.  As of 2015, the
   global public Internet BGP routing system manages more than 500K
   routes with linear growth and no signs of router resource exhaustion
   [BGP].  More recent network emulation studies have also shown that a
   single Relay can accommodate at least 1M dynamically changing BGP
   routes even on a lightweight virtual machine, i.e., and without
   requiring high-end dedicated router hardware.

   Therefore, assuming each Relay can carry 1M or more routes, this
   means that at least 1M Clients can be serviced by a single set of
   Relays.  A means of increasing scaling would be to assign a different
   set of Relays for each set of MSPs.  In that case, each Server still
   peers with one or more Relays, but institutes route filters so that
   BGP updates are only sent to the specific set of Relays that
   aggregate the MSP.  For example, if the MSP for the AERO link is
   2001:db8::/32, a first set of Relays could service the MSP
   2001:db8::/40, a second set of Relays could service
   2001:db8:0100::/40, a third set could service 2001:db8:0200::/40,
   etc.

   Assuming up to 1K sets of Relays, the AERO routing system can then
   accommodate 1B or more MNPs with no additional overhead (for example,
   it should be possible to service 1B /64 MNPs taken from a /34 MSP and
   even more for shorter prefixes).  In this way, each set of Relays
   services a specific set of MSPs that they advertise to the native
   Internetwork routing system, and each Server configures MSP-specific
   routes that list the correct set of Relays as next hops.  This
   arrangement also allows for natural incremental deployment, and can
   support small scale initial deployments followed by dynamic




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   deployment of additional Clients, Servers and Relays without
   disturbing the already-deployed base.

   Server and Relays can use the Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
   (BFD) protocol [RFC5880] to quickly detect link failures that don't
   result in interface state changes, BGP peer failures, and
   administrative state changes.  BFD is important in environments where
   rapid response to failures is required for routing reconvergence and,
   hence, communications continuity.

   A full discussion of the BGP-based routing system used by AERO is
   found in [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-atn-bgp].  The system provides for
   Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) per the distributed mobility
   anchoring architecture [I-D.ietf-dmm-distributed-mobility-anchoring].

3.3.1.  IPv4 Compatibility Routing

   For IPv6 MNPs, the AERO routing system includes ordinary IPv6 routes.
   For IPv4 MNPs, the AERO routing system includes IPv6 routes based on
   an IPv4-embedded IPv6 address format discussed in Section 3.5.1.

3.4.  AERO Addresses

   A Client's AERO address is an IPv6 link-local address with an
   interface identifier based on the Client's delegated MNP.  Relay,
   Server and Proxy AERO addresses are assigned from the range fe80::/96
   and include an administratively-provisioned value in the lower 32
   bits.

   For IPv6, Client AERO addresses begin with the prefix fe80::/64 and
   include in the interface identifier (i.e., the lower 64 bits) the
   most-significant 64 bits of the Client's IPv6 MNPs.  For example, if
   the AERO Client receives the IPv6 MNP: 2001:db8:1000:2000::/56 it
   constructs its corresponding AERO address as:
   fe80::2001:db8:1000:2000.

   For IPv4, Client AERO addresses are based on an IPv4-mapped IPv6
   address [RFC4291] formed from an IPv4 MNP and with a prefix length of
   96 plus the MNP prefix length.  For example, for the IPv4 MNP
   192.0.2.32/28 the IPv4-mapped IPv6 MNP is:

      0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.0.2.16/124 (also written as
      0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:c000:0210/124)

   The Client then constructs its AERO address with the prefix fe80::/64
   and with the lower 64 bits of the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address in the
   interface identifier as: fe80::FFFF:192.0.2.16.




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   Mobility Service (MS) AERO addresses (used by Relays, Servers,
   Gateways and Proxys) are allocated from the range fe80::/96, and MUST
   be managed for uniqueness.  The lower 32 bits of the AERO address
   includes a unique integer value between 1 and 0xfeffffff (e.g.,
   fe80::1, fe80::2, fe80::3, etc., fe80::feff:ffff) as assigned by the
   administrative authority for the link.  If the link spans multiple
   SPAN segments, the AERO addresses are assigned to each segment in 1x1
   correspondence with SPAN addresses (see: Section 3.5).  The address
   fe80:: is the IPv6 link-local Subnet-Router anycast address, and the
   address fe80::ffff:ffff is the "All-AERO-Servers" address.  The
   address range fe80::ff00:0000/104 is reserved for future use.

   The Client's Subnet-Router anycast address can be statelessly
   determined from its AERO address by simply transposing the AERO
   address into the upper N bits of the Anycast address followed by
   128-N bits of zeroes.  For example, for the AERO address
   fe80::2001:db8:1:2 the Subnet-Router anycast address is
   2001:db8:1:2::.

   AERO addresses for mobile node Clients embed a MNP as discussed
   above, while AERO addresses for non-MNP destinations are constructed
   in exactly the same way.  A Client AERO address therefore encodes
   either an MNP if the prefix is reached via the SPAN or a non-MNP if
   the prefix is reached via a Gateway.

3.5.  Spanning Partitioned AERO Networks (SPAN)

   An AERO link configured over a single INET appears as a single
   unified link with a consistent underlying network addressing plan.
   In that case, all nodes on the link can exchange packets via simple
   INET encapsulation, since the underlying INET is connected.  In
   common practice, however, an AERO link may be partitioned into
   multiple "segments", where each segment is a distinct INET
   potentially managed under a different administrative authority (e.g.,
   as for worldwide aviation service providers such as ARINC, SITA,
   Inmarsat, etc.).  Individual INETs may also themselves be partitioned
   internally, in which case each internal partition is seen as a
   separate segment.

   The addressing plan of each segment is consistent internally but will
   often bear no relation to the addressing plans of other segments.
   Each segment is also likely to be separated from others by network
   security devices (e.g., firewalls, proxies, packet filtering
   gateways, etc.), and in many cases disjoint segments may not even
   have any common physical link connections.  Therefore, nodes can only
   be assured of exchanging packets directly with correspondents in the
   same segment, and not with those in other segments.  The only means




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   for joining the segments therefore is through inter-domain peerings
   between AERO Relays.

   The same as for traditional campus LANs, multiple AERO link segments
   can be joined into a single unified link via a virtual bridging
   service termed the "SPAN".  The SPAN performs link-layer packet
   forwarding between segments (i.e., bridging) without decrementing the
   network-layer TTL/Hop Limit.  The SPAN model is depicted in Figure 2:

                 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
               .                                               .
               .              .-(::::::::)                     .
               .           .-(::::::::::::)-.   +-+            .
               .          (:::: Segment A :::)--|R|---+        .
               .           `-(::::::::::::)-'   +-+   |        .
               .              `-(::::::)-'            |        .
               .                                      |        .
               .              .-(::::::::)            |        .
               .           .-(::::::::::::)-.   +-+   |        .
               .          (:::: Segment B :::)--|R|---+        .
               .           `-(::::::::::::)-'   +-+   |        .
               .              `-(::::::)-'            |        .
               .                                      |        .
               .              .-(::::::::)            |        .
               .           .-(::::::::::::)-.   +-+   |        .
               .          (:::: Segment C :::)--|R|---+        .
               .           `-(::::::::::::)-'   +-+   |        .
               .              `-(::::::)-'            |        .
               .                                      |        .
               .                ..(etc)..             x        .
               .                                               .
               .                                               .
               .      <- AERO Link Bridged by the SPAN ->      .
                 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

                            Figure 2: The SPAN

   To support the SPAN, AERO links use the Unique Local Address (ULA)
   prefix fd80::/10 [RFC4193] as the SPAN Service Prefix (SSP).  The
   prefix length intentionally matches the IPv6 link-local prefix
   (fe80::/10), and enables a simple 1-bit stateless translation between
   link-local and SPAN prefixes (i.e., bit 7 is '1' for link-local or
   '0' for SPAN).

   Each segment in the SPAN assigns a unique sub-prefix of SSP::/96
   termed a "SPAN Partition Prefix (SPP)".  For example, a first segment
   could assign fd80::1000/116, a second could assign fd80::2000/116, a
   third could assign fd80::3000/116, etc.  The administrative



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   authorities for each segment must therefore coordinate to assure
   mutually-exclusive SPP assignments, but internal provisioning of the
   SPP is an independent local consideration for each administrative
   authority.

   An administratively-assigned "SPAN address" is an address taken from
   a SPP and assigned to a Relay, Server, Gateway or Proxy interface.
   SPAN addresses are formed by simply clearing bit 7 of an
   administratively-assigned AERO address.  For example, if the SPP is
   fd80::1000/116, the SPAN address formed from the AERO address
   fe80::1001 is simply fd80::1001.

   An "INET address" is an address of a node's interface connection to
   an INET.  AERO/SPAN/INET address mappings are maintained as permanent
   neighbor cache entires as discussed in Section 3.8.

   AERO Relays serve as bridges to join multiple segments into a unified
   AERO link over multiple diverse administrative domains.  They support
   the bridging function by first establishing forwarding table entries
   for their SPPs either via standard BGP routing or static routes.  For
   example, if three Relays ('A', 'B' and 'C') from different segments
   serviced the SPPs fd80::1000/116, fd80::2000/116 and fd80::3000/116
   respectively, then the forwarding tables in each Relay are as
   follows:

   A: fd80::1000/116->local, fd80::2000/116->B, fd80::3000/116->C

   B: fd80::1000/116->A, fd80::2000/116->local, fd80::3000/116->C

   C: fd80::1000/116->A, fd80::2000/116->B, fd80::3000/116->local

   These forwarding table entries are permanent and never change, since
   they correspond to fixed infrastructure elements in their respective
   segments.  This provides the basis for a link-layer forwarding
   service that cannot be disrupted by routing updates due to node
   mobility.

   With the SPPs in place in each Relay's forwarding table, control and
   data packets sent between AERO nodes in different segments can
   therefore be carried over the SPAN via encapsulation.  For example,
   when a source AERO node in segment A forwards a packet with IPv6
   address 2001:db8:1:2::1 to a target AERO node in segment C with IPv6
   address 2001:db8:1000:2000::1, it first encapsulates the packet in a
   SPAN header with source SPAN address taken from fd80::1000/116 (e.g.,
   fd80::1001) and destination SPAN address taken from fd80::3000/116
   (e.g., fd80::3001).  Next, it encapsulates the SPAN message in an
   INET header with source address set to its own INET address (e.g.,




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   192.0.2.100) and destination set to the INET address of a Relay
   (e.g., 192.0.2.1).

   SPAN encapsulation is based on Generic Packet Tunneling in IPv6
   [RFC2473]; the encapsulation format in the above example is shown in
   Figure 3:

        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |          INET Header          |
        |       src = 192.0.2.100       |
        |        dst = 192.0.2.1        |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |         SPAN Header           |
        |       src = fd80::1001        |
        |       dst = fd80::3001        |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |        Inner IP Header        |
        |    src = 2001:db8:1:2::1      |
        |  dst = 2001:db8:1000:2000::1  |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |                               |
        ~                               ~
        ~      Inner Packet Body        ~
        ~                               ~
        |                               |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                       Figure 3: SPAN Encapsulation

   In this format, the inner IP header and packet body are the original
   IP packet, the SPAN header is an IPv6 header prepared according to
   [RFC2473], and the INET header is prepared according to Section 3.9.
   A packet is said to be "forwarded/sent into the SPAN" when it is
   encapsulated as described above then forwarded via a secured tunnel
   to a neighboring Relay.

   This gives rise to a routing system that contains both MNP routes
   that may change dynamically due to regional node mobility and SPAN
   routes that never change.  The Relays can therefore provide link-
   layer bridging by sending packets into the SPAN instead of network-
   layer routing according to MNP routes.  As a result, opportunities
   for packet loss due to node mobility between different segments are
   mitigated.

   With reference to Figure 3, for a Client's AERO address the SPAN
   destination address is simply set to the Subnet-Router anycast
   address.  For non-link-local addresses, the destination SPAN address
   may not be known in advance for the first few packets of a flow sent



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   via the SPAN.  In that case, the SPAN destination address is set to
   the original packet's destination, and the SPAN routing system will
   direct the packet to the correct SPAN egress node.  (In the above
   example, the SPAN destination address is simply
   2001:db8:1000:2000::1.)

3.5.1.  SPAN Compatibility Addressing

   For IPv4 MNPs, Servers inject a "SPAN Compatibility Prefix (SCP)"
   that embeds the MNP into the BGP routing system.  The SCP begins with
   the upper 64 bits of the SSP, followed by the constant string
   "0000:FFFF" followed by the IPv4 MNP.  For example, if the MNP is
   192.0.2.0/24 then the SCP is fd80::FFFF:192.0.2.0/120.

   This allows for encapsulation of IPv4 packets in IPv6 headers with
   "SPAN Compatibility Addresses (SCAs)".  In this example, the SCA
   corresponding to the SCP is simply fd80::FFFF:192.0.2.0, and can be
   used as the SPAN destination address for packets forwarded via the
   SPAN.  This allows for forwarding of initial IPv4 packets over IPv6
   SPAN routes, followed by route optimization for direct
   communications.

3.5.2.  Client SPAN Addresses

   When an AERO Client or Proxy encapsulates and fragments a packet
   (see: Section 3.12), it inserts its "Client SPAN Address" as the IPv6
   source address of the encapsulation header.  This is necessary to
   provide reassemblers with a source address corresponding to the node
   that actually inserted the fragment header so that the correct
   Identification value context is provided.

   The Client SPAN address is formed by simply clearing bit 7 of the
   Client's AERO address.  For example, for the Client AERO address
   fe80::2001:db8:1:2 the corresponding Client SPAN address is
   fd80::2001:db8:1:2.

   Note that the Client's MNP itself (and not the Client SPAN address)
   is injected into the routing system due to the /64 assumption in the
   AERO address construction [RFC7421].  Because of the /64 assumption,
   the most-significant 64 bits of the Client's MNP are written into the
   least-significant 64 bits of the AERO address.  If MNPs longer than
   /64 are used in the future (i.e., /65 up to /118) the least-
   significant bits of the MNP would need to be written into bits 10
   through 63 of the SPAN address, which would render the address format
   useless for longest-prefix-match.  For more details, see Appendix B
   of [I-D.templin-6man-omni-interface].





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3.6.  AERO Interface Characteristics

   AERO interfaces are virtual interfaces configured over one or more
   underlying interfaces classified as follows:

   o  Native interfaces have global IP addresses that are reachable from
      any INET correspondent.  All Server, Gateway and Relay interfaces
      are native interfaces, as are INET-facing interfaces of Proxys.
      Clients connected to native interfaces receive Router
      Advertisemenets (RAs) with both the P and N flags set to 0, as
      discussed in the following sections.

   o  NATed interfaces connect to a private network behind a Network
      Address Translator (NAT).  The NAT does not participate in any
      AERO control message signaling, but the Server can issue control
      messages on behalf of the Client.  Clients that are behind a NAT
      are required to send periodic keepalive messages to keep NAT state
      alive when there are no data packets flowing.  If no other
      periodic messaging service is available, the Client can send
      Router Solicitation (RS) messages to receive RA replies from its
      Server(s).  Clients connected to NATed interfaces receive RAs with
      the N flag set to 1.

   o  Proxyed interfaces connect to an ANET that is separated from the
      open INET by an AERO Proxy.  Unlike NATed and VPNed interfaces,
      the Proxy can actively issue control messages on behalf of the
      Client.  Clients connected to Proxyed interfaces receive RAs with
      the P flag set to 1.

   o  VPNed interfaces use security encapsulation to a Virtual Private
      Network (VPN) server that also acts as an AERO Server.  As with
      NATed links, the Server can issue control messages on behalf of
      the Client, and the Client can send periodic messages such as RS/
      RA to keep the VPN state alive.  Clients connected to VPNed
      interfaces receive RAs with the P flag set to 1 the same as for
      Proxyed interfaces.

   o  Direct interfaces connect a Client directly to a Server without
      crossing any ANET/INET paths.  An example is a line-of-sight link
      between a remote pilot and an unmanned aircraft.  The same Client
      considerations apply as for VPNed interfaces above, and the Client
      receives RA messages with the P flag set to 1.

   AERO interfaces use encapsulation (see: Section 3.9) to exchange
   packets with AERO link neighbors over Native, NATed or VPNed
   interfaces.  AERO interfaces do not use encapsulation over Proxyed
   and Direct underlying interfaces.




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   AERO interfaces maintain a neighbor cache for tracking per-neighbor
   state the same as for any interface.  AERO interfaces use ND messages
   including Router Solicitation (RS), Router Advertisement (RA),
   Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) for
   neighbor cache management.

   AERO interfaces send ND messages with an Overlay Multilink Network
   Interface (OMNI) option formatted as specified in
   [I-D.templin-6man-omni-interface].  The OMNI option includes prefix
   registration information and "ifIndex-tuples" containing link quality
   information for the AERO interface's underlying interfaces.

   When encapsulation is used, AERO interface ND messages MAY also
   include an AERO Source/Target Link-Layer Address Option (S/TLLAO)
   formatted as shown in Figure 4:

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |      Type     |     Length    |   ifIndex[1]  |V|O|Reserved[1]|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Link Layer Address [1]                    ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Port Number [1]       |   ifIndex[2]  |V|O|Reserved[2]|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Link Layer Address [2]                    ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Port Number [2]       |                               ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+                               ~
       ~                                                               ~
       ~                              ...                              ~
       ~                                                               ~
       ~                               +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                               |   ifIndex[N]  |V|O|Reserved[N]|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       ~                     Link Layer Address [N]                    ~
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Port Number [N]       |     Trailing zero padding     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |               Trailing zero padding (if necessary)            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

     Figure 4: AERO Source/Target Link-Layer Address Option (S/TLLAO)
                                  Format

   In this format, Type and Length are set the same as specified for S/
   TLLAOs in [RFC4861], with trailing zero padding octets added as
   necessary to produce an integral number of 8 octet blocks.  The S/



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   TLLAO includes N ifIndex-tuples in correspondence to ifIndex-tuples
   that appear in the OMNI option.  Each ifIndex-tuple includes the
   folllowing information:

   o  ifIndex[i] - the same value as in the corresponding ifIndex-tuple
      included in the OMNI option.

   o  V[i] - a bit that identifies the IP protocol version of the
      address found in the Link Layer Address [i] field.  The bit is set
      to 0 for IPv4 or 1 for IPv6.

   o  O[i] - the "Obfuscated" bit.  If set to 0, the Link Layer Address
      [i] and Port Number [i] values are included in their unmodified
      form.  If set to 1, the fields are "Obfuscated" by applying an
      exclusive-or of all bits in the field with "all-ones" as discussed
      in [RFC4380] - see also Section 3.25.

   o  Reserved[i] - MUST encode the value 0 on transmission, and ignored
      on reception.

   o  Link Layer Address [i] - the IPv4 or IPv6 address used as the
      encapsulation source address.  The field is 4 bytes in length for
      IPv4 or 16 bytes in length for IPv6.

   o  Port Number [i] - the upper layer protocol port number used as the
      encapsulation source port, or 0 when no upper layer protocol
      encapsulation is used.  The field is 2 bytes in length.

