Energy Management Working Group E. Tychon
Internet Draft M. Laherty
Intended status: Informational B. Schoening
Expires: April 15, 2011 Cisco Systems, Inc.
October 15, 2010
Energy Management (EMAN) Applicability Statement
draft-tychon-eman-applicability-statement-00.txt
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Abstract
The Energy Management (EMAN) framework will work on the management
of energy-aware devices. In this document we describe the
applicability of the EMAN framework for a variety of applications.
We show how network elements and applications can use EMAN, describe
the relevant information elements (IEs) for those applications and
present opportunities and limitations. We furthermore describe
relations of the EMAN framework to other architectures and
frameworks.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................3
1.1. Energy Measurement........................................3
1.2. Energy Control............................................4
1.3. Examples..................................................4
1.3.1. Building Networks....................................4
1.3.2. Home Energy Gateways.................................4
1.3.3. Datacenters..........................................5
1.3.4. Smart Power Strips...................................5
2. Relation of EMAN to Other Frameworks and Technologies..........5
2.1. IEC.......................................................6
2.2. ISO.......................................................6
2.3. ANSI C12..................................................8
2.4. EnergyStar US EPA.........................................8
2.5. DMTF......................................................8
2.5.1. Desktop And Mobile Architecture for System Hardware
(DASH)......................................................9
2.6. SmartGrid................................................10
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2.7. NAESB, ASHRAE and NEMA...................................11
2.8. ZigBee...................................................12
3. Limitations...................................................12
4. Security Considerations.......................................13
4.1. SmartGrid................................................13
4.2. Cisco EnergyWise.........................................13
5. IANA Considerations...........................................13
6. References....................................................14
6.1. Normative References.....................................14
6.2. Informative References...................................14
7. Acknowledgments...............................................14
1. Introduction
The EMAN framework defines how Energy information can be retrieved,
controlled and monitored from IP-enabled consumers. EMAN is to be
need as a generic method of accessing this information, as
traditional methods such as SNMP have proved not be sufficient.
In this document, we describe typical applications of the EMAN
framework, we will show opportunities and limitations of the
framework. Furthermore, we describe other standards that are close
to EMAN but addresses different needs or users. Applications of EMAN
EMAN will enable heterogeneous energy consumers to report their own
consumption, and will enable external system to control them. There
are multiple scenarios where this is desirable, particularly today
considering the increased importance of limiting our own carbon
footprint and reducing operational expenses.
1.1. Energy Measurement
Over time, more and more devices will be able to report their own
energy consumption. Smart power strips and some Power-over-Ethernet
switches are already able to consumption of the connected devices
(proxies). Unfortunately, alone, this information is not really
useful and will be better leveraged on a global system where the
global power can be metered properly, in real time.
One aspect of EMAN is to enable this reporting by providing a
standard framework applicable to various devices, consumers or proxy
devices.
Being able to know who's consuming what, when and how at any time by
leveraging existing networks, and across various equipment is one
pillar of the EMAN framework.
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1.2. Energy Control
There are many cases where reducing energy consumption is desirable,
such as when the demand is already high, when there's no one using
the resource, and so on.
In some cases, you can't simply turn it off. For instance you cannot
turn off all phones, because some still need to be available in case
of emergency. You can't turn cooling off totally, but you can reduce
the comfort level, and so on.
In other cases, there are intermediate power levels between off and
on, such as standby, sleep or deep sleep mode.
The EMAN framework will provide a control mechanism that is generic
for all devices, power states, and allows for fine-grained priority
control, and emergency function.
1.3. Examples
1.3.1. Building Networks
Buildings are big energy consumers, and companies are looking into
ways to reduce their energy consumption, as well as to react
positively in case of emergency, such as a risk of blackout.
The EMAN framework will enable building owners to control their own
consumption and, unlike a meter, to break it down to who's consuming
what and when.
Laptops, air conditioning, phone, desktops, lighting and so on will
all be metered and controlled using the EMAN framework. EMAN can,
for instance, act as a communication protocol between a presence
system to deactivate the cooling and phones when there's no one on
the floor.
1.3.2. Home Energy Gateways
Home Energy Gateways are devices with remote metering capabilities,
and will let service providers and utility companies respond to
demand by varying pricing according to time of usage.
Within a home network, it is desirable to schedule tasks that can
wait to a later time, provided it will be cheaper. For instance, it
really does not matter when the dishwasher runs as long as it is
done for the next day at the cheapest price.
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Using the EMAN framework, the HEG will know that some appliances are
waiting to be activated and based on pricing or other indicators may
take the decision to trigger those appliances.
