BEHAVE                                                           D. Wing
Internet-Draft                                              J. Rosenberg
Intended status:  Standards Track                          Cisco Systems
Expires:  December 2, 2007                                  May 31, 2007


  Discovering, Querying, and Controlling Firewalls and NATs using STUN
              draft-wing-behave-nat-control-stun-usage-02

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 2, 2007.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).

Abstract

   Simple Traversal Underneath NAT (STUN) is a mechanism for traversing
   NATs.  STUN requests are transmitted through a NAT to external STUN
   servers.  While this works very well, its two primary drawbacks are
   the inability to modify the properties of a NAT binding and the need
   to query a public STUN server for every new NAT binding (e.g., every
   phone call).  These drawbacks require frequent messages which present
   a load on servers (like SIP servers and STUN servers) and are bad for
   low speed access networks, such as cellular access.



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   This document describes several mechanisms to discover NATs and
   firewalls and a method to query and control them.  With these
   changes, binding discovery and keepalive traffic can be reduced to
   involve only the necessary NATs or firewalls.  At the same time,
   backwards compatibility with NATs and firewalls that do not support
   this document is retrained.

   This document is discussed on the BEHAVE mailing list,
   <https://www1.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/behave>, in anticipation of a
   BoF at IETF69 in Chicago.









































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.  Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Conventions Used in this Document  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  Overview of Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   5.  Discovery of Middleboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     5.1.  Outside-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
       5.1.1.  Nested NATs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
       5.1.2.  XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
       5.1.3.  Interacting with Legacy NATs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.2.  Inside-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
       5.2.1.  DEFAULT-ROUTE Attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     5.3.  Tagging  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
       5.3.1.  PLEASE-TAG Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
       5.3.2.  TAG Attribute  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   6.  Query and Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     6.1.  REFRESH-INTERVAL Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     6.2.  Client Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     6.3.  Server Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
   7.  Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     7.1.  Simple Security Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     7.2.  Incremental Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     7.3.  Optimize SIP-Outbound  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
     7.4.  Optimize ICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
       7.4.1.  Candidate Gathering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       7.4.2.  Keepalive  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       7.4.3.  Learning STUN Servers without Configuration  . . . . . 20
   8.  Limitations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     8.1.  Overlapping IP Addresses with Nested NATs  . . . . . . . . 21
     8.2.  Address Dependent NAT on Path  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
     8.3.  Address Dependent Filtering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   9.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     9.1.  Authorization and Resource Exhaustion  . . . . . . . . . . 23
     9.2.  Comparison to Other NAT Control Techniques . . . . . . . . 23
     9.3.  Rogue STUN Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
     12.2. Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 27








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1.  Introduction

   Two common usages of STUN ([I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis],[RFC3489])
   are Binding Discovery and NAT Keepalive.  The Binding Discovery usage
   allows a STUN client to learn its public IP address (from the
   perspective of the STUN server it contacted) and the NAT keepalive
   usage allows a STUN client to keep an active NAT binding alive.
   Unlike some other techniques (e.g., UPnP [UPnP], MIDCOM [RFC3303],
   Bonjour [Bonjour]), STUN does not interact directly with the NAT.
   Because STUN doesn't interact directly with the NAT, STUN cannot
   request additional services from the NAT such as longer lifetimes
   (which would reduce keepalive messages), and each new NAT binding
   (e.g., each phone call) requires communicating with the STUN server
   on the Internet.

   This paper describes three mechanisms for the STUN client to discover
   NATs and firewalls that are on path with its STUN server.  After
   discovering the NATs and firewalls, the STUN client can query and
   control those devices using STUN.  The STUN client needs to only ask
   those STUN servers (embedded in the NATs and firewalls) for public IP
   addresses and UDP ports, thereby offloading that traffic from the
   STUN server on the Internet.  Additionally, the STUN client can ask
   the NAT's embedded STUN server to extend the NAT binding for the
   flow, and the STUN client can learn the IP address of the next-
   outermost NAT.  By repeating this procedure with the next-outermost
   NAT, all of the NATs along that path can have their bindings
   extended.  By learning all of the STUN servers on the path between
   the public Internet and itself, an endpoint can optimize the path of
   peer-to-peer communications.