   If an S/TLLAO is included, any ifIndex-tuples correspond to a proper
   subset of the OMNI option ifIndex-tuples.  Any S/TLLAO ifIndex-tuple
   having an ifIndex value that does not appear in an OMNI option
   ifindex-tuple is ignored.  If the same ifIndex value appears in
   multiple ifIndex-tuples, the first tuple is processed and the
   remaining tuples are ignored.  Any S/TLLAO ifIndex-tuples can
   therefore be viewed as inter-dependent extensions of their
   corresponidng OMNI option ifIndex-tuples, i.e., the OMNI option and
   S/TLLAO are companions that are interpreted in conjunction with each
   other.

   A Client's AERO interface may be configured over multiple underlying
   interface connections.  For example, common mobile handheld devices
   have both wireless local area network ("WLAN") and cellular wireless
   links.  These links are typically used "one at a time" with low-cost
   WLAN preferred and highly-available cellular wireless as a standby.
   In a more complex example, aircraft frequently have many wireless
   data link types (e.g. satellite-based, cellular, terrestrial, air-to-
   air directional, etc.) with diverse performance and cost properties.




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   If a Client's multiple underlying interfaces are used "one at a time"
   (i.e., all other interfaces are in standby mode while one interface
   is active), then ND message OMNI options include only a single
   ifIndex-tuple and set to a constant value.  In that case, the Client
   would appear to have a single interface but with a dynamically
   changing link-layer address.

   If the Client has multiple active underlying interfaces, then from
   the perspective of ND it would appear to have multiple link-layer
   addresses.  In that case, ND message OMNI options MAY include
   multiple ifIndex-tuples - each with a value that corresponds to a
   specific interface.  Every ND message need not include all OMNI and/
   or S/TLLAO ifIndex-tuples; for any ifIndex-tuple not included, the
   neighbor considers the status as unchanged.

   Relay, Server and Proxy AERO interfaces may be configured over one or
   more secured tunnel interfaces.  The AERO interface configures both
   an AERO address and its corresponding SPAN address, while the
   underlying secured tunnel interfaces are either unnumbered or
   configure the same SPAN address.  The AERO interface encapsulates
   each IP packet in a SPAN header and presents the packet to the
   underlying secured tunnel interface.  For Relays that do not
   configure an AERO interface, the secured tunnel interfaces themselves
   are exposed to the IP layer with each interface configuring the
   Relay's SPAN address.  Routing protocols such as BGP therefore run
   directly over the Relay's secured tunnel interfaces.  For nodes that
   configure an AERO interface, routing protocols such as BGP run over
   the AERO interface but do not employ SPAN encapsulation.  Instead,
   the AERO interface presents the routing protocol messages directly to
   the underlying secured tunnels without applying encapsulation and
   while using the SPAN address as the source address.  This distinction
   must be honored consistently according to each node's configuration
   so that the IP forwarding table will associate discovered IP routes
   with the correct interface.

3.7.  AERO Interface Initialization

   AERO Servers, Proxys and Clients configure AERO interfaces as their
   point of attachment to the AERO link.  AERO nodes assign the MSPs for
   the link to their AERO interfaces (i.e., as a "route-to-interface")
   to ensure that packets with destination addresses covered by an MNP
   not explicitly assigned to a non-AERO interface are directed to the
   AERO interface.

   AERO interface initialization procedures for Servers, Proxys, Clients
   and Relays are discussed in the following sections.





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3.7.1.  AERO Server/Gateway Behavior

   When a Server enables an AERO interface, it assigns AERO/SPAN
   addresses and configures permanent neighbor cache entries for
   neighbors in the same SPAN segment by consulting the ROS list for the
   segment.  The Server also configures secured tunnels with one or more
   neighboring Relays and engages in a BGP routing protocol session with
   each Relay.

   The AERO interface provides a single interface abstraction to the IP
   layer, but internally comprises multiple secured tunnels as well as
   an NBMA nexus for sending encapsulated data packets to AERO interface
   neighbors.  The Server further configures a service to facilitate ND/
   PD exchanges with AERO Clients and manages per-Client neighbor cache
   entries and IP forwarding table entries based on control message
   exchanges.

   Gateways are simply Servers that run a dynamic routing protocol
   between the AERO interface and INET/EUN interfaces (see:
   Section 3.3).  The Gateway provisions MNPs to networks on the INET/
   EUN interfaces (i.e., the same as a Client would do) and advertises
   the MSP(s) for the AERO link over the INET/EUN interfaces.  The
   Gateway further provides an attachment point of the AERO link to the
   non-MNP-based global topology.

3.7.2.  AERO Proxy Behavior

   When a Proxy enables an AERO interface, it assigns AERO/SPAN
   addresses and configures permanent neighbor cache entries the same as
   for Servers.  The Proxy also configures secured tunnels with one or
   more neighboring Relays and maintains per-Client neighbor cache
   entries based on control message exchanges.

3.7.3.  AERO Client Behavior

   When a Client enables an AERO interface, it sends an RS message with
   ND/PD parameters over an ANET interface to a Server in the MAP list,
   which returns an RA message with corresponding parameters.  (The RS/
   RA messages may pass through a Proxy in the case of a Client's
   Proxyed interface.)

   After the initial ND/PD message exchange, the Client assigns AERO
   addresses to the AERO interface based on the delegated prefix(es).
   The Client can then register additional ANET interfaces with the
   Server by sending an RS message over each ANET interface.






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3.7.4.  AERO Relay Behavior

   AERO Relays need not connect directly to the AERO link, since they
   operate as link-layer forwarding devices instead of network layer
   routers.  Configuration of AERO interfaces on Relays is therefore
   OPTIONAL, e.g., if an administrative interface is needed.  Relays
   configure secured tunnels with Servers, Proxys and other Relays; they
   also configure AERO/SPAN addresses and permanent neighbor cache
   entries the same as Servers.  Relays engage in a BGP routing protocol
   session with a subset of the Servers on the local SPAN segment, and
   with other Relays on the SPAN (see: Section 3.3).

3.8.  AERO Interface Neighbor Cache Maintenance

   Each AERO interface maintains a conceptual neighbor cache that
   includes an entry for each neighbor it communicates with on the AERO
   link per [RFC4861].  AERO interface neighbor cache entries are said
   to be one of "permanent", "symmetric", "asymmetric" or "proxy".

   Permanent neighbor cache entries are created through explicit
   administrative action; they have no timeout values and remain in
   place until explicitly deleted.  AERO Servers and Proxys maintain
   permanent neighbor cache entries for all other Servers and Proxys
   within the same SPAN segment.  Each entry maintains the mapping
   between the neighbor's network-layer AERO address and corresponding
   INET address.  The list of all permanent neighbor cache entries for
   the SPAN segment is maintained in the segment's ROS list.

   Symmetric neighbor cache entries are created and maintained through
   RS/RA exchanges as specified in Section 3.15, and remain in place for
   durations bounded by ND/PD lifetimes.  AERO Servers maintain
   symmetric neighbor cache entries for each of their associated
   Clients, and AERO Clients maintain symmetric neighbor cache entries
   for each of their associated Servers.  The list of all Servers on the
   AERO link is maintained in the link's MAP list.

   Asymmetric neighbor cache entries are created or updated based on
   route optimization messaging as specified in Section 3.17, and are
   garbage-collected when keepalive timers expire.  AERO route
   optimization sources (ROSs) maintain asymmetric neighbor cache
   entries for active targets with lifetimes based on ND messaging
   constants.  Asymmetric neighbor cache entries are unidirectional
   since only the ROS (and not the target) creates an entry.

   Proxy neighbor cache entries are created and maintained by AERO
   Proxys when they process Client/Server ND/PD exchanges, and remain in
   place for durations bounded by ND/PD lifetimes.  AERO Proxys maintain
   proxy neighbor cache entries for each of their associated Clients.



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   Proxy neighbor cache entries track the Client state and the address
   of the Client's associated Server.

   To the list of neighbor cache entry states in Section 7.3.2 of
   [RFC4861], Proxy and Server AERO interfaces add an additional state
   DEPARTED that applies to symmetric and proxy neighbor cache entries
   for Clients that have recently departed.  The interface sets a
   "DepartTime" variable for the neighbor cache entry to "DEPARTTIME"
   seconds.  DepartTime is decremented unless a new ND message causes
   the state to return to REACHABLE.  While a neighbor cache entry is in
   the DEPARTED state, packets destined to the target Client are
   forwarded to the Client's new location instead of being dropped.
   When DepartTime decrements to 0, the neighbor cache entry is deleted.
   It is RECOMMENDED that DEPARTTIME be set to the default constant
   value REACHABLETIME plus 10 seconds (40 seconds by default) to allow
   a window for packets in flight to be delivered while stale route
   optimization state may be present.

   When a target Server receives an authentic NS message used for route
   optimization, it searches for a symmetric neighbor cache entry for
   the target Client.  The Server then returns a solicited NA message
   without creating a neighbor cache entry for the ROS, but creates or
   updates a target Client "Report List" entry for the ROS and sets a
   "ReportTime" variable for the entry to REPORTTIME seconds.  The
   Server resets ReportTime when it receives a new authentic NS message,
   and otherwise decrements ReportTime while no authentic NS messages
   have been received.  It is RECOMMENDED that REPORTTIME be set to the
   default constant value REACHABLETIME plus 10 seconds (40 seconds by
   default) to allow a window for route optimization to converge before
   ReportTime decrements below REACHABLETIME.

   When the ROS receives a solicited NA message response to its NS
   message used for route optimization, it creates or updates an
   asymmetric neighbor cache entry for the target network-layer and
   link-layer addresses.  The ROS then (re)sets ReachableTime for the
   neighbor cache entry to REACHABLETIME seconds and uses this value to
   determine whether packets can be forwarded directly to the target,
   i.e., instead of via a default route.  The ROS otherwise decrements
   ReachableTime while no further solicited NA messages arrive.  It is
   RECOMMENDED that REACHABLETIME be set to the default constant value
   30 seconds as specified in [RFC4861].

   The ROS also uses the value MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT to limit the number
   of NS keepalives sent when a correspondent may have gone unreachable,
   the value MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS to limit the number of RS messages
   sent without receiving an RA and the value MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT
   to limit the number of unsolicited NAs that can be sent based on a
   single event.  It is RECOMMENDED that MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT,



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   MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS and MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT be set to 3 the
   same as specified in [RFC4861].

   Different values for DEPARTTIME, REPORTTIME, REACHABLETIME,
   MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT, MAX_RTR_SOLCITATIONS and
   MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT MAY be administratively set; however, if
   different values are chosen, all nodes on the link MUST consistently
   configure the same values.  Most importantly, DEPARTTIME and
   REPORTTIME SHOULD be set to a value that is sufficiently longer than
   REACHABLETIME to avoid packet loss due to stale route optimization
   state.

3.9.  AERO Interface Encapsulation and Re-encapsulation

   Client AERO interfaces avoid encapsulation over Direct underlying
   interfaces and Proxyed underlying interfaces for which the first-hop
   access router is AERO-aware.  Other AERO interfaces encapsulate
   packets according to whether they are entering the AERO interface
   from the network layer or if they are being re-admitted into the same
   AERO link they arrived on.  This latter form of encapsulation is
   known as "re-encapsulation".

   For packets entering the AERO interface from the network layer, the
   AERO interface copies the "TTL/Hop Limit", "Type of Service/Traffic
   Class" [RFC2983], "Flow Label"[RFC6438] (for IPv6) and "Congestion
   Experienced" [RFC3168] values in the packet's IP header into the
   corresponding fields in the encapsulation header(s).

   For packets undergoing re-encapsulation, the AERO interface instead
   copies these values from the original encapsulation header into the
   new encapsulation header, i.e., the values are transferred between
   encapsulation headers and *not* copied from the encapsulated packet's
   network-layer header.  (Note especially that by copying the TTL/Hop
   Limit between encapsulation headers the value will eventually
   decrement to 0 if there is a (temporary) routing loop.)  For IPv4
   encapsulation/re-encapsulation, the AERO interface sets the DF bit as
   discussed in Section 3.12.

   AERO interfaces configured over INET underlying interfaces
   encapsulate each packet in a SPAN header, then encapsulate the
   resulting SPAN packet in an INET header according to the next hop
   determined in the forwarding algorithm in Section 3.13.  If the next
   hop is reached via a secured tunnel, the AERO interface uses an INET
   encapsulation format specific to the secured tunnel type (see:
   Section 6).  If the next hop is reached via an unsecured underlying
   interface, the AERO interface instead uses Generic UDP Encapsulation
   (GUE) [I-D.ietf-intarea-gue] or an alternate minimal encapsulation
   format Appendix A.



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   When GUE encapsulation is used, the AERO interface next sets the UDP
   source port to a constant value that it will use in each successive
   packet it sends, and sets the UDP length field to the length of the
   SPAN packet plus 8 bytes for the UDP header itself plus the length of
   the GUE header (or 0 if GUE direct IP encapsulation is used).  For
   packets sent to a Server or Relay, the AERO interface sets the UDP
   destination port to 8060, i.e., the IANA-registered port number for
   AERO.  For packets sent to a Client, the AERO interface sets the UDP
   destination port to the port value stored in the neighbor cache entry
   for this Client.  The AERO interface then either includes or omits
   the UDP checksum according to the GUE specification.

   AERO interfaces observes the packet sizing and fragmentation
   considerations found in Section 3.12.

3.10.  AERO Interface Decapsulation

   AERO interfaces decapsulate packets destined either to the AERO node
   itself or to a destination reached via an interface other than the
   AERO interface the packet was received on.  When the encapsulated
   packet arrives in multiple fragments, the AERO interface reassembles
   as discussed in Section 3.12.  Further decapsulation steps are
   performed according to the appropriate encapsulation format
   specification.

3.11.  AERO Interface Data Origin Authentication

   AERO nodes employ simple data origin authentication procedures.  In
   particular:

   o  AERO Relays, Servers and Proxys accept encapsulated data packets
      and control messages received from secured tunnels via the SPAN.

   o  AERO Servers and Proxys accept encapsulated data packets and NS
      messages used for Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) received
      from a member of the ROS list.

   o  AERO Proxys and Clients accept packets that originate from within
      the same secured ANET.

   o  AERO Clients and Gateways accept packets from downstream network
      correspondents based on ingress filtering.

   AERO nodes silently drop any packets that do not satisfy the above
   data origin authentication procedures.  Further security
   considerations are discussed Section 6.





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3.12.  AERO Interface MTU and Fragmentation

   All IPv6 interfaces are REQUIRED to configure a minimum Maximum
   Transmission Unit (MTU) of 1280 bytes [RFC8200].  (IPv4 interfaces
   have a smaller minimum MTU [RFC1122], but SHOULD also observe the
   IPv6 minimum MTU if possible.)  The AERO link therefore MUST forward
   IPv6 packets of at least 1280 bytes without generating an IPv6 Path
   MTU Discovery (PMTUD) Packet Too Big (PTB) message [RFC8201].

   The AERO interface configures an MTU of 9180 bytes [RFC2492]; the
   size is therefore not a reflection of the underlying interface MTUs,
   but rather determines the largest packet the AERO interface can
   forward or reassemble.

   AERO interfaces employ mid-layer IPv6 encapsulation and
   fragmentation/reassembly per [RFC2473] for packets that are too large
   to traverse an underlying interface in one piece.  The AERO interface
   returns internally-generated PTB messages for packets admitted into
   the interface that it deems too large for the outbound underlying
   interface (e.g., according to performance characteristics, cost, MTU,
   etc).  For all other packets, the AERO interface performs PMTUD even
   if the destination appears to be on the same link since an AERO node
   on the path could return a PTB message.  This ensures that the path
   MTU is adaptive and reflects the current path used for a given data
   flow.

   For underlying interfaces that have sufficiently large MTUs and that
   return RAs with the P bit set, the Client's AERO interface sends
   packets according to the underlying interface L2 frame format without
   fragmentation.  For all other cases, the AERO interface encapsulates
   the packet in a mid-layer IPv6 header with source address set to the
   Client's SPAN address and destination set to the SPAN address
   corresponding to the packet's destination.  The AERO interface then
   uses IPv6 fragmentation to break the encapsulated packet into a
   minimum number of non-overlapping fragments, where the smallest
   fragment generated MUST be no smaller than 640 bytes.  For interfaces
   that return RAs with the P bit set, the largest fragment size is
   determined by the underlying interface MTU, while for other
   interfaces the largest fragment size MUST be 1280 bytes.  The AERO
   interface then sends the fragments over the selected underlying
   interfaces.  (Note that the outbound fragments can further be spread
   across multiple underlying interfaces, since they will be reassembled
   by the AERO interface closest to the final destination.)

   When a Proxy or Server receives a fragmented or whole packet from the
   INET destined to a Client, it must determine whether to forward or
   drop and return a PTB (e.g., according to the underlying interface
   performance characteristics, MTU, etc).  If the packet is no larger



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   than the underlying interface MTU, the Proxy/Server forwards
   according to the underlying interface L2 frame format.  If the packet
   is larger than the MTU, the Proxy/Server instead uses SPAN
   encapsulation and IPv6 fragmentation as above.  The Client then
   reassembles and discards the SPAN header, then forwards the whole
   packet to the final destination.

   When a Proxy, Server or Gateway forwards an original source's packet
   over the SPAN, it uses IPv6 encapsulation with its own SPAN address
   as the source address and with destination set to the SPAN address
   corresponding to the packet's destination if the packet is not
   already SPAN encapsulated.  The node then uses fragmentation to break
   the SPAN-encapsulated packet into non-overlapping fragments that are
   no larger than 1280 bytes and no smaler than 640 bytes (i.e., even if
   the SPAN header was inserted by the original source).  When a Server
   or Gateway forwards a SPAN-encapsulated packet to a destination
   outside of the AERO link, it first reassembles if necessary.

   In order to avoid a "tiny fragment" attack, AERO nodes
   unconditionally drop all fragments smaller than 640 bytes.  In order
   to set the correct context for reassembly, the AERO node that inserts
   a SPAN header MUST also be the node that inserts the IPv6 Fragment
   Header Identification value.

   Note also that the AERO interface can forward large packets via
   encapsulation and fragmentation while at the same time returning
   advisory PTB messages, e.g., subject to rate limiting.  The receiving
   node that performs reassembly can also send advisory PTB messages if
   reassembly conditions become unfavorable.  The AERO interface can
   therefore continuously forward large packets without loss while
   returning advisory messages recommending a smaller size.

