NFSv4                                                                        R. Tewari
     Internet Draft                                                                 M. Naik
     Intended status: Standards Track                                                   IBM
     Expires: June 2008                                                           D. Ellard
                                                                                C. Everhart
                                                                          Network Appliance
     
                                                                          December 12, 2007
     
     
                          Protocol for Federated Filesystems v1.0
                         draft-tewari-nfsv4-federated-fs-protocol-00.txt
     
     
     Status of this Memo
     
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        except to publish it as an RFC and to translate it into languages other than
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        Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force
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        Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be
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        This Internet-Draft will expire on June 12, 2008.
     
     Copyright Notice
     
        Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     Abstract
     
     This document describes a file system federation protocol that enables file access and
     namespace traversal across collections of independently administered fileservers. The
     protocol specifies a set of interfaces by which fileservers and collections of
     fileservers with different administrators can form a fileserver federation that
     provides a namespace composed of the filesystems physically hosted on and exported by
     the constituent fileservers.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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        1  Introduction.....................................................5
           1.1   Protocol Goals.............................................5
        2  Overview of Features and Concepts................................6
           2.1   Namespace..................................................6
           2.2   Fileset....................................................6
              2.2.1    Fileset Location (FSL)...............................6
           2.3   Namespace Repository (NSDB)................................8
           2.4   Mount Points, Junctions and Referrals......................8
           2.5   Federation Root FileServers................................9
           2.6   Federation Root FileSet....................................9
           2.7   Fileservers................................................9
           2.8   File-access Clients........................................9
        3  Interaction with NFSv4...........................................9
        4  Finding the local NSDB...........................................10
        5  Examples.........................................................10
           5.1   Create a Fileset and its FSL(s)............................10
              5.1.1    Creating a Fileset and a FSN.........................10
              5.1.2    Adding a Replica of a Fileset........................11
           5.2   Junction Resolution........................................11
           5.3   Example use case for fileset annotations...................12
        6  Error Definitions................................................12
        7  Protocol Operations..............................................13
           7.1   ADMINISTRATIVE NSDB OPERATIONS.............................14
              7.1.1   FSN_CREATE............................................15
              7.1.2   FSN_DELETE............................................16
              7.1.3   FSN_MOUNT.............................................17
              7.1.4   FSN_UNMOUNT...........................................18
              7.1.5   FSL_CREATE ...........................................19
              7.1.6    FSL_DELETE...........................................20
              7.1.7    FSL_UPDATE...........................................20
              7.1.8    FSL_STAT.............................................21
           7.2   FILESERVER to NSDB OPERATIONS..............................21
              7.2.1    FSN_GET_FSL..........................................21
           7.3   ADMIN to FILESERVER OPERATIONS.............................22
              7.3.1    FSL_FINDBYHOST, FSN_FINDBYHOST, FSL_FINDBYHOSTPATH,.......24
              7.3.2  FSN_CREATE_JUNCTION.........................................24
              7.3.3    FSN_CREATE_EXPORT....................................25
        8  Security Considerations..........................................25
        9  IANA Considerations..............................................25
        10    Conclusions...................................................25
        11    Glossary......................................................25
        Appendix B. Namespace Schema Class Objects..........................28
        12    References....................................................30
           12.1  Normative References.......................................30
     
     
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        Author's Addresses..................................................31
        Intellectual Property Statement.....................................32
        Disclaimer of Validity..............................................32
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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        RFC 2119 Keywords
        The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD",
        "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be
        interpreted as described in RFC-2119
     
     1  Introduction
     
        A federated filesystem enables file access and namespace traversal in a uniform,
        secure and consistent manner across multiple independent fileservers within an
        enterprise (and possibly across multiple enterprises) with reasonably good
        performance.
     
        The first requirement of a federated filesystem is the ability to traverse the
        data exported by different fileservers without requiring a static client
        configuration. The second requirement is that the location of the data should be
        dynamically discovered and the discovery process should be transparent to the
        clients. The third requirement is that it should be possible for all clients, with
        sufficient privilege, to view the same namespace regardless of the fileserver they
        connect to.
     
        Traditionally, fileserver collections are administered by a single entity.
        Fileservers may provide proprietary management tools and in some cases an
        administrator may be able to use the proprietary tools to build a shared namespace
        out of the exported filesystems.  Relying on vendor-proprietary tools does not
        work in larger enterprises or when collaborating across enterprises because it is
        likely that the system will contain fileservers running different software, each
        with their own interfaces, with no common protocol to manage the namespace or
        exchange namespace information.  There may also be independently-administered
        singleton servers that export some or all of their filesystem resources.
        A filesystem federation protocol enables the interoperation across multi-vendor
        fileservers managed by the same administrative entity, across singleton
        independent fileservers, and across independent administrative entities that may
        manage a collection of fileservers. The scope of the filesystem federation
        protocol is limited to NFSv4 capable fileservers. The support for NFSv3
        fileservers is optional.
     
     1.1 Protocol Goals
     
        The objective of this draft is to specify a set of interfaces by which fileservers
        and collections of fileservers with different administrators can form a fileserver
        federation that provides a namespace composed of the filesystems physically hosted
        on and exported by the fileservers of the federation.
        It should be possible, using a system that implements the interfaces, to share a
        common namespace across all the fileservers in the federation.
        It should also be possible for different fileservers in the federation to project
        different namespaces and enable clients to traverse them.
        Such a federation may contain an arbitrary number of namespace repositories, each
        belonging to a different administrative entity, and each rendering a part of the
        namespace.  Such a federation may also have an arbitrary number of administrative
        entities responsible for administering disjoint subsets of the fileservers.
        In the rest of the document the term fileserver implies a fileserver that is part
        of the federation. A fileserver not part of the federation is called an external
        fileserver.
     
