CORE Working Group Working Group                             P. Urien
  Internet Draft                                      Telecom ParisTech
  Intended status: Experimental

                                                      November 25, 2019
  Expires: May 2020

                         Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes
                           draft-urien-core-bmac-02.txt


Abstract

   In this draft context, things are powered by micro controllers units
   (MCU) comprising a set of memories such as static RAM (SRAM), FLASH
   and EEPROM. The total memory size, ranges from 10KB to a few
   megabytes. In this context code and data integrity is a major
   security issue, for the deployment of Internet of Things
   infrastructure. The goal of the bijective MAC (bMAC) is to compute
   an integrity value, which cannot be guessed by malicious software.
   In classical keyed MACs, MAC is computing according to a fixed
   order.
   In the bijective MAC, the content of N addresses is hashed according
   to a permutation P (i.e. bijective application).
   The bijective MAC key is the permutation P.
   The number of permutations for N addresses is N!. So the computation
   of the bMAC requires the knowledge of the whole space memory; this
   is trivial for genuine software, but could very difficult for
   corrupted software.

Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
   months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
   at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 2020.

   Urien                        Expires May 2020             [Page 1]


Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors. All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document. Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with
   respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this
   document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in
   Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without
   warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.







































   Urien                       Expires May 2020              [page 2]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019

Table of Contents
   Abstract........................................................... 1
   Requirements Language.............................................. 1
   Status of this Memo................................................ 1
   Copyright Notice................................................... 2
   1 Overview......................................................... 4
   2 Bijective MAC.................................................... 4
      2.1 Memory space................................................ 4
      2.2 Permutation................................................. 4
      2.3 bMAC computation............................................ 5
      2.4 Unused memory............................................... 5
      2.5 Permutation entropy......................................... 5
      2.6 Time-stamped bMAC........................................... 5
   3. The Pq permutation family....................................... 6
      3.1 How to find a generator..................................... 6
          3.1.1 Method 1 ............................................. 6
          3.1.2 Method 2 ............................................. 6
      3.2 How to compute generators................................... 7
          3.2.1 Example 1 ............................................ 7
          3.2.2 Example 2. ........................................... 7
          3.2.3 Example 3. ........................................... 7
      3.3 Shifted permutation......................................... 8
      3.4 Composition in Fq........................................... 8
      3.5 Code example................................................ 8
          3.5.1 Example 1 ............................................ 8
          3.5.2 Example 2 ............................................ 9
   4 bMAC protocol................................................... 10
   5 IANA Considerations............................................. 10
   6 Security Considerations......................................... 10
   7 References...................................................... 10
      7.1 Normative References....................................... 10
      7.2 Informative References..................................... 11
   8 Authors' Addresses.............................................. 11



















   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 3]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019

1 Overview

   In this draft context, things are powered by micro controllers units
   (MCU) comprising a set of memories such as static RAM (SRAM), FLASH
   and EEPROM. The total memory size ranges from 10KB to a few
   megabytes.
   In this context code and data integrity is a major security issue
   for the deployment of Internet of Things infrastructure.
   The goal of the bijective MAC (bMAC) is to compute an integrity
   value, which cannot be guessed by malicious software.
   In classical keyed MACs, MAC is computing according to a fixed
   order.
   In the bijective MAC, the content of N addresses (A[0]...A[N-1]) is
   hashed according to a hash function H and a permutation P (i.e.
   bijective application in [0,N-1])so that :

   bMAC(A, P) = H( A[P(0)] || A[P(1)] ... || A[P(N-1)] )

   The bijective MAC key is the permutation P. The number of
   permutations for N addresses is N!, as an illustration 35! is
   greater than 2**128. So the bMAC computation requires the knowledge
   of the whole space memory; this is trivial for genuine software, but
   could very difficult for corrupted software.

2 Bijective MAC

2.1 Memory space

   The memory space is represented by an application A, working with N
   addresses, whose content is a byte value.

                       | [0,N-1] -> [0,255]
                     A |
                       | x       -> A[x]

   Non volatile memories (FLASH, EEPROM) MUST be included in the memory
   space. A subset of SRAM is included in the memory, whose structure
   relies on operational constraints (heap size, stack size,...).

2.2 Permutation

   For practical reasons, permutation MAY use a range of M values,
   greater than the size N of the memory space (M>=N).

                       | [0,M-1] -> [0,M-1]
                     P |
                       | x       -> P(x)

   For example, given a N memory space, and q a prime number so that
   q>N+1, and g a generator for the group Z/qZ, the P permutation (with
   M= q-1) can computed as :

   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 4]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019



                        | [0,q-2] -> [0,q-2]
                      P |
                        | x       -> (g**(1+x) mod q)-1

2.3 bMAC computation

   We consider a one way hash function H (such as SHA2 or SHA3) with
   three procedures, H.reset, H.update, and H.final.