3.13.  AERO Interface Forwarding Algorithm

   IP packets enter a node's AERO interface either from the network
   layer (i.e., from a local application or the IP forwarding system) or
   from the link layer (i.e., from an AERO interface neighbor).  All
   packets entering a node's AERO interface first undergo data origin
   authentication as discussed in Section 3.11.  Packets that satisfy
   data origin authentication are processed further, while all others
   are dropped silently.

   Packets that enter the AERO interface from the network layer are
   forwarded to an AERO interface neighbor.  Packets that enter the AERO
   interface from the link layer are either re-admitted into the AERO
   link or forwarded to the network layer where they are subject to
   either local delivery or IP forwarding.  In all cases, the AERO




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   interface itself MUST NOT decrement the network layer TTL/Hop-count
   since its forwarding actions occur below the network layer.

   AERO interfaces may have multiple underlying interfaces and/or
   neighbor cache entries for neighbors with multiple ifIndex-tuple
   registrations (see Section 3.6).  The AERO interface uses each
   packet's DSCP value (and/or other traffic discriminators such as port
   number) to select an outgoing underlying interface based on the
   node's own QoS preferences, and also to select a destination link-
   layer address based on the neighbor's underlying interface with the
   highest preference.  AERO implementations SHOULD allow for QoS
   preference values to be modified at runtime through network
   management.

   If multiple outgoing interfaces and/or neighbor interfaces have a
   preference of "high", the AERO node replicates the packet and sends
   one copy via each of the (outgoing / neighbor) interface pairs;
   otherwise, the node sends a single copy of the packet via an
   interface with the highest preference.  AERO nodes keep track of
   which underlying interfaces are currently "reachable" or
   "unreachable", and only use "reachable" interfaces for forwarding
   purposes.

   The following sections discuss the AERO interface forwarding
   algorithms for Clients, Proxys, Servers and Relays.  In the following
   discussion, a packet's destination address is said to "match" if it
   is the same as a cached address, or if it is covered by a cached
   prefix (which may be encoded in an AERO address).

3.13.1.  Client Forwarding Algorithm

   When an IP packet enters a Client's AERO interface from the network
   layer the Client searches for an asymmetric neighbor cache entry that
   matches the destination.  If there is a match, the Client uses one or
   more "reachable" neighbor interfaces in the entry for packet
   forwarding.  If there is no asymmetric neighbor cache entry, the
   Client instead forwards the packet toward a Server (the packet is
   intercepted by a Proxy if there is a Proxy on the path).  The Client
   encapuslates the packet in an IPv6 header and fragments if necessary
   according to MTU requirements (see: Section 3.12).

   When an IP packet enters a Client's AERO interface from the link-
   layer, if the destination matches one of the Client's MNPs or link-
   local addresses the Client reassembles and decapsulates as necessary
   and delivers the (now-unencapsulated) packet to the network layer.
   Otherwise, the Client drops the packet and MAY return a network-layer
   ICMP Destination Unreachable message subject to rate limiting (see:
   Section 3.14).



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3.13.2.  Proxy Forwarding Algorithm

   For control messages originating from or destined to a Client, the
   Proxy intercepts the message and updates its proxy neighbor cache
   entry for the Client.  The Proxy then forwards a (proxyed) copy of
   the control message.  (For example, the Proxy forwards a proxied
   version of a Client's NS/RS message to the target neighbor, and
   forwards a proxied version of the NA/RA reply to the Client.)

   When the Proxy receives a data packet from a Client within the ANET,
   it first reassembles and decapsulates if the packet was a link-local
   fragment.  The Proxy next inserts a SPAN header with source address
   set to the Proxy's SPAN address and destination address set to the
   SPAN address of the next hop.  The Proxy then fragments the SPAN
   packet if necessary into fragments no larger than 1280 bytes, then
   searches for an asymmetric neighbor cache entry that matches the
   destination and forwards the fragments as follows:

   o  if the destination matches an asymmetric neighbor cache entry, the
      Proxy uses one or more "reachable" neighbor interfaces in the
      entry for packet forwarding via encapsulation.  If the neighbor
      interface is in the same SPAN segment, the Proxy forwards the
      packet directly to the neighbor; otherwise, it forwards the packet
      to a Relay.

   o  else, the Proxy encapsulates and forwards the packet to a Relay
      while using the packet's destination address as the SPAN
      destination address.  (If the destination is an AERO address, the
      Proxy instead uses the corresponding Subnet-Router anycast address
      for Client AERO addresses and the SPAN address for
      administratively-provisioned AERO addresses.).

   When the Proxy receives an encapsulated data packet from an INET
   neighbor or from a secured tunnel from a Relay, it accepts the packet
   only if data origin authentication succeeds and if there is a proxy
   neighbor cache entry that matches the inner destination.  Next, if
   the packet is a SPAN fragment the Proxy adds the fragment to the
   reassembly buffer.  The Proxy then reassembles the packet (if
   necessary) and continues processing.

   Next if reassembly is complete and the neighbor cache state is
   REACHABLE, the Proxy either drops and returns a PTB (see:
   Section 3.12) or forwards the packet to the Client while performing
   link-local encapsulation and re-fragmentation to the ANET MTU size if
   necessary.  If the neighbor cache entry state is DEPARTED, the Proxy
   instead changes the SPAN destination address to the address of the
   new Server and forwards it to a Relay while performing re-
   fragmentation to 1280 bytes if necessary.



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   When the Proxy forwards a SPAN packet to a REACHABLE Client for which
   the packet is no larger than the ANET MTU, it decapsulates the SPAN
   header first and forwards the (unencapsulated) packet to the Client
   to avoid the unnecessary overhead for carrying the SPAN header.

3.13.3.  Server/Gateway Forwarding Algorithm

   For control messages destined to a target Client's AERO address that
   are received from a secured tunnel, the Server intercepts the message
   and sends an appropriate response on behalf of the Client.  (For
   example, the Server sends an NA message reply in response to an NS
   message directed to one of its associated Clients.)  If the Client's
   neighbor cache entry is in the DEPARTED state, however, the Server
   instead forwards the packet to the Client's new Server as discussed
   in Section 3.19.

   When the Server receives an encapsulated data packet from an INET
   neighbor or from a secured tunnel, it accepts the packet only if data
   origin authentication succeeds.  If the SPAN destination address is
   its own address, the Server continues processing as follows:

   o  if the destination matches a symmetric neighbor cache entry in the
      REACHABLE state the Server prepares the packet for forwarding to
      the destination Client.  For the Client's Proxyed interfaces, the
      Server changes the SPAN destination address to the address of the
      Proxy and forwards the packet to the Proxy.  For the Client's
      other interfaces, the Server reassembles then either drops and
      returns a PTB (see: Section 3.12) or forwards the packet (while
      re-fragmenting if necessary) using SPAN encapsulation for the
      Client's Native, NATed or VPNed interfaces, or no encapsulation
      for Direct interfaces.

   o  else, if the destination matches a symmetric neighbor cache entry
      in the DEPARETED state the Server re-encapsulates the packet and
      forwards it using the SPAN address of the Client's new Server as
      the destination.

   o  else, if the destination matches an asymmetric neighbor cache
      entry, the Server uses one or more "reachable" neighbor interfaces
      in the entry for packet forwarding via the local INET if the
      neighbor is in the same SPAN segment or via a Relay otherwise.

   o  else, if the destination is an AERO address that is not assigned
      on the AERO interface the Server drops the packet.

   o  else, the Server (acting as a Gateway) reassembles if necessary,
      decapsulates the packet and releases it to the network layer for
      local delivery or IP forwarding.  Based on the information in the



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      forwarding table, the network layer may return the packet to the
      same AERO interface in which case further processing occurs as
      below.  (Note that this arrangement accommodates common
      implementations in which the IP forwarding table is not accessible
      from within the AERO interface.  If the AERO interface can
      directly access the IP forwarding table (such as for in-kernel
      implementations) the forwarding table lookup can instead be
      performed internally from within the AERO interface itself.)

   When the Server's AERO interface receives a data packet from the
   network layer or from a NATed/VPNed/Direct Client, it performs SPAN
   encapsualtion and fragmentation if necessary, then processes the
   packet according to the network-layer destination address as follows:

   o  if the destination matches a symmetric or asymmetric neighbor
      cache entry the Server processes the packet as above.

   o  else, the Server encapsulates the packet and forwards it to a
      Relay.  For administratively-assigned AERO address destinations,
      the Server uses the SPAN address corresponding to the destination
      as the SPAN destination address.  For Client AERO address
      destinations, the Server uses the Subnet-Router anycast address
      corresponding to the destination as the SPAN destination address.
      For all others, the Server uses the packet's destination IP
      address as the SPAN destination address.

3.13.4.  Relay Forwarding Algorithm

   Relays forward packets over secured tunnels the same as any IP
   router.  When the Relay receives an encapsulated packet via a secured
   tunnel, it removes the INET header and searches for a forwarding
   table entry that matches the destination address in the next header.
   The Relay then processes the packet as follows:

   o  if the destination matches one of the Relay's own addresses, the
      Relay submits the packet for local delivery.

   o  else, if the destination matches a forwarding table entry the
      Relay forwards the packet via a secured tunnel to the next hop.
      If the destination matches an MSP without matching an MNP,
      however, the Relay instead drops the packet and returns an ICMP
      Destination Unreachable message subject to rate limiting (see:
      Section 3.14).

   o  else, the Relay drops the packet and returns an ICMP Destination
      Unreachable as above.





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   As for any IP router, the Relay decrements the TTL/Hop Limit when it
   forwards the packet.  Therefore, only the Hop Limit in the SPAN
   header is decremented, and not the TTL/Hop Limit in the inner packet
   header.

3.14.  AERO Interface Error Handling

   When an AERO node admits a packet into the AERO interface, it may
   receive link-layer or network-layer error indications.

   A link-layer error indication is an ICMP error message generated by a
   router in the INET on the path to the neighbor or by the neighbor
   itself.  The message includes an IP header with the address of the
   node that generated the error as the source address and with the
   link-layer address of the AERO node as the destination address.

   The IP header is followed by an ICMP header that includes an error
   Type, Code and Checksum.  Valid type values include "Destination
   Unreachable", "Time Exceeded" and "Parameter Problem"
   [RFC0792][RFC4443].  (AERO interfaces ignore all link-layer IPv4
   "Fragmentation Needed" and IPv6 "Packet Too Big" messages since they
   only emit packets that are guaranteed to be no larger than the IP
   minimum link MTU as discussed in Section 3.12.)

   The ICMP header is followed by the leading portion of the packet that
   generated the error, also known as the "packet-in-error".  For
   ICMPv6, [RFC4443] specifies that the packet-in-error includes: "As
   much of invoking packet as possible without the ICMPv6 packet
   exceeding the minimum IPv6 MTU" (i.e., no more than 1280 bytes).  For
   ICMPv4, [RFC0792] specifies that the packet-in-error includes:
   "Internet Header + 64 bits of Original Data Datagram", however
   [RFC1812] Section 4.3.2.3 updates this specification by stating: "the
   ICMP datagram SHOULD contain as much of the original datagram as
   possible without the length of the ICMP datagram exceeding 576
   bytes".

   The link-layer error message format is shown in Figure 5 (where, "L2"
   and "L3" refer to link-layer and network-layer, respectively):













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        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        ~                               ~
        |        L2 IP Header of        |
        |         error message         |
        ~                               ~
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |         L2 ICMP Header        |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ---
        ~                               ~   P
        |   IP and other encapsulation  |   a
        | headers of original L3 packet |   c
        ~                               ~   k
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   e
        ~                               ~   t
        |        IP header of           |
        |      original L3 packet       |   i
        ~                               ~   n
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        ~                               ~   e
        |    Upper layer headers and    |   r
        |    leading portion of body    |   r
        |   of the original L3 packet   |   o
        ~                               ~   r
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ ---

         Figure 5: AERO Interface Link-Layer Error Message Format

   The AERO node rules for processing these link-layer error messages
   are as follows:

   o  When an AERO node receives a link-layer Parameter Problem message,
      it processes the message the same as described as for ordinary
      ICMP errors in the normative references [RFC0792][RFC4443].

   o  When an AERO node receives persistent link-layer Time Exceeded
      messages, the IP ID field may be wrapping before earlier fragments
      awaiting reassembly have been processed.  In that case, the node
      should begin including integrity checks and/or institute rate
      limits for subsequent packets.

   o  When an AERO node receives persistent link-layer Destination
      Unreachable messages in response to encapsulated packets that it
      sends to one of its asymmetric neighbor correspondents, the node
      should process the message as an indication that a path may be
      failing, and optionally initiate NUD over that path.  If it
      receives Destination Unreachable messages over multiple paths, the
      node should allow future packets destined to the correspondent to
      flow through a default route and re-initiate route optimization.



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   o  When an AERO Client receives persistent link-layer Destination
      Unreachable messages in response to encapsulated packets that it
      sends to one of its symmetric neighbor Servers, the Client should
      mark the path as unusable and use another path.  If it receives
      Destination Unreachable messages on many or all paths, the Client
      should associate with a new Server and release its association
      with the old Server as specified in Section 3.19.5.

   o  When an AERO Server receives persistent link-layer Destination
      Unreachable messages in response to encapsulated packets that it
      sends to one of its symmetric neighbor Clients, the Server should
      mark the underlying path as unusable and use another underlying
      path.

   o  When an AERO Server or Proxy receives link-layer Destination
      Unreachable messages in response to an encapsulated packet that it
      sends to one of its permanent neighbors, it treats the messages as
      an indication that the path to the neighbor may be failing.
      However, the dynamic routing protocol should soon reconverge and
      correct the temporary outage.

   When an AERO Relay receives a packet for which the network-layer
   destination address is covered by an MSP, if there is no more-
   specific routing information for the destination the Relay drops the
   packet and returns a network-layer Destination Unreachable message
   subject to rate limiting.  The Relay writes the network-layer source
   address of the original packet as the destination address and uses
   one of its non link-local addresses as the source address of the
   message.

   When an AERO node receives an encapsulated packet for which the
   reassembly buffer it too small, it drops the packet and returns a
   network-layer Packet Too Big (PTB) message.  The node first writes
   the MRU value into the PTB message MTU field, writes the network-
   layer source address of the original packet as the destination
   address and writes one of its non link-local addresses as the source
   address.

3.15.  AERO Router Discovery, Prefix Delegation and Autoconfiguration

   AERO Router Discovery, Prefix Delegation and Autoconfiguration are
   coordinated as discussed in the following Sections.

3.15.1.  AERO ND/PD Service Model

   Each AERO Server on the link configures a PD service to facilitate
   Client requests.  Each Server is provisioned with a database of MNP-
   to-Client ID mappings for all Clients enrolled in the AERO service,



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   as well as any information necessary to authenticate each Client.
   The Client database is maintained by a central administrative
   authority for the AERO link and securely distributed to all Servers,
   e.g., via the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) [RFC4511],
   via static configuration, etc.  Clients receive the same service
   regardless of the Servers they select.

   AERO Clients and Servers use ND messages to maintain neighbor cache
   entries.  AERO Servers configure their AERO interfaces as advertising
   NBMA interfaces, and therefore send unicast RA messages with a short
   Router Lifetime value (e.g., REACHABLETIME seconds) in response to a
   Client's RS message.  Thereafter, Clients send additional RS messages
   to keep Server state alive.

   AERO Clients and Servers include PD parameters in RS/RA messages (see
   [I-D.templin-6man-dhcpv6-ndopt] for ND/PD alternatives).  The unified
   ND/PD messages are exchanged between Client and Server according to
   the prefix management schedule required by the PD service.  If the
   Client knows its MNP in advance, it can instead employ prefix
   registration by including its AERO address as the source address of
   an RS message and with an OMNI option with valid prefix registration
   information for the MNP.  If the Server (and Proxy) accept the
   Client's MNP assertion, they inject the prefix into the routing
   system and establish the necessary neighbor cache state.

   The following sections specify the Client and Server behavior.

3.15.2.  AERO Client Behavior

   AERO Clients discover the addresses of Servers in a similar manner as
   described in [RFC5214].  Discovery methods include static
   configuration (e.g., from a flat-file map of Server addresses and
   locations), or through an automated means such as Domain Name System
   (DNS) name resolution [RFC1035].  Alternatively, the Client can
   discover Server addresses through a layer 2 data link login exchange,
   or through a unicast RA response to a multicast/anycast RS as
   described below.  In the absence of other information, the Client can
   resolve the DNS Fully-Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
   "linkupnetworks.[domainname]" where "linkupnetworks" is a constant
   text string and "[domainname]" is a DNS suffix for the AERO link
   (e.g., "example.com").

   To associate with a Server, the Client acts as a requesting router to
   request MNPs.  The Client prepares an RS message with PD parameters
   and includes a Nonce and Timestamp option if the Client needs to
   correlate RA replies.  If the Client already knows the Server's AERO
   address, it includes the AERO address as the network-layer
   destination address; otherwise, it includes the link-scoped All-



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   Routers multicast (ff02::2) or Subnet-Router anycast (fe80::) address
   as the network-layer destination.  If the Client already knows its
   own AERO address, it uses the AERO address as the network-layer
   source address; otherwise, it uses the unspecified IPv6 address
   (::/128) as the network-layer source address.

   The Client next includes an OMNI option in the RS message to register
   its link-layer information with the Server.  The Client sets the OMNI
   option prefix registration information according to the MNP, and
   includes an ifIndex-tuple with S set to '1' corresponding to the
   underlying interface over which the Client will send the RS message.
   The Client MAY include additional ifIndex-tuples specific to other
   underlying interfaces.  The Client MAY also include an SLLAO with a
   link-layer address corresponding to the OMNI option ifIndex-tuple
   with S set to '1'.

   The Client then sends the RS message (either directly via Direct
   interfaces, via INET encapsulation for NATed interfaces, via a VPN
   for VPNed interfaces, via a Proxy for proxyed interfaces or via a
   Relay for native interfaces) and waits for an RA message reply (see
   Section 3.15.3).  The Client retries up to MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS
   times until an RA is received.  If the Client receives no RAs, or if
   it receives an RA with Router Lifetime set to 0, the Client SHOULD
   abandon this Server and try another Server.  Otherwise, the Client
   processes the PD information found in the RA message.

   Next, the Client creates a symmetric neighbor cache entry with the
   Server's AERO address as the network-layer address and the Server's
   encapsulation and/or link-layer addresses as the link-layer address.
   The Client records the RA Router Lifetime field value in the neighbor
   cache entry as the time for which the Server has committed to
   maintaining the MNP in the routing system via this underlying
   interface, and caches the other RA configuration information
   including Cur Hop Limit, M and O flags, Reachable Time and Retrans
   Timer.  The Client then autoconfigures AERO addresses for each of the
   delegated MNPs and assigns them to the AERO interface.  The Client
   also caches any MSPs included in Route Information Options (RIOs)
   [RFC4191] as MSPs to associate with the AERO link, and assigns the
   MTU value in the MTU option to the underlying interface.

