DNSOP P. Wallstrom
Internet-Draft IIS
Intended status: Informational J. Schlyter
Expires: August 7, 2016 Kirei AB
February 4, 2016
DNS Delegation Requirements
draft-wallstrom-dnsop-dns-delegation-requirements-00
Abstract
This document outlines a set of requirements on a well-behaved DNS
delegation of a domain name. A large number of tools have been
developed to test DNS delegations, but each tool uses a different set
of requirements for what is a correct setup for a delegated domain
name. However, there are few requirements on how to set up DNS in
order to just make the delegation work. In order to have a well-
behaved delegation that is robust to failures and also makes DNS
resolvers behave consistently, there are a large number of things to
consider.
Based on this document, it should be possible to set up a fully
functional DNS delegation for a domain name, but also to create a set
of test specifications for how to test a DNS delegation.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
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This Internet-Draft will expire on August 7, 2016.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. DNS Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Reserved Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Basic requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. The domain name MUST be valid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. The domain MUST have a parent domain . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. The domain MUST have at least one working name server . . 5
3. Address requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Name server address MUST be globally routable . . . . . . 5
3.2. The IP address of a name server MUST be delegated by IANA 5
4. Connectivity requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. All name servers MUST have UDP connectivity over port 53 6
4.2. All name servers MUST have TCP connectivity over port 53 6
5. Consistency requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. All name servers SHOULD respond with the same SOA serial
number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. All name servers SHOULD respond with the same SOA RNAME . 7
5.3. All name servers SHOULD respond with the same SOA
parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.4. All name servers MUST respond with the same NS RR Set . . 8
6. Delegation requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1. The delegation SHOULD contain at least two name servers . 8
6.2. The name servers SHOULD NOT belong to the same AS . . . . 8
6.3. The name servers MUST have distinct IP addresses . . . . 8
6.4. The referral SHOULD fit into a non-truncated 512 byte UDP
packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.5. All name servers MUST be authoritative for the domain
name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.6. The delegation name MUST exactly match the apex of the
child zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.7. Glue records in delegation SHOULD exactly match records
in child zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.8. SOA MNAME MUST be authoritative for the zone . . . . . . 10
7. DNSSEC requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1. The DS Digest Type MUST be assigned by IANA . . . . . . . 10
7.2. The DNSKEY algorithm MUST be assigned by IANA . . . . . . 10
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7.3. The chain of trust for the delegation MUST be valid . . . 11
7.4. One DS MUST match a least one DNSKEY in the child zone . 11
7.5. The number of NSEC3 iterations must not be higher than
what is allowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.6. RRSIG validity period SHOULD NOT be too short nor too
long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.7. The name server MUST include RRSIG in all responses to
DNSSEC queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.8. The name servers MUST include valid NSEC/NSEC3 record in
NXDOMAIN responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Syntax requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1. Illegal characters MUST NOT be in the domain name . . . . 12
8.2. Hyphens SHOULD NOT be in position 3 and 4 of the domain
name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.3. The NS names MUST be valid hostnames . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.4. The SOA RNAME MUST not contain the '@' character . . . . 13
8.5. The SOA RNAME MUST be a legal hostname . . . . . . . . . 13
8.6. The SOA MNAME MUST be a legal hostname . . . . . . . . . 13
8.7. The MX record in apex MUST point to a valid hostname . . 13
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Introduction
This document outlines a set of requirements on a well-behaved DNS
delegation of a domain name. Many domain name registries use a set
of requirements on what they may consider a valid delegation. Such
requirements can be used to implement tools that are used for pre- or
post-delegation checks of the delegations in that registry.
To test the quality of the delegation there has been a number of
different tools developed, each based on a different set of
requirements. This document outlines a set of baseline requirements
on a correct setup for a delegated domain name. This document is
based on current RFCs and documents requirements that are protocol
specific, but also administrative policy requirements drawn from best
practices and recommendations.
The requirements are split into these different areas, to easier
differentiate between what they are for:
1. Basic
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2. Address
3. Connectivity
4. Consistency
5. Delegation
6. DNSSEC
7. Name server
8. Syntax
A secondary name server operator should follow the advice in the BCP
document [RFC2182].
1.1. DNS Terminology
This document attempts to fully follow the DNS terminology as defined
in [RFC7719].
