MIP6 Working Group Ryuji Wakikawa INTERNET DRAFT Keisuke Uehara 20 Sep 2003 Thierry Ernst Keio University/WIDE project Kenichi Nagami INTEC Netcore Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration draft-wakikawa-mobileip-multiplecoa-02.txt Status of This Memo This document is a submission to the MIP6 Working Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Comments should be submitted to the mip6@ietf.org (mobile-ip@sunroof.eng.sun.com) mailing list. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at: http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at: http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract According to the current Mobile IPv6 specification, a mobile node may have several care-of addresses, but only one, termed the primary care-of address, can be registered with its home agent and the correspondent nodes. However, for matters of cost, bandwidth, delay, etc, it is useful for the mobile node to get Internet access through multiple access media (i.e. interfaces) simultaneously, in which case multiple active IPv6 care-of addresses would be assigned to the mobile node. We thus propose Mobile IPv6 extensions designed to register multiple care-of addresses bound to a single home address instead of the sole primary care-of address. For doing so, a new identification number must be carried in each binding for the R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 1]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 receiver to distinguish between the bindings corresponding to the same home address. Those extensions are targeted to Network Mobility (NEMO) as well as to Mobile IPv6. Contents Status of This Memo 1 Abstract 1 1. Introduction 4 2. Terminology 6 3. Protocol Overview 8 4. Mobile IPv6 Extensions 10 4.1. Binding Cache Structure and Management . . . . . . . . . 10 4.2. Binding Update Structure and Management . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3. Messages Format Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4.3.1. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option . . . . . . 11 4.3.2. Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4.3.3. Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. Mobile Node Operation 13 5.1. Management of care-of addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.2. Sending Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.3. De-registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.3.1. De-registration to home agent . . . . . . . . . . 15 5.3.2. De-registration to correspondent nodes . . . . . 16 5.4. Using Alternate Care-of Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.5. Receiving Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.6. Receiving Binding Refresh Request . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.7. Receiving Binding Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation 18 6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Unique Identification Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 6.2. Receiving Binding Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.3. Sending Binding Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.5. Sending Binding Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 7. Network Mobility Applicability 21 Appendices 22 A. Example Configurations 22 R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 2]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 Example Configurations 22 Acknowledgments 25 References 25 Authors' Addresses 27 R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 3]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 1. Introduction Permanent Internet connectivity is required by some applications while a mobile node moves across several access networks (i.e. ISPs, hotspots, etc). For example, it is desirable to maintain the Internet connectivity while an automobile running on a freeway receives voice or video streaming data from different access networks. Unfortunately, there is no network interfaces assuring global scale connectivity. Therefore, a mobile node should use various type of network interfaces to obtain wide area network connectivity [7]. In addition, users should select the most appropriate network interface depending on a visiting network environment, since wireless networks is mutable and less reliable than wired networks and each network interface has different cost, performance, bandwidth, access range, and reliability. Users should also select the most appropriate interface per communication. For example, TCP traffic should be transmitted over the wireless interface, whereas UDP traffic should be transmitted over wired the interface to avoid disturbing TCP connections. Associating multiple care-of addresses to a single home address would allow durable Internet connectivity [8] [1] [9]. For example, when a mobile node loses its Internet connectivity at one of its interface, the second interface can be used as a backup interface therefrom maintaining Internet connectivity. In addition, the mobile node can send each communication flow to a distinct network interface. This provides efficient network bandwidth consumption. A user can select the most suitable network interface per application. Correspondent nodes can also re-select a binding of the mobile node to recover communication when one of mobile node's bindings becomes invalid. To enable a binding selection policy, a mobile node can use the particular binding for specified communication type. If a mobile node does not have enough bandwidth for communications, it can utilize both bindings to gain network bandwidth. Furthermore, a mobile node may bicast packets of a particular flow through all available network interfaces. IPv6 [2] conceptually allows a node to have several addresses on a given interface. Consequently, Mobile IPv6 [6] has mechanisms to manage multiple ``home addresses'' based on home agent's managed prefixes such as mobile prefix solicitation and mobile prefix advertisement. However, assigning a single home address to a given network interface is more advantageous than assigning multiple home addresses because applications do not need to be aware of the multiplicity of home addresses. Of course, applications should be aware of the active home address to be used for