   The Client then registers additional underlying interfaces with the
   Server by sending RS messages via each additional interface.  The RS
   messages include the same parameters as for the initial RS/RA
   exchange, but with destination address set to the Server's AERO
   address.

   Following autoconfiguration, the Client sub-delegates the MNPs to its
   attached EUNs and/or the Client's own internal virtual interfaces as



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   described in [I-D.templin-v6ops-pdhost] to support the Client's
   downstream attached "Internet of Things (IoT)".  The Client
   subsequently sends additional RS messages over each underlying
   interface before the Router Lifetime received for that interface
   expires.

   After the Client registers its underlying interfaces, it may wish to
   change one or more registrations, e.g., if an interface changes
   address or becomes unavailable, if QoS preferences change, etc.  To
   do so, the Client prepares an RS message to send over any available
   underlying interface.  The RS includes an OMNI option with prefix
   registration information specific to its MNP, with an ifIndex-tuple
   specific to the selected underlying interface with S set to '1', and
   with any additional ifIndex-tuples specific to other underlying
   interfaces.  The Client includes fresh ifIndex-tuple values to update
   the Server's neighbor cache entry.  When the Client receives the
   Server's RA response, it has assurance that the Server has been
   updated with the new information.

   If the Client wishes to discontinue use of a Server it issues an RS
   message over any underlying interface with an OMNI option with a
   prefix release indication.  When the Server processes the message, it
   releases the MNP, sets the symmetric neighbor cache entry state for
   the Client to DEPARTED and returns an RA reply with Router Lifetime
   set to 0.  After a short delay (e.g., 2 seconds), the Server
   withdraws the MNP from the routing system.

3.15.3.  AERO Server Behavior

   AERO Servers act as IP routers and support a PD service for Clients.
   Servers arrange to add their AERO addresses to a static map of Server
   addresses for the link and/or the DNS resource records for the FQDN
   "linkupnetworks.[domainname]" before entering service.  Server
   addresses should be geographically and/or topologically referenced,
   and made available for discovery by Clients on the AERO link.

   When a Server receives a prospective Client's RS message on its AERO
   interface, it SHOULD return an immediate RA reply with Router
   Lifetime set to 0 if it is currently too busy or otherwise unable to
   service the Client.  Otherwise, the Server authenticates the RS
   message and processes the PD parameters.  The Server first determines
   the correct MNPs to delegate to the Client by searching the Client
   database.  When the Server delegates the MNPs, it also creates a
   forwarding table entry for each MNP so that the MNPs are propagated
   into the routing system (see: Section 3.3).  For IPv6, the Server
   creates an IPv6 forwarding table entry for each MNP.  For IPv4, the
   Server creates an IPv6 forwarding table entry with the SPAN
   Compatibility Prefix (SCP) corresponding to the IPv4 address.



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   The Server next creates a symmetric neighbor cache entry for the
   Client using the base AERO address as the network-layer address and
   with lifetime set to no more than the smallest PD lifetime.  Next,
   the Server updates the neighbor cache entry by recording the
   information in each ifIndex-tuple in the RS OMNI option.  The Server
   also records the actual SPAN/INET addresses in the neighbor cache
   entry.

   Next, the Server prepares an RA message using its AERO address as the
   network-layer source address and the network-layer source address of
   the RS message as the network-layer destination address.  The Server
   sets the Router Lifetime to the time for which it will maintain both
   this underlying interface individually and the symmetric neighbor
   cache entry as a whole.  The Server also sets Cur Hop Limit, M and O
   flags, Reachable Time and Retrans Timer to values appropriate for the
   AERO link.  The Server includes the delegated MNPs, any other PD
   parameters and an OMNI option with no ifIndex-tuples.  The Server
   then includes one or more RIOs that encode the MSPs for the AERO
   link, plus an MTU option (see Section 3.12).  The Server finally
   forwards the message to the Client using SPAN/INET, INET, or NULL
   encapsulation as necessary.

   After the initial RS/RA exchange, the Server maintains a
   ReachableTime timer for each of the Client's underlying interfaces
   individually (and for the Client's symmetric neighbor cache entry
   collectively) set to expire after Router Lifetime seconds.  If the
   Client (or Proxy) issues additional RS messages, the Server sends an
   RA response and resets ReachableTime.  If the Server receives an ND
   message with PD release indication it sets the Client's symmetric
   neighbor cache entry to the DEPARTED state and withdraws the MNP from
   the routing system after a short delay (e.g., 2 seconds).  If
   ReachableTime expires before a new RS is received on an individual
   underlying interface, the Server marks the interface as DOWN.  If
   ReachableTime expires before any new RS is received on any individual
   underlying interface, the Server deletes the neighbor cache entry and
   withdraws the MNP without delay.

   The Server processes any ND/PD messages pertaining to the Client and
   returns an NA/RA reply in response to solicitations.  The Server may
   also issue unsolicited RA messages, e.g., with PD reconfigure
   parameters to cause the Client to renegotiate its PDs, with Router
   Lifetime set to 0 if it can no longer service this Client, etc.
   Finally, If the symmetric neighbor cache entry is in the DEPARTED
   state, the Server deletes the entry after DepartTime expires.

   Note: Clients SHOULD notify former Servers of their departures, but
   Servers are responsible for expiring neighbor cache entries and
   withdrawing routes even if no departure notification is received



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   (e.g., if the Client leaves the network unexpectedly).  Servers
   SHOULD therefore set Router Lifetime to REACHABLETIME seconds in
   solicited RA messages to minimize persistent stale cache information
   in the absence of Client departure notifications.  A short Router
   Lifetime also ensures that proactive Client/Server RS/RA messaging
   will keep any NAT state alive (see above).

   Note: All Servers on an AERO link MUST advertise consistent values in
   the RA Cur Hop Limit, M and O flags, Reachable Time and Retrans Timer
   fields the same as for any link, since unpredictable behavior could
   result if different Servers on the same link advertised different
   values.

3.15.3.1.  Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent (LDRA)

   When DHCPv6 is used as the ND/PD service back end, AERO Clients and
   Servers are always on the same link (i.e., the AERO link) from the
   perspective of DHCPv6.  However, in some implementations the DHCPv6
   server and ND function may be located in separate modules.  In that
   case, the Server's AERO interface module can act as a Lightweight
   DHCPv6 Relay Agent (LDRA)[RFC6221] to relay PD messages to and from
   the DHCPv6 server module.

   When the LDRA receives an authentic RS message, it extracts the PD
   message parameters and uses them to construct an IPv6/UDP/DHCPv6
   message.  It sets the IPv6 source address to the source address of
   the RS message, sets the IPv6 destination address to
   'All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers' and sets the UDP fields to values
   that will be understood by the DHCPv6 server.

   The LDRA then wraps the message in a DHCPv6 'Relay-Forward' message
   header and includes an 'Interface-Id' option that includes enough
   information to allow the LDRA to forward the resulting Reply message
   back to the Client (e.g., the Client's link-layer addresses, a
   security association identifier, etc.).  The LDRA also wraps the OMNI
   option and SLLAO into the Interface-Id option, then forwards the
   message to the DHCPv6 server.

   When the DHCPv6 server prepares a Reply message, it wraps the message
   in a 'Relay-Reply' message and echoes the Interface-Id option.  The
   DHCPv6 server then delivers the Relay-Reply message to the LDRA,
   which discards the Relay-Reply wrapper and IPv6/UDP headers, then
   uses the DHCPv6 message to construct an RA response to the Client.
   The Server uses the information in the Interface-Id option to prepare
   the RA message and to cache the link-layer addresses taken from the
   OMNI option and SLLAO echoed in the Interface-Id option.





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3.16.  The AERO Proxy

   Clients may connect to ANETs that deploy perimeter security services
   to facilitate communications to Servers in outside INETs.  In that
   case, the ANET can employ an AERO Proxy.  The Proxy is located at the
   ANET/INET border and listens for RS messages originating from or RA
   messages destined to ANET Clients.  The Proxy acts on these control
   messages as follows:

   o  when the Proxy receives an RS message from a new ANET Client, it
      first authenticates the message then examines the network-layer
      destination address.  If the destination address is a Server's
      AERO address, the Proxy proceeds to the next step.  Otherwise, if
      the destination is All-Routers multicast or Subnet-Router anycast,
      the Proxy selects a "nearby" Server that is likely to be a good
      candidate to serve the Client and replaces the destination address
      with the Server's AERO address.  Next, the Proxy creates a proxy
      neighbor cache entry and caches the Client and Server link-layer
      addresses along with the OMNI option information and any other
      identifying information including Transaction IDs, Client
      Identifiers, Nonce values, etc.  The Proxy finally encapsulates
      the (proxyed) RS message in a SPAN header with source set to the
      Proxy's SPAN address and destination set to the Server's SPAN
      address then forwards the message into the SPAN.

   o  when the Server receives the RS, it authenticates the message then
      creates or updates a symmetric neighbor cache entry for the Client
      with the Proxy's SPAN address as the link-layer address.  The
      Server then sends an RA message back to the Proxy via the SPAN.

   o  when the Proxy receives the RA, it authenticates the message and
      matches it with the proxy neighbor cache entry created by the RS.
      The Proxy then caches the PD route information as a mapping from
      the Client's MNPs to the Client's ANET address, caches the
      Server's advertised Router Lifetime and sets the neighbor cache
      entry state to REACHABLE.  The Proxy then sets the P bit in the RA
      flags field, optionally rewrites the Router Lifetime and forwards
      the (proxyed) message to the Client.  The Proxy finally includes
      an MTU option (if necessary) with an MTU to use for the underlying
      ANET interface.

   After the initial RS/RA exchange, the Proxy forwards any Client data
   packets for which there is no matching asymmetric neighbor cache
   entry to a Relay via the SPAN.  The Proxy instead forwards any Client
   data destined to an asymmetric neighbor cache target directly to the
   target according to the link-layer information - the process of
   establishing asymmetric neighbor cache entries is specified in
   Section 3.17.



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   While the Client is still attached to the ANET, the Proxy sends NS,
   RS and/or unsolicited NA messages to update the Server's symmetric
   neighbor cache entries on behalf of the Client and/or to convey QoS
   updates.  This allows for higher-frequency Proxy-initiated RS/RA
   messaging over well-connected INET infrastructure supplemented by
   lower-frequency Client-initiated RS/RA messaging over constrained
   ANET data links.

   If the Server ceases to send solicited advertisements, the Proxy
   sends unsolicited RAs on the ANET interface with destination set to
   All-Nodes multicast (ff02::1) and with Router Lifetime set to zero to
   inform Clients that the Server has failed.  Although the Proxy
   engages in ND exchanges on behalf of the Client, the Client can also
   send ND messages on its own behalf, e.g., if it is in a better
   position than the Proxy to convey QoS changes, etc.  For this reason,
   the Proxy marks any Client-originated solicitation messages (e.g. by
   inserting a Nonce option) so that it can return the solicited
   advertisement to the Client instead of processsing it locally.

   If the Client becomes unreachable, the Proxy sets the neighbor cache
   entry state to DEPARTED and retains the entry for DEPARTTIME seconds.
   While the state is DEPARTED, the Proxy forwards any packets destined
   to the Client to a Relay.  The Relay in turn forwards the packets to
   the Client's current Server.  When DepartTime expires, the Proxy
   deletes the neighbor cache entry and discards any further packets
   destined to this (now forgotten) Client.

   In some ANETs that employ a Proxy, the Client's MNP can be injected
   into the ANET routing system.  In that case, the Client can send data
   messages without encapsulation so that the ANET native routing system
   transports the unencapsulated packets to the Proxy.  This can be very
   beneficial, e.g., if the Client connects to the ANET via low-end data
   links such as some aviation wireless links.

   If the first-hop ANET access router is AERO-aware, the Client can
   avoid encapsulation for both its control and data messages.  When the
   Client connects to the link, it can send an unencapsulated RS message
   with source address set to its AERO address and with destination
   address set to the AERO address of the Client's selected Server or to
   All-Routers multicast or Subnet-Router anycast.  The Client includes
   an OMNI option formatted as specified in
   [I-D.templin-6man-omni-interface].

   The Client then sends the unencapsulated RS message, which will be
   intercepted by the AERO-Aware access router.  The access router then
   encapsulates the RS message in an ANET header with its own address as
   the source address and the address of a Proxy as the destination
   address.  The access router further remembers the address of the



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   Proxy so that it can encapsulate future data packets from the Client
   via the same Proxy.  If the access router needs to change to a new
   Proxy, it simply sends another RS message toward the Server via the
   new Proxy on behalf of the Client.

   In some cases, the access router and Proxy may be one and the same
   node.  In that case, the node would be located on the same physical
   link as the Client, but its message exchanges with the Server would
   need to pass through a security gateway at the ANET/INET border.  The
   method for deploying access routers and Proxys (i.e. as a single node
   or multiple nodes) is an ANET-local administrative consideration.

3.16.1.  Detecting and Responding to Server Failures

   In environments where fast recovery from Server failure is required,
   Proxys SHOULD use proactive Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD)
   to track Server reachability in a similar fashion as for
   Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) [RFC5880].  Proxys can then
   quickly detect and react to failures so that cached information is
   re-established through alternate paths.  The NUD control messaging is
   carried only over well-connected ground domain networks (i.e., and
   not low-end aeronautical radio links) and can therefore be tuned for
   rapid response.

   Proxys perform proactive NUD with Servers for which there are
   currently active ANET Clients by sending continuous NS messages in
   rapid succession, e.g., one message per second.  The Proxy sends the
   NS message via the SPAN with the Proxy's AERO address as the source
   and the AERO address of the Server as the destination.  When the
   Proxy is also sending RS messages to the Server on behalf of ANET
   Clients, the resulting RA responses can be considered as equivalent
   hints of forward progress.  This means that the Proxy need not also
   send a periodic NS if it has already sent an RS within the same
   period.  If the Server fails (i.e., if the Proxy ceases to receive
   advertisements), the Proxy can quickly inform Clients by sending
   multicast RA messages on the ANET interface.

   The Proxy sends RA messages on the ANET interface with source address
   set to the Server's address, destination address set to All-Nodes
   multicast, and Router Lifetime set to 0.  The Proxy SHOULD send
   MAX_FINAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS RA messages separated by small delays
   [RFC4861].  Any Clients on the ANET that had been using the failed
   Server will receive the RA messages and associate with a new Server.








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3.16.2.  Point-to-Multipoint Server Coordindation

   In environments where Client messaging over ANETs is bandwidth-
   limited and/or expensive, Clients can enlist the services of the
   Proxy to coordinate with multiple Servers in a single RS/RA message
   exchange.  The Client can send a single RS message to All-Routers
   multicast that includes the ID's of multiple Servers in MS-Register
   sub-options of the OMNI option,.

   When the Proxy receives the RS and processes the OMNI option, it
   performs a separate RS/RA exchange with each MS-Register Server.
   When it has received the RA messages, it creates an "aggregate" RA
   message to return to the Client with an OMNI option with each
   responding Server's ID recorded in an MS-Register sub-option.

   Client's can thereafter employ efficient point-to-multipoint Server
   coordination under the assistance of the Proxy to dramatically reduce
   the number of messages sent over the ANET while enlisting the support
   of multiple Servers for fault tolerance.  Clients can further include
   MS-Release suboptions in RS messages to request the Proxy to release
   from former Servers via the procedures discussed in Section 3.19.5.

   The OMNI interface specification [I-D.templin-6man-omni-interface]
   provides further discussion of the Client/Proxy RS/RA messaging
   involved in point-to-multipoint coordination.

3.17.  AERO Route Optimization

   While data packets are flowing between a source and target node,
   route optimization SHOULD be used.  Route optimization is initiated
   by the first eligible Route Optimization Source (ROS) closest to the
   source as follows:

   o  For Clients on VPNed, NATed and Direct interfaces, the Server is
      the ROS.

   o  For Clients on Proxyed interfaces, the Proxy is the ROS.

   o  For Clients on native interfaces, the Client itself is the ROS.

   o  For correspondent nodes on INET/EUN interfaces serviced by a
      Gateway, the Gateway is the ROS.

   The route optimization procedure is conducted between the ROS and the
   target Server/Gateway acting as a Route Optimization Responder (ROR)
   in the same manner as for IPv6 ND Address Resolution and using the
   same NS/NA messaging.  The target may either be a MNP Client serviced
   by a Server, or a non-MNP correspondent reachable via a Gateway.



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   The procedures are specified in the following sections.

3.17.1.  Route Optimization Initiation

   While data packets are flowing from the source node toward a target
   node, the ROS performs address resolution by sending an NS message
   for Address Resolution (NS(AR)) to receive a solicited NA message
   from the ROR.  When the ROS sends an NS(AR), it includes:

   o  the AERO address of the ROS as the source address.

   o  the data packet's destination as the Target Address.

   o  the Solicited-Node multicast address [RFC4291] formed from the
      lower 24 bits of the data packet's destination as the destination
      address, e.g., for 2001:db8:1:2::10:2000 the NS destination
      address is ff02:0:0:0:0:1:ff10:2000.

   The NS(AR) message includes an OMNI option with no ifIndex-tuples and
   no SLLAO, such that the target will not create a neighbor cache
   entry.

   The ROS then encapsulates the NS(AR) message in a SPAN header with
   source set to its own SPAN address and destination set to the data
   packet's destination address, then sends the message into the SPAN
   without decrementing the network-layer TTL/Hop Limit field.

3.17.2.  Relaying the NS

   When the Relay receives the NS(AR) message from the ROS, it discards
   the INET header and determines that the ROR is the next hop by
   consulting its standard IPv6 forwarding table for the SPAN header
   destination address.  The Relay then forwards the message toward the
   ROR via the SPAN the same as for any IPv6 router.  The final-hop
   Relay in the SPAN will deliver the message via a secured tunnel to
   the ROR.

3.17.3.  Processing the NS and Sending the NA

   When the ROR receives the NS(AR) message, it examines the Target
   Address to determine whether it has a neighbor cache entry and/or
   route that matches the target.  If there is no match, the ROR drops
   the NS(AR) message.  Otherwise, the ROR continues processing as
   follows:

   o  if the target belongs to an MNP Client neighbor in the DEPARTED
      state the ROR changes the NS(AR) message SPAN destination address




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      to the SPAN address of the Client's new Server, forwards the
      message into the SPAN and returns from processing.

   o  If the target belongs to an MNP Client neighbor in the REACHABLE
      state, the ROR instead adds the AERO source address to the target
      Client's Report List with time set to ReportTime.

   o  If the target belongs to a non-MNP route, the ROR continues
      processing without adding an entry to the Report List.