Many requirements in this document deal with the properties of a
nameserver that is used as part of a delegation, therefore the
wording mentioning the use of a name server as part of this is
omitted.
1.2. Reserved Words
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Basic requirements
The Basic requirements are fundamental to a working DNS delegation.
Without these properties, the rest of the requirements are
irrelevant.
2.1. The domain name MUST be valid
The domain name MUST follow the rules defined in Section 2.1 of
[RFC1123] in order to be able to map the domain into a DNS packet. A
domain name is normally valid if the name has been registered with a
domain name registry.
Internationalized domain names, [RFC5891], are expected to be encoded
using Punycode [RFC3492], thus following the rules outlined in
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Section 2.3.1 of [RFC1035]. Any validation of the domain name in
U-label form is out of scope for this document.
2.2. The domain MUST have a parent domain
A DNS delegation MUST have a parent domain from which it is
delegated. The concept of zone cuts was first described in [RFC1034]
and later clarified in Section 6 of [RFC2182]. The only exception is
the root zone, which do not have a parent zone.
2.3. The domain MUST have at least one working name server
A fully working DNS delegation has a parent zone delegating the zone
to a set of child name servers. At least one name server MUST be
able to answer DNS queries in order to be able to authoritatively
serve data for the child zone.
3. Address requirements
A delegation in the public Internet DNS hierarchy will use the
globally unique address space.
3.1. Name server address MUST be globally routable
In order for the domain and its resources to be accessible from the
Internet, authoritative name servers must have addresses in the
routable public addressing space.
IANA is responsible for global coordination of the IP addressing
system. Aside its address allocation activities, it maintains
reserved address ranges for special uses. There are two IANA
registries for Special-Purpose Addresses, the IANA IPv6 Special-
Purpose Address Registry and the IANA IPv4 Special-Purpose Address
Registry.
[RFC6890] instructs IANA on how to structure the IPv4 and IPv6
Special-Purpose Address Registries. The registries
[IANA-IPv4-Special] and [IANA-IPv6-Special] are maintained by IANA,
and are also described in Section 2.2 and 2.3 of [RFC7249].
A name server MUST NOT be using any IP address within any of these
registries that are marked with False in the Global column.
3.2. The IP address of a name server MUST be delegated by IANA
IP addresses not delegated by IANA MUST NOT be used used by a name
server. Thus, IP addresses within a prefix not delegated to a RIR by
IANA MUST be rejected.
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The IANA registry [IANA-IPv6-Unicast] SHOULD be used to determine the
status of an IPv6 prefix. Only prefixes with the status ALLOCATED
are allowed.
The IANA registry [IANA-IPv4-Registry] SHOULD be used to determine
the status of an IPv4 prefix. Only prefixes with the status
ALLOCATED and LEGACY are allowed. Note that IPv4 LEGACY is not
allocated to a RIR.
Martians [RFC1208] is a humorous term applied to packets that turn up
unexpectedly on the wrong network because of bogus routing entries.
Bogons [RFC3871] are packets sourced from addresses that have not yet
been allocated by IANA or a RIR, or not delegated to a RIR by IANA as
described above. Martians and Bogons SHOULD NOT be used as an
addressed used by a name server.
4. Connectivity requirements
The use of underlying protocols for DNS is described in Section 4.2
of [RFC1035].
The Internet supports name server access using TCP on server port 53
(decimal) as well as datagram access using UDP on UDP port 53
(decimal). Today DNS is used in conjunction with both IPv4 and IPv6,
Name servers configured for a zone in a delegation MUST be able to
answer queries using the DNS protocol.
4.1. All name servers MUST have UDP connectivity over port 53
DNS queries are sent using UDP on port 53, as described in
Section 4.2.1 of [RFC1035]. A name server MUST respond to DNS
queries over UDP.
4.2. All name servers MUST have TCP connectivity over port 53
In addition to UDP, DNS queries can also be sent using TCP on port
53, as described in Section 4.2.2 of [RFC1035]. A name server MUST
respond to DNS queries over TCP. This requirement has also been
further clarified in [RFC5966], which makes TCP a REQUIRED part of a
full DNS protocol implementation.
It should be noted that even though [RFC5966] requires TCP for a DNS
protocol implementation, it does not make specific recommendations to
operators of DNS servers. However, it also notes that failure to
support TCP (or the blocking of DNS over TCP at the network layer)
may result in resolution failure and/or application-level timeouts.