2.  Motivation

   There are a number of problems with existing NAT traversal techniques
   such as STUN [RFC3489], [UPnP], and [Bonjour]):

   nested NATs:
      Today, many ISPs provide their subscribers with modems that have
      embedded NATs, often with only one physical Ethernet port.  These
      subscribers then install NATs behind those devices to provide
      additional features, such as wireless access.  Another example is
      a NAT in the basement of an apartment building or a campus
      dormitory, which combined with a NAT within the home or dormitory
      room also result in nested NATs.  In both of these situations,
      UPnP and Bonjour no longer function at all, as those protocols can
      only control the first NAT closest to the host.  STUN continues to
      function, but is unable to optimize network traffic behind those
      nested NATs (e.g., traffic that stays within the same house or



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      within the same apartment building).

      One technique to avoid nested NATs is to disable one of the NATs
      if it obtains an RFC1918 address on its WAN interface.  This
      merely sidesteps the problem.  This technique is also ineffective
      if the ISP is NATting its subscribers and the ISP restricts each
      subscriber to one IP address.

      The technique described in this paper allows optimization of the
      traffic behind those NATs so that the traffic can traverse the
      fewest NATs possible.

   chattiness:
      To perform its binding discovery, a STUN client communicates to a
      server on the Internet.  This consumes bandwidth across the user's
      access network which in some cases is bandwidth constrained (e.g.,
      wireless, satellite).  STUN's chattiness is often cited as a
      reason to use other NAT traversal techniques such as UPnP or
      Bonjour.

      The technique described in this paper provides a significant
      reduction in STUN's chattiness, to the point that the only time a
      STUN client needs to communicate with the STUN server on the
      public Internet is when the STUN client is initialized.

   incremental deployment:
      Many other NAT traversal techniques require the endpoint and its
      NAT to both support the new feature or else NAT traversal isn't
      possible at all.

      The technique described in this paper allows incremental
      deployment of local endpoints and their NATs that support STUN
      Control.  If the local endpoint, or its NATs, don't support the
      STUN Control functionality, normal STUN and ICE
      [I-D.ietf-mmusic-ice] procedures are used to traverse the NATs
      without the optimizations described in this paper.


3.  Conventions Used in this Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].


4.  Overview of Operation

   This document describes three functions, which are all implemented



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   using the STUN protocol:

   Discovery of Middleboxes (NATs and Firewalls):
      This document describes three techniques to find NATs or
      firewalls.  The first technique uses STUN to find the outer-most
      NAT and works itself towards the host.  The second technique
      requests on-path firewalls or NATs to append their IP address to a
      STUN packet.  The third technique sends a STUN packet to the
      default router (which, in a small network, is often your NAT).
      This is described in Section 5.

   Querying Discovered Middleboxes:
      After discovering a NAT or a firewall, it's useful to determine
      characteristics of the NAT binding or the firewall pinhole.  Two
      of the most useful things to learn is the duration the NAT binding
      or firewall pinhole will remain open if there is no traffic, and
      the filtering applied to that binding or pinhole.  This is
      described in Section 6.

         Discussion Point:  After discovering NATs and firewalls,
         querying those devices might also be done with a middlebox
         control protocol (e.g., by using standard or slightly modified
         versions of SIMCO [RFC4540], UPnP, MIDCOM, or Bonjour).  This
         is open for discussion as this document is scoped within the
         IETF.

   Controlling Discovered Middleboxes
      A NAT or firewall might default to a more restrictive behavior
      than desired by an application (e.g., aggressive timeout,
      filtering).  Requesting the NAT or firewall to change its default
      behavior is useful for traffic optimization (e.g., reduce
      keepalive traffic) and network optimization (e.g., adjust filters
      to eliminate the need for a media relay
      device[I-D.ietf-behave-turn]).  This is described in Section 6.

         Discussion Point:  After discovering NATs and firewalls,
         controlling those devices might also be done with a middlebox
         control protocol (e.g., by using standard or slightly modified
         versions of SIMCO, UPnP, MIDCOM, or Bonjour).  This is open for
         discussion as this document is scoped within the IETF.


5.  Discovery of Middleboxes

   There are three techniques to discover a middlebox (a NAT or a
   firewall):  outside-in, inside-out (useful when the outer-most NAT
   device doesn't support STUN Control), or by tagging (useful for
   firewalls).