     
     
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     2  Overview of Features and Concepts
     
     2.1 Namespace
     
        The goal of a unified namespace is to make all managed data available to all
        clients via the same path in a common filesystem-like namespace. This should be
        achieved with minimal or zero client configuration. In particular, updates to the
        common namespace should not require configuration changes at the client.
        Filesets, which are the unit of data management, are a set of files and
        directories accessible from a single mount.  Depending on the implementation, they
        may be anything between an individual directory of an exported filesystem to an
        entire exported filesystem at a fileserver.
        From the perspective of the clients, the common namespace is constructed by
        logically mounting filesets that are physically located on different
        fileservers.
        The namespace, which is defined in terms of fileset definitions, fileset
        identifiers, the location of each fileset in the namespace, and the physical
        location of the implementation(s) of each fileset, is stored in a set of namespace
        repositories, each managed by an administrative entity. The namespace schema
        defines the model used for populating, modifying, and querying the namespace
        repositories.
        It is not required by the federation that the namespace be common across all
        fileservers. It should be possible to have several independently rooted namespaces
        that should permit traversal into another namespace at defined junction points.
     
     2.2  Fileset
     
        A fileset is defined to be a container of data and is the basic unit of data
        management. It is uniquely represented by the fileset name (FSN). An FSN is
        considered unique across the federation. An FSN contains information sufficient to
        locate the namespace repository (NSDB) that holds authoritative information about
        it and an identifier, called fsn_uuid, that identifies it on that NSDB. After an
        FSN is created, it is associated with a fileset location (FSL) on a fileserver. A
        fileset can be implemented by one or more FSLs.
        The attributes of an FSN are:
     
        NsdbName: The fully qualified domain name of an NSDB location that contains
        authoritative information for this FSN.
     
        FsnUuid: a 128 bit UUID (universally unique identifier), conforming to RFC 4122,
        that is used to uniquely identify an FSN.
     
     2.2.1  Fileset Location (FSL)
     
        An FSL represents the location where the fileset data resides. Each FSL maps to a
        host:path pair on a file server. An FSL may also have additional attributes. Each
        location has an associated type that determines the protocol(s) that may be used
        to access its data. Type information can be used to decide the list of locations
        that will be returned to the client. It also has associated status information.
        Other attributes associated with an FSL are based on the NFSv4.1 fs_locations_info
        attribute[RFCTBD].
     
     
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        struct FSL {
           utf8string    host_fqdn;
           utf8string    pathname;
           FSL_ATTR      attrs;
        };
     
        Each FSL consists of:
        host_fqdn: the name of the host fileserver storing the physical data
        pathname: the exported pathname at that host fileserver
        attrs: additional attributes for this FSL, as described in the FSL_ATTR structure
     
        struct FSL_ATTR {
           protocol_t   type;
           int32_t      currency;
           annotation_t annotations<>;
           fs_status_t  status;
           opaque_t     info<>;
        }
     
        The attributes associated with each FSL are:
        type: the protocol(s) supported by the fileserver hosting this FSL.
     
        currency: the time lag of this FSL represented as the number of time units it lags
        the latest version as defined by the NFSv4.1 fs_locations_info attribute. A
        currency value of 0 represents the latest version. Currency values are <= 0.
     
        annotations: a list of name/value pairs that can be interpreted by an individual
        NSDB. The semantics of the name/value pair is not defined by this protocol and is
        intended to be used by higher-level administration protocols.
     
        status: fls_status as defined by the NFSv4.1 status attribute.
     
        info: as defined in NFSv4.1 fs_locations_info attribute.
     
     
     Mutual Consistency across Fileset locations
     
        All of the FSLs that have the same FSN (thereby reference the same fileset) are
        equivalent from the point of view of client access; the different locations of a
        fileset represent the same data, though potentially at different points in time.
        Fileset locations are equivalent but not identical. Locations may either be read-
        only or read-write. Typically, multiple read-write locations are backed by a
        clustered filesystem while read-only locations are replicas created by a
        federation-initiated or external replication. Read-only locations may represent
        consistent point-in-time copies of a read-write location. The federation
        protocols, however, cannot prevent subsequent changes to a read-only location nor
        guarantee point-in-time consistency of a read-only location if the read-write
        location is changing.
        Regardless of the type, all locations exist at the same mount point in the
        namespace and, thus, one client may be referred to one location while another is
     
     
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        directed to a different location. Since updates to each fileset location are not
        controlled by the federation protocol, it is the responsibility of administrators
        to guarantee the functional equivalence of the data.
        The federation protocol does not guarantee that the different locations are
        mutually consistent in terms of the currency of the data. It relies on the client
        file-access protocol (i.e., NFSv4) to contain sufficient information to help the
        clients determine the currency of the data at each location in order to ensure
        that the clients do not revert back in time when switching locations.  This raises
        a concern for NFSv3 fileservers, which the federation protocol may support, that
        may lack such control.
     
     2.3  Namespace Repository (NSDB)
     
        The NSDB service is a federation-wide service that provides interfaces to define,
        update, and query FSN information and FSN to FSL mapping information.
        An individual repository of namespace information is called an NSDB location. Each
        NSDB location is managed by a single administrative entity. A single admin entity
        can manage multiple NSDB locations.
        The difference between the NSDB service and an NSDB location is analogous to that
        between the DNS service and a particular DNS server.
        The term local NSDB is shorthand for an NSDB location that is known a priori to
        a server.  It is typically located within the same federation member as the
        server, but this is not required.  A local NSDB is not required.
        Each NSDB location stores the definition of the FSNs for which it is
        authoritative. It also stores the definitions of the FSLs associated with those
        FSNs. An NSDB location is authoritative for the filesets that it defines. An NSDB
        location can cache information from a peer NSDB location. The fileserver can
        always contact a local NSDB location (if it has been defined) or directly contact
        any NSDB location to resolve a junction. Each NSDB location supports an LDAP
        interface and can be accessed by an LDAP client.
     