   Given a space memory N, a permutation P with M values, the bMAC,
   according to C like notation, is computed as:

   H.reset() ;
   for (i=0; i< M; i++)
   { if (P(i) < N)
          H.update(A[P[i]);
   }
   bMAC= H.final();

2.4 Unused memory

   Unused memory MAY be filled by pseudo random values, before
   performing the bMAC computation.


2.5 Permutation entropy

   A family of Pk permutations is a subset of M! permutations of M
   elements, which is computed according to dedicated algorithms.

   We note #Pk the number of elements of a Pk family.

   The entropy is the integer e, such as 2**e is closed to #Pk:

   2**e <= #Pk < 2**(e+1)

   The entropy of a family may be increased by the composition of Pk
   functions so that :

   P(k1,k2,...,kn) = Pkn o ... o Pk2 o Pk1

2.6 Time-stamped bMAC

   We assume that the bMAC computing time (T) ranges between the values
   Tmin and Tmax:

   Tmin <= T <= Tmax

   We define the following values:

   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 5]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019

   Range = Tmax-Tmin+1
   Delta = Tmin modulo Range

   For a given computing time T, we define the canonical computing time
   cT as :
   cT  = (T-Delta)/Range

   For every T value, cT has a fix value equal to the quotient of
   Tmin/Range.

   The main interest of the canonical time is that it could work as a
   secret value, deduced from the bMAC computing but not stored in the
   software memory image.

   The time-stamped bMAC is computed from an exor operation between the
   bMAC and the canonical time:

   Time-stamped bMAC = bMAC exor cT


3. The Pq permutation family

   We consider a N memory space, and q a prime number so that q > N.

   Z/qZ is a monogenous group with n=phi(q-1) generators (g), phi being
   the Euler number. Generators (g) in Z/qZ can be used to build a
   permutation family Pq= = {Pg1, Pg2,.., Pgn}, so that:

                         | [1,q-1] -> [1,q-1]
                   Pg(x) |
                         | x       -> g**x  mod q

   Given a P permutation working in the [1,q-1] range (such as Pg), we
   use the P*(P) permutation in order to enforce compatibility with the
   memory space A(x) starting at the zero address :

                         | [0,q-2] -> [0,q-2]
                      P* |
                         | x       -> P*(x) = P(1+x)-1

3.1 How to find a generator

  3.1.1 Method 1

   Given x in [1, q-1],
   If x**k mod q # 1 for all k in [1, q-2], then g is a generator.

  3.1.2 Method 2

   Factorize q-1 into primes: q-1 = q1**k1...qi**ki...qn**kn


   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 6]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019

   Find n integers ai (a1...an) of order qi**ki, in Z/qZ (phi(qi**ki)
   elements)
   The product of the n elements a1 x...x an, is a generator.

3.2 How to compute generators

   Find a generator g.

   There are phi(q-1) generators g**k, with k prime with q-1.

   GCD(k,q-1)=1, GCD being the Greatest Common Divisor of two integers.

  3.2.1 Example 1
   q=11, phi(10)= 4
   10= 2x5, phi(2)=1, phi(5)=4
   prime numbers with 10= {1,3,7,9}

   k     1 2 3 4  5 6 7 8 9 10
   x**k  1
         2 4 8 5 10 9 7 3 6 1
         3 9 5 4 1
         4 5 9 3 1
         5 3 4 9 1
         6 3 7 9 10 5 8 4 2 1
         7 5 2 3 10 4 6 9 8 1
         8 9 6 4 10 3 2 5 7 1
         9 4 3 5 1
         10 1

   10 has an order 2
   3, 4, 5, 9 have order 5
   10*3= 8, 4*10= 7, 5*10=6, 9*10=2 are generators

   2 is a generator
   2**3 = 8 is a generator
   2**7 = 7 is a generator
   2**9 = 6 is a generator

  3.2.2 Example 2.

   Memory space N = 512B EEPROM + 8192B FLASH + 1024B SRAM = 9728B
   Nearest prime number q = 9733
   q-1 = 9732= 811 x 4 x 3
   phi(9732) = 3240
   2 is a generator
   generators are numbers 2**k mod q, with k less than q-1, and k prime
   with 811, 4 and 3.