   The ROR then prepares a solicited NA message to send back to the ROS
   but does not create a neighbor cache entry.  The ROR sets the NA
   source address to the AERO address corresponding to the target, sets
   the Target Addresss to the target of the solicitation, and sets the
   destination address to the source of the solicitation.

   The ROR then includes an OMNI option with prefix registration length
   set to the length of the MNP if the target is an MNP Client;
   otherwise, set to the maximum of the non-MNP prefix length and 64.
   (Note that a /64 limit is imposed to avoid causing the ROS to set
   short prefixes (e.g., "default") that would match destinations for
   which the routing system includes more-specific prefixes.)

   If the target is an MNP Client, the ROR next includes ifIndex-tuples
   in the OMNI option for each of the target Client's underlying
   interfaces with current information for each interface and with the S
   flag set to 0.  The ROR then includes a TLLAO with ifIndex-tuples in
   one-to-one correspondence with the tuples that appear in the OMNI
   option.  For NATed, VPNed and Direct interfaces, the link layer
   addresses are the SPAN address of the ROR.  For Proxyed interfaces,
   the link-layer addresses are the SPAN addresses of the Proxy's INET
   interfaces.  For native interfaces, the link-layer addresses are the
   INET addesses of the Client's native interfaces.

   The ROR then sets the NA message R flag to 1 (as a router), S flag to
   1 (as a response to a solicitation), and O flag to 0 (as a proxy).
   The ROR finally encapsulates the NA message in a SPAN header with
   source set to its own SPAN address and destination set to the source
   SPAN address of the NS(AR) message, then forwards the message into
   the SPAN without decrementing the network-layer TTL/Hop Limit field.

3.17.4.  Relaying the NA

   When the Relay receives the NA message from the ROR, it discards the
   INET header and determines that the ROS is the next hop by consulting
   its standard IPv6 forwarding table for the SPAN header destination
   address.  The Relay then forwards the SPAN-encapsulated NA message




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   toward the ROS the same as for any IPv6 router.  The final-hop Relay
   in the SPAN will deliver the message via a secured tunnel to the ROS.

3.17.5.  Processing the NA

   When the ROS receives the solicited NA message, it processes the
   message the same as for standard IPv6 Address Resolution [RFC4861].
   In the process, it caches the source SPAN address then creates an
   asymmetric neighbor cache entry for the ROR and caches all
   information found in the OMNI and TLLAO options.  The ROS finally
   sets the asymmetric neighbor cache entry lifetime to REACHABLETIME
   seconds.

3.17.6.  Route Optimization Maintenance

   Following route optimization, the ROS forwards future data packets
   destined to the target via the addresses found in the cached link-
   layer information.  The route optimization is shared by all sources
   that send packets to the target via the ROS, i.e., and not just the
   source on behalf of which the route optimization was initiated.

   While new data packets destined to the target are flowing through the
   ROS, it sends additional NS(AR) messages to the ROR before
   ReachableTime expires to receive a fresh solicited NA message the
   same as described in the previous sections (route optimization
   refreshment strategies are an implementation matter, with a non-
   normative example given in Appendix B.1).  The ROS uses the cached
   SPAN address of the ROR as the NS(AR) SPAN destination address, and
   sends up to MAX_MULTICAST_SOLICIT NS(AR) messages separated by 1
   second until an NA is received.  If no NA is received, the ROS
   assumes that the current ROR has become unreachable and deletes the
   neighbor cache entry.  Subsequent data packets will trigger a new
   route optimization per Section 3.17.1 to discover a new ROR while
   initial data packets travel over a suboptimal route.

   If an NA is received, the ROS then updates the asymmetric neighbor
   cache entry to refresh ReachableTime, while (for MNP destinations)
   the ROR adds or updates the ROS address to the target Client's Report
   List and with time set to ReportTime.  While no data packets are
   flowing, the ROS instead allows ReachableTime for the asymmetric
   neighbor cache entry to expire.  When ReachableTime expires, the ROS
   deletes the asymmetric neighbor cache entry.  Any future data packets
   flowing through the ROS will again trigger a new route optimization.

   The ROS may also receive unsolicited NA messages from the ROR at any
   time (see: Section 3.19).  If there is an asymmetric neighbor cache
   entry for the target, the ROS updates the link-layer information but
   does not update ReachableTime since the receipt of an unsolicited NA



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   does not confirm that any forward paths are working.  If there is no
   asymmetric neighbor cache entry, the ROS simply discards the
   unsolicited NA.

   In this arrangement, the ROS holds an asymmetric neighbor cache entry
   for the ROR, but the ROR does not hold an asymmetric neighbor cache
   entry for the ROS.  The route optimization neighbor relationship is
   therefore asymmetric and unidirectional.  If the target node also has
   packets to send back to the source node, then a separate route
   optimization procedure is performed in the reverse direction.  But,
   there is no requirement that the forward and reverse paths be
   symmetric.

3.18.  Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD)

   AERO nodes perform Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) per
   [RFC4861] either reactively in response to persistent link-layer
   errors (see Section 3.14) or proactively to confirm reachability.
   The NUD algorithm is based on periodic control message exchanges.
   The algorithm may further be seeded by ND hints of forward progress,
   but care must be taken to avoid inferring reachability based on
   spoofed information.  For example, authentic IPv6 ND message
   exchanges may be considered as acceptable hints of forward progress,
   while spurious data packets should not be.

   AERO Servers, Proxys and Gateways can use standard NS/NA NUD
   exchanges sent over the SPAN to securely test reachability without
   risk of DoS attacks from nodes pretending to be a neighbor; Proxys
   can further perform NUD to securely verify Server reachability on
   behalf of their proxyed Clients.  However, a means for a ROS to test
   the unsecured forward directions of target route optimized paths is
   also necessary.  The following paragraphs present the suggested
   method.

   When an ROR directs an ROS to a neighbor with one or more target
   link-layer addresses, the ROS can proactively test each such
   unsecured route optimized path by sending "loopback" NS(NUD)
   messages.  While testing the paths, the ROS can optionally continue
   to send packets via the SPAN, maintain a small queue of packets until
   target reachability is confirmed, or (optimistically) allow packets
   to flow via the route optimized paths.

   When the ROS sends a loopback NS(NUD) message, it uses its AERO
   address as both the IPv6 source and destination address, and any IPv6
   address as the Target Address.  The ROS includes a Nonce and
   Timestamp option, then encapsulates the message in SPAN/INET headers
   with its own SPAN address as the source and the SPAN address of the
   route optimization target as the destination.  The ROS then forwards



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   the message to the target (either directly to the link layer address
   of the target if the target is in the same SPAN segment, or via a
   Relay if the target is in a different SPAN segment).

   When the route optimization target receives the NS(NUD) message, it
   notices that the IPv6 destination address is the same as the source
   address.  It then reverses the SPAN source and destination addresses
   and returns the message to the ROS (either directly or via the SPAN).
   The route optimization target does not decrement the NS(NUD) message
   IPv6 Hop-Limit in the process, since the message has not exited the
   SPAN.

   When the ROS receives the NS(NUD) message, it can determine from the
   Nonce, Timestamp and Target Address that the message originated from
   itself and that it transited the forward path.  The ROS need not
   prepare a NA response, since the destination of the response would be
   itself and testing the route optimization path again would be
   redundant.

   The ROS marks route optimization target paths that pass these NUD
   tests as "reachable", and those that do not as "unreachable".  These
   markings inform the AERO interface forwarding algorithm specified in
   Section 3.13.

   Note that to avoid a DoS vector nodes MUST NOT return loopback
   NS(NUD) messages received from an unsecured link-layer source via a
   secured SPAN path.

3.19.  Mobility Management and Quality of Service (QoS)

   AERO is a Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) service.  Each Server
   is responsible for only a subset of the Clients on the AERO link, as
   opposed to a Centralized Mobility Management (CMM) service where
   there is a single network mobility collective entity for all Clients.
   Clients coordinate with their associated Servers via RS/RA exchanges
   to maintain the DMM profile, and the AERO routing system tracks all
   current Client/Server peering relationships.

   Servers provide default routing and mobility/multilink services for
   their dependent Clients.  Clients are responsible for maintaining
   neighbor relationships with their Servers through periodic RS/RA
   exchanges, which also serves to confirm neighbor reachability.  When
   a Client's underlying interface address and/or QoS information
   changes, the Client is responsible for updating the Server with this
   new information.  Note that for Proxyed interfaces, however, the
   Proxy can also perform some RS/RA exchanges on the Client's behalf.





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   Mobility management considerations are specified in the following
   sections.

3.19.1.  Mobility Update Messaging

   Servers accommodate Client mobility/multilink and/or QoS change
   events by sending unsolicited NA (uNA) messages to each ROS in the
   target Client's Report List.  When a Server sends a uNA message, it
   sets the IPv6 source address to the Client's AERO address, sets the
   destination address to All-Nodes multicast and sets the Target
   Address to the Client's Subnet-Router anycast address.  The Server
   also includes an OMNI option with prefix registration information and
   with ifIndex-tuples for the target Client's remaining interfaces with
   S set to 0.  The Server then includes a TLLAO with corresponding
   ifIndex-tuples with link layer addresses set to the corresponding
   target SPAN addresses.  The Server sets the NA R flag to 1, the S
   flag to 0 and the O flag to 0, then encapsulates the message in a
   SPAN header with source set to its own SPAN address and destination
   set to the SPAN address of the ROS and sends the message into the
   SPAN.

   As discussed in Section 7.2.6 of [RFC4861], the transmission and
   reception of uNA messages is unreliable but provides a useful
   optimization.  In well-connected Internetworks with robust data links
   uNA messages will be delivered with high probability, but in any case
   the Server can optionally send up to MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT uNAs
   to each ROS to increase the likelihood that at least one will be
   received.

   When the ROS receives an uNA message, it ignores the message if there
   is no existing neighbor cache entry for the Client.  Otherwise, it
   uses the included OMNI option and TLLAO information to update the
   neighbor cache entry, but does not reset ReachableTime since the
   receipt of an unsolicited NA message from the target Server does not
   provide confirmation that any forward paths to the target Client are
   working.

   If uNA messages are lost, the ROS may be left with stale address and/
   or QoS information for the Client for up to REACHABLETIME seconds.
   During this time, the ROS can continue sending packets according to
   its stale neighbor cache information.  When ReachableTime is close to
   expiring, the ROS will re-initiate route optimization and receive
   fresh link-layer address information.

   In addition to sending uNA messages to the current set of ROSs for
   the Client, the Server also sends uNAs to the former link-layer
   address for any ifIndex-tuple for which the link-layer address has
   changed.  The uNA messages update Proxys that cannot easily detect



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   (e.g., without active probing) when a formerly-active Client has
   departed.

3.19.2.  Announcing Link-Layer Address and/or QoS Preference Changes

   When a Client needs to change its ANET addresses and/or QoS
   preferences (e.g., due to a mobility event), either the Client or its
   Proxys send RS messages to the Server via the SPAN with an OMNI
   option that includes an ifIndex-tuple with S set to 1 and with the
   new link quality and address information.

   Up to MAX_RTR_SOLICITATION RS messages MAY be sent in parallel with
   sending actual data packets in case one or more RAs are lost.  If all
   RAs are lost, the Client SHOULD re-associate with a new Server.

   When the Server receives the Client's changes, it sends uNA messages
   to all nodes in the Report List the same as described in the previous
   section.

3.19.3.  Bringing New Links Into Service

   When a Client needs to bring new underlying interfaces into service
   (e.g., when it activates a new data link), it sends an RS message to
   the Server via the underlying interface with an OMNI option that
   includes an ifIndex-tuple with S set to 1 and appropriate link
   quality values and with link-layer address information for the new
   link.

3.19.4.  Removing Existing Links from Service

   When a Client needs to remove existing underlying interfaces from
   service (e.g., when it de-activates an existing data link), it sends
   an RS or uNA message to its Server with an OMNI option with
   appropriate link quality values.

   If the Client needs to send RS/uNA messages over an underlying
   interface other than the one being removed from service, it MUST
   include ifIndex-tuples with appropriate link quality values for any
   underlying interfaces being removed from service.

3.19.5.  Moving to a New Server

   When a Client associates with a new Server, it performs the Client
   procedures specified in Section 3.15.2.  The Client also includes MS-
   Release identifiers in the RS message OMNI option per
   [I-D.templin-6man-omni-interface] if it wants the new Server to
   notify any old Servers from which the Client is departing.




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   When the new Server receives the Client's RS message, it returns an
   RA as specified in Section 3.15.3 and sends up to
   MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTIISEMENT uNA messages to any old Servers listed in
   OMNI option MS-Release identifiers.  Each uNA message includes the
   Client's AERO address as the source address, the old Server's AERO
   address as the destination address, and an OMNI option with the
   Register/Release bit set to 0.  The new Server wraps the uNA in a
   SPAN header with its own SPAN address as the source and the old
   Server's SPAN address as the destination, then sends the message into
   the SPAN.

   When an old Server receives the uNA, it changes the Client's neighbor
   cache entry state to DEPARTED, sets the link-layer address of the
   Client to the new Server's SPAN address, and sets DepartTime to
   DEPARTTIME seconds.  After a short delay (e.g., 2 seconds) the old
   Server withdraws the Client's MNP from the routing system.  After
   DepartTime expires, the old Server deletes the Client's neighbor
   cache entry.

   The old Server also sends unsolicited NA messages to all ROSs in the
   Client's Report List with an OMNI option with a single ifIndex-tuple
   with ifIndex set to 0 and S set to '1', and with the SPAN address of
   the new Server in a companion TLLAO.  When the ROS receives the NA,
   it caches the address of the new Server in the existing asymmetric
   neighbor cache entry and marks the entry as STALE.  Subsequent data
   packets will then flow according to any existing cached link-layer
   information and trigger a new NS(AR)/NA exchange via the new Server.

   Clients SHOULD NOT move rapidly between Servers in order to avoid
   causing excessive oscillations in the AERO routing system.  Examples
   of when a Client might wish to change to a different Server include a
   Server that has gone unreachable, topological movements of
   significant distance, movement to a new geographic region, movement
   to a new SPAN segment, etc.

   When a Client moves to a new Server, some of the fragments of a
   multiple fragment packet may have already arrived at the old Server
   while others are en route to the new Server, however no special
   attention in the reassembly algorithm is necessary when re-routed
   fragments are simply treated as loss.

3.20.  Multicast

   The AERO Client provides an IGMP (IPv4) [RFC2236] or MLD (IPv6)
   [RFC3810] proxy service for its EUNs and/or hosted applications
   [RFC4605].  The Client forwards IGMP/MLD messages over any of its
   underlying interfaces for which group membership is required.  The
   IGMP/MLD messages may be further forwarded by a first-hop ANET access



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   router acting as an IGMP/MLD-snooping switch [RFC4541], then
   ultimately delivered to an AERO Proxy/Server acting as a Protocol
   Independent Multicast - Sparse-Mode (PIM-SM, or simply "PIM")
   Designated Router (DR) [RFC7761].  AERO Gateways also act as PIM
   routers (i.e., the same as AERO Proxys/Servers) on behalf of nodes on
   INET/EUN networks.  The behaviors identified in the following
   sections correspond to Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) and Any-Source
   Multicast (ASM) operational modes.

3.20.1.  Source-Specific Multicast (SSM)

   When an ROS (i.e., an AERO Proxy/Server/Gateway) "X" acting as PIM
   router receives a Join/Prune message from a node on its downstream
   interfaces containing one or more ((S)ource, (G)roup) pairs, it
   updates its Multicast Routing Information Base (MRIB) accordingly.
   For each S belonging to a prefix reachable via X's non-AERO
   interfaces, X then forwards the (S, G) Join/Prune to any PIM routers
   on those interfaces per [RFC7761].

   For each S belonging to a prefix reachable via X's AERO interface, X
   originates a separate copy of the Join/Prune for each (S,G) in the
   message using its own AERO address as the source address and ALL-PIM-
   ROUTERS as the destination address.  X then encapsulates each message
   in a SPAN header with source address set to the SPAN address of X and
   destination address set to S then forwards the message into the SPAN.
   The SPAN in turn forwards the message to AERO Server/Gateway "Y" that
   services S.  At the same time, if the message was a Join, X sends a
   route-optimization NS message toward each S the same as discussed in
   Section 3.17.  The resulting NAs will return the AERO address for the
   prefix that matches S as the network-layer source address and TLLAOs
   with the SPAN addresses corresponding to any ifIndex-tuples that are
   currently servicing S.

   When Y processes the Join/Prune message, if S located behind any
   Native, Direct, VPNed or NATed interfaces Y acts as a PIM router and
   updates its MRIB to list X as the next hop in the reverse path.  If S
   is located behind any Proxys "Z"*, Y also forwards the message to
   each Z* over the SPAN while continuing to use the AERO address of X
   as the source address.  Each Z* then updates its MRIB accordingly and
   maintains the AERO address of X as the next hop in the reverse path.
   Since the Relays in the SPAN do not examine network layer control
   messages, this means that the (reverse) multicast tree path is simply
   from each Z* (and/or Y) to X with no other multicast-aware routers in
   the path.  If any Z* (and/or Y) is located on the same SPAN segment
   as X, the multicast data traffic sent to X directly using SPAN/INET
   encapsulation instead of via a Relay.





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   Following the initial Join/Prune and NS/NA messaging, X maintains an
   asymmetric neighbor cache entry for each S the same as if X was
   sending unicast data traffic to S.  In particular, X performs
   additional NS/NA exchanges to keep the neighbor cache entry alive for
   up to t_periodic seconds [RFC7761].  If no new Joins are received
   within t_periodic seconds, X allows the neighbor cache entry to
   expire.  Finally, if X receives any additional Join/Prune messages
   for (S,G) it forwards the messages to each Y and Z* in the neighbor
   cache entry over the SPAN.

   At some later time, Client C that holds an MNP for source S may
   depart from a first Proxy Z1 and/or connect via a new Proxy Z2.  In
   that case, Y sends an unsolicited NA message to X the same as
   specified for unicast mobility in Section 3.19.  When X receives the
   unsolicited NA message, it updates its asymmetric neighbor cache
   entry for the AERO address for source S and sends new Join messages
   to any new Proxys Z2.  There is no requirement to send any Prune
   messages to old Proxys Z1 since source S will no longer source any
   multicast data traffic via Z1.  Instead, the multicast state for
   (S,G) in Proxy Z1 will soon time out since no new Joins will arrive.

   After some later time, C may move to a new Server Y2 and depart from
   old Sever Y1.  In that case, Y1 sends Join messages for any of C's
   active (S,G) groups to Y2 while including its own AERO address as the
   source address.  This causes Y2 to include Y1 in the multicast
   forwarding tree during the interim time that Y1's symmetric neighbor
   cache entry for C is in the DEPARTED state.  At the same time, Y1
   sends an unsolicited NA message to X with an OMNI option and TLLAO
   with ifIndex-tuple set to 0 and a release indication to cause X to
   release its asymmetric neighbor cache entry.  X then sends a new Join
   message to S via the SPAN and re-initiates route optimization the
   same as if it were receiving a fresh Join message from a node on a
   downstream link.

