Energy Management Working Group E. Tychon
Internet Draft M. Laherty
Intended status: Informational Cisco Systems, Inc.
Expires: September 15, 2011 B. Schoening
Independent Consultant
March 15, 2011
Energy Management (EMAN) Applicability Statement
draft-tychon-eman-applicability-statement-01.txt
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Abstract
The Energy Management (EMAN) framework will work on the management
of energy-aware devices. In this document we describe the
applicability of the EMAN framework for a variety of applications.
We show how network elements and applications can use EMAN. We
furthermore describe relations of the EMAN framework to other
architectures and frameworks.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................3
1.1. Energy Measurement........................................4
1.2. Energy Control............................................4
1.3. Examples..................................................5
1.3.1. Corporate Networks...................................5
1.3.2. Building Networks....................................5
1.3.3. Home Energy Gateways.................................5
1.3.4. Datacenters..........................................5
1.3.5. Intelligent Power Strips.............................6
2. Relation of EMAN to Other Frameworks and Technologies..........6
2.1. IEC.......................................................6
2.2. ISO.......................................................7
2.3. ANSI C12..................................................7
2.4. EnergyStar................................................8
2.5. DMTF......................................................8
2.5.1. Common Information Model Profiles....................9
2.5.2. Desktop And Mobile Architecture for System Hardware
(DASH)......................................................9
2.6. SmartGrid.................................................9
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2.7. NAESB, ASHRAE and NEMA...................................10
2.8. ZigBee...................................................11
3. Limitations...................................................12
4. Security Considerations.......................................12
4.1. SmartGrid................................................12
5. IANA Considerations...........................................13
6. References....................................................13
6.1. Normative References.....................................13
6.2. Informative References...................................13
7. Acknowledgments...............................................13
(Beginning of section to be removed from the final version)
TO DO
(End of section to be removed from the final version)
1. Introduction
The EMAN framework describes how energy information can be
retrieved, controlled and monitored from IP-enabled consumers with
traditional methods such as Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP). In essence, the framework defines Management Information
Base (MIBs) for SNMP.
In this document, we describe typical applications of the EMAN
framework; we will show opportunities and limitations of the
framework. Furthermore, we describe other standards that are similar
to EMAN but addresses different domains or users.
EMAN will enable heterogeneous energy consumers to report their own
consumption, and to a lesser extent, external system to control
them. There are multiple scenarios where this is desirable,
particularly today considering the increased importance of limiting
consumption of finite energy resources and reducing operational
expenses.
1.1. EMAN Documents Overview
The EMAN working group is actively working on a series of documents.
(TODO: list existing documents)
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1.2. Energy Measurement
More and more devices today are able to measure and report their own
energy consumption. Smart power strips and some current generation
Power-over-Ethernet switches are already able to meter consumption
of the connected devices. However, when managed and reported
through proprietary means, this information is not really useful at
the enterprise level.
The primary goal of EMAN is to enable reporting and management
within a standard framework that is applicable to the wide variety
of today's end devices, meters and proxies.
Being able to know who's consuming what, when and how at any time by
leveraging existing networks, and across various equipment is one
pillar of the EMAN framework.
1.3. Energy Control
There are many cases where reducing energy consumption is desirable,
such as when the demand is already high, when there's no one using
the resource, and so on.
In some cases, you can't simply turn it off without considering the
context. For instance you cannot turn off all phones, because some
still need to be available in case of emergency. You can't turn
office cooling off totally during non-work hours, but you can reduce
the comfort level, and so on.
In other cases, there are intermediate power levels between off and
on, such as standby, sleep or soft-off modes [DQERM].
The EMAN framework will provide a control mechanism that is
generalized for all devices, power states, and allows for fine-
grained priority control, and emergency function.
Power control requires flexibility and support for different polices
and mechanisms; including centralized management with a network
management station, autonomous management by individual devices, and
alignment with dynamic demand-response mechanisms.
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1.4. Examples
1.4.1. Corporate Networks
Corporate networks connect computers, printers, phones, network
equipment and other devices over local and wide area networks.
These networks are typically centrally managed and operate 24x7.
Today, no standard MIB exists for monitoring and control of energy
in enterprise network using SNMP.