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5. Consistency requirements
For DNS resolver behaviour to be consistent for a domain, it is
important that the authoritative data for the domain to be
consistent. All authoritative name servers for a zone should serve
the same data. An indicator of operator failure is that the SOA
record or the NS RR set differs between the authoritative name
servers.
Section 4.6 in [RFC4786] advices that data synchronisation in an
anycast setup should be done in a manner so that anycast nodes
operate in a consistent manner.
5.1. All name servers SHOULD respond with the same SOA serial number
An indication that not all authoritative name servers have a
consistent and updated copy of the zone is that the serial numbers
differ. When querying for the SOA RR all name servers SHOULD respond
with the same SOA serial number.
Section 4.3.5 in [RFC1034] explains the typical function of the
serial numbers in zone maintenance and transfers.
One should note that even though different SOA serial numbers are a
strong indicator of an inconsistent setup, there are several
scenarios where the serial number varies between name servers. One
example is a zone with frequent updates to zone data, where
propagation delay between the name servers may result in limited
inconsistency.
5.2. All name servers SHOULD respond with the same SOA RNAME
As per Section 3.3.13 of [RFC1035], the RNAME field in the SOA RDATA
refers to the mailbox of the person responsible for the zone. An
indication that not all authoritative name servers have a consistent
and updated copy of the zone is that the RNAME differs. When
querying for the SOA RR all name servers SHOULD respond with the same
SOA RNAME.
5.3. All name servers SHOULD respond with the same SOA parameters
The inconsistency of the SOA parameters REFRESH, RETRY, EXPIRE and
MINIMUM, defined in Section 3.3.13 of [RFC1035], might lead to
operational problems for the zone. These SOA parameters SHOULD be
consistent for all authoritative name servers for the zone.
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5.4. All name servers MUST respond with the same NS RR Set
All authoritative name servers MUST serve the same NS record set in
order to ensure consistency in the zone cut as described in
Section 4.2.2 of [![RFC1034]]. Any inconsistency of NS records
described in Section 3.3.11 of RFC 1035 might result in operational
failures.
6. Delegation requirements
[RFC2182] is a BCP on how to select and operate secondary name
servers, and summarize many operational issues with the delegation of
a zone. For a delegation to work continuously if one component
fails, there are operational considerations to ensure this.
6.1. The delegation SHOULD contain at least two name servers
Section 4.1 [RFC1034] states that by administrative fiat we require
every zone to be available on at least two name servers. Section 5
of [RFC2182] that answers the question on how many name servers are
needed, the recommendation is that "three servers be provided for
most organisation level zones, with at least one which must be well
removed from the others."
In order to avoid any operational problems, a delegation SHOULD
contain at least two (2) name servers.
6.2. The name servers SHOULD NOT belong to the same AS
[RFC2182], Section 3.1 states that distinct authoritative name
servers for a child domain should be placed in different topological
and geographical locations. The objective is to minimise the
likelihood of a single failure disabling all of them. Further
support for this is given in Section 5:
It is recommended that three servers be provided for most
organisation level zones, with at least one which must be well
removed from the others.
To avoid any single point of failure in routing, all name servers
SHOULD NOT be placed within a single routing domain, or AS
(autonomous system).
6.3. The name servers MUST have distinct IP addresses
A common workaround to a registry policy that requires at least two
name servers is to create two (2) names with the same IP address.
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To avoid any operational errors and workaround such as this, all name
servers used for the zone MUST use distinct IP addresses.
6.4. The referral SHOULD fit into a non-truncated 512 byte UDP packet
The DNS still defaults to using UDP, although efforts into requiring
or transitioning to use TCP have come a long way. The UDP packet
limit is 512 bytes, and although the EDNS0 [RFC6891] extension
mechanism to overcome this limit have been in use for a very long
time, many middleboxes and proxies still interfere with DNS packets
([RFC5625]).
To avoid any such problems with the delegation, and to avoid any
unexpected truncation of a referral response, the referral containing
the delegation from the parent SHOULD fit within 512 bytes.
6.5. All name servers MUST be authoritative for the domain name
A name server that does not answer authoritatively for the zone is a
clear sign of misconfiguration, and is a common cause for operational
problems.