     2.4  Mount Points, Junctions and Referrals
     
        A mount point is a directory in a parent fileset where a target fileset may be
        attached. If a client traverses the path leading from the root of the namespace to
        the mount point of a fileset it should be able to access the data in that fileset
        (assuming appropriate permissions).
        The directory where a fileset is  mounted is represented by a junction in the
        underlying filesystem. In other words, a junction can be viewed as a reference
        from a directory in one fileset to the root of the target fileset. A junction can
        be implemented as a special marker on a directory that is interpreted by the
        fileserver as a mount point, or by some other mechanism in the underlying file
        system.
        What data is used by the underlying file system to represent the junction is not
        defined by this protocol.  The essential property is that the server must be able
        to find, given the junction, the FSN for the target fileset.  The FSN (as
        described earlier) contains both the NSDB location of the authoritative NSDB
        location and the FsnUuid (a UUID for the fileset).
     
     
     
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        When a client traversal reaches a junction, the client is referred to a list of
        FSLs associated with the FSN that was the target of the junction. The client can
        then redirect its connection to one of the FSLs. This act is called a referral.
        For NFSv4 clients, the FSL information is returned in the fs_locations or
        fs_locations_info attributes.
        The federation-fs interfaces do not limit where and how many times a fileset is
        mounted in the namespace. Filesets can be nested -- a fileset can be mounted under
        another fileset.
     
     2.5  Federation Root FileServers
     
        A set of designated fileservers that render the common federation-wide namespace
        are called the federation root fileservers. The federation protocol does not
        mandate that federation root fileservers be defined. When a client mounts the root
        of the namespace from a root fileserver it can traverse the entire federation-wide
        namespace. It is not required for a client to mount from one of the root
        fileservers. If a client mounts from a non-root fileserver then it can traverse
        the part of the namespace that is visible starting from that fileserver. A client
        can mount multiple individual filesets from multiple non-root fileservers and
        chose to navigate the namespace in any manner. How the client discovers the root
        fileserver(s), if one is defined, is not in the scope of the federation protocol.
        Numerous external techniques such as DNS SRV records can be used for this.
     
     2.6   Federation Root FileSet
     
        The root fileset is the optional, top-level fileset of the federation-wide
        namespace. The root of the namespace is the top level directory of this fileset.
        The fileset can contain an arbitrary number of virtual directories. The leaf
        directories of the root fileset serve as the mount points for other filesets.  It
        is desirable that the leaf directories not contain data. The root fileset is a
        simple combination of internal nodes and leaf nodes where each leaf node is a
        junction to a target fileset.  The root fileset is replicated at all the root
        fileservers. The recommended replication protocols for root fileset replication
        are: an external protocol such as rsync or NDMP.
     
     2.7  Fileservers
     
        Fileservers are NFSv4 servers that store the physical fileset data or fileservers
        that refer the client to other fileservers.
     
     2.8  File-access Clients
     
        File access clients are standard off-the-shelf NAS clients that access file data
        using the NFSv4 protocol.
     
     3  Interaction with NFSv4
     
        The federation protocol is compatible with the requirements of NFSv4 referral
        mechanisms as defined in RFC 3530.
     
     
     
     
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     4  Finding the local NSDB
     
        The local NSDB may be used for finding the mapping from the server's local
        representation of a junction to an FSN. How the mapping is resolved is
        implementation-specific. The fed-fs protocol does not mandate how and if a local
        NSDB is defined or located. A fileserver could choose to have a special
        configuration setup for defining the local or default NSDB in a manner similar to
        a resolv.conf file for DNS.
     
     5  Examples
     
        In this section we provide examples and discussion of the basic
        operations facilitated by the federated file system protocol:
        creating a fileset, adding a replica of a fileset, resolving a
        junction, and creating a junction.
     
     5.1 Create a Fileset and its FSL(s)
     
     
        A fileset is the abstraction of a set of files and their containing
        directory tree.  The fileset abstraction is the fundamental unit of
        data management in the federation.  This abstraction is implemented
        by an actual directory tree whose root location is specified by a
        fileset location (FSL).
        In this section, we describe the basic requirements for starting with a directory
        tree and creating a fileset that can be used in the federation protocols.  Note that
        we do not assume that the process of creating a fileset requires any transformation of
        the files or the directory hierarchy.  The only thing that is required by this process
        is assigning the fileset a fileset name (FSN) and expressing the location(s) of the
        implementation of the fileset as FSL(s).
        There are many possible variations to this procedure, depending on how the FSN that
        binds the FSL is created, and whether other replicas of the fileset exist, are known
        to the federation, and need to be bound to the same FSN.
        It is easiest to describe this in terms of how to create the initial implementation
        of the fileset, and then describe how to add replicas.
     
     5.1.1  Creating a Fileset and a FSN
     
     
       1. Choose the NSDB node that will keep track of the FSL(s) and related
          information for the fileset.
     
       2. Request that the NSDB node register a new FSN for the fileset.
     
     
            The FSN may either be chosen by the NSDB node or by the server.
            The latter case is used if the fileset is being restored, perhaps
            as part of disaster recovery, and the server wishes to specify
            the FSN in order to permit existing junctions that reference that
            FSN to work again.
            At this point, the FSN exists, but its location is unspecified.
     
     
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       3. Send the FSN, the local volume path, the export path, and the
       export options for the local implementation of the fileset to the
       NSDB node.  Annotations about the FSN or the location may also be
       sent.
     