1.4.2. Building Networks
Buildings are big energy consumers, and companies are looking into
ways to reduce their energy consumption, as well as to react
positively in case of an emergency, such as a brownout risk day.
While building networks may be IP enabled, most use older network
technologies including serial RS-485 and token ring technologies.
Within these networks, gateways may connect the building system
protocol to IP networks for management and control.
Air conditioning, lighting and so on can all be metered and
controlled using the EMAN framework. EMAN can, for instance, act as
a communication protocol between a presence system to deactivate the
cooling and phones when there's no one on the floor.
1.4.3. Home Energy Gateways
Home Energy Gateways (HEG) are devices with remote metering
capabilities, and will let service providers and utility companies
respond to demand by varying pricing according to time of usage.
The HEG itself may use specific protocols, but using the EMAN
framework, it will be able to report usage, pricing or other
indicators to the user using SNMP. Using a simple application on its
home network, the consumer is now empowered to see and decide how to
use energy.
1.4.4. Datacenters
Datacenters too are big energy consumers. All that equipment
generates heat, and heat needs to be evacuated though a HVAC
(Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) system. Controlling the
datacenter consumption means slowing down or turning off equipment
and cooling.
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The EMAN framework will enable a new level of control by providing a
unified means of communication between heterogeneous devices over a
network.
1.4.5. Intelligent Power Strips
Intelligent Power Strips are power distribution units with IP
communication capability to remotely enable / disable a particular
outlet, and often have the ability to measure power consumption for
each outlet.
These devices are currently supporting either their own proprietary
protocol or a proprietary SNMP MIB, but EMAN will provide a uniform
framework designed for power control and monitoring for all vendors.
2. Relation of EMAN to Other Frameworks and Technologies
EMAN as a framework is tied with other standards and efforts in the
area. We will try to re-use existing standards as much as possible,
as well as providing control to adjacent technologies such as Smart
Grid.
We have listed most of them with a brief description of their
objectives and the current state.
2.1. IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed a
broad set of standards for power management. Among these, the most
applicable to our purposes is IEC 61850, a standard for the design
of electric utility automation. The abstract data model defined in
61850 is built upon and extends the Common Information Model (CIM).
The complete 61850 CIM model includes over a hundred object classes
and is widely used by utilities in the US and worldwide
This set of standards was originally conceived to automate control
of a substation. An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of
an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system
where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using
transformers. While the original domain of 61850 is substation
automation, the extensive model that resulted has been widely used
in other areas, including Energy Management Systems (EMS) and forms
the core of many Smart Grid standards.
IEC TC57 WG19 is an ongoing working group to harmonize the CIM data
model and 61850 standards.
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With its broad installed base and foundational data model for recent
smart grid efforts, it's highly advisable that the EMON model reuse
as much as possible from the IEC standards.
2.2. ISO
The ISO is developing an energy management standard called ISO
50001. The intent of the framework is to facilitate the creation of
energy management programs for industrial, commercial and other
entities. The standard defines a process for energy management at
an organization level. It is not expected to define the way in
which devices report energy and consume energy. The IETF effort
would be complementary.
ISO 50001 is based on the common elements found in all of ISO's
management system standards, assuring a high level of compatibility
with ISO 9001 (quality management) and ISO 14001 (environmental
management). ISO 50001 benefits will include
- Integrating energy efficiency into management practices and
throughout the supply chain.
- Energy management best practices and good energy management
behaviors
- benchmarking, measuring, documenting, and reporting energy
intensity improvements and their projected impact on reductions in
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
- Evaluating and prioritizing the implementation of new energy-
efficient technologies
ISO 50001 is being developed by ISO project committee ISO/PC 242,
Energy management and is expected to be published as an International
Standard by 2011.
http://www.iso.org/iso/pressrelease.htm?refid=Ref1337
2.3. ANSI C12
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has defined a
collection of power meter standards under ANSI C12. The primary
standards include communication protocols (C12.18, 21 and 22), data
and schema definitions (C12.19), and measurement accuracy (C12.20).
European equivalent standards are provided by the IEC.
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ANSI C12.20 defines accuracy classes for watt-hour meters. Typical
accuracy classes are class 0.5, class 1, and class 3; which
correspond to +/- 0.5%, +/- 1% and +/- 3% accuracy thresholds.