1.3.3. Datacenters
Datacenters too are big energy consumers. All that equipment
generates heat, and heat needs to be evacuated though a HVAC system.
Reducing the datacenter consumption means slowing down or turning
off equipment and cooling.
Most organizations will target datacenter initially because the
problem is centralized logically and physically, and a lot of money
is involved in such projects. Some don't because datacenters are
usually operated 24/7 and mission-critical.
A data center spend 50% of its energy on cooling, 37% on IT
infrastructure, 10% on electrical conversion loss, and 3% on
lighting. [PARELLO]
Within the IT infrastructure, energy consumption breakdown for
datacenter is 45% for computing, 40% for storage and 15% for
networking. [PARELLO]
The EMAN framework will enable that level of control by providing a
unified means of communication between heterogeneous devices over a
network.
1.3.4. Smart Power Strips
Smart Power Strips are power strips with communication capability to
remotely enable / disable a particular plug, and sometimes to
measure power consumption.
Those strips are currently supporting either their own proprietary
protocol, or at best SNMP, but EMAN will provide a framework that
has been specifically designed for this purpose.
2. Relation of EMAN to Other Frameworks and Technologies
EMAN as a framework is tied with other standards and efforts in the
area. We will try to re-use existing standards as much as possible,
as well as providing control to adjacent technologies such as Smart
Grid.
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We have listed most of them with a brief description of what is
their objective and the current state.
2.1. IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has available a
broad set of standards for power management. Among these, the most
applicable to our purposes is IEC 61850, a standard for the design
of electrical substation automation. The abstract data model
defined in 61850 is built upon and extends the Common Information
Model (CIM). The complete 61850 CIM model includes over hundred
object classes and is widely used by utilities in the US and
worldwide
IEC TC57 WG19 is an ongoing working group to harmonize the CIM data
model and 61850 standards.
This set of standards is oriented to the substation. An electrical
substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation,
transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed
from high to low or the reverse using transformers. While the domain
of 61850 is substation automation, the extensive model that resulted
has been widely used in other areas, including Energy Management
Systems (EMS) and forms the core of many Smart Grid standards.
2.2. ISO
The ISO is developing an Energy Management framework called ISO
50001. The intent of the framework is to facilitate the creation of
energy management programs for industrial, commercial and other
entities. The standard defines a process for energy management at a
an organization level. It is not expected to define the way in
which devices report energy and consume energy. The IETF effort
would be complementary.
"The future ISO 50001 standard for energy management was recently
approved as a Draft International Standard (DIS).
ISO 50001 will establish a framework for industrial plants,
commercial facilities or entire organizations to manage energy.
Targeting broad applicability across national economic sectors, it
is estimated that the standard could influence up to 60% of the
world's energy use.
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The document is based on the common elements found in all of ISO's
management system standards, assuring a high level of compatibility
with ISO 9001 (quality management) and ISO 14001 (environmental
management). ISO 50001 will provide the following benefits:
- A framework for integrating energy efficiency into management
practices
- Making better use of existing energy-consuming assets
- Benchmarking, measuring, documenting, and reporting energy
intensity improvements and their projected impact on reductions in
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
- Transparency and communication on the management of energy
resources
- Energy management best practices and good energy management
behaviors
- Evaluating and prioritizing the implementation of new energy-
efficient technologies
- A framework for promoting energy efficiency throughout the supply
chain
- Energy management improvements in the context of GHG emission
reduction projects.
ISO 50001 is being developed by ISO project committee ISO/PC 242,
Energy management. The secretariat of ISO/PC 242 is provided by the
partnership of the ISO members for the USA (ANSI) and Brazil (ABNT).
Forty-two ISO member countries are participating in its development,
with another 10 as observers.
Now that ISO 50001 has advanced to the DIS stage, national member
bodies of ISO have been invited to vote and comment on the text of
the standard during the five-month balloting period.
If the outcome of the DIS voting is positive, the modified document
will then be circulated to the ISO members as a Final Draft
International Standard (FDIS). If that vote is positive, ISO 50001 is
expected to be published as an International Standard by early 2011."
http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1337
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2.3. ANSI C12
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has defined a
collection of power meter standards under ANSI C12. The primary
standards include communication protocols (C12.18, 21 and 22), data
and schema definitions (C12.19), measurement accuracy (C12.20).
European equivalent standards are provided by the IEC.
ANSI C12.20 defines accuracy classes for watt-hour meters. Typical
accuracy classes are class 0.5, class 1, and class 3; which
correspond to +/- 0.5%, +/- 1% and +/- 3% accuracy thresholds.
All of these standards are targeted toward the meter itself, and are
therefore very specific and oriented toward electricity distributors
and producers.