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   These techniques can be combined in useful ways.  For example, if
   your inner-most NAT supports STUN Control, and your public STUN
   server returns the same IP address and port as your inner-most NAT,
   you know you don't have a NAT between your inner-most NAT and the
   STUN server.  Otherwise, you know there is a NAT between your inner-
   most NAT and the STUN server (e.g., an ISP-supplied device or whoever
   is providing your Internet service).  Knowing this allows optimizing
   NAT keepalives.

5.1.  Outside-In

   When a STUN client sends a STUN Request to a STUN server, it receives
   a STUN Response which indicates the IP address and UDP port seen by
   the STUN server.  If the IP address and UDP port differs from the IP
   address and UDP port of the socket used to send the request, the STUN
   client knows there is at least one NAT between itself and the STUN
   server, and knows the 'public' IP address of that NAT.  For example,
   in the following diagram, the STUN client learns the public IP
   address of its NAT is 192.0.2.1:

     +--------+             +---------------+
     |  STUN  |             |          192.0.2.1             +--------+
     | Client +-------------+               +---<Internet>---+  STUN  |
     |   10.1.1.2/4193     10.1.1.1         |                | Server |
     +--------+             |               |                +--------+
                            |   NAT with    |
                            | Embedded STUN |
                            |    Server     |
                            +---------------+


                Figure 1: One NAT with embedded STUN server



















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   Internally, the NAT can be diagrammed to function like this, where
   the NAT operation occurs before the STUN server:

                                 |
                                 | outside interface
                                 |
                       +---------+---------------+
                       |         |               |
                       |         |    +--------+ |
                       |         |----+ STUN   | |
                       |         |    | Server | |
                       |         |    +--------+ |
                       |         |               |
                       | +-------+-------------+ |
                       | |   NAT Function      | |
                       | +-------+-------------+ |
                       |         |               |
                       +---------+---------------+
                                 |
                                 | inside interface
                                 |
                                 |

             Figure 2: Block Diagram of Internal NAT Operation

   After learning the public IP address of its outer-most NAT, the STUN
   client attempts to communicate with the STUN server embedded in that
   outer-most NAT.  The STUN client does this by first obtaining a
   shared secret, over a TLS connection, to the NAT's public IP address
   (192.0.2.1 in the figure above).  After obtaining a shared secret, it
   sends a STUN Binding Request to the NAT's public IP address.  The NAT
   will return a STUN Binding Response message including the XOR-
   INTERNAL-ADDRESS attribute, which will indicate the IP address and
   UDP port seen on the *internal* side of the NAT for that translation.
   In the example above, the IP address and UDP port indicated in XOR-
   INTERNAL-ADDRESS are the same as that used by the STUN client
   (10.1.1.2/4193), which indicates there are no other NATs between the
   STUN client and that outer-most NAT.













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      STUN Client                        NAT     STUN Server
          |                               |          |
     1.   |-----TLS/TCP----------------------------->|   }
     2.   |-----Shared Secret Request (TLS)--------->|    }
     3.   |<----Shared Secret Response (TLS)---------|     } normal STUN
     4.   |-----TCP connection closed--------------->|     } behavior
     5.   |-----Binding Request (UDP)--------------->|    }
     6.   |<----Binding Response (UDP)---------------|   }
          |                               |          |
     7.   |-----TLS/TCP------------------>|          |   }
     8.   |--Shared Secret Request (TLS)->|          |    }
     9.   |<-Shared Secret Response (TLS)-|          |     } NAT Control
    10.   |--TCP connection closed------->|          |     } STUN Usage
    11.   |--Binding Request (UDP)------->|          |    }
    12.   |<-Binding Response (UDP)-------|          |   }
          |                               |          |

                       Figure 3: Communication Flow

   In the call flow above, steps 1-6 are normal STUN behavior
   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis]:

   1:  STUN client initiates a TLS-over-TCP connection to its STUN
       server on the Internet.

   2:  Using that connection, the STUN client sends Shared Secret
       Request to that STUN server.

   3:  Using that connection, the STUN server sends Shared Secret
       Response.  This contains the STUN username the client should use
       for subsequent queries to this STUN server, and the STUN password
       that will be used to integrity-protect subsequent STUN messages
       with this STUN server.

   4:  TCP connection is closed.

   5:  STUN client sends UDP Binding Request to its STUN server on the
       Internet, using the STUN username obtained from that STUN server
       (from step 3).

   6:  STUN server responds with UDP Binding Response, integrity
       protected with the STUN password (from step 3).  The STUN client
       now knows the public IP address of its outer-most NAT.  This is
       used in the next step.