  3.2.3 Example 3.

   Memory space N = 4096B EEPROM + 262144B FLASH + 1024B SRAM= 274432

   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 7]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019

   prime number q = 278543
   q-1= 278542 = 2 x 11**2 x 1151
   phi(278542) = 126500
   5 is a generator
   generators are numbers, 5**k mod q, with k less than q-1, prime with
   2, 11, and 1151

3.3 Shifted permutation

   Given an integer s in the range [0, q-1], the shifted permutation
   P(g,s) is defined as

                        | [1,q-1] -> [1,q-1]
              P(g,s)(x) |
                        | x       -> s.g**x mod q

   In other words P(g,s)(x) = s x Pg(x).

   Because s can be written in the form s = g**d, s.g = g**(x+d), which
   leads to a right shift.

   The number of shifted permutations is (q-1)*phi(q-1).

   The benefit of shifted permutation is to increase, with a low cost
   computation, the bMAC entropy.

3.4 Composition in Fq

   Given a set of k ptuples {(g1,s1), (g2,s2),..., (gk,sk)} and
   associated shifted permutations P(gi,si), a permutation P(q,k) is
   computed according to the relation :

   P(q,k) = P(gk,sk) o ... o P(g2,s2) o P(g1,s1)

3.5 Code example

   The bMAC is computed with a permutation P= P(g2) o P(g1,s1)
   The pseudo code is written in a C like way.
   H is a SHA3-256 KECCAK hash function.

  3.5.1 Example 1

   In this example 32 bits integers are used.
   The prime number q is 9733.
   The address space is N= 9664.
   For a 8 bits processor, 12MHz clock, the bMAC is computed in about
   10s, i.e. 1ms per byte.


   uint32-t x,y,bitn,v,gi[14];
   uint32-t PRIME, g1=a-generator, s1=a-value, g2=a-generator;

   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 8]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019

   bool tohash;

     PRIME =9733;
     H.reset();

     gi[0]= g2;
     for (int n=1;n<=13;n++)
     gi[n] = (gi[n-1] * gi[n-1]) % PRIME;

     x= s1;

     for(int i=1;i<PRIME;i++)
     { tohash = false
       x = (x*g1) % PRIME;
       bitn=x;
       y=1;
       for (int n=1;n<=14;n++)
       { if ( (bitn & 0x1) == 0x1)  y = (y*gi[n-1]) % PRIME;
         bitn = bitn >>1;
       }
       v = (y-1);
       // if address v exists, read the v address content A(v)
       // tohash=true ;
       if (tohash) H.update(A(v));
     }

     H.dofinal();

  3.5.2 Example 2

   In this example 64 bits and 32 bits integers are used.
   The prime number q is 278543.
   The address space is N= 271360.
   For a 8 bits processor, 16MHz clock, the bMAC is computed in about
   320s, i.e. 1.1 ms per byte.


   uint32-t bitn,v;
   uint64-t x,y,gi[19];
   uint32-t PRIME, g1=a-generator, s1=a-value, g2=a-generator;
   bool tohash;

     PRIME = 278543;
     H.reset();

     gi[0]=(uint64-t)g2;
     for (n=1;n<=18;n++)
     { gi[n] =  gi[n-1] * gi[n-1];
       gi[n] =  gi[n] % PRIME;
     }


   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 9]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019

     x= s1;

     for(i=1;i<PRIME;i++)
     { tohash=false;
       x = x * (uint64-t)g1 ;
       x=  x  % PRIME ;
       bitn= (uint32-t) x;
       y=    (uint64-t) 1;

       for (n=1;n<=19;n++)
       { if ( (bitn & 0x1) == 0x1)
         { y = y * gi[n-1] ;
           y = y % PRIME;
         }
         bitn = bitn >>1;
       }

       v = (uint32-t)(y-1);
       // if address v exists, read the v address content A(v)
       // tohash=true ;
       if (tohash) H.update(A(v));
     }

     H.final();

4 bMAC protocol

   A bMAC protocol involves a bMAC requester and a bMAC provider.

   The requester sends to the bMAC provider the parameters needed for
   the P permutation.

   The bMAC provider computes the bMAC according to the P permutation
   and returns the result.

   If the bMAC provider has access to internet, the requester
   (typically a gateway) SHOULD control its internet access in order to
   avoid side channel attack.

5 IANA Considerations

   TODO

6 Security Considerations

   TODO

7 References

7.1 Normative References


   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 10]


                  Bijective MAC for Constraint Nodes    November 2019



7.2 Informative References



8 Authors' Addresses

   Pascal Urien
   Telecom ParisTech
   19 Place Marguerite Perey
   91120 Palaiseau
   France

   Phone: NA
   Email: Pascal.Urien@telecom-paristech.fr




































   Urien                       Expires May 2020               [Page 11]