All of these standards are oriented toward the meter itself, and are
therefore very specific and used by electricity distributors and
producers.
The EMON standard should be compatible with existing ANSI C.12
standards.
2.4. EnergyStar
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and US Department of
Energy (DOE) jointly sponsor the Energy Star program. The program
promotes the development of energy efficient products and practices.
To earn Energy Star approval, appliances in the home or business
must meet specific energy efficiency targets. The Energy Star
program also provides planning tools and technical documentation to
help homeowners design more energy efficient homes. Energy Star is a
program; it's not a protocol or standard.
For businesses and data centers, Energy Star offers technical
support to help companies establish energy conservation practices.
Energy Star provides best practices for measuring current energy
performance, goal setting, and tracking improvement. The Energy
Star tools offered include a rating system for building performance
and comparative benchmarks.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=about.ab_history
2.5. DMTF
The DMTF has standardized management solutions for power-state
configuration and management of elements in a heterogeneous
environment. These specifications provide physical, logical and
virtual system management requirements for power-state control.
Through various Working Group efforts these specifications continue
to evolve and advance in features and functionalities. The full
specifications can be found at the DMTF web site:
http://www.dmtf.org
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2.5.1. Common Information Model Profiles
The DMTF uses CIM-based (Common Information Model) 'Profiles' to
represent and manage power utilization and configuration of a
managed element. The key profiles are 'Power Supply' (DSP 1015),
'Power State' (DSP 1027) and 'Power Utilization Management' (DSP
1085).
These profiles define monitoring and configuration of a Power
Managed Element's static and dynamic power saving modes, power
allocation limits and power states, among other features.
Power saving modes can be established as static or dynamic. Static
modes are fixed policies that limit power to a utilization or
wattage limit. Dynamic power saving modes rely upon internal
feedback to control power consumption.
Power states are eight named operational and non operational levels.
These are On, Sleep-Light, Sleep-Deep, Hibernate, Off-Soft, and Off-
Hard. Power change capabilities provide immediate, timed interval,
and graceful transitions between on, off, and reset power states.
Table 3 of the Power State Profile defines the correspondence
between the ACPI and DMTF power state models, although it is not
necessary for a managed element to support ACPI. Optionally, a
TransitingToPowerState property can represent power state
transitions in progress.
2.5.2. Desktop And Mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH)
DMTF DASH (DSP0232) has addressed the challenges of managing
heterogeneous desktop and mobile systems (including power) via in-
band and out-of-band environments. Utilizing the DMTF's WS-
Management web services and the CIM data model, DASH provides
management and control of managed elements like power, CPU etc.
Both in service and out-of-service systems can be managed with the
DASH specification in a fully secured remote environment. Full
power lifecycle management is possible using out-of-band management.
2.6. SmartGrid
The Smart Grid standards efforts underway in the United States are
overseen by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology
[NIST]. NIST was given the charter to oversee the development of
smart grid related standards by the Energy Independence and Security
Act of 2007. NIST is responsible for coordinating a public-private
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partnership with key energy and consumer stakeholders in order to
facilitate the development of smart grid standards.
The smart grid standards activity (sponsored and hosted by NIST) is
monitored and facilitated by the SGIP (Smart Grid Interoperability
Panel). This group has several sub groups called working groups.
These teams examine smaller parts of the smart grid. They include
B2G, I2G, and H2G and others (Building to Grid; Industrial to Grid
and Home to Grid).
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIPWorkingGroupsAndCommittees
When a working group detects a standard or technology gap, the team
seeks approval from the SGIP for the creation of a Priority Action
Plan (PAP). The PAP is a private-public partnership with a charter
to close a specific gap. There are currently 17 Priority Action
Plans (PAP).
PAP 10 Addresses "Standard Energy Usage Information".
Smart Grid standards will provide distributed intelligence in the
network and allow enhanced load shedding. For example, pricing
signals will enable selective shutdown of non critical activities
during peak-load pricing periods. These actions can be effected
through both centralized and distributed management controls.
Similarly, brown-outs, air quality alerts, and peak demand limits
can be managed through the smart grid data models, based upon IEC
61850.