     
            The NSDB node records this info and creates the initial FSL for
            the fileset.
     
     5.1.2  Adding a Replica of a Fileset
     
     
        Adding a replica is straightforward: the NSDB node and the FSN are
        already known.  The only remaining step is to add another FSL.
        Note that the federation interfaces do not include methods for creating or managing
        replicas: this is assumed to be a platform-dependent operation (at least at this
        time).  The only interface required is the ability to register or remove the
        registration of replicas for a fileset.
     
     5.2 Junction Resolution
     
     
        A fileset may contain references to other filesets.  These references
        are represented by junctions.  If a client requests access to a
        fileset object that is a junction, the server resolves the junction
        to discover the FSL(s) that implements the referenced fileset.
        There are many possible variations to this procedure, depending on how the
        junctions are represented and how the information necessary to perform resolution is
        represented by the server.  In this example, we assume that the only thing directly
        expressed by the junction is the junction key; its mapping to FSN can be kept local to
        the server hosting the junction.
     
        Step 5 is the only step that interacts directly with the federation interfaces.
        The rest of the steps may use platform-specific interfaces.
     
       1. The server determines that the object being accessed is a junction.
     
       2. The server determines the junction key for the junction.
     
       3. Using the junction key, the server does a local lookup to find the
          FSN of the target fileset.
     
       4. Using the FSN, the server finds the NSDB node responsible for the
       target object.
     
       5. The server contacts that NSDB node and asks for the set of FSLs
       that implement the target FSN.  The NSDB node responds with a set of
       FSLs.
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     5.3 Example use case for fileset annotations
     
        The fileset annotations can be used to define relationships between filesets that
        can be used by an auxiliary replication protocol. Consider the scenario where a
        fileset is created and mounted at some point in the namespace. A snapshot of the
        read-write FSL of that fileset is taken periodically at different frequencies say
        a daily snapshot or a weekly snapshot. The different snapshots are mounted at
        different locations in the namespace. The daily snapshots are considered as a
        different fileset from the weekly ones but both are related to the source
        fileset. For this we can define an annotation labeling the filesets as source and
        replica. The replication protocol can use this information to copy data from one
        or more FSLs of the source fileset to all the FSLs of the replica fileset. The
        replica filesets are read-only while the source fileset is read-write.
     
        This follows the traditional AFS model of mounting the read-only volume at a path
        in the namespace different from that of the read-write volume.
     
        The federation protocol does not control or manage the relationship among
        filesets. It merely enables annotating the filesets with user-defined
        relationships.
     
     6  Error Definitions
     
        ERR_OK                Indicates the operation completed successfully.
     
     
        ERR_ACCESS            Permission denied. The caller does not have the
                              correct permission to perform the requested
                              operation. Contrast this with ERR_PERM,
                              which restricts itself to owner or privileged
                              user permission failures.
     
     
        ERR_BADCHAR           A UTF-8 string contains a character which is
                              not supported in the context in
                              which it being used.
     
     
        ERR_BADNAME           A name string in a request consists of valid
                              UTF-8 characters supported by the server but
                              the name is not supported by the server as a
                              valid name for current operation.
     
        ERR_BADTYPE           An attempt was made to create an object of a
                              type not supported by the server.
     
     
     
     
     
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        ERR_DENIED            An attempt to lock a file is denied.  Since
                              this may be a temporary condition, the client
                              is encouraged to retry the lock request until
                              the lock is accepted.
     
        ERR_EXIST             Object exists. The object specified already exists.
     
        ERR_INVALID           Invalid argument or unsupported argument for an
                              operation.
     
        ERR_IO                I/O error. A hard error (for example, a disk
                              error) occurred while processing the requested
                              operation.
     
        ERR_NAMETOOLONG       The filename in an operation was too long.
     
        ERR_NOENT             No such object. The object being accessed
                              does not exist.
     
        ERR_NOTDIR            Not a directory. The caller specified a non-
                              directory in a directory operation.
     
     
        ERR_NOTEMPTY          An attempt was made to remove an object that
                              was not empty. An FSN which has FSLs still defined for it.
     
        ERR_NOTSUPP           Operation is not supported.
     
     
        ERR_PERM              Not owner. The operation was not allowed
                              because the caller is either not a privileged
                              user (root) or not the owner of the target of
                              the operation.
     
     
        ERR_WRONGSEC          The security mechanism being used by the client
                              for the operation does not match the server's
                              security policy.  The client should change the
                              security mechanism being used and retry the
                              operation.
     
        ERR_WRONGNSDB         The NSDB location is not the one to be used for this
                              operation
     
     
     7  Protocol Operations
     
        The operations defined by the protocol can be described as several sub-protocols
        that are used by entities within the federation to perform different roles.
     
     
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        The first of these sub-protocols defines how the state of an NSDB location can be
        initialized and updated.  The primary use of this sub-protocol is by an
        administrator to add, edit, or delete filesets, their properties, and their
        fileset locations.
     
        The second of these sub-protocols defines the queries that are sent to an NSDB
        location in order to perform resolution (or find other information about the
        information stored within that NSDB location) and the responses returned by the
        NSDB location.  The primary use of this sub-protocol is by a fileset server in
        order to perform resolution, but it may also be used by an administrator to query
        the state of the system.
     
        The third of these sub-protocols defines the queries or other requests that are
        sent to a fileset server in order to get information from it or to modify the
        state of the fileset server in a manner related to the federation protocols.  The
        primary purpose of this for an administrator to create or delete a junction or
        fileset or discover related information about a particular fileset server.
     
        The first and second sub-protocols are defined as LDAP operations, using the
        schema defined in appendices A and B.  If each NSDB location is a standard LDAP
        server, then, in theory, it is unnecessary to describe the LDAP operations in
        detail, because the operations are ordinary LDAP operations to query and update
        records.  However, we do not require that an NSDB location implement a complete
        NSDB service, and therefore we define in these sections the minimum level of LDAP
        functionality required to implement an NSDB location.
     