3.20.2.  Any-Source Multicast (ASM)

   When an ROS X acting as a PIM router receives a Join/Prune from a
   node on its downstream interfaces containing one or more (*,G) pairs,
   it updates its Multicast Routing Information Base (MRIB) accordingly.
   X then forwards a copy of the message to the Rendezvous Point (RP) R
   for each G over the SPAN.  X uses its own AERO address as the source
   address and ALL-PIM-ROUTERS as the destination address, then
   encapsulates each message in a SPAN header with source address set to
   the SPAN address of X and destination address set to R, then sends
   the message into the SPAN.  At the same time, if the message was a
   Join X initiates NS/NA route optimization the same as for the SSM
   case discussed in Section 3.20.1.




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   For each source S that sends multicast traffic to group G via R, the
   Proxy/Server Z* for the Client that aggregates S encapsulates the
   packets in PIM Register messages and forwards them to R via the SPAN.
   R may then elect to send a PIM Join to Z* over the SPAN.  This will
   result in an (S,G) tree rooted at Z* with R as the next hop so that R
   will begin to receive two copies of the packet; one native copy from
   the (S, G) tree and a second copy from the pre-existing (*, G) tree
   that still uses PIM Register encapsulation.  R can then issue a PIM
   Register-stop message to suppress the Register-encapsulated stream.
   At some later time, if C moves to a new Proxy/Server Z*, it resumes
   sending packets via PIM Register encapsulation via the new Z*.

   At the same time, as multicast listeners discover individual S's for
   a given G, they can initiate an (S,G) Join for each S under the same
   procedures discussed in Section 3.20.1.  Once the (S,G) tree is
   established, the listeners can send (S, G) Prune messages to R so
   that multicast packets for group G sourced by S will only be
   delivered via the (S, G) tree and not from the (*, G) tree rooted at
   R.  All mobility considerations discussed for SSM apply.

3.20.3.  Bi-Directional PIM (BIDIR-PIM)

   Bi-Directional PIM (BIDIR-PIM) [RFC5015] provides an alternate
   approach to ASM that treats the Rendezvous Point (RP) as a Designated
   Forwarder (DF).  Further considerations for BIDIR-PIM are out of
   scope.

3.21.  Operation over Multiple AERO Links (VLANs)

   An AERO Client can connect to multiple AERO links the same as for any
   data link service.  In that case, the Client maintains a distinct
   AERO interface for each link, e.g., 'aero0' for the first link,
   'aero1' for the second, 'aero2' for the third, etc.  Each AERO link
   would include its own distinct set of Relays, Servers and Proxys,
   thereby providing redundancy in case of failures.

   The Relays, Servers and Proxys on each AERO link can assign AERO and
   SPAN addresses that use the same or different numberings from those
   on other links.  Since the links are mutually independent there is no
   requirement for avoiding inter-link address duplication, e.g., the
   same AERO address such as fe80::1000 could be used to number distinct
   nodes that connect to different AERO links.

   Each AERO link could utilize the same or different ANET connections.
   The links can be distinguished at the link-layer via Virtual Local
   Area Network (VLAN) tagging (e.g., IEEE 802.1Q) and/or through
   assignment of distinct sets of MSPs on each link.  This gives rise to
   the opportunity for supporting multiple redundant networked paths,



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   where each VLAN is distinguished by a different label (e.g., colors
   such as Red, Green, Blue, etc.).  In particular, the Client can tag
   its RS messages with the appropriate label to cause the network to
   select the desired VLAN.

   Clients that connect to multiple AERO interfaces can select the
   outgoing interface appropriate for a given Red/Blue/Green/etc.
   traffic profile while (in the reverse direction) correspondent nodes
   must have some way of steering their packets destined to a target via
   the correct AERO link.

   In a first alternative, if each AERO link services different MSPs,
   then the Client can receive a distinct MNP from each of the links.
   IP routing will therefore assure that the correct Red/Green/Blue/etc.
   network is used for both outbound and inbound traffic.  This can be
   accomplished using existing technologies and approaches, and without
   requiring any special supporting code in correspondent nodes or
   Relays.

   In a second alternative, if each AERO link services the same MSP(s)
   then each link could assign a distinct "AERO Link Anycast" address
   that is configured by all Relays on the link.  Correspondent nodes
   then include a "type 4" routing header with the Anycast address for
   the AERO link as the IPv6 destination and with the address of the
   target encoded as the "next segment" in the routing header
   [RFC8402][I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header].  Standard IP routing
   will then direct the packet to the nearest Relay for the correct AERO
   link, which will replace the destination address with the target
   address then forward the packet to the target.

3.22.  DNS Considerations

   AERO Client MNs and INET correspondent nodes consult the Domain Name
   System (DNS) the same as for any Internetworking node.  When
   correspondent nodes and Client MNs use different IP protocol versions
   (e.g., IPv4 correspondents and IPv6 MNs), the INET DNS must maintain
   A records for IPv4 address mappings to MNs which must then be
   populated in Gateway NAT64 mapping caches.  In that way, an IPv4
   correspondent node can send packets to the IPv4 address mapping of
   the target MN, and the Gateway will translate the IPv4 header and
   destination address into an IPv6 header and IPv6 destination address
   of the MN.

   When an AERO Client registers with an AERO Server, the Server can
   return the address(es) of DNS servers in RDNSS options [RFC6106].
   The DNS server provides the IP addresses of other MNs and
   correspondent nodes in AAAA records for IPv6 or A records for IPv4.




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3.23.  Transition Considerations

   The SPAN ensures that dissimilar INET partitions can be joined into a
   single unified AERO link, even though the partitions themselves may
   have differing protocol versions and/or incompatible addressing
   plans.  However, a commonality can be achieved by incrementally
   distributing globally routable (i.e., native) IP prefixes to
   eventually reach all nodes (both mobile and fixed) in all SPAN
   segments.  This can be accomplished by incrementally deploying AERO
   Gateways on each INET partition, with each Gateway distributing its
   MNPs and/or discovering non-MNP prefixes on its INET links.

   This gives rise to the opportunity to eventually distribute native IP
   addresses to all nodes, and to present a unified AERO link view
   (bridged by the SPAN) even if the INET partitions remain in their
   current protocol and addressing plans.  In that way, the AERO link
   can serve the dual purpose of providing a mobility/multilink service
   and a transition service.  Or, if an INET partition is transitioned
   to a native IP protocol version and addressing scheme that is
   compatible with the AERO link MNP-based addressing scheme, the
   partition and AERO link can be joined by Gateways.

   Gateways that connect INETs/EUNs with dissimilar IP protocol versions
   must employ a network address and protocol translation function such
   as NAT64[RFC6146].

3.24.  Detecting and Reacting to Server and Relay Failures

   In environments where rapid failure recovery is required, Servers and
   Relays SHOULD use Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) [RFC5880].
   Nodes that use BFD can quickly detect and react to failures so that
   cached information is re-established through alternate nodes.  BFD
   control messaging is carried only over well-connected ground domain
   networks (i.e., and not low-end radio links) and can therefore be
   tuned for rapid response.

   Servers and Relays maintain BFD sessions in parallel with their BGP
   peerings.  If a Server or Relay fails, BGP peers will quickly re-
   establish routes through alternate paths the same as for common BGP
   deployments.  Similarly, Proxys maintain BFD sessions with their
   associated Relays even though they do not establish BGP peerings with
   them.

   Proxys SHOULD use proactive NUD for Servers for which there are
   currently active ANET Clients in a manner that parallels BFD, i.e.,
   by sending unicast NS messages in rapid succession to receive
   solicited NA messages.  When the Proxy is also sending RS messages on
   behalf of ANET Clients, the RS/RA messaging can be considered as



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   equivalent hints of forward progress.  This means that the Proxy need
   not also send a periodic NS if it has already sent an RS within the
   same period.  If a Server fails, the Proxy will cease to receive
   advertisements and can quickly inform Clients of the outage by
   sending multicast RA messages on the ANET interface.

   The Proxy sends multicast RA messages with source address set to the
   Server's address, destination address set to All-Nodes multicast, and
   Router Lifetime set to 0.  The Proxy SHOULD send
   MAX_FINAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS RA messages separated by small delays
   [RFC4861].  Any Clients on the ANET interface that have been using
   the (now defunct) Server will receive the RA messages and associate
   with a new Server.

3.25.  AERO Clients on the Open Internet

   AERO Clients that connect to the open Internet via native and/or
   NATed interfaces can establish a VPN to securely connect to a Server
   in a "tethered" arrangement with all of the Client's traffic
   transiting the Server.  Alternatively, the Client can exchange ND
   messages directly with other AERO nodes using SPAN/INET
   encapsulation.  In that case, the Client must apply asymmetric
   security for IPv6 ND messages to ensure routing and neighbor cache
   integrity using SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) [RFC3971] and
   Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGAs) [RFC3972].

   When a Client enables native and/or NATed interfaces underneath its
   AERO interface, it sends an RS message with IPv6 source address set
   to a link-local CGA, with IPv6 destination set to All-Routers
   multicast, with an OMNI opton and with SEND/CGA options to provide
   message authentication.  The Client also includes an SLLAO with the
   IP address and Port Number used for INET enacpsulation written in
   obfuscated form as discussed in Section 3.6.  The Client wraps the
   message in a SPAN header with source address set to the Client's SPAN
   address and with destination address set to the SPAN address of a
   Server.  The Client then further wraps the SPAN message in an INET
   header with source set to the Client's INET address and destination
   set to the Server's INET address, then sends the message to the
   Server.

   When the Server receives the RS message, it authenticates the message
   and registers the Client's MNP and INET interface information
   according to the OMNI option parameters.  The Server then returns an
   RA message with IPv6 source set to its CGA, with IPv6 destination set
   to the Client's CGA, with an OMNI option and with SEND/CGA options to
   provide message authentication.  If the Client is located behind a
   NAT, the Server further sets the N bit in the RA flags field to 1
   (see: Section 5).  The Server then wraps the message in a SPAN header



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   with source address set to the Server's SPAN address and destination
   set to the Client's SPAN address, and further wraps the SPAN message
   in an INET header with source set to the Server's INET address and
   destination set to the Client's INET address.

   After the Client has registered its INET interfaces in such RS/RA
   exchanges it sends periodic RS messages to receive fresh RA messages
   before the Router Lifetime received on each INET interface expires
   (again, using SEND/CGA).  The Client also maintains default routes
   via its Servers, i.e., the same as described in earlier sections.

   When the Client sends messages to target IP addresses, it also
   invokes route optimization per Section 3.17 using IPv6 ND address
   resolution messaging.  The Client sends the (SEND/CGA-protected)
   NS(AR) message wrapped in a SPAN header with source set to the
   Client's SPAN address and destination set to the target IP address,
   and with INET destination address set to the address of the Server.
   The Server authenticates the message and sends a corresponding NS(AR)
   message over the SPAN.  When the ROR receives the NS(AR), it adds the
   Client's SPAN addressand Server's INET address to the target's Report
   List, and returns an NA with OMNI and TLLAO information for the
   target.  (For any of the target's interfaces that are located behind
   a NAT, the ROR includes its own address and port in the TLLAO for
   that interface; otherwise, it includes the target's native address
   and port.)  The Server then returns a (SEND/CGA-protected) NA message
   to the Client.

   Following route optimization, the Client forwards data packets
   directly to the INET addresses of the target according to the OMNI/
   TLLAO information.  The ROR may reutrn uNAs via the Server if the
   target moves, and the Server will send corresponding (SEND/CGA-
   protected) uNAs to the Client.  The Client can also send "loopback"
   NS(NUD) messages as discussed in Section 3.18 to test forward path
   reachability even though there is no security association between the
   Client and the target.

   Note: when the target is an AERO Client interface located behind a
   NAT, the Client's Server is included in the forwarding path for
   delivery of packets to the Client via that interface.  Future updates
   to this specification MAY include provisions for allowing direct
   packet forwarding to the Client via the NAT without transiting the
   Server.  [RFC4380] provides example procedures for supporting such
   inbound NAT traversal.








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4.  Implementation Status

   An AERO implementation based on OpenVPN (https://openvpn.net/) was
   announced on the v6ops mailing list on January 10, 2018 and an
   initial public release of the AERO proof-of-concept source code was
   announced on the intarea mailing list on August 21, 2015.

   As of 4/1/2020, more recent updated implementations are under
   internal development and testing with plans to release in the near
   future.

5.  IANA Considerations

   The IANA has assigned a 4-octet Private Enterprise Number "45282" for
   AERO in the "enterprise-numbers" registry.

   The IANA has assigned the UDP port number "8060" for an earlier
   experimental version of AERO [RFC6706].  This document obsoletes
   [RFC6706] and claims the UDP port number "8060" for all future use.

   The IANA is requested to assign a new IPv6 ND Router Advertiisement
   (RA) flag (value TBD per [RFC5175]), to be known as the "NAT
   Traversal (N)" flag.

   No further IANA actions are required.

6.  Security Considerations

   AERO Relays configure secured tunnels with AERO Servers and Proxys
   within their local SPAN segments.  Applicable secured tunnel
   alternatives include IPsec [RFC4301], TLS/SSL [RFC8446], DTLS
   [RFC6347], WireGuard, etc.  The AERO Relays of all SPAN segments in
   turn configure secured tunnels for their neighboring AERO Relays
   across the SPAN.  Therefore, control messages that traverse the SPAN
   between any pair of AERO link neighbors are already secured.

   AERO Servers, Gateways and Proxys targeted by a route optimization
   may also receive packets directly from the INET partitions instead of
   via the SPAN.  For INET partitions that apply effective ingress
   filtering to defeat source address spoofing, the simple data origin
   authentication procedures in Section 3.11 can be applied.

   For INET partitions that cannot apply effective ingress filtering,
   the two options for securing communications include 1) disable route
   optimization so that all traffic is conveyed over secured tunnels via
   the SPAN, or 2) enable on-demand secure tunnel creation between INET
   partition neighbors.  Option 1) would result in longer routes than
   necessary and traffic concentration on critical infrastructure



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   elements.  Option 2) could be coordinated by establishing a secured
   tunnel on-demand instead of performing an NS/NA exchange in the route
   optimization procedures.  Procedures for establishing on-demand
   secured tunnels are out of scope.

   AERO Clients that connect to secured enclaves need not apply security
   to their ND messages, since the messages will be intercepted by a
   perimeter Proxy that applies security on its outward-facing
   interface.  AERO Clients located outside of secured enclaves can use
   symmetric network and/or transport layer security services such as
   VPNs, but when there are many prospective neighbors with dynamically
   changing connectivity an asymmetric security service such as SEcure
   Neighbor Discovery (SEND) [RFC3971] and Cryptographically Generated
   Addresses (CGAs) [RFC3972] may be more appropriate.

   Application endpoints SHOULD use application-layer security services
   such as TLS/SSL, DTLS or SSH [RFC4251] to assure the same level of
   protection as for critical secured Internet services.  AERO Clients
   that require host-based VPN services SHOULD use symmetric network
   and/or transport layer security services such as IPsec, TLS/SSL,
   DTLS, etc.  AERO Proxys and Servers can also provide a network-based
   VPN service on behalf of the Client, e.g., if the Client is located
   within a secured enclave and cannot establish a VPN on its own
   behalf.

   AERO Servers and Relays present targets for traffic amplification
   Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.  This concern is no different than
   for widely-deployed VPN security gateways in the Internet, where
   attackers could send spoofed packets to the gateways at high data
   rates.  This can be mitigated by connecting Servers and Relays over
   dedicated links with no connections to the Internet and/or when
   connections to the Internet are only permitted through well-managed
   firewalls.  Traffic amplification DoS attacks can also target an AERO
   Client's low data rate links.  This is a concern not only for Clients
   located on the open Internet but also for Clients in secured
   enclaves.  AERO Servers and Proxys can institute rate limits that
   protect Clients from receiving packet floods that could DoS low data
   rate links.

   AERO Gateways must implement ingress filtering to avoid a spoofing
   attack in which spurious SPAN messages are injected into an AERO link
   from an outside attacker.  AERO Clients MUST ensure that their
   connectivity is not used by unauthorized nodes on their EUNs to gain
   access to a protected network, i.e., AERO Clients that act as routers
   MUST NOT provide routing services for unauthorized nodes.  (This
   concern is no different than for ordinary hosts that receive an IP
   address delegation but then "share" the address with other nodes via
   some form of Internet connection sharing such as tethering.)



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   The MAP list MUST be well-managed and secured from unauthorized
   tampering, even though the list contains only public information.
   The MAP list can be conveyed to the Client in a similar fashion as in
   [RFC5214] (e.g., through layer 2 data link login messaging, secure
   upload of a static file, DNS lookups, etc.).

   Although public domain and commercial SEND implementations exist,
   concerns regarding the strength of the cryptographic hash algorithm
   have been documented [RFC6273] [RFC4982].

   Security considerations for accepting link-layer ICMP messages and
   reflected packets are discussed throughout the document.

7.  Acknowledgements

   Discussions in the IETF, aviation standards communities and private
   exchanges helped shape some of the concepts in this work.
   Individuals who contributed insights include Mikael Abrahamsson, Mark
   Andrews, Fred Baker, Bob Braden, Stewart Bryant, Brian Carpenter,
   Wojciech Dec, Pavel Drasil, Ralph Droms, Adrian Farrel, Nick Green,
   Sri Gundavelli, Brian Haberman, Bernhard Haindl, Joel Halpern, Tom
   Herbert, Sascha Hlusiak, Lee Howard, Zdenek Jaron, Andre Kostur,
   Hubert Kuenig, Ted Lemon, Andy Malis, Satoru Matsushima, Tomek
   Mrugalski, Madhu Niraula, Alexandru Petrescu, Behcet Saikaya, Michal
   Skorepa, Joe Touch, Bernie Volz, Ryuji Wakikawa, Tony Whyman, Lloyd
   Wood and James Woodyatt.  Members of the IESG also provided valuable
   input during their review process that greatly improved the document.
   Special thanks go to Stewart Bryant, Joel Halpern and Brian Haberman
   for their shepherding guidance during the publication of the AERO
   first edition.