communicating. At the TCP layer, TCP holds the home address as a source address of the R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 4]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 communication for connection managements. Thus, applications must reboot to reset the connection information when the the mobile node changes its active network interface (i.e. change the home address). However, according to section 11.5.3 of the Mobile IPv6 specification [6], a mobile node is not allowed to register multiple care-of addresses bound to a single home address. If a mobile node sends Binding Updates for each care-of address, correspondent nodes would always overwrite the careof address recorded in the binding cache with the one contained in the latest received binding update. It is thus impossible for a mobile node to register multiple care-of addresses in the correspondent node's binding cache. In this document, we thus propose a new identification number called Binding Unique Identification number (BID) for each binding cache entry to accommodate multiple bindings registration. We also propose extension of binding cache management to store the BID and a new sub-option for binding update to carry the BID. The BID is assigned to either the interfaces or care-of addresses bound to a single home address of a mobile node. The mobile node notifies the BID to both its home agent and correspondent nodes by means of a BU. Correspondent nodes and the home agent record the BID into their binding cache. The home address thus identifies a mobile node itself whereas the BID identifies each binding registered by a mobile node. By using the BID, multiple bindings can then be distinguished. A user of a mobile node may be able to bind some policies to a BID. The policy is used to divide flows to multiple network interfaces by flow type, port number, or destination address, etc. How to distribute or configure policies is not within the scope of this draft. The extensions specified in this draft can also be applied to Network Mobility (NEMO) basic support [3]. Our extensions can indeed be applied to either a mobile host (Mobile IPv6) or a mobile router (MR, see [5]). Network Mobility Support must allow multihoming so as to provide robustness, better performance, etc described in [4]. Multihoming include in particular the ability to switch from one egress interface to another. Thierry: what you wrote in section above is almost exactly the same content as section 7 so section 7 is useless R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 5]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 2. Terminology Most terms used in this draft are defined in [6]. Binding Unique Identification number (BID) The identification number is used to distinguish multiple bindings registered by mobile node. Assignment of distinct BID allows a mobile node to register multiple binding cache entries for a given home address. BID is generated not to duplicate each other. The zero value and negative value MUST NOT be used as a value. After generating BID, BID is stored in the Binding Update List and is sent by a mobile node as a sub-option of a Binding Update. BID is conceptually used to distinguish multiple bindings for single home address. Therefore, a mobile node can assign BID to either care-of address or interface depending on implementations so as to keep using the same BID for the same binding even when the status of the binding is changed. More details can be found in Section 5.1 Primary care-of address In [6], the primary care-of address is defined as ``the care-of address registered with the mobile node's home agent is called its ``primary'' care-of address''. In this present draft, the definition is refined as follows: The care-of address which is primary associated with a home address. A mobile node MUST have a primary care-of address all the time. Once the primary care-of address becomes invalid, the mobile node MUST reselect a primary careof-address from the multiple care-of addresses that a mobile node may have at any given time. Primary Interface The interface on which the primary care-of address is assigned. Once the primary interface becomes invalid due to movements, the mobile node MUST re-select primary interface from set of interfaces installed in mobile node. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option The Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is used to notify the BID. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 6]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (M flag) This flag indicates that a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is included in the Binding Update mobility option field. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 7]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 3. Protocol Overview We propose a new identification number to distinguish multiple bindings pertaining to the same home address. The following paragraphs described the procedures for the mobile node to register multiple bindings. Once a mobile node gets several IPv6 global addresses on distinct interfaces, it MUST select a primary care-of address from the active addresses as specified in Section 11.5.3 [6]. After the selection, the interface which has the primary care-of address becomes the primary interface for the mobile node. After selecting the primary care-of address, the mobile node MUST register it with its home agent (home registration). If the mobile node wants to register multiple bindings to its home agent, it MUST generate a BID for the primary care-of address and record it into the binding update list entry. The mobile node then registers its primary care-of address by sending a Binding Update containing a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. The M flag MUST be set in the Flag field of the Binding Update and the BID MUST be put in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. After receiving the Binding Update, the home agent verifies the request and records the binding in its binding cache. If the newly defined sub-option is present in the Binding Update, the home agent MUST copy the BID from the BU to the corresponding field in the binding entry. After this home registration, the mobile node can register the rest of care-of