        The third sub-protocol is defined as ONC/RPC operations.  The reason for using a
        different RPC mechanism (instead of mapping these operations onto LDAP) is to
        minimize the changes required to the fileset server.
     
        The three sub-protocols are defined in the next three sub-sections.
     
     7.1 ADMINISTRATIVE NSDB OPERATIONS
     
        The admin entity initiates and controls the commands to manage fileset and
        namespace information. The admin entity, however, is stateless.  All state is
        maintained at the NSDB locations or at the fileserver.
     
        We require that each NSDB location can act as an LDAP server and that the protocol
        used for communicating between the admin entity and each NSDB is LDAP.
     
        The names we assign to these operations are entirely for the purpose of exposition
        in this document, and are not part of the LDAP dialogs.
     
        In the description of the LDAP messages and LDIF, we use the following notation:
        constant strings and literal names are specified in lower or mixed case, while
        variables or values are specified in uppercase.  One important exception to this
     
     
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        rule is that the names of the error codes follow the convention (used widely in
        other protocols, including NFS) of having names that are entirely uppercase.
     
     7.1.1  FSN_CREATE
     
        Description
     
        The administrator uses this operation to create a new FSN by requesting the NSDB
        to create a new FsnObject in its LDAP database with an FsnUuid of FSNUUID and an
        NsdbName of NSDBNAME.
     
        The NSDB location that receives the request SHOULD check that the NSDBNAME matches
        its own value and return an ERR_WRONGNSDB error if does not.  This is to ensure
        that an FSN is always created by the NSDB location encoded within the FSN as its
        owner.
     
        The NSDB location that receives the request SHOULD check all of the attributes for
        validity and consistency, but this is not generally possible for LDAP servers
        because the consistency requirements cannot be expressed in the LDAP schema
        (although many LDAP servers can be extended, via plug-ins or other mechanisms, to
        add functionality beyond the strict definition of LDAP).
     
       Errors
     
       ERR_OK
       ERR_EXIST
       ERR_NOMEM
       ERR_INVALID
       ERR_PERM
       ERR_WRONGNSDB
     
     
     
        LDAP Request
     
        The admin chooses the FsnUuid (also known as the junction key) and NsdbName of the
        FSN.  The FsnUuid should be chosen via a standard process for creating a globally
        unique UUID (described in RFC 4122).  The NsdbName is the name of the NSDB
        location that will serve as the source of definitive information about an FSN for
        the life of that FSN.  In the example below, the admin server chooses a FsnUuid of
        FSNUUID and the NsdbName of NSDBNAME and then sends an LDAP ADD request, described
     
     
     
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        by the LDIF below, to the NSDB location NSDBNAME.  This will create a new
        FsnObject on that NSDB location with the given attributes in the LDAP database.
     
       dn: fsnUuid=FSNUUID,nsdbName=NSDBNAME,ou=fed-fs
       changeType: add
       objectClass: FsnObject
       fsnUuid: FSNUUID
       nsdbName: NSDBNAME
     
     
     
        The definition of the FsnObject class is given in Appendix B. Each FsnObject is
        uniquely defined by its distinguished name (DN) which is a combination of the
        FSN's UUID, NSDB location, and the LDAP database organizational units.
     
     7.1.2 FSN_DELETE
     
     
        Description
     
        Deletes a Fileset with the given FSN. This assumes that all the FSLs related to
        that FSN have already been deleted.  If FSL records for this FSN still exist in
        the database of the NSDB that receives this request, then this function MUST
        return with an ERR_NOTEMPTY error.
     
        Note that the FSN delete function only removes the fileset from the namespace (by
        removing the records for that FSN from the NSDB location that receives this
        request). The fileset and its data are not deleted.  Any junction that has this
        FSN as its target may continue to point to this non-existent FSN. A dangling
        reference may be detected when a client tries to resolve the target of a junction
        that refers to the deleted FSN and the NSDB returns ERR_NOTFOUND.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_NOTEMPTY
        ERR_PERM
     
     
     
     
     
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        LDAP Request
     
        The admin then sends an LDAP DELETE request to the NSDB server to remove the
        FsnObject from the NSDB server. An example LDIF for the delete request is shown
        below.
     
        dn: fsnUuid=FSNUUID,nsdbName=NSDBNAME,ou=fed-fs
        changeType: delete
        We assume that there is a trivial mapping between an FSN and the LDAP DN of the
        FsnObject for the LDAP records that represent information about that FSN.  If this
        is not true, then operations that require mapping an FSN to the DN of an FsnObject
        may need to perform an LDAP query in order to discover the DN.  This process is
        described below.
     
        In case an FSN is to be deleted, e.g., using the "fsn_delete FSNUUID NSDBNAME"
        command, the admin server sends an LDAP Search command to the NSDB server to first
        verify if the object exists by using the following filter:
     
        Query:
     
           Base: dc=company,dc=com
           Filter "(&(objectClass=FsnObject)(fsnUuid=FSNUUID)"
        The above filter searches for all FsnObject entries in the NSDB location's LDAP
        database that have the fsnUuid set to FSNUUID.  If the FsnObject is found the NSDB
        will return the corresponding FsnObject entry to the admin.  An example entry
        returned is shown below.
     