Section 6.1 of [RFC2181] mandates that the name servers MUST answer
authoritatively for the zone.
6.6. The delegation name MUST exactly match the apex of the child zone
The configured zone on the child name servers MUST match the
delegated name of the zone. When querying the child name servers for
the zone, any authoritative data for another name MUST NOT be in the
response.
[RFC2181] states that the SOA RR and the NS RR indicates the origin
of the zone, and both are mandatory records in a zone. Both RRs MUST
be present and match the name of the zone.
6.7. Glue records in delegation SHOULD exactly match records in child
zone
In-bailiwick glue for name servers listed at the parent SHOULD match
the in-bailiwick glue for the name servers in the child.
If the glue address mismatch between the parent zone and the child,
this is a strong indication of configuration error.
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6.8. SOA MNAME MUST be authoritative for the zone
The hostname of the MNAME field may or may not be listed among the
delegated name servers, but SHOULD still be authoritative for the
zone. MNAME may be used for other services, e.g., DNS NOTIFY
[RFC1996] and DNS Dynamic Updates [RFC2136].
It should be noted that there are no formal requirement that the name
server listed in the SOA MNAME is reachable from the public Internet.
Because of this, it may be difficult to implement a reasonable test
for this requirement.
7. DNSSEC requirements
If DNSSEC is used for the zone, either by indicating that the zone is
signed with a DS record, or the use of a DNSKEY in the zone itself, a
number of things are required for a fully functional delegation.
The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) add data origin
authentication and data integrity to the Domain Name System, and was
first introduced with the RFCs [RFC4033], [RFC4034] and [RFC4035].
The are also a number of additions to DNSSEC such as NSEC3 described
in [RFC5155], and a number of algorithms to the cryptographic
functions.
7.1. The DS Digest Type MUST be assigned by IANA
The The Digest Type Field is defined as part of the DS RDATA Wire
Format of Section 5.1.3 in [RFC4034]. The appendix A.2 defines the
initial set of digest algorithm types with possible future
algorithms. The IANA registry for DS Digest Types [IANA-DNSSEC-DS]
was defined by [RFC3658].
Any DS Digest Type used for a zone MUST be assigned by IANA.
7.2. The DNSKEY algorithm MUST be assigned by IANA
The DNSKEY RR is defined in Section 2 of [RFC4034] as part of the
DNSKEY RDATA Wire Format. The appendix A.1 defines the initial list
of DNSKEY Algorithm Types. The IANA Registry for DNSKEY Algorithm
Types [IANA-DNSSEC-DNSKEY] was created with [RFC3755].
Any DNSKEY algorithm number used for in a zone MUST be assigned by
IANA.
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7.3. The chain of trust for the delegation MUST be valid
A valid authentication chain from the parent DS, as described in
Section 3.1 of [RFC4033], MUST exist for the SOA, DNSKEY and NS
records of the child zone if a DS record is published in the parent
zone.
7.4. One DS MUST match a least one DNSKEY in the child zone
DNS delegations from a parent to a child are secured with DNSSEC by
publishing one or several Delegation Signer (DS) resource records in
the parent zone, along with the NS records for the delegation.
As stated in Section 2.4 of [RFC4035], a DS RR SHOULD point to a
DNSKEY RR that is present in the child's apex DNSKEY RRset. If there
is a DS RR published at the parent, there MUST be at least one DNSKEY
RR in the child zone that matches at least one DS RR for every
signature algorithm, otherwise the authentication of the referral
will fail, as described in Section 5.2 of [RFC4035].
For each unique algorithm from the DS RRs present, there MUST be a
matching DNSKEY using that algorithm in use in the child.
7.5. The number of NSEC3 iterations must not be higher than what is
allowed
Section 10.3 of [RFC5155] specifies the max number of NSEC3
iterations allowed for different key sizes. This requirement is
enforced by several resolver implementations.
The number of NSEC3 iterations MUST NOT be higher than what is
allowed by Section 10.3 of [RFC5155]. It should be noted that the
values in the table MUST be used independent of the key algorithm.
7.6. RRSIG validity period SHOULD NOT be too short nor too long
[RFC6781] describes operational considerations on the choice of
validity periods for RRSIGs. Having too short validity periods might
cause operational failure in case of unexpected events, but is good
for protecting against replay attacks. Having too long validity
periods may be good for operational security, but opens up for replay
attacks.