addresses to its Home Agent. Even if there is already an entry for the mobile node, the home agent MUST registers a new binding entry with the BID stored in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. The registration process is the same as for the registration of the primary care-of address. The mobile node MUST register multiple care-of addresses respectively. There is no optimization such as registering multiple care-of addresses by using a single Binding Update, because the current Mobile IPv6 specification does not allow to send multiple bindings by single Binding Update. If the mobile node would register its binding to a correspondent node, it MUST starts return routability operations before sending a Binding Update. The mobile node MUST sends CoTI for each care-of addresses and MUST receive CoT for each care-of addresses. The mobile node also generates BID for each care-of addresses to register them as individual bindings . The registration step is same as the home registration except for calculating authenticator with Binding Unique Identifier sub-option as well as the other sub-options specified in [6]. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 8]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 BID is also used as a search key of binding cache database as well as a home address. When the home agent checks binding cache database for the mobile node, it searches a correspondent binding entry with the home address and BID of the desired binding. The desired binding can be selected with policy and filter information. The capability of searching the desired binding enables load-sharing and QoS with flow separation. But this selection and flow separation are out of scope in this draft. If there is no desired binding, it search the binding cache database with the home address as well as Mobile IPv6. The first matched binding entry may be found, but which binding entry is returned for the normal search depends on implementations. If a node has multiple bindings and its packets meant for the mobile node are not delivered correctly, the node can change the binding entry for the mobile node so as to recover the connection immediately. The node can detect a binding invalidation by packets loss or ICMP error messages such as ICMP_UNREACHABLE. This provides redundancy for Mobile IPv6. When one of care-of addresses is changed, the mobile node sends a Binding Update with the new care-of address and the correspondent BID. The receiver of the Binding Update updates the particular binding entry that its BID is same as the BID in the received Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. The mobile node can manage each binding independently owing to BID. Once the mobile node decides to register only one binding, it just sends a Binding Update without M flag and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option (i.e. normal Binding Update). The receiver of the Binding Update registers only single binding for the mobile node. If the receiver has multiple bindings, one bindings is registered without BID and the rest of bindings are deleted. When the mobile node returns home, there are two situations. It is because the home agent defends the mobile node's home address by using proxy neighbor advertisement. It is impossible to utilize all the interfaces when one interface is attached to home and the others are attached to foreign link. If proxy Neighbor Advertisement for the home address is stopped, packets are always routed to the interface attached to the home link. If proxy is not stopped, packets are never routed to the interface attached to the home link. The first situation is when the primary interface is attached to the home link. In this case, the mobile node MUST de-register all the bindings by sending a Binding Update which lifetime set to zero. The mobile node MAY NOT put any Binding Unique Identifier sub-options in this packet. Then, the receiver deletes all the bindings from its binding cache database. On the other hand, if the mobile node wants to delete binding entries respectively, it sends multiple R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 9]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 deregistration Binding Updates for all BID (that is all registered care-of addresses). In those Binding Updates, the mobile node MUST store a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. Only when the care-of address is the primary one and the destination is the home agent, the mobile node also set 'P' flag in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option to indicates stop proxying for the mobile node to the home agent. P flag is valid only when the destination of a Binding Update is a home agent. The second situation is when non primary interface is attached to the home link. The primary care-of address takes precedence over the rest of addresses. The mobile node stops using the interface attached to the home link and keeps using the rest of interfaces attached to foreign links. In this case, the mobile node sends deregistration Binding Update with the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. The mobile node stores the BID of the binding and MUST NOT set P flag in the sub-option regardless of home agent or not. Therefore, the receiver of the deregistration Binding Update deletes only the binding entry from the binding cache database. The home agent does not stop proxying neighbor advertisement. 4. Mobile IPv6 Extensions Mobile IPv6 should be able to manage multiple bindings bound to a same home address. The changes are described in this section. 4.1. Binding Cache Structure and Management This document requires to have additional items for the binding cache structure, which are - BID The BID of the binding cache entry. The BID is notified by BU sub-option by mobile node. If mobile node does not use BID, then the value of BID MUST be always zero. If a node gets a BU with a Binding Unique Identifier defined at 4.3.1, it searches Binding Cache entries with the set of the home address and the BID. If both does match with the registered binding, the node MUST update the care-of address and the BID into the matched binding. Otherwise, the node MUST register a new binding for the care-of address and the BID, even if there are already the other binding for the mobile node's home address. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 10]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 4.2. Binding Update Structure and Management This document requires to have additional items for binding update structure, which are - BID The BID MUST be generated whenever mobile node decides to register multiple bindings for its home address. - Primary flag If the care-of address is primary one, this flag MUST be set. If a mobile node has multiple care-of addresses at a time, it SHOULD assign a BID to each care-of address. BID should be recorded in a binding update list. A mobile node MAY update the value of BID periodically not to be discovered by a third person. The information of the primary care of address is kept at the Primary Flag field and is known only by a mobile node. A mobile node does not need to send the preference information (primary or not) to correspondent nodes and a home agent except for the case of mobile node's returning home. When a mobile node returns home, it MUST tell whether primary or not because the operation of proxy neighbor advertisement is different between primary and non primary care-of address. 4.3. Messages Format Changes 4.3.1. Binding Unique Identifier sub-option The Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is included in Binding Update, Binding Acknowledgment, Binding Refresh Request, Binding Error if needed. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type = TBD | Length = 2 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Binding Unique ID (BID) | P| Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------------------------+ Type Type value for Binding Unique Identifier will be assigned later. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 11]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 Length The value MUST be always 2. Binding Unique ID (BID) The BID which is assigned to the binding sent by the Binding Update with this sub-option. BID is 16-bit unsigned integer. A value of zero is reserved. Flag Stop Proxy Neighbor Advertisement (P) Flag When this flag is set, the home agent MUST stop proxy neighbor advertisement for a mobile node. This flag is checked only when a Binding Update is for de-registration and the destination of a Binding Update is mobile node's home agent (i.e. home de-registration). Otherwise, this flag MUST be ignored. Reserved 15 bit Reserved field. Reserved field must be set with all 0. 4.3.2. Binding Update If a mobile node wants to register several care-of addresses which would be bound to a home address, mobile node MUST set 'M' flag and include a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Sequence # | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |A|H|L|K|R|M| Reserved | Lifetime | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | . . . Mobility options . . . | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Mobile Router Flag (R) This flag is proposed by the NEMO working group [3]. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 12]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 Multiple Care-of Addresses Flag (M) This flag is used for multiple care-of addresses registration. Reserved Reserved field is reduced to 11 bits. 4.3.3. Binding Acknowledgment The message format of Binding Acknowledgment is not changed, but operations listed below are added in this draft. A receiver who gets a Binding Update with 'M' flag MUST reply a Binding Acknowledgment if it has 'A' flag or it is home registration. The receiver MUST also reply a Binding Acknowledgment with correspondent error number if it finds an error during processing the Binding Update and its sub-option described in section 4.3.2. If a Binding Update has 'M' flag and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present, a receiver node MUST reply a Binding Acknowledgment containing the same Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. The mobile node can process the Binding Acknowledgment for the particular care-of address identified by BID set in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. This document defines a new number for 'M' flag handling. 140 Conflicting a normal binding without BID and a binding with BID in binding cache. The number is TBD. 5. Mobile Node Operation 5.1. Management of care-of addresses There are two cases when a mobile node has several care-of addresses. - A mobile node uses several physical network interfaces to acquire a care-of address. - A mobile node uses single physical network interface, but it acquires several addresses from the attached network. Since IPv6 allows to have several addresses on single network interface, it is possible to get several global address with a network interface at the attached network. Although the difference between above two cases is a number of physical network interfaces, it does not matter in this draft. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 13]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 Identification number is used to distinguish multiple bindings so that mobile node assigns an identification number for each care-of addresses. The decision how to assign an identification number is up to implementations. A mobile node assigns BID to each care-of address when it wants to simultaneously register with its home address. The value should be generated from 1 to 65535. Zero and negative value can not be take as BID. If a mobile node has only one care-of address, assignment of BID is not needed until it has multiple care-of addresses to register as a binding. When a mobile node moves to a new foreign link by one of its interfaces, the mobile node just updates the binding for the new care-of address. The mobile node sends a Binding Update with a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option storing BID of the binding. When a mobile node moves to a home link by its primary interface, it MUST start de-registration processing to its home agent as well as Mobile IPv6. The home agent deletes all bindings for the mobile node and stops intercepting packets meant for the mobile node. Although the mobile node MUST deletes the binding from correspondent nodes as well, the node still can keep a binding of non-primary interface active at correspondent nodes. In such case, the mobile node still receives packets at a non primary interface attached to a foreign link by using route optimization. The mobile node also receives packets at the primary interface attached to the home link when correspondent nodes does not use route optimization. On the other hand, when a mobile node returns to the home link by a non-primary interface, it MUST delete only the particular binding from its home agent and correspondent nodes. The home agent does not delete all bindings and does not stop proxy neighbor advertisement for the mobile node. Therefore, the mobile node no longer receives packets at the non primary interface attached to the home link. All packets are routed to other interfaces attached to a foreign link. If the mobile node eager to receive packets at the non primary interface at the home link, it MUST re-select the interface as primary. 