        LDAP Response:
     
           Count: 1 (No of Entries)
     
       Entries:
     
       dn: fsnUuid=FSNUUID,nsdbName=NSDBNAME,ou=fed-fs
       objectClass: FsnObject
       fsnUuid: FSNUUID
       nsdbName: NSDBNAME
     
     
     
     7.1.3  FSN_MOUNT
     
        Description
        The fsn_mount operation logically mounts a target FSN (target_fsn) at the given
        pathname (relative to the root) of the parent FSN (parent_fsn). If a ROOT FSN has
     
     
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        been defined, then the ROOT fileset's FSN may be used.  The pathname may start
        from  / to represent the path from the root of the common federation namespace.
        If the pathname does not start with / then it treated as a relative path
        starting from the root of the parent FSN's location in the namespace.
        The fsn_mount operation is purely a namespace operation. The fsn_mount operation
        creates the parent and target FSN relationship that is used later by
        junction_create operation between the admin and the fileserver.
        The parent_fsn's NSDB maintains the relationship information created on an
        fsn_mount.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_NAMETOOLONG
        ERR_PERM
     
     
        LDAP Request
     
        On fileset mount operation the admin will generate an LDAP ADD request to the NSDB
        server using the example LDIF below. This creates a new FsnJunctionObject that
        establishes the mount relationship between the parent and target FSNs.
     
       dn: mountPath=PATH,parentFsnUuid=PARENTFSNUUID,ou=fed-fs
       changeType: add
       objectClass: FsnJunctionObject
       parentFsnUuid: PARENTFSNUUID
       targetFsnUuid: TARGETFSNUUID
       targetNsdbName: TARGETNSDBNAME
       mountPath: PATH
     
     
        The definition of the FsnJunctionObject class is given in Appendix B.  Each
        FsnJunctionObject is uniquely defined by its distinguished name (dn) which is a
        combination of the parentFsnUuid and the mountPath (path either relative or
        absolute) where the target FSN is.
     
     7.1.4  FSN_UNMOUNT
     
        Description
        Detaches the targetFsn from the parentFsn at the given pathname. The pathname can
        be relative to the root of the parentFsn or from the root of the federation
     
     
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        namespace. The parentFsn's NSDB location handles the unmount and removes the
        relationship between the ParentFsn and the TargetFsn.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_PERM
     
     
        LDAP Request
     
        In case a target_FSN is to be unmmounted, the associated FSNJunctionObject is
        deleted from the NSDB maintaining the parent fileset. An example delete request is
        shown below.
     
        LDAP Delete Request:
     
        dn: pountPath=PATH,parentFsnUuid=PARENTFSNUUID,ou=fed-fs
        changeType: delete
     
     7.1.5  FSL_CREATE
     
        Description
        Creates a new Fileset location at the given location denoted by  HOST:PATH for
        the given FSN.  An fsl_uuid may be provided as an optional UUID for the FSL.
        Normally an FSL is identified by the HOST:PATH pair. A UUID is an optional way to
        identify an FSL if it is recovered to a different HOST:PATH after a
        backup/restore. If the FSL belongs to an FSN that has another FSN  mounted under
        it then there would be a related junction_create operation.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_EXIST
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_PERM
     
     
        LDAP Request
     
        The FSL create command will result in the admin server sending an LDAP ADD request
        to create a new FslObject at the NSDB maintaining the given FSN. The example LDIF
        is shown below. The FSL object definition is provided in Appendix B.
        The HOST must be a fully qualified DNS name, and the PATH is the pathname where
        the fileset is located on that host.
     
       dn:fsl=HOST:PATH,fsnUuid=FSNUUID,nsdbName=NSDBNAME,ou=fed-fs
       changeType: add
     
     
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       objectClass: FslObject
       fsnUuid: FSNUUID
       nsdbName: NSDBNAME
       fsl: HOST:PATH
       type: nfs4
       version: VERSION
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     7.1.6  FSL_DELETE
     
        Description
        Deletes the given Fileset location. The admin requests the NSDB location storing
        the FslObject to delete it from its database.  This operation does not result in
        the fileset location's data being deleted at the fileserver.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_PERM
     
     
        LDAP Request
     
        dn: fsl=HOST:PATH,fsnUuid=FSNUUID,nsdbName=NSDBNAME,ou=fed-fs
        changeType: delete
     
     7.1.7  FSL_UPDATE
     
        Description
     
        Update the attributes of a given FSL. This command results in a change in the
        attributes of the FslObject at the NSDB server maintaining this FSL. The
        attributes that must not change are the FSL UUID (if assigned) and the FSN UUID of
        the fileset this FSL implements.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
     
     
     
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       ERR_INVALID
       ERR_PERM
     
     
       LDAP Request
       dn: fsl=HOST:PATH,fsnUuid=FSNUUID,nsdbName=NSDBNAME,ou=fed-fs
       changeType: modify
       replace: ATTRIBUTE-TYPE
     
     
     7.1.8  FSL_STAT
     
     
     
        Description
        Find all attributes of a given FSL from the FSLObject stored at the NSDB location.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_PERM
     
     
     
     7.2 FILESERVER to NSDB OPERATIONS
     
     7.2.1  FSN_GET_FSL
     
        Description
        Return the list of FSLs for the given FSN (fsn_foo) matching the filter. The
        fileserver will convert the list of FSLs to the NFSv4 fs_locations.
        The filter specify the type of protocol (v4, v3), or type of data access (ro, rw).
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
     
     
     
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       ERR_INVALID
       ERR_PERM
     
     
        LDAP Request
        Query:  ((&objectClass=FslObject)(fsnUuid=FSNUUID))
        Response:
       count: N
     
       entries:
          dn: fsl=HOST:PATH,fsnUuid=FSNUUID,nsdbName=NSDBNAME,ou=fed-fs
          fslHost: HOST
          fslPath: PATH
          type: NFSv4
     
        The server can scan through the results and find results whose type corresponds to
        the type of the client on whose behalf the server is performing the request,
        extracting the fslHost and fslPath (and possibly additional attributes) and using
        them to create a list of fs_locations that the client can use.
     