   This work has further been encouraged and supported by Boeing
   colleagues including Kyle Bae, M.  Wayne Benson, Dave Bernhardt, Cam
   Brodie, John Bush, Balaguruna Chidambaram, Irene Chin, Bruce Cornish,
   Claudiu Danilov, Don Dillenburg, Joe Dudkowski, Wen Fang, Samad
   Farooqui, Anthony Gregory, Jeff Holland, Seth Jahne, Brian Jaury,
   Greg Kimberly, Ed King, Madhuri Madhava Badgandi, Laurel Matthew,
   Gene MacLean III, Rob Muszkiewicz, Sean O'Sullivan, Vijay
   Rajagopalan, Greg Saccone, Rod Santiago, Kent Shuey, Brian Skeen,
   Mike Slane, Carrie Spiker, Katie Tran, Brendan Williams, Amelia
   Wilson, Julie Wulff, Yueli Yang, Eric Yeh and other members of the
   Boeing mobility, networking and autonomy teams.  Kyle Bae, Wayne
   Benson, Katie Tran and Eric Yeh are especially acknowledged for
   implementing the AERO functions as extensions to the public domain
   OpenVPN distribution.

   Earlier works on NBMA tunneling approaches are found in
   [RFC2529][RFC5214][RFC5569].



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   Many of the constructs presented in this second edition of AERO are
   based on the author's earlier works, including:

   o  The Internet Routing Overlay Network (IRON)
      [RFC6179][I-D.templin-ironbis]

   o  Virtual Enterprise Traversal (VET)
      [RFC5558][I-D.templin-intarea-vet]

   o  The Subnetwork Encapsulation and Adaptation Layer (SEAL)
      [RFC5320][I-D.templin-intarea-seal]

   o  AERO, First Edition [RFC6706]

   Note that these works cite numerous earlier efforts that are not also
   cited here due to space limitations.  The authors of those earlier
   works are acknowledged for their insights.

   This work is aligned with the NASA Safe Autonomous Systems Operation
   (SASO) program under NASA contract number NNA16BD84C.

   This work is aligned with the FAA as per the SE2025 contract number
   DTFAWA-15-D-00030.

   This work is aligned with the Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA)
   Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomy programs.

   This work is aligned with the Boeing Information Technology (BIT)
   MobileNet program.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.templin-6man-omni-interface]
              Templin, F. and T. Whyman, "Transmission of IPv6 Packets
              over Overlay Multilink Network (OMNI) Interfaces", draft-
              templin-6man-omni-interface-09 (work in progress), April
              2020.

   [RFC0791]  Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.

   [RFC0792]  Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
              RFC 792, DOI 10.17487/RFC0792, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc792>.




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   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2473]  Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
              IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, DOI 10.17487/RFC2473,
              December 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2473>.

   [RFC2474]  Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
              "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
              Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.

   [RFC3971]  Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
              "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>.

   [RFC3972]  Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)",
              RFC 3972, DOI 10.17487/RFC3972, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3972>.

   [RFC4191]  Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
              More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, DOI 10.17487/RFC4191,
              November 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4191>.

   [RFC4193]  Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
              Addresses", RFC 4193, DOI 10.17487/RFC4193, October 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4193>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC4862]  Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
              Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4862, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4862>.

   [RFC5175]  Haberman, B., Ed. and R. Hinden, "IPv6 Router
              Advertisement Flags Option", RFC 5175,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5175, March 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5175>.





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   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8200]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

   [RFC8415]  Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
              Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
              "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
              RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [BGP]      Huston, G., "BGP in 2015, http://potaroo.net", January
              2016.

   [I-D.ietf-6man-segment-routing-header]
              Filsfils, C., Dukes, D., Previdi, S., Leddy, J.,
              Matsushima, S., and D. Voyer, "IPv6 Segment Routing Header
              (SRH)", draft-ietf-6man-segment-routing-header-26 (work in
              progress), October 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-dmm-distributed-mobility-anchoring]
              Chan, A., Wei, X., Lee, J., Jeon, S., and C. Bernardos,
              "Distributed Mobility Anchoring", draft-ietf-dmm-
              distributed-mobility-anchoring-15 (work in progress),
              March 2020.

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-gue]
              Herbert, T., Yong, L., and O. Zia, "Generic UDP
              Encapsulation", draft-ietf-intarea-gue-09 (work in
              progress), October 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-gue-extensions]
              Herbert, T., Yong, L., and F. Templin, "Extensions for
              Generic UDP Encapsulation", draft-ietf-intarea-gue-
              extensions-06 (work in progress), March 2019.

   [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]
              Touch, J. and M. Townsley, "IP Tunnels in the Internet
              Architecture", draft-ietf-intarea-tunnels-10 (work in
              progress), September 2019.





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   [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-atn-bgp]
              Templin, F., Saccone, G., Dawra, G., Lindem, A., and V.
              Moreno, "A Simple BGP-based Mobile Routing System for the
              Aeronautical Telecommunications Network", draft-ietf-
              rtgwg-atn-bgp-05 (work in progress), January 2020.

   [I-D.templin-6man-dhcpv6-ndopt]
              Templin, F., "A Unified Stateful/Stateless Configuration
              Service for IPv6", draft-templin-6man-dhcpv6-ndopt-09
              (work in progress), January 2020.

   [I-D.templin-intarea-grefrag]
              Templin, F., "GRE Tunnel Level Fragmentation", draft-
              templin-intarea-grefrag-04 (work in progress), July 2016.

   [I-D.templin-intarea-seal]
              Templin, F., "The Subnetwork Encapsulation and Adaptation
              Layer (SEAL)", draft-templin-intarea-seal-68 (work in
              progress), January 2014.

   [I-D.templin-intarea-vet]
              Templin, F., "Virtual Enterprise Traversal (VET)", draft-
              templin-intarea-vet-40 (work in progress), May 2013.

   [I-D.templin-ironbis]
              Templin, F., "The Interior Routing Overlay Network
              (IRON)", draft-templin-ironbis-16 (work in progress),
              March 2014.

   [I-D.templin-v6ops-pdhost]
              Templin, F., "IPv6 Prefix Delegation and Multi-Addressing
              Models", draft-templin-v6ops-pdhost-25 (work in progress),
              January 2020.

   [OVPN]     OpenVPN, O., "http://openvpn.net", October 2016.

   [RFC1035]  Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
              specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
              November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

   [RFC1122]  Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
              Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.

   [RFC1191]  Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>.



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   [RFC1812]  Baker, F., Ed., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers",
              RFC 1812, DOI 10.17487/RFC1812, June 1995,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1812>.

   [RFC2003]  Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2003, October 1996,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2003>.

   [RFC2236]  Fenner, W., "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version
              2", RFC 2236, DOI 10.17487/RFC2236, November 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2236>.

   [RFC2492]  Armitage, G., Schulter, P., and M. Jork, "IPv6 over ATM
              Networks", RFC 2492, DOI 10.17487/RFC2492, January 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2492>.

   [RFC2529]  Carpenter, B. and C. Jung, "Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4
              Domains without Explicit Tunnels", RFC 2529,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2529, March 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2529>.

   [RFC2764]  Gleeson, B., Lin, A., Heinanen, J., Armitage, G., and A.
              Malis, "A Framework for IP Based Virtual Private
              Networks", RFC 2764, DOI 10.17487/RFC2764, February 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2764>.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2784, March 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2784>.

   [RFC2890]  Dommety, G., "Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE",
              RFC 2890, DOI 10.17487/RFC2890, September 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2890>.

   [RFC2923]  Lahey, K., "TCP Problems with Path MTU Discovery",
              RFC 2923, DOI 10.17487/RFC2923, September 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2923>.

   [RFC2983]  Black, D., "Differentiated Services and Tunnels",
              RFC 2983, DOI 10.17487/RFC2983, October 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2983>.

   [RFC3168]  Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
              of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
              RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.




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   [RFC3810]  Vida, R., Ed. and L. Costa, Ed., "Multicast Listener
              Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3810, June 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3810>.

   [RFC3819]  Karn, P., Ed., Bormann, C., Fairhurst, G., Grossman, D.,
              Ludwig, R., Mahdavi, J., Montenegro, G., Touch, J., and L.
              Wood, "Advice for Internet Subnetwork Designers", BCP 89,
              RFC 3819, DOI 10.17487/RFC3819, July 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3819>.

   [RFC4213]  Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms
              for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4213, October 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4213>.

   [RFC4251]  Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Protocol Architecture", RFC 4251, DOI 10.17487/RFC4251,
              January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4251>.

   [RFC4271]  Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
              Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.

   [RFC4291]  Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
              Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

   [RFC4301]  Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
              Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
              December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.

   [RFC4380]  Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through
              Network Address Translations (NATs)", RFC 4380,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4380, February 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4380>.

   [RFC4389]  Thaler, D., Talwar, M., and C. Patel, "Neighbor Discovery
              Proxies (ND Proxy)", RFC 4389, DOI 10.17487/RFC4389, April
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4389>.

   [RFC4443]  Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
              Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
              Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", STD 89,
              RFC 4443, DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.




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   [RFC4511]  Sermersheim, J., Ed., "Lightweight Directory Access
              Protocol (LDAP): The Protocol", RFC 4511,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4511, June 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4511>.

   [RFC4541]  Christensen, M., Kimball, K., and F. Solensky,
              "Considerations for Internet Group Management Protocol
              (IGMP) and Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Snooping
              Switches", RFC 4541, DOI 10.17487/RFC4541, May 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4541>.

   [RFC4605]  Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick,
              "Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast
              Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding
              ("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, DOI 10.17487/RFC4605,
              August 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4605>.

   [RFC4607]  Holbrook, H. and B. Cain, "Source-Specific Multicast for
              IP", RFC 4607, DOI 10.17487/RFC4607, August 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4607>.

   [RFC4963]  Heffner, J., Mathis, M., and B. Chandler, "IPv4 Reassembly
              Errors at High Data Rates", RFC 4963,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4963, July 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4963>.

   [RFC4982]  Bagnulo, M. and J. Arkko, "Support for Multiple Hash
              Algorithms in Cryptographically Generated Addresses
              (CGAs)", RFC 4982, DOI 10.17487/RFC4982, July 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4982>.

   [RFC5015]  Handley, M., Kouvelas, I., Speakman, T., and L. Vicisano,
              "Bidirectional Protocol Independent Multicast (BIDIR-
              PIM)", RFC 5015, DOI 10.17487/RFC5015, October 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5015>.

   [RFC5214]  Templin, F., Gleeson, T., and D. Thaler, "Intra-Site
              Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)", RFC 5214,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5214, March 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5214>.

   [RFC5320]  Templin, F., Ed., "The Subnetwork Encapsulation and
              Adaptation Layer (SEAL)", RFC 5320, DOI 10.17487/RFC5320,
              February 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5320>.







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   [RFC5522]  Eddy, W., Ivancic, W., and T. Davis, "Network Mobility
              Route Optimization Requirements for Operational Use in
              Aeronautics and Space Exploration Mobile Networks",
              RFC 5522, DOI 10.17487/RFC5522, October 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5522>.

   [RFC5558]  Templin, F., Ed., "Virtual Enterprise Traversal (VET)",
              RFC 5558, DOI 10.17487/RFC5558, February 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5558>.

   [RFC5569]  Despres, R., "IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4
              Infrastructures (6rd)", RFC 5569, DOI 10.17487/RFC5569,
              January 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5569>.

   [RFC5880]  Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
              (BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.

   [RFC6106]  Jeong, J., Park, S., Beloeil, L., and S. Madanapalli,
              "IPv6 Router Advertisement Options for DNS Configuration",
              RFC 6106, DOI 10.17487/RFC6106, November 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6106>.

   [RFC6146]  Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, DOI 10.17487/RFC6146,
              April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6146>.

   [RFC6179]  Templin, F., Ed., "The Internet Routing Overlay Network
              (IRON)", RFC 6179, DOI 10.17487/RFC6179, March 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6179>.

   [RFC6221]  Miles, D., Ed., Ooghe, S., Dec, W., Krishnan, S., and A.
              Kavanagh, "Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent", RFC 6221,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6221, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6221>.

   [RFC6273]  Kukec, A., Krishnan, S., and S. Jiang, "The Secure
              Neighbor Discovery (SEND) Hash Threat Analysis", RFC 6273,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6273, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6273>.

   [RFC6347]  Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
              Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
              January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.






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   [RFC6438]  Carpenter, B. and S. Amante, "Using the IPv6 Flow Label
              for Equal Cost Multipath Routing and Link Aggregation in
              Tunnels", RFC 6438, DOI 10.17487/RFC6438, November 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6438>.

   [RFC6706]  Templin, F., Ed., "Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization
              (AERO)", RFC 6706, DOI 10.17487/RFC6706, August 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6706>.

   [RFC6864]  Touch, J., "Updated Specification of the IPv4 ID Field",
              RFC 6864, DOI 10.17487/RFC6864, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6864>.

   [RFC7269]  Chen, G., Cao, Z., Xie, C., and D. Binet, "NAT64
              Deployment Options and Experience", RFC 7269,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7269, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7269>.

   [RFC7333]  Chan, H., Ed., Liu, D., Seite, P., Yokota, H., and J.
              Korhonen, "Requirements for Distributed Mobility
              Management", RFC 7333, DOI 10.17487/RFC7333, August 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7333>.

   [RFC7421]  Carpenter, B., Ed., Chown, T., Gont, F., Jiang, S.,
              Petrescu, A., and A. Yourtchenko, "Analysis of the 64-bit
              Boundary in IPv6 Addressing", RFC 7421,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7421, January 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7421>.

   [RFC7761]  Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., Kouvelas, I.,
              Parekh, R., Zhang, Z., and L. Zheng, "Protocol Independent
              Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification
              (Revised)", STD 83, RFC 7761, DOI 10.17487/RFC7761, March
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7761>.

   [RFC8086]  Yong, L., Ed., Crabbe, E., Xu, X., and T. Herbert, "GRE-
              in-UDP Encapsulation", RFC 8086, DOI 10.17487/RFC8086,
              March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8086>.

   [RFC8201]  McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed.,
              "Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>.

   [RFC8402]  Filsfils, C., Ed., Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L.,
              Decraene, B., Litkowski, S., and R. Shakir, "Segment
              Routing Architecture", RFC 8402, DOI 10.17487/RFC8402,
              July 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8402>.



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   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.

Appendix A.  AERO Alternate Encapsulations

   When GUE encapsulation is not needed, AERO can use common
   encapsulations such as IP-in-IP [RFC2003][RFC2473][RFC4213], Generic
   Routing Encapsulation (GRE) [RFC2784][RFC2890] and others.  The
   encapsulation is therefore only differentiated from non-AERO tunnels
   through the application of AERO control messaging and not through,
   e.g., a well-known UDP port number.

   As for GUE encapsulation, alternate AERO encapsulation formats may
   require encapsulation layer fragmentation.  For simple IP-in-IP
   encapsulation, an IPv6 fragment header is inserted directly between
   the inner and outer IP headers when needed, i.e., even if the outer
   header is IPv4.  The IPv6 Fragment Header is identified to the outer
   IP layer by its IP protocol number, and the Next Header field in the
   IPv6 Fragment Header identifies the inner IP header version.  For GRE
   encapsulation, a GRE fragment header is inserted within the GRE
   header [I-D.templin-intarea-grefrag].

   Figure 6 shows the AERO IP-in-IP encapsulation format before any
   fragmentation is applied:

        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |     Outer IPv4 Header     |      |    Outer IPv6 Header      |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |IPv6 Frag Header (optional)|      |IPv6 Frag Header (optional)|
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |      Inner IP Header      |      |       Inner IP Header     |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |                           |      |                           |
        ~                           ~      ~                           ~
        ~    Inner Packet Body      ~      ~     Inner Packet Body     ~
        ~                           ~      ~                           ~
        |                           |      |                           |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

        Minimal Encapsulation in IPv4      Minimal Encapsulation in IPv6


           Figure 6: Minimal Encapsulation Format using IP-in-IP

   Figure 7 shows the AERO GRE encapsulation format before any
   fragmentation is applied:




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        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |        Outer IP Header        |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |          GRE Header           |
        | (with checksum, key, etc..)   |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        | GRE Fragment Header (optional)|
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |        Inner IP Header        |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |                               |
        ~                               ~
        ~      Inner Packet Body        ~
        ~                               ~
        |                               |
        +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


                 Figure 7: Minimal Encapsulation Using GRE

   Alternate encapsulation may be preferred in environments where GUE
   encapsulation would add unnecessary overhead.  For example, certain
   low-bandwidth wireless data links may benefit from a reduced
   encapsulation overhead.

   GUE encapsulation can traverse network paths that are inaccessible to
   non-UDP encapsulations, e.g., for crossing Network Address
   Translators (NATs).  More and more, network middleboxes are also
   being configured to discard packets that include anything other than
   a well-known IP protocol such as UDP and TCP.  It may therefore be
   necessary to determine the potential for middlebox filtering before
   enabling alternate encapsulation in a given environment.

   In addition to IP-in-IP, GRE and GUE, AERO can also use security
   encapsulations such as IPsec, TLS/SSL, DTLS, etc.  In that case, AERO
   control messaging and route determination occur before security
   encapsulation is applied for outgoing packets and after security
   decapsulation is applied for incoming packets.

   AERO is especially well suited for use with VPN system encapsulations
   such as OpenVPN [OVPN].

Appendix B.  Non-Normative Considerations

   AERO can be applied to a multitude of Internetworking scenarios, with
   each having its own adaptations.  The following considerations are
   provided as non-normative guidance:




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B.1.  Implementation Strategies for Route Optimization

   Route optimization as discussed in Section 3.17 results in the route
   optimization source (ROS) creating an asymmetric neighbor cache entry
   for the target neighbor.  The neighbor cache entry is maintained for
   at most REACHABLETIME seconds and then deleted unless updated.  In
   order to refresh the neighbor cache entry lifetime before the
   ReachableTime timer expires, the specification requires
   implementations to issue a new NS/NA exchange to reset ReachableTime
   to REACHABLETIME seconds while data packets are still flowing.
   However, the decision of when to initiate a new NS/NA exchange and to
   perpetuate the process is left as an implementation detail.

   One possible strategy may be to monitor the neighbor cache entry
   watching for data packets for (REACHABLETIME - 5) seconds.  If any
   data packets have been sent to the neighbor within this timeframe,
   then send an NS to receive a new NA.  If no data packets have been
   sent, wait for 5 additional seconds and send an immediate NS if any
   data packets are sent within this "expiration pending" 5 second
   window.  If no additional data packets are sent within the 5 second
   window, delete the neighbor cache entry.

   The monitoring of the neighbor data packet traffic therefore becomes
   an asymmetric ongoing process during the neighbor cache entry
   lifetime.  If the neighbor cache entry expires, future data packets
   will trigger a new NS/NA exchange while the packets themselves are
   delivered over a longer path until route optimization state is re-
   established.

B.2.  Implicit Mobility Management

   AERO interface neighbors MAY provide a configuration option that
   allows them to perform implicit mobility management in which no ND
   messaging is used.  In that case, the Client only transmits packets
   over a single interface at a time, and the neighbor always observes
   packets arriving from the Client from the same link-layer source
   address.