The RRSIG validity periods in the zone SHOULD NOT be too short nor
too long.
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7.7. The name server MUST include RRSIG in all responses to DNSSEC
queries
If the zone is signed, the name servers MUST be able to include RRSIG
RRs as additional data in any response when the query has the DO bit
set, as described in Section 3.1.1 of [RFC4035].
7.8. The name servers MUST include valid NSEC/NSEC3 record in NXDOMAIN
responses
If the zone is signed, the name servers MUST be able to include NSEC/
NSEC3 RRs as additional data in any response when the query has the
DO bit set, as described in Section 3.1.1 of [RFC4035].
8. Syntax requirements
All domain- and host names in DNS MUST follow the rules outlined in
Section 2.3.1 of [RFC1035]. The Name Syntax and LDH Label have been
further clarified in Section 11 in [RFC2181] and Section 2.3.1 in
[RFC5890]. From this follow the requirements below.
8.1. Illegal characters MUST NOT be in the domain name
There MUST NOT be any illegal characters used in the domain name.
The domain name MUST follow the rules defined in Section 2.3.1 of
[RFC1035], Section 2.1 of [RFC1123], Section 11 of [RFC2182] and
Section 2 of [RFC3696].
8.2. Hyphens SHOULD NOT be in position 3 and 4 of the domain name
The effort of internationalization of domain names and the
development of IDNA brought us the extension mechanism of using the
string 'xn--' to have a special meaning. To allow future extensions
to DNS there SHOULD be no instances of labels in the DNS that start
with two characters, followed by two hyphens, where the two
characters are not "xn". This has been described in Section 5 of
[RFC3696].
8.3. The NS names MUST be valid hostnames
The Name Server name MUST be a valid hostname according to the rules
defined in Section 2.3.1 of [RFC1035], in Section 2.1 in [RFC1123],
Section 11 in [RFC2181] and Section 2 and 5 in [RFC3696].
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8.4. The SOA RNAME MUST not contain the '@' character
The SOA RNAME field is a mailbox address defined in Section 3.3 of
[RFC1034] and Section 2.2 of [RFC1912]. The RNAME field MUST follow
the rules of an e-mail address defined in Section 3.4.1 of [RFC2822],
and the '@' character MUST be changed so that the whole e-mail
address is converted into a single domain name as described in
Section 3.3 of [RFC1034] and Section 2.1 of [RFC1123].
8.5. The SOA RNAME MUST be a legal hostname
The SOA RNAME field is a mailbox address. The SOA RNAME field is
defined in Section 3.3 of [RFC1034] and Section 2.2 of [RFC1912]. As
a field containing a domain name, the content of the RNAME field MUST
follow the rules outlined in Section 2.3.1 of [RFC1035] and
Section 2.1 of [RFC1123].
8.6. The SOA MNAME MUST be a legal hostname
The SOA MNAME field is a hostname. The SOA MNAME field is defined in
Section 3.3.13 of [RFC1035]. As a field containing a domain name,
the content of the RNAME field MUST follow the rules outlined in
Section 2.3.1 of [RFC1035].
Furthermore, Section 7.3 in [RFC2181] makes it clear that the SOA
MNAME field SHOULD NOT be the name of the zone itself.
8.7. The MX record in apex MUST point to a valid hostname
The requirement on the existence of an MX RR in the apex of the child
zone may vary by policy from different parent zones. However, it is
strongly recommended in Section 7 of [RFC2142] that all domains
should have a mailbox named hostmaster@domain. SMTP can make a
delivery without the MX, using the A or AAAA record as specified in
Section 5.1 of [RFC5321].
If an MX RR exists in the apex of the child zone, the hostname that
the MX RR points to MUST follow the rules outlined in Section 2.3.1
of [RFC1035] and Section 2.1 of [RFC1123].
9. Security Considerations
This document has no security considerations (yet).
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10. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
11. Acknowledgements
The requirements documented in this document were developed within
the CENTR Test Requirements Task Force (TRTF). Most of the original
requirements and text come from the Zonemaster project.
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC1034] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities",
STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,
November 1987, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC1123] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1123, October 1989,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1123>.
[RFC2181] Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS
Specification", RFC 2181, DOI 10.17487/RFC2181, July 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2181>.