     
     
     7.3 ADMIN to FILESERVER OPERATIONS
     
        Because the fileserver is not required to act as an LDAP server, the protocol for
        the admin to communicate with the fileserver is not required to be LDAP.  We
        define these message exchanges using XDR to describe SUNRPC calls by the admin and
        responses from the fileset server.
     7.3.1 Basic Definitions
     
        We begin by defining basic constants and structs, in XDR notation, that will be
        used to specify the types of the RPCs described in the rest of this subsection.
     
       #define FEDFS_MAX_UUID_LEN      64
     
       #define FEDFS_MAX_NSDBNAME_LEN  256
     
       #define FEDFS_MAX_HOSTNAME_LEN  128
     
       #define FEDFS_MAX_PATHNAME_LEN  1024
     
     
     
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        typedef opaque FedFsFsnUuid<FEDFS_MAX_UUID_LEN>;
        typedef opaque FedFsHostName<FEDFS_MAX_HOSTNAME_LEN>;
        typedef opaque FedFsNsdbName<FEDFS_MAX_NSDBNAME_LEN>;
        typedef opaque FedFsPathName<FEDFS_MAX_PATHNAME_LEN>;
       struct FedFsFsn {
     
       FedFsFsnUuid junctionKey;
     
       FedFsNsdbName nsdb;
     
        };
     
       struct FedFsFsl {
     
       FedFsHostName host;
     
       FedFsPathName path;
     
        };
     
       struct FedFsJunctionTarget {
     
       FedFsFsnUuid uuid;
     
       FedFsNsdbName nsdb;
     
       FedFsPathName path;
     
        };
     
       union FedFsFslsRes switch (bool status) {
     
       case ERR_OK :
     
                FedFsFsl fsls<>;
            default :
                void;
        };
     
       union FedFsFsnsRes switch (bool status) {
     
       case ERR_OK :
     
            FedFsFsn fsns<>;
            default :
                void;
     
     
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        };
     
        program FEDFS_PROG {
            version FEDFS_VERSION {
                void FEDFS_NULL(void) = 0;
                FedFsFslsRes FEDFS_HOST_FSLS(FedFsHostName host) = 1;
                FedFsFsnsRes FEDFS_HOST_FSNS(FedFsHostName host) = 2;
                FedFsFslsRes FEDFS_HOSTPATH_FSLS(FedFsHostName host,
                                            FedFsPathName path) = 3;
                FedFsCreateJunctionRes FEDFS_CREATE_JUNCTION(FedFsFsn fsn,
                                            FedFsPathName path) = 4;
                FedFsCreateExportRes FEDFS_CREATE_EXPORT(FedFsPathName path,
                                            FedFsPathName exportPath) = 5;
            } = 1;
        } = 100205;
     
     7.3.2  FEDFS_HOST_FSLS, FEDFS_HOST_FSNS, FEDFS_HOSTPATH_FSLS
     
        Function
     
        These functions return lists of FSLs or FSNs that are served by the host.  For
        FEDFS_HOSTPATH_FSLS, only the FSLs associated with a specific path are returned.
        Return the list of matching FSLs or FSNs for a given host/path at a fileserver.
        If successful, the status is ERR_OK and the value of the fsls or fsns is a list of
        matching FSNs or FSLs.  If unsuccessful, the status code indicates the cause of
        the failure.
        Description
        Find all FSL or FSNs for a given host or find the FSL given a host:path pair.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_NAMETOOLONG
        ERR_PERM
     
     
     
     7.3.3  FEDFS_CREATE_JUNCTION
     
        Description
        Create a junction from the given path on the server to the given fsn.
     
        Note that how the fileserver represents or maintains the junction is not defined
        by the fed-fs protocol.
     
     
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        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_PERM
     
     
     
     7.3.4  FEDFS_CREATE_EXPORT
     
        Description
     
       Export the fileset rooted at the given path as an FSL at the given export path.
     
        Errors
     
        ERR_OK
        ERR_NOTFOUND
        ERR_INVALID
        ERR_PERM
     
     
     
     
     
     8  Security Considerations
     
        To be added.
     
     9  IANA Considerations
     
        None
     
     10 Conclusions
     
        The federated filesystem protocol manages multiple independently administered
        fileservers to share namespace and referral information to enable clients to
        traverse seamlessly across them.
     
     11 Glossary
     
     
        Administrator:  user with the necessary authority to initiate
           administrative tasks on one or more servers.
     
     
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        Admin entity:  A server or agent that administers a collection of
           fileservers and persistently stores the namespace information.
        Client:  Any client that accesses the fileserver data using a
           supported filesystem access protocol.
        Federation:  A set of server collections and singleton servers that
           use a common set of interfaces and protocols in order to provide
           to their clients a federated namespace accessible through a
           filesystem access protocol.
        Fileserver:  A server exporting a filesystem via a network filesystem
           access protocol.
        Fileset:  The abstraction of a set of files and their containing
           directory tree.  A fileset is the fundamental unit of data
           management in the federation.
           Note that all files within a fileset are descendants of one directory, and that
     filesets do not span filesystems.
        Filesystem:  A self-contained unit of export for a fileserver, and
           the mechanism used to implement filesets.  The fileset does not
           need to be rooted at the root of the filesystem, nor at the export
           point for the filesystem.
           A single filesystem MAY implement more than one fileset, if the client protocol
     and the fileserver permit this.
        Filesystem access protocol:  A network filesystem access protocol
           such as NFSv2 ([RFC1094]), NFSv3 ([RFC1813]), NFSv4 ([RFC3530]),
           or CIFS.
        FSL (Fileset location):  The location of the implementation of a
           fileset at a particular moment in time.  A FSL MUST be something
           that can be translated into a protocol-specific description of a
           resource that a client can access directly, such as a fs_location
           (for NFSv4), or share name (for CIFS).  Note that not all FSLs
           need to be explicitly exported as long as they are contained
           within an exported path on the fileserver.
        FSN (Fileset name):  A platform-independent and globally unique name
           for a fileset.  Two FSLs that implement replicas of the same
           fileset MUST have the same FSN, and if a fileset is migrated from
           one location to another, the FSN of that fileset MUST remain the
           same.
        Junction:  A filesystem object used to link a directory name in the
           current fileset with an object within another fileset.  The
           server-side "link" from a leaf node in one fileset to the root of
           another fileset.
        Junction key:  The key to lookup a junction within an NSDB node or a
           local table of information about junctions.
        Namespace:  A filename/directory tree that a sufficiently-authorized
           client can observe.
        NSDB (Namespace Database Service):  A service that maps FSNs to FSLs.
           The NSDB may also be used to store other information, such as
           annotations for these mappings and their components.
        NSDB Node:  The name or location of a server that implements part of
           the NSDB service and is responsible for keeping track of the FSLs
     