2.7. NAESB, ASHRAE and NEMA
As an output of the PAP10's work on the standard information model,
multiple stakeholders agreed to work on a utility centric model in
NAESB (North American Electric Standards Board) and the building
side information model in a joint effort by American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).
The NAESB effort is a NAESB REQ/WEQ.
http://www.naesb.org/smart_grid_PAP10.asp
The ASHRAE effort is SPC201. http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17Information
The output of both ANSI approved SDO's is an information model. It
is not a device level monitoring protocol.
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After the ASHRAE SPC201 group formed as a result of initial work
done by the PAP 10, the SGIP added PAP17 in order to focus
specifically on in-building standards for energy using devices.
PAP 17 "will lead to development of a data model standard to enable
energy consuming devices and control systems in the customer
premises to manage electrical loads and generation sources in
response to communication with the Smart Grid. It will be possible
to communicate information about those electrical loads to
utilities, other electrical service providers, and market operators.
The term "Facility Smart Grid Information" is intended to convey the
nature of critical information originating from the customer
operated "facility" which deals with the representation and dynamics
of loads including prediction, measurement and shedding. It also
helps to distinguish between this PAP and that of PAP10 which deals
exclusively with the representation of energy usage.
This data model standard will complement the flow, aggregation,
summary, and forecasting of energy usage information being
standardized by NAESB in PAP10 through the definition of additional
distinct model components. While the NAESB standard is focusing on
"a single limited-scope information model" that "will not cover all
interactions associated with energy in the home or commercial space"
including, for example, load management ("Report to the SGIP
Governing Board: PAP10 plan," June 15, 2010), these new components
will address load modeling and behavior necessary to manage on-site
generation, demand response, electrical storage, peak demand
management, load shedding capability estimation, and responsive
energy load control."
http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-
sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP17FacilitySmartGridInformationStandard
2.8. ZigBee
The "Zigbee Smart Energy 2.0 effort" currently focuses on wireless
communication to smart home appliances. It is intended to enable
home energy management and direct load control by utilities.
ZigBee protocols are intended for use in embedded applications
requiring low data rates and low power consumption. ZigBee's current
focus is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing
mesh network that can be used for industrial control, embedded
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sensing, medical data collection, smoke and intruder warning,
building automation, home automation, etc.
It is not known if the Zigbee Alliance plans to extend support to
business class devices. There also does not appear to be a plan for
context aware marking.
Zigbee is currently not an ANSI recognized SDO -- but they are
working toward formal recognition.
3. Limitations
EMAN will address the needs of the network operators in term of
measurement and, to a lesser extend, control over IP networks.
It is not the purpose of EMAN to create a new protocol stack for
energy-aware endpoints, but rather to create a data model to measure
and report energy and other metrics over SNMP.
Other legacy protocols may already exists (ModBus), but are not
designed initially to work on IP, even if in some cases it is
possible to transport them over IP with some limitations.
The EMAN framework does not aim to address questions regarding
Smartgrid, Electricity producers, distributors even if there is
obvious link between them.
4. Security Considerations
EMAN uses the SNMP protocol and is subject to its own security. More
specifically, SNMPv3 [RFC3411] provides important security features
such as confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.
4.1. SmartGrid
Even if discussing SmartGrid security is not the scope of this
document, NIST has found at least five standards that are directly
related to smart grid security. That includes standards from NERC,
IEEE, AMI System Security Requirements, UtilityAMI Home Area Network
System Requirements and IEC standards.
The SmartGrid security issue is more difficult being actually an
open network, spawning entire territories and devices from smart
meters, secondary and primary sub stations, etc.
EDITOR'S NODE: TO BE EXPANDED
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5. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC3411] An Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks
6.2. Informative References
[DQERM] https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-quittek-eman-
reference-model/
[NIST] http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid/
7. Acknowledgments
This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.
The authors would like to thank Jeff Wheeler for its contribution to
the DMTF section.
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as authors
of the code. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject to the license
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Authors' Addresses
Emmanuel Tychon
Cisco Systems, Inc.
De Keleetlaan, 6A
B1831 Diegem
Belgium
Email: etychon@cisco.com
Matthew Laherty
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: mlaherty@cisco.com
Brad Schoening
44 Rivers Edge Drive
Little Silver, NJ 07739
USA
Email: brad@bradschoening.com
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