5.2. Sending Binding Update When a mobile node sends a Binding Update to its home agent (i.e. home registration) and the BU is aimed to de-register the binding, the mobile node MUST check whether the care-of address contained in the BU is primary or not. If the care-of address is primary one, it MUST set P flag in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. More description about P flag can be found in Section 5.3. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 14]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 When a mobile node sends a BU, it MUST decide whether it registers multiple care-of addresses or not. However, this decision is out-of scope in this document. If a mobile node decides not to register multiple care-of addresses, it completely follows general Mobile IPv6 [6]. On the other hand, if a mobile node needs to register multiple care-of addresses, the mobile node MUST use BID for all care-of addresses all the time. The mobile node sets M flag in a Binding Update and puts a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option into the Option field of the Binding Update. BID is copied from a binding update list to the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. If the mobile node registers bindings to a correspondent node, it MUST sends multiple CoTI for multiple care-of addresses. After getting CoTs, it sends Binding Updates with M flag and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option for all care-of addresses one by one. In any case, the mobile node MUST set A flag in Binding Updates and MUST wait a Binding Acknowledgment to confirm successfully registration as described in section 5.5. 5.3. De-registration When a mobile node decides to delete all bindings for its home address, it sends a normal de-registration Binding Update (i.e. exclusion of a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option). See Section 6.2 for details. If a mobile node wants to delete particular binding from its home agent and correspondent nodes, it follows below operations. 5.3.1. De-registration to home agent When a mobile node is attached to its home link by one of its network interfaces, it MUST de-register an appropriate binding. If a binding of a primary care-of address becomes invalid in terms of the mobile node's returning home, it MUST set P flag in a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. Otherwise, P flag MUST NOT be set. If P flag is set, a home agent stop proxy neighbor advertisement for the mobile node. When the primary interface is attached to a home link, all packets are routed to the primary interface because proxy neighbor advertisement is disabled at the home agent. If a non primary interface is attached to the home link, the home agent keeps intercepting packets meant for the mobile node by proxy neighbor advertisement. Therefore, any packets can not be routed R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 15]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 to the non-primary interfaces. In NEMO case, a mobile router MUST NOT use P flag for the configuration of a virtual home link in terms of extended home address, because its home agent does not use proxy neighbor advertisement to intercept packets destined to the mobile router. 5.3.2. De-registration to correspondent nodes When a mobile node needs to de-register one of care-of addresses, it sends a Binding Update with a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. The Binding Update MUST have Lifetime field set to zero. The Binding Unique Identifier sub-option MUST have BID of the target binding. Then, the mobile node can de-register one binding from multiple registering bindings. If a receiver receives a Binding Update without BID, a receiver can not determine which binding should be deleted for this de-registration. In such case, the receiver deletes all of bindings for the mobile node. 5.4. Using Alternate Care-of Address A mobile node can use an alternate care-of address in following situations. - One of care-of address becomes invalid due to the link of an interface is no longer available and MUST be deleted by sending Binding Update. In such case, a mobile node can not sends a Binding Update from the care-of address because of interface's link is lost. A mobile node needs to de-register remote binding of the care-of address from one of active care-of addresses. - A mobile node has multiple interfaces, but it wants to sends Binding Updates for all care-of addresses from a specific interface which has wider bandwidth depending on interface's characteristics. A mobile node does not want to send a lot of control messages through an interface which bandwidth is narrow. In these cases, a mobile node sends a Binding Update with both Alternate Care-of Address sub-option and Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. Processing of Alternate Care-of Address sub-option is described in Mobile IPv6 specification. If there is an Alternate Care-of Address sub-option, the BID in a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is assigned for the care-of address in the Alternate Care-of Address sub-option. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 16]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 5.5. Receiving Binding Acknowledgment The verification of a Binding Acknowledgment is same as Mobile IPv6 (section 11.7.3 of [6]). The operation of sending a Binding Acknowledgment is described in 6.3. If a mobile node sends a Binding Update with a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, a Binding Acknowledgment MUST have a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option in Mobility options field. If there is no such sub-option, the originator node of this Binding Acknowledgment might not recognize the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. The mobile node SHOULD stop registering multiple care-of addresses by using a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. If a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present, the mobile node checks Status field of the Binding Acknowledgment. If the status code indicates successful registration (1), the originator registers a binding information and BID for the mobile node successfully. If the status code is not zero regardless of Binding Unique Identifier sub-option availability in BA, the mobile node proceeds an appropriate operations according to the status code. If the status code is 140, the mobile node has already registered a binding without BID before sending a Binding Update with a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. In such case, a mobile node SHOULD stop sending Binding Updates without BID. 5.6. Receiving Binding Refresh Request The verification of a Binding Refresh Request is same as Mobile IPv6 (section 11.7.4 of [6]). The operation of sending a Binding Refresh Request is described in the section 6.4. If a mobile node receives a Binding Refresh Request with a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, this Binding Refresh Request requests a binding indicated by BID. The mobile node SHOULD update only the respective binding. The mobile node MUST put a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option into a Binding Update. If no Binding Unique Identifier sub-option presents in a Binding Refresh Request, a mobile node sends a Binding Update according to its binding update list for the requesting node. On the other hand, if the mobile node does not have any binding update lists for the requesting node, the mobile node needs to register either single binding or multiple bindings depending on its binding management policy. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 17]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 5.7. Receiving Binding Error When a mobile node receives a Binding Error with a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, the message is for a binding indicated by BID in the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. Further operations except for the text below are same as [6]. The operation of sending BE is described in the section 6.5. When a mobile node receives a Binding Error with Status field set to 2 (unrecognized MH Type value) , it MAY stop trying to register multiple care-of addresses and registers only primary care-of address as well as Mobile IPv6. 6. Home Agent and Correspondent Node Operation 6.1. Searching Binding Cache with Binding Unique Identification Number If a correspondent node has multiple bindings for a mobile node in its binding cache database, it can use any of the bindings for communications to the mobile node. How to select the most suitable binding from the binding cache database is out of scope in this document. Once a correspondent node decides one binding and gets BID for the desired binding mostly by using policy and filter information, it searches the desired binding with BID. Whenever a correspondent node searches a binding cache for a home address, it SHOULD uses both the home address and BID as a key of search if it knows BID of the desired binding. Below is an example of multiple bindings for a home address in binding cache database. If a correspondent node searches the binding with the home address and BID2, it gets binding2 for this mobile node. binding1 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding2 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding3 [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] A correspondent node basically learns BID when it receives an Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. At the time, the correspondent node MUST look up its binding cache database with the home address and the BID retrieved from Binding Update. If a correspondent node does not know BID, the correspondent node searches a binding with only a home address as well as base Mobile IPv6. In such case, the first matched binding MAY be found. But which binding entry is returned for the normal search depends on implementations. If a correspondent node does not desire to use multiple bindings for a mobile node, the correspondent node can ignore knowing BID. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 18]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 6.2. Receiving Binding Update If a Binding Update does not contain a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option and it does not have 'M' flag set, the processing of the Binding Update is same as [6]. But if the receiver already has multiple bindings for the home address, it MUST overwrite existing bindings for the mobile node with the received binding. After processing the Binding Update which does not contain a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, the receiver node MUST have only a binding for the mobile node. If the Binding Update is for de-registration, the receiver MUST delete all existing bindings for the mobile node. On the other hand, if a Binding Update contains a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option or 'M' flag set, a receiver node MUST operate additional validations as follows. - A receiver node MUST validate the Binding Update according to the section 9.5.1 of [6]. - If the Binding Update has 'M' flag at Flag field, a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option MUST be present in Mobility options field of the Binding Update. - If there is no Binding Unique Identifier sub-option with M flag set, the receiver node MUST silently drop the Binding Update. - If the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option is present, the receiver node MUST process the Binding Update. - If the Lifetime field is not zero, the receiver node registers a binding with BID as a mobile node's binding. * If the receiver does not have any binding for the mobile node, it registers a binding with BID. * If the receiver has a normal binding without BID for the mobile node, it de-registers the normal binding and registers a new binding with BID according to the Binding Update. In this case, the receiver MUST send Binding Acknowledgment with status code set to 140. * If the receiver node has already registered the binding which BID is matched with requesting BID , then it MUST update the binding up-to-date with the Binding Update. Meanwhile, if the receiver does not have a binding entry which BID is matched with the requesting BID, it registers a new binding with the BID. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 19]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 - If Lifetime field is zero, the receiver node deletes the registering binding entry which BID is same as BID sent by the Binding Unique Identifier sub-option. If the receiver node does not have appropriate binding which BID is matched with the Binding Update, it ignores the Binding Update. Note if the mobile node sends multiple Binding Updates with a different BID but for same care-of address (i.e. same home address, same care-of address, and different BID) , the receiver SHOULD register both bindings into its binding cache. 6.3. Sending Binding Acknowledgment If a Binding Update does not contain a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, a node, either a correspondent node or a home agent, MUST reply Binding Acknowledgment according to the section 9.5.4 of [6]. Otherwise, the node MUST follow the additional procedure below. Whenever a Binding Unique Identifier present, the node MUST reply a Binding Acknowledgment regardless of 'A' flag in Binding Update. If the node successfully registers a binding with BID stored in a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, it returns a Binding Acknowledgment with Status field set to '0' (Successful registration) and a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option copied from the received Binding Update. If the node deletes the existing binding which does not have BID and registers a new binding with BID, it MUST return a Binding Acknowledgment with Status field set to '140'. On the other hand, if the node encounters an error during processing a Binding Update, it must returns a Binding Acknowledgment with appropriate error number described in [6]. The node SHOULD put a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option if BID is available for the Binding Acknowledgment. 6.4. Sending Binding Refresh Request When a correspondent node notices that a registered binding will be expired soon, it SHOULD send a Binding Refresh Request. If the registered binding has BID, the correspondent node SHOULD contain a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option in the Binding Refresh Request. Then, the correspondent node can receive a Binding Update with a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option and can update only the particular binding. If the registered binding does not have BID, then the correspondent node sends a Binding Refresh Request without the sub-option. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 20]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 6.5. Sending Binding Error When a correspondent node sends a Binding Error with Status field set to 1 (Unrecognized MH Type value), it MAY put a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option into Mobility Options field if BID is available in a received binding message. When a correspondent node receives data packets with a home address destination option, it verifies an IPv6 source address field. If the source address is not registered in the correspondent node's binding cache, the correspondent node MUST return Binding Error to the sender with the status set to zero (Unknown binding for Home Address destination option). The correspondent node can not put a Binding Unique Identifier sub-option, because there is no binding cache entry for the source address. 7. Network Mobility Applicability Support of multihomed mobile routers is advocated in the NEMO working group (see R12 ``The solution MUST function for multihomed MR and multihomed mobile networks'' in [4]). Since the binding management mechanisms are the same for a mobile host operating Mobile IPv6 and for a mobile router operating NEMO Basic Support [3], our extensions can also be used to deal with multiple care-of addresses registration sent from a multihomed mobile router. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 21]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 A. Example Configurations In this section, we describes typical scenarios when a mobile node has multiple network interfaces and acquires multiple care-of addresses bound to a home address. A home address of a mobile node (MN in figures) is a:b:c:d::EUI address. The mobile node has 3 different interfaces and possibly acquires care-of addresses 1-3 (CoA1, CoA2, CoA3). The mobile node assigns BID1, BID2 and BID3 to each care-of addresses. Figure 1 depicts the scenario where all interfaces of the mobile node are attached to foreign links. After binding registrations, the home agent (HA) and the correspondent node (CN) has listed binding entries of Figure 1 in their binding cache database. The mobile node can utilize all the interfaces. +----+ | CN | +--+-+ | +---+------+ +----+ +------+ Internet |----------+ HA | | +----+---+-+ +--+-+ CoA2| | | | Home Link +--+--+ | | ------+------ | MN +========+ | +--+--+ CoA1 | CoA3| | +---------------+ Binding Cache Database: Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is active) binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] Correspondent Node's binding binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] Figure 1: Multiple Interfaces are attached to Foreign Link Figure 2 depicts the scenario where the primary interface of the mobile node is attached to the home link. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 22]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 After bindings registration, the home agent and the correspondent node has listed binding entries of Figure 2 in their binding cache database. The mobile node can communicate with the home agent through only the primary interface attached to the home link. On the other hand, the mobile node can communicate with the correspondent node by using route optimization. Even when the mobile node is attached to the home link, it can still send Binding Updates for other active care-of addresses (CoA2 and CoA3). If the correspondent node has bindings, packets are routed to each care-of addresses directly. Any packets arrived at the home agent are routed to the primary interface. +----+ | CN | +--+-+ | +---+------+ +----+ +------+ Internet |----------+ HA | | +--------+-+ +--+-+ CoA2| | | Home Link +--+--+ | --+---+------ | MN +========+ | | +--+--+ | | | CoA3| +---|-----------+ +---------------+ Binding Cache Database: Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is inactive) none Correspondent Node's binding binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address3 BID3] Figure 2: Primary Interface is attached to Home Link Figure 3 depicts the scenario where a non primary interface of a mobile node is attached to the home link. The home agent and the correspondent node has listed binding entries of Figure 3 in their binding cache database. The mobile node can not utilize the non primary interface attached to the home link, because the home agent still defends the home address of the mobile node by proxy neighbor advertisements. All packets routed to the home link are intercepted by the home agent and tunneled to the other interfaces attached to the foreign link according to the binding entries. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 23]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 +----+ | CN | +--+-+ | +---+------+ +----+ +------+ Internet |----------+ HA | | +----+-----+ +--+-+ CoA2| | | Home Link +--+--+ | --+---+------ | MN +========+ | +--+--+ CoA1 | | | +---------------------------+ Binding Cache Database: Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is active) binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] Correspondent Node's binding binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address1 BID1] binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] Figure 3: One of Non Primary Interfaces is attached to Home Link Figure 4 depicts the scenario where primary and a non primary interface of a mobile node are attached to the home link. The home agent and the correspondent node has listed binding entries of Figure 4 in their binding cache database. The mobile node can not use the non primary interface attached to a foreign link unless a correspondent node has a binding for the non primary interface. All packets which arrive at the home agent are routed to one of interfaces attached to the mobile node. The home agent decides an interface anyway, for example, by using policy and filters. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 24]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 +----+ | CN | +--+-+ | +---+------+ +----+ +------+ Internet |----------+ HA | | +----------+ +--+-+ CoA2| | Home Link +--+--+ --+----+---+------ | MN +===================+ | +--+--+ | | | +---------------------------+ Binding Cache Database: Home Agent's binding (Proxy neighbor advertisement is inactive) none Correspondent Node's binding binding [a:b:c:d::EUI care-of address2 BID2] Figure 4: Primary and Non Primary Interfaces are attached to Home Link Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Julien Charbon, Susumu Koshiba, Hiroki Matutani, Koshiro Mitsuya, Nicolas Montavont, Koji Okada, Masafumi Watari (in alphabetical order), the nacm group at KEIO University, and WIDE project for their contributions. References [1] M. Baker, X. Zhao, S. Cheshire, and J. Stone. Supporting mobility in mosquitonet. In Proceedings of the 1996 USENIX Conference, Jan. 1996. [2] S. Deering and R. Hinden. Internet Protocol, Version 6 (ipv6) Specification. Request for Comments (Draft Standard) 2460, Internet Engineering Task Force, December 1998. [3] V. Devarapalli, R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu, and P. Thubert. Nemo Basic Support Protocol (work in progress). Internet Draft (draft-ietf-nemo-basic-support-00), Internet Engineering Task Force, June 2003. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 25]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 [4] T. Ernst. Nemo Mobility Support Goals and Requirements (work in progress). Internet Draft (draft-ietf-nemo-requirements-01), Internet Engineering Task Force, May 2003. [5] T. Ernst and H. Lach. Nemo Mobility Support Terminology (work in progress). Internet Draft (draft-ietf-nemo-terminology-00), Internet Engineering Task Force, May 2003. [6] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, and J. Arkko. Mobility support in IPv6 (work in progress). Internet Draft, (draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-24.txt), Internet Engineering Task Force, June 2003. [7] M. Stemm and R. H. Katz. Vertical handoffs in wireless overlay networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 3(4):335--350, 1998. [8] R. Wakikawa, K. Uehara, and J. Murai. Multiple Network Interfaces Support by Policy-Based Routing on Mobile IPv6. In The 2002 International Conference on Wireless Networks, ICWN2002, Jul. 2002. [9] X. Zhao, C. Castelluccia, and M. Baker. Flexible network support for mobility. In The Second Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Nov. 1998. R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 26]
Internet Draft Multiple Care-of Addresses Registration 20 Sep 2003 Authors' Addresses Ryuji Wakikawa Thierry Ernst Keio University and WIDE Keio University and WIDE 5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa 5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa 252 JAPAN 252 JAPAN Phone: +81-466-49-1394 Phone: +81-466-49-1394 EMail: ryuji@sfc.wide.ad.jp EMail: ernst@sfc.wide.ad.jp Fax: +81-466-49-1395 Fax: +81-466-49-1395 Keisuke Uehara Kenichi Nagami Keio University and WIDE INTEC NetCore 5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa 1-3-3 Shinsuna Koto-ku Tokyo 252 JAPAN 135-0075 JAPAN Phone: +81-466-49-1394 Phone: +81-3-5665-5069 EMail: kei@wide.ad.jp EMail: nagami@inetcore.com Fax: +81-466-49-1395 FAX : +81-3-5665-5094 R. Wakikawa et.al. Expires 20 Mar 2003 [Page 27]