[RFC2182] Elz, R., Bush, R., Bradner, S., and M. Patton, "Selection
and Operation of Secondary DNS Servers", BCP 16, RFC 2182,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2182, July 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2182>.
[RFC2822] Resnick, P., Ed., "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2822, April 2001,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2822>.
[RFC4035] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4035>.
[RFC7719] Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS
Terminology", RFC 7719, DOI 10.17487/RFC7719, December
2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7719>.
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12.2. Informative References
[IANA-DNSSEC-DNSKEY]
IANA, "Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC) Algorithm
Numbers", November 2003,
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-sec-alg-numbers/dns-
sec-alg-numbers.xhtml>.
[IANA-DNSSEC-DS]
IANA, "Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Record (RR) Type
Digest Algorithms", Oktober 2003,
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/ds-rr-types/ds-rr-
types.xhtml>.
[IANA-IPv4-Registry]
IANA, "IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry", August 2015,
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space>.
[IANA-IPv4-Special]
IANA, "IANA IPv4 Special-Purpose Address Registry",
January 2006, <https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-
special-registry>.
[IANA-IPv6-Special]
IANA, "IANA IPv6 Special-Purpose Address Registry",
January 2006, <https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-
special-registry>.
[IANA-IPv6-Unicast]
IANA, "IPv6 Global Unicast Address Assignments", October
2015, <http://www.iana.org/assignments/
ipv6-unicast-address-assignments>.
[RFC1208] Jacobsen, O. and D. Lynch, "A Glossary of Networking
Terms", RFC 1208, DOI 10.17487/RFC1208, March 1991,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1208>.
[RFC1912] Barr, D., "Common DNS Operational and Configuration
Errors", RFC 1912, DOI 10.17487/RFC1912, February 1996,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1912>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
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[RFC2142] Crocker, D., "Mailbox Names for Common Services, Roles and
Functions", RFC 2142, DOI 10.17487/RFC2142, May 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2142>.
[RFC3492] Costello, A., "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode
for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
(IDNA)", RFC 3492, DOI 10.17487/RFC3492, March 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3492>.
[RFC3658] Gudmundsson, O., "Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Record
(RR)", RFC 3658, DOI 10.17487/RFC3658, December 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3658>.
[RFC3696] Klensin, J., "Application Techniques for Checking and
Transformation of Names", RFC 3696, DOI 10.17487/RFC3696,
February 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3696>.
[RFC3755] Weiler, S., "Legacy Resolver Compatibility for Delegation
Signer (DS)", RFC 3755, DOI 10.17487/RFC3755, May 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3755>.
[RFC3871] Jones, G., Ed., "Operational Security Requirements for
Large Internet Service Provider (ISP) IP Network
Infrastructure", RFC 3871, DOI 10.17487/RFC3871, September
2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3871>.
[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements",
RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.
[RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.
[RFC4786] Abley, J. and K. Lindqvist, "Operation of Anycast
Services", BCP 126, RFC 4786, DOI 10.17487/RFC4786,
December 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4786>.
[RFC5155] Laurie, B., Sisson, G., Arends, R., and D. Blacka, "DNS
Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of
Existence", RFC 5155, DOI 10.17487/RFC5155, March 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5155>.
[RFC5321] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5321, October 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5321>.
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[RFC5625] Bellis, R., "DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines",
BCP 152, RFC 5625, DOI 10.17487/RFC5625, August 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5625>.
[RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.
[RFC5891] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in
Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5891, August 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5891>.
[RFC5966] Bellis, R., "DNS Transport over TCP - Implementation
Requirements", RFC 5966, DOI 10.17487/RFC5966, August
2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5966>.
[RFC6781] Kolkman, O., Mekking, W., and R. Gieben, "DNSSEC
Operational Practices, Version 2", RFC 6781,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6781, December 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6781>.
[RFC6890] Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., Bonica, R., Ed., and B. Haberman,
"Special-Purpose IP Address Registries", BCP 153,
RFC 6890, DOI 10.17487/RFC6890, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6890>.
[RFC6891] Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms
for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.
[RFC7249] Housley, R., "Internet Numbers Registries", RFC 7249,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7249, May 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7249>.
Authors' Addresses
Patrik Wallstrom
IIS
Email: pawal@iis.se
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Jakob Schlyter
Kirei AB
Email: jakob@kirei.se
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