   If the Client's underlying interface address changes (either due to a
   readdressing of the original interface or switching to a new
   interface) the neighbor immediately updates the neighbor cache entry
   for the Client and begins accepting and sending packets according to
   the Client's new address.  This implicit mobility method applies to
   use cases such as cellphones with both WiFi and Cellular interfaces
   where only one of the interfaces is active at a given time, and the
   Client automatically switches over to the backup interface if the
   primary interface fails.




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B.3.  Direct Underlying Interfaces

   When a Client's AERO interface is configured over a Direct interface,
   the neighbor at the other end of the Direct link can receive packets
   without any encapsulation.  In that case, the Client sends packets
   over the Direct link according to QoS preferences.  If the Direct
   interface has the highest QoS preference, then the Client's IP
   packets are transmitted directly to the peer without going through an
   ANET/INET.  If other interfaces have higher QoS preferences, then the
   Client's IP packets are transmitted via a different interface, which
   may result in the inclusion of Proxys, Servers and Relays in the
   communications path.  Direct interfaces must be tested periodically
   for reachability, e.g., via NUD.

B.4.  Operation on AERO Links with /64 ASPs

   IPv6 AERO links typically have MSPs that aggregate many candidate
   MNPs of length /64 or shorter.  However, in some cases it may be
   desirable to use AERO over links that have only a /64 MSP.  This can
   be accommodated by treating all Clients on the AERO link as simple
   hosts that receive /128 prefix delegations.

   In that case, the Client sends an RS message to the Server the same
   as for ordinary AERO links.  The Server responds with an RA message
   that includes one or more /128 prefixes (i.e., singleton addresses)
   that include the /64 MSP prefix along with an interface identifier
   portion to be assigned to the Client.  The Client and Server then
   configure their AERO addresses based on the interface identifier
   portions of the /128s (i.e., the lower 64 bits) and not based on the
   /64 prefix (i.e., the upper 64 bits).

   For example, if the MSP for the host-only IPv6 AERO link is
   2001:db8:1000:2000::/64, each Client will receive one or more /128
   IPv6 prefix delegations such as 2001:db8:1000:2000::1/128,
   2001:db8:1000:2000::2/128, etc.  When the Client receives the prefix
   delegations, it assigns the AERO addresses fe80::1, fe80::2, etc. to
   the AERO interface, and assigns the global IPv6 addresses (i.e., the
   /128s) to either the AERO interface or an internal virtual interface
   such as a loopback.  In this arrangement, the Client conducts route
   optimization in the same sense as discussed in Section 3.17.

   This specification has applicability for nodes that act as a Client
   on an "upstream" AERO link, but also act as a Server on "downstream"
   AERO links.  More specifically, if the node acts as a Client to
   receive a /64 prefix from the upstream AERO link it can then act as a
   Server to provision /128s to Clients on downstream AERO links.





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B.5.  AERO Critical Infrastructure Considerations

   AERO Relays can be either Commercial off-the Shelf (COTS) standard IP
   routers or virtual machines in the cloud.  Relays must be
   provisioned, supported and managed by the INET administrative
   authority, and connected to the Relays of other INETs via inter-
   domain peerings.  Cost for purchasing, configuring and managing
   Relays is nominal even for very large AERO links.

   AERO Servers can be standard dedicated server platforms, but most
   often will be deployed as virtual machines in the cloud.  The only
   requirements for Servers are that they can run the AERO user-level
   code and have at least one network interface connection to the INET.
   As with Relays, Servers must be provisioned, supported and managed by
   the INET administrative authority.  Cost for purchasing, configuring
   and managing Servers is nominal especially for virtual Servers hosted
   in the cloud.

   AERO Proxys are most often standard dedicated server platforms with
   one network interface connected to the ANET and a second interface
   connected to an INET.  As with Servers, the only requirements are
   that they can run the AERO user-level code and have at least one
   interface connection to the INET.  Proxys must be provisioned,
   supported and managed by the ANET administrative authority.  Cost for
   purchasing, configuring and managing Proxys is nominal, and borne by
   the ANET administrative authority.

   AERO Gateways can be any dedicated server or COTS router platform
   connected to INETs and/or EUNs.  The Gateway joins the SPAN and
   engages in eBGP peering with one or more Relays as a stub AS.  The
   Gateway then injects its MNPs and/or non-MNP prefixes into the BGP
   routing system, and provisions the prefixes to its downstream-
   attached networks.  The Gateway can perform ROS/ROR services the same
   as for any Server, and can route between the MNP and non-MNP address
   spaces.

B.6.  AERO Server Failure Implications

   AERO Servers may appear as a single point of failure in the
   architecture, but such is not the case since all Servers on the link
   provide identical services and loss of a Server does not imply
   immediate and/or comprehensive communication failures.  Although
   Clients typically associate with a single Server at a time, Server
   failure is quickly detected and conveyed by Bidirectional Forward
   Detection (BFD) and/or proactive NUD allowing Clients to migrate to
   new Servers.





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   If a Server fails, ongoing packet forwarding to Clients will continue
   by virtue of the asymmetric neighbor cache entries that have already
   been established in route optimization sources (ROSs).  If a Client
   also experiences mobility events at roughly the same time the Server
   fails, unsolicited NA messages may be lost but proxy neighbor cache
   entries in the DEPARTED state will ensure that packet forwarding to
   the Client's new locations will continue for up to DEPARTTIME
   seconds.

   If a Client is left without a Server for an extended timeframe (e.g.,
   greater than REACHABLETIIME seconds) then existing asymmetric
   neighbor cache entries will eventually expire and both ongoing and
   new communications will fail.  The original source will continue to
   retransmit until the Client has established a new Server
   relationship, after which time continuous communications will resume.

   Therefore, providing many Servers on the link with high availability
   profiles provides resilience against loss of individual Servers and
   assurance that Clients can establish new Server relationships quickly
   in event of a Server failure.

B.7.  AERO Client / Server Architecture

   The AERO architectural model is client / server in the control plane,
   with route optimization in the data plane.  The same as for common
   Internet services, the AERO Client discovers the addresses of AERO
   Servers and selects one Server to connect to.  The AERO service is
   analogous to common Internet services such as google.com, yahoo.com,
   cnn.com, etc.  However, there is only one AERO service for the link
   and all Servers provide identical services.

   Common Internet services provide differing strategies for advertising
   server addresses to clients.  The strategy is conveyed through the
   DNS resource records returned in response to name resolution queries.
   As of January 2020 Internet-based 'nslookup' services were used to
   determine the following:

   o  When a client resolves the domainname "google.com", the DNS always
      returns one A record (i.e., an IPv4 address) and one AAAA record
      (i.e., an IPv6 address).  The client receives the same addresses
      each time it resolves the domainname via the same DNS resolver,
      but may receive different addresses when it resolves the
      domainname via different DNS resolvers.  But, in each case,
      exactly one A and one AAAA record are returned.

   o  When a client resolves the domainname "ietf.org", the DNS always
      returns one A record and one AAAA record with the same addresses
      regardless of which DNS resolver is used.



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   o  When a client resolves the domainname "yahoo.com", the DNS always
      returns a list of 4 A records and 4 AAAA records.  Each time the
      client resolves the domainname via the same DNS resolver, the same
      list of addresses are returned but in randomized order (i.e.,
      consistent with a DNS round-robin strategy).  But, interestingly,
      the same addresses are returned (albeit in randomized order) when
      the domainname is resolved via different DNS resolvers.

   o  When a client resolves the domainname "amazon.com", the DNS always
      returns a list of 3 A records and no AAAA records.  As with
      "yahoo.com", the same three A records are returned from any
      worldwide Internet connection point in randomized order.

   The above example strategies show differing approaches to Internet
   resilience and service distribution offered by major Internet
   services.  The Google approach exposes only a single IPv4 and a
   single IPv6 address to clients.  Clients can then select whichever IP
   protocol version offers the best response, but will always use the
   same IP address according to the current Internet connection point.
   This means that the IP address offered by the network must lead to a
   highly-available server and/or service distribution point.  In other
   words, resilience is predicated on high availability within the
   network and with no client-initiated failovers expected (i.e., it is
   all-or-nothing from the client's perspective).  However, Google does
   provide for worldwide distributed service distribution by virtue of
   the fact that each Internet connection point responds with a
   different IPv6 and IPv4 address.  The IETF approach is like google
   (all-or-nothing from the client's perspective), but provides only a
   single IPv4 or IPv6 address on a worldwide basis.  This means that
   the addresses must be made highly-available at the network level with
   no client failover possibility, and if there is any worldwide service
   distribution it would need to be conducted by a network element that
   is reached via the IP address acting as a service distribution point.

   In contrast to the Google and IETF philosophies, Yahoo and Amazon
   both provide clients with a (short) list of IP addresses with Yahoo
   providing both IP protocol versions and Amazon as IPv4-only.  The
   order of the list is randomized with each name service query
   response, with the effect of round-robin load balancing for service
   distribution.  With a short list of addresses, there is still
   expectation that the network will implement high availability for
   each address but in case any single address fails the client can
   switch over to using a different address.  The balance then becomes
   one of function in the network vs function in the end system.

   The same implications observed for common highly-available services
   in the Internet apply also to the AERO client/server architecture.
   When an AERO Client connects to one or more ANETs, it discovers one



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   or more AERO Server addresses through the mechanisms discussed in
   earlier sections.  Each Server address presumably leads to a fault-
   tolerant clustering arrangement such as supported by Linux-HA,
   Extended Virtual Synchrony or Paxos.  Such an arrangement has
   precedence in common Internet service deployments in lightweight
   virtual machines without requiring expensive hardware deployment.
   Similarly, common Internet service deployments set service IP
   addresses on service distribution points that may relay requests to
   many different servers.

   For AERO, the expectation is that a combination of the Google/IETF
   and Yahoo/Amazon philosophies would be employed.  The AERO Client
   connects to different ANET access points and can receive 1-2 Server
   AERO addresses at each point.  It then selects one AERO Server
   address, and engages in RS/RA exchanges with the same Server from all
   ANET connections.  The Client remains with this Server unless or
   until the Server fails, in which case it can switch over to an
   alternate Server.  The Client can likewise switch over to a different
   Server at any time if there is some reason for it to do so.  So, the
   AERO expectation is for a balance of function in the network and end
   system, with fault tolerance and resilience at both levels.

Appendix C.  Change Log

   << RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-35 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-36:

   o  Clients in the open Internet secured using SEND/CGA.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-32 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-33:

   o  Updated Proxy discussion with "point-to-multipoint" server
      coordination

   o  Significant updates to Address Resolution and NUD to include
      correct addresses in messages

   o  Differentiate between NS(AR) and NS(NUD) as their addresses and
      use cases differ.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-30 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-31:

   o  Added "advisory PTB messages" under FAA SE2025 contract number
      DTFAWA-15-D-00030.



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   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-29 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-30:

   o  Deprecate "primary" concept.  Now, RS/RA keepalives are
      mainatained over *all* underlying interfaces (i.e., and not just
      one primary).

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-28 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-29:

   o  Changed OMNI interface citation to "draft-templin-6man-omni-
      interface"

   o  Changed SPAN Service Prefix to fd80::/10.

   o  Changed S/TLLAO format to include 'S' bit for ifIndex
      corresponding to the underlying interface that is Source of ND
      message.

   o  Updated Path MTU

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-27 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-28:

   o  MTU and fragmentation.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-26 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-27:

   o  MTU and fragmentation.

   o  SPAN Service Prefix set to fd00::/10

   o  Client SPAN addresses defined.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-25 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-26:

   o  MTU and RA configuration information updated.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-24 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-25:

   o  Added concept of "primary" to allow for proxyed RS/RA over only
      selected underlying interfaces.

   o  General Cleanup.




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   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-23 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-24:

   o  OMNI interface spec now a normative reference.

   o  Use REACHABLETIME as the nominal Router Lifetime to return in RAs.

   o  General cleanup.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-22 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-23:

   o  Choice of using either RS/RA or unsolicited NA for old Server
      notification.

   o  General cleanup.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-21 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-22:

   o  Tightened up text on Proxy.

   o  Removed unnecessarily restrictive texts.

   o  General cleanup.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-20 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-21:

   o  Clarified relationship between OMNI and S/TLLAO ifIndex-tuples.

   o  Important text in Section 13.15.3 on Servers timing out Clients
      that have gone silent without sending a departure notification.

   o  New text on RS/RA as "hints of forward progress" for proactive
      NUD.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-19 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-20:

   o  Included new route optimization source and destination addressing
      strategy.  Now, route optimization maintenance uses the address of
      the existing Server instead of the data packet destination address
      so that less pressure is placed on the BGP routing system
      convergence time and Server constancy is supported.

   o  Included new method for releasing from old MSE without requiring
      Client messaging.



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   o  Included references to new OMNI interface spec (including the OMNI
      option).

   o  New appendix on AERO Client/Server architecture.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-18 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-19:

   o  Changed Proxy/Server keepalives to use "proactive NUD" in a manner
      tha paralles BFD

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-17 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-18:

   o  Discuss how AERO option is used in relation to S/TLLAOs

   o  New text on Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)

   o  Cleaned up usage (and non-usage) of unsolicited NAs

   o  New appendix on Server failures

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-15 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-17:

   o  S/TLLAO now includes multiple link-layer addresses within a single
      option instead of requiring multiple options

   o  New unsolicited NA message to inform the old link that a Client
      has moved to a new link

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-14 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-15:

   o  MTU and fragmentation

   o  New details in movement to new Server

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-13 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-14:

   o  Security based on secured tunnels, ingress filtering, MAP list and
      ROS list

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-12 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-13:





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   o  New paragraph in Section 3.6 on AERO interface layering over
      secured tunnels

   o  Removed extraneous text in Section 3.7

   o  Added new detail to the forwarding algorithm in Section 3.9

   o  Clarified use of fragmentation

   o  Route optimization now supported for both MNP and non-MNP-based
      prefixes

   o  Relays are now seen as link-layer elements in the architecture.

   o  Built out multicast section in detail.

   o  New Appendix on implementation considerations for route
      optimization.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-11 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-12:

   o  Introduced Gateways as a new AERO element for connecting
      Correspondent Nodes on INET links

   o  Introduced terms "Access Network (ANET)" and "Internetwork (INET)"

   o  Changed "ASP" to "MSP", and "ACP" to "MNP"

   o  New figure on the relation of Segments to the SPAN and AERO link

   o  New "S" bit in S/TLLAO to indicate the "Source" S/TLLAO as opposed
      to additional S/TLLAOs

   o  Changed Interface ID for Servers from 255 to 0xffff

   o  Significant updates to Route Optimization, NUD, and Mobility
      Management

   o  New Section on Multicast

   o  New Section on AERO Clients in the open Internetwork

   o  New Section on Operation over multiple AERO links (VLANs over the
      SPAN)

   o  New Sections on DNS considerations and Transition considerations




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   o

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-10 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-11:

   o  Added The SPAN

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-09 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-10:

   o  Orphaned packets in flight (e.g., when a neighbor cache entry is
      in the DEPARTED state) are now forwarded at the link layer instead
      of at the network layer.  Forwarding at the network layer can
      result in routing loops and/or excessive delays of forwarded
      packets while the routing system is still reconverging.

   o  Update route optimization to clarify the unsecured nature of the
      first NS used for route discovery

   o  Many cleanups and clarifications on ND messaging parameters

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-08 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-09:

   o  Changed PRL to "MAP list"

   o  For neighbor cache entries, changed "static" to "symmetric", and
      "dynamic" to "asymmetric"

   o  Specified Proxy RS/RA exchanges with Servers on behalf of Clients

   o  Added discussion of unsolicited NAs in Section 3.16, and included
      forward reference to Section 3.18

   o  Added discussion of AERO Clients used as critical infrastructure
      elements to connect fixed networks.

   o  Added network-based VPN under security considerations

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-07 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-08:

   o  New section on AERO-Aware Access Router

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-06 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-07:





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   o  Added "R" bit for release of PDs.  Now have a full RS/RA service
      that can do PD without requiring DHCPv6 messaging over-the-air

   o  Clarifications on solicited vs unsolicited NAs

   o  Clarified use of MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENTS for the purpose of
      increase reliability

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-05 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-06:

   o  Major re-work and simplification of Route Optimization function

   o  Added Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) and Mobility Anchor
      Point (MAP) terminology

   o  New section on "AERO Critical Infrastructure Element
      Considerations" demonstrating low overall cost for the service

   o  minor text revisions and deletions

   o  removed extraneous appendices

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-04 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-05:

   o  New Appendix E on S/TLLAO Extensions for special-purpose links.
      Discussed ATN/IPS as example.

   o  New sentence in introduction to declare appendices as non-
      normative.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-03 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-04:

   o  Added definitions for Potential Router List (PRL) and secure
      enclave

   o  Included text on mapping transport layer port numbers to network
      layer DSCP values

   o  Added reference to DTLS and DMM Distributed Mobility Anchoring
      working group document

   o  Reworked Security Considerations

   o  Updated references.




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   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-02 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-03:

   o  Added new section on SEND.

   o  Clarifications on "AERO Address" section.

   o  Updated references and added new reference for RFC8086.

   o  Security considerations updates.

   o  General text clarifications and cleanup.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-01 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-02:

   o  Note on encapsulation avoidance in Section 4.

   Changes from draft-templin-intarea-6706bis-00 to draft-templin-
   intrea-6706bis-01:

   o  Remove DHCPv6 Server Release procedures that leveraged the old way
      Relays used to "route" between Server link-local addresses

   o  Remove all text relating to Relays needing to do any AERO-specific
      operations

   o  Proxy sends RS and receives RA from Server using SEND.  Use CGAs
      as source addresses, and destination address of RA reply is to the
      AERO address corresponding to the Client's ACP.

   o  Proxy uses SEND to protect RS and authenticate RA (Client does not
      use SEND, but rather relies on subnetwork security.  When the
      Proxy receives an RS from the Client, it creates a new RS using
      its own addresses as the source and uses SEND with CGAs to send a
      new RS to the Server.

   o  Emphasize distributed mobility management

   o  AERO address-based RS injection of ACP into underlying routing
      system.

   Changes from draft-templin-aerolink-82 to draft-templin-intarea-
   6706bis-00:

   o  Document use of NUD (NS/NA) for reliable link-layer address
      updates as an alternative to unreliable unsolicited NA.
      Consistent with Section 7.2.6 of RFC4861.



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   o  Server adds additional layer of encapsulation between outer and
      inner headers of NS/NA messages for transmission through Relays
      that act as vanilla IPv6 routers.  The messages include the AERO
      Server Subnet Router Anycast address as the source and the Subnet
      Router Anycast address corresponding to the Client's ACP as the
      destination.

   o  Clients use Subnet Router Anycast address as the encapsulation
      source address when the access network does not provide a
      topologically-fixed address.

Author's Address

   Fred L. Templin (editor)
   Boeing Research & Technology
   P.O. Box 3707
   Seattle, WA  98124
   USA

   Email: fltemplin@acm.org































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