2.4. EnergyStar US EPA
The US Environmental Protection Agency and US Department of Energy
jointly sponsor the Energy Star program. The program promotes the
development of energy efficient products and practices.
Energy Star approved appliances in the home or business must meet
specific energy efficiency targets set by the EPA and US Department
of Energy. The Energy Star program also provides planning tools and
technical documentation to help homeowners design more energy
efficient homes. Energy Star is a program; it's not a protocol or
standard.
For businesses and data centers, Energy Star offers technical
support to help companies establish energy conservation practices.
Energy Star provides best practices for measuring current energy
performance, goal setting, and tracking improvement. The Energy
Star tools offered include a rating system for building performance.
The rating system can be used for benchmarking against other
buildings.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_history
2.5. DMTF
The DMTF continues to develop and enhance its standardized
management solutions that include full power-state configuration and
management of any heterogeneous managed environment.
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Currently there are two primary specifications that would address or
benefit EMAN-like behavior, they are listed below. Both
specifications are fully extensible to meet any existing physical,
logical or virtual system management requirements specific to power-
state control.
Through various Working Group efforts these specifications continue
to evolve and advance in features and functionalities. Both
specifications can be found at the DMTF web site:
http://www.dmtf.org
The DMTF uses CIM-based (Common Information Model)'Profiles' that
extend the management capabilities of referencing profiles and
managers to represent and manage power utilization and configuration
of any managed element.
The key 'Profile' is titled and labeled 'Power Utilization
Management Profile' DSP 1085.
The Profile defines via configuration of the Power Managed Element
power utilization modes, capping values and levels, among other
features.
Included in the Profile is the power management service that
represents the behavior of the power utilization management modes
and related classes of a Power Managed Element. Systems that
support power management modes are capable of operating at, and
being controlled at, different rates of power consumption. This
management profile allows full span of control for this behavior.
Power capping functions of any managed element is also included
behavior and is part of the active management capabilities that is
based on dynamic and static configuration features for system
operation.
2.5.1. Desktop And Mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH)
The DMTF has addressed the challenges of managing heterogeneous
desktop and mobile systems (including power) via in-band and out-of-
band environments.
The DMTF has produced the DASH (Desktop and Mobile Architecture for
System Hardware) specifications as a solution.
Based on the DMTF's WS-Management and CIM (Common Information Model)
the solution provides for a standardized and comprehensive framework
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that delivers the syntax and semantics necessary to manage and
control (among other things) configuration and consumption of
managed elements like power, CPU etc.
Through the use of the common syntax and semantics the creation of
an API / Interface set is realized.
The DASH specification is DSP0232.
Both in service and out-of-service systems can be managed with the
DASH specification in a fully secured remote environment.
Full power-state management is afforded by DASH including full
'remote control' of the state of any managed device through a full
power lifecycle.
2.6. SmartGrid
The Smart Grid standards efforts underway in the United States are
overseen by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology
[NIST]. NIST was given the charter to oversee the development of
smart grid related standards by the Energy Independence and Security
Act of 2007. NIST is responsible for coordinating a public-private
partnership with key energy and consumer stakeholders in order to
facilitate the development of smart grid standards.
The smart grid standards activity (sponsored and hosted by NIST) is
monitored and facilitated by the SGIP (Smart Grid Interoperability
Panel). This group has several sub groups called working groups.
These teams examine smaller parts of the smart grid. They include
B2G, I2G, and H2G and others (Building to Grid; Industrial to Grid
and Home to Grid).
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIPWorkingGroupsAndCommittees
When a working group detects a standard or technology gap, the team
seeks approval from the SGIP for the creation of a Priority Action
Plan (PAP). The PAP is a private-public partnership with a charter
to close a specific gap. There are currently 17 Priority Action
Plans (PAP).
PAP 10 Addresses "Standard Energy Usage Information".
According to the PAP website, "Customers will benefit from
standardized energy usage information that enables them to make
better decisions and take other actions consistent with the goals of
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Sections 1301 and 1305 of EISA. An understanding of energy usage
informs better decisions about energy use and conservation, and is
the basis for performance feedback on the operation of customer
owned energy management systems and understanding device energy
usage and management.
Some states have already mandated customer access to meter-based
usage information. As part of this action plan a limited set of
requirements are driving a specification.
Subsequent work will drive a standardized information model for
broader exchange of usage information. This model for cross-domain
interaction needs the characteristics of integration models as
described elsewhere in this document."
2.7. NAESB, ASHRAE and NEMA
As an output of the PAP10's work on the standard information model,
multiple stakeholders agreed to work on a utility centric model in
NAESB (North American Electric Standards Board) and the building
side information model in a joint effort by American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).