     
     
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           (and related info) that implement a given partition of the FSNs.
        Referral:  A server response to a client access that directs the
           client to evaluate the current object as a reference to an object
           at a different location (specified by an FSL) in another fileset,
           and possibly hosted on another fileserver.  The client re-attempts
           the access to the object at the new location.
        Replica:  A replica is a redundant implementation of a fileset.  Each
           replica shares the same FSN, but has a different FSL.
           Replicas may be used to increase availability or performance.  Updates to
     replicas of the same fileset MUST appear to occur in the same order, and therefore
     each replica is self-consistent at any moment.
           We do not assume that updates to each replica occur simultaneously -- if a
     replica is offline or unreachable, the other replicas may be updated.
     
        Server Collection:  A set of fileservers administered as a unit.  A
           server collection may be administered with vendor-specific
           software.
           The namespace provided by a server collection could be part of the federated
     namespace.
        Singleton Server:  A server collection containing only one server; a
           stand-alone fileserver.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     Appendix B. Namespace Schema Class Objects
     
     objectclass    ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.121.5 NAME 'FsnObject'
                       DESC 'Representing a Fed-fs Fileset'
                       STRUCTURAL
                       SUP  Base
                       MUST ( fsnUuid $
                              nsdbName $
                               type )
     
                       MAY  ( descr $
                              annotation )
                    )
     objectclass    ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.121.7 NAME 'FslObject'
                       DESC 'Represents a physical instance of a fileset'
                       STRUCTURAL
                       SUP  Base
                       MUST ( fsl $
                              fsnUuid $
                              nsdbName $
                               fslHost $
                               fslPath $
                               type $
                               state $
                               fsType )
                       MAY  ( version $
                               exportOptions $
                               descr $
                               annotation )
     
                    )
     
     objectclass    ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.121.9 NAME 'FSNJunctionObject'
                       DESC 'Represents a mount point'
                       STRUCTURAL
                       SUP  Base
                       MUST ( parentFsnUuid $
                              targetFsnUuid $
     
     
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                                nsdbName $
                                mountPath )
                       MAY  ( descr $
                              annotation )
                    )
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     Internet-Draft      draft-tewari-nfsv4-federated-fs-protocol-00     December 2007
     
     
     
     12  References
     
     12.1  Normative References
     
           [draft-fed-fs-req] Ellard, D., et al., Requirements for Federated File
           Systems, Internet Draft, June 2007.
     
          [RFC1094]  Nowicki, B., "NFS: Network File System Protocol
                   specification", RFC 1094, March 1989.
     
          [RFC1813]  Callaghan, B., Pawlowski, B., and P. Staubach, "NFS
                   Version 3 Protocol Specification", RFC 1813, June 12995.
     
          [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
                   Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
     
          [RFC2203]  Eisler, M., Chiu, A., and L. Ling, "RPCSEC_GSS Protocol
                   Specification", RFC 2203, September 1997.
     
           [RFC2743]  Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program
                   Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743, January 2000.
     
           [RFC3530]  Shepler, S., Callaghan, B., Robinson, D., Thurlow, R.,
                   Beame, C., Eisler, M., and D. Noveck, "Network File System
                   (NFS) version 4 Protocol", RFC 3530, April 2003.
     
           [RFC3552]  Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
                   Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
                   July 2003.
     
           [RFC4122]  Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
                   Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
                   July 2005.
     
           [RFC4346]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
                   (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.
     
           [RFC4511]  Sermersheim, J., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
                   (LDAP): The Protocol", RFC 4511, June 2006.
     
           [RFC4513]  Harrison, R., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
                   (LDAP): Authentication Methods and Security Mechanisms",
                   RFC 4513, June 2006.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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     Internet-Draft      draft-tewari-nfsv4-federated-fs-protocol-00     December 2007
     
     
     
     
     Author's Addresses
     
        Renu Tewari
        IBM Almaden
        650 Harry Rd
        San Jose, CA  95120
        US
        Email: tewarir@us.ibm.com
     
        Manoj Naik
        IBM Almaden
        650 Harry Rd
        San Jose, CA  95120
        US
        Email: manoj@almaden.ibm.com
     
        Daniel Ellard
        Network Appliance, Inc.
        1601 Trapelo Rd, Suite 16
        Waltham, MA  02451
        US
        Phone: +1 781-768-5421
        Email: ellard@netapp.com
     
     
        Craig Everhart
        Network Appliance, Inc.
        7301 Kit Creek Rd
        Research Triangle Park, NC  27709
        US
        Phone: +1 919-476-5320
        Email: everhart@netapp.com
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
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