The NAESB effort is a NAESB REQ/WEQ.
http://www.naesb.org/smart_grid_PAP10.asp
The ASHRAE effort is SPC201. http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17Information
The output of both ANSI approved SDO's is an information model. It
is not a device level monitoring protocol.
After the ASHRAE SPC201 group formed as a result of initial work
done by the PAP 10, the SGIP added PAP17 in order to focus
specifically on in-building standards for energy using devices.
PAP 17 "will lead to development of a data model standard to enable
energy consuming devices and control systems in the customer
premises to manage electrical loads and generation sources in
response to communication with the Smart Grid. It will be possible
to communicate information about those electrical loads to
utilities, other electrical service providers, and market operators.
The term "Facility Smart Grid Information" is intended to convey the
nature of critical information originating from the customer
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operated "facility" which deals with the representation and dynamics
of loads including prediction, measurement and shedding. It also
helps to distinguish between this PAP and that of PAP10 which deals
exclusively with the representation of energy usage.
This data model standard will complement the flow, aggregation,
summary, and forecasting of energy usage information being
standardized by NAESB in PAP10 through the definition of additional
distinct model components. While the NAESB standard is focusing on
"a single limited-scope information model" that "will not cover all
interactions associated with energy in the home or commercial space"
including, for example, load management ("Report to the SGIP
Governing Board: PAP10 plan," June 15, 2010), these new components
will address load modeling and behavior necessary to manage on-site
generation, demand response, electrical storage, peak demand
management, load shedding capability estimation, and responsive
energy load control."
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17FacilitySmartGridInformationStandard
2.8. ZigBee
The "Zigbee Smart Energy 2.0 effort" currently focuses on wireless
communication to smart home appliances. It is intended to enable
home energy management and direct load control by utilities.
ZigBee protocols are intended for use in embedded applications
requiring low data rates and low power consumption. ZigBee's current
focus is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing
mesh network that can be used for industrial control, embedded
sensing, medical data collection, smoke and intruder warning,
building automation, home automation, etc.
It is not known if the Zigbee Alliance plans to extend support of
SEP 2.0 to business class devices. There also does not appear to be
a plan for context aware marking.
Zigbee is currently not an ANSI recognized SDO-but they are working
toward formal recognition.
3. Limitations
EMAN will address the needs of the network operators both in term of
measurement and control over IP networks. Other protocols may
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already exists (ModBus), but are not designed initially to work on
IP, even if in some cases it is possible to transport them over IP
with some limitations.
The EMAN framework does not aim to address questions regarding
Smartgrid, Electricity producers, distributors even if there is
obvious link between them.
4. Security Considerations
The whole context of energy management has brought a lot of
attention from the security experts, particularly since SmartGrid is
often depicted as a big security risk.
To a more limited extent, the EMAN framework may suffer the same
security risk, more specifically when the notion of "control" is
being used. No one wants to jeopardize the service's stability by
letting hacker shut down critical equipment.
Multiple mechanisms and solutions can be envisioned, and this is
what others have been doing in this area:
4.1. SmartGrid
Even if discussing SmartGrid security is not the scope of this
document, NIST has found at least five standards that are directly
related to smart grid security. That includes standards from NERC,
IEEE, AMI System Security Requirements, UtilityAMI Home Area Network
System Requirements and IEC standards.
The SmartGrid security issue is more difficult being actually an
open network, spawning entire territories and devices from smart
meters, secondary and primary sub stations, etc...
EDITOR'S NODE: TO BE EXPANDED
4.2. Cisco EnergyWise
EnergyWise security uses secret shared secret in a layer fashion.
Devices within a layer share the same password, and devices talking
to upper / lower layers also know the password. The password can be
made more resistant against replay and man-in-the-middle attacks by
incorporating a time-of-day component as part of it.
5. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
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6. References
6.1. Normative References
6.2. Informative References
[PARELLO] IP-Enabled Energy Management: A Proven Strategy for
Administering Energy as a Service. Rob Aldrich, John
Parello. ISBN: 978-0-470-60725-1. October 2010.
[NIST] http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
7. Acknowledgments
This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.
The authors would like to thank Jeff Wheeler for its contribution to
the DMTF section.
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as authors
of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license
terms contained in, the Simplified BSD License set forth in Section
4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
Authors' Addresses
Emmanuel Tychon
Cisco Systems, Inc.
De Keleetlaan, 6A
B1831 Diegem
Belgium
Email: etychon@cisco.com
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Matthew Laherty
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: mlaherty@cisco.com
Brad Schoening
Cisco Systems, Inc.
44 Rivers Edge Drive
Little Silver, NJ 07739
USA
Email: braschoe@cisco.com
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