   The next steps are the additional steps performed by a STUN client
   that has implemented the NAT Control STUN Usage:




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   7:   STUN client initiates a TLS-over-TCP connection to the STUN
        server embedded in its outer-most NAT.

   8:   Using that connection, the STUN client sends Shared Secret
        Request to that STUN server.

   9:   Using that connection, the STUN server sends Shared Secret
        Response.  This contains the STUN username the client should use
        for subsequent queries to this STUN server, and the STUN
        password that will be used to integrity-protect subsequent STUN
        messages with this STUN server.

   10:  TCP connection is closed.

   11:  STUN client sends UDP Binding Request to the STUN server
        embedded in its outer-most NAT, using the STUN username obtained
        from that STUN server (from step 10).

   12:  STUN server responds with UDP Binding Response, integrity
        protected with the STUN password (from step 10).

   The response obtained in the message 12 contains the XOR-MAPPED-
   ADDRESS attribute which will have the same value as when the STUN
   server on the Internet responded (in step 6).  The STUN client can
   perform steps 11-12 for any new UDP communication (e.g., for every
   new phone call), without needing to repeat steps 1-10.  This meets
   the desire to reduce chattiness.

   The response obtained in message 12 will also contain the XOR-
   INTERNAL-ADDRESS, which allows the STUN client to repeat steps 7-12
   in order to query or control those on-path NATs between itself and
   its STUN server on the Internet.  This is described in detail in
   section Section 5.1.1.  This functionality meets the need to optimize
   traffic between nested NATs, without requiring configuration of
   intermediate STUN servers.

   The STUN client can request each NAT to increase the binding
   lifetime, as described in Section 6.1.  The STUN client receives
   positive confirmation that the binding lifetime has been extended,
   allowing the STUN client to significantly reduces its NAT keepalive
   traffic.  Additionally, as long as the NAT complies with [RFC4787],
   the STUN client's keepalive traffic need only be sent to the outer-
   most NAT's IP address.  This functionality meets the need to reduce
   STUN's chattiness.







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5.1.1.  Nested NATs

   Nested NATs are controlled individually.  The nested NATs are
   discovered, from outer-most NAT to the inner-most NAT, using the XOR-
   INTERNAL-ADDRESS attribute.

   The following diagram shows how a STUN client iterates over the NATs
   to communicate with all of the NATs in the path.  First, the STUN
   client would learn the outer-most NAT's IP address by performing the
   steps above.  In the case below, however, the IP address and UDP port
   indicated by the XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS will not be the STUN client's
   own IP address and UDP port -- rather, it's the IP address and UDP
   port on the *outer* side of the NAT-B -- 10.1.1.2.

   Because of this, the STUN client repeats the procedure and sends
   another STUN Binding Request to that newly-learned address (the
   *outer* side of NAT-B).  NAT-B will respond with a STUN Binding
   Response containing the XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS attribute, which will
   match the STUN client's IP address and UDP port.  The STUN client
   knows there are no other NATs between itself and NAT-B, and finishes.

   The following figure shows two nested NATs:

    +------+      +--------+     +--------+
    | 192.168.1.2 |    10.1.1.2  |  192.0.2.1              +-----------+
    | STUN +------+ NAT-B  +-----+ NAT-A  +---<Internet>---+STUN Server|
    |Client|   192.168.1.1 |   10.1.1.1   |                +-----------+
    +------+      +--------+     +--------+

           Figure 4: Two nested NATs with embedded STUN servers





















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   The message flow with two nested NATs is shown below:

      STUN Client             NAT-B     NAT-A     STUN Server
          |                      |        |          |
     1.   |-----TLS/TCP----------------------------->|   }
     2.   |-----Shared Secret Request (TLS)--------->|    }
     3.   |<----Shared Secret Response (TLS)---------|     } normal STUN
     4.   |-----TCP connection closed--------------->|     } behavior
     5.   |-----Binding Request (UDP)--------------->|    }
     6.   |<----Binding Response (UDP)---------------|   }
          |                      |        |          |
     7.   |-----TLS/TCP------------------>|          |   }
     8.   |--Shared Secret Request (TLS)->|          |    }
     9.   |<-Shared Secret Response (TLS)-|          |     }
    10.   |--TCP connection closed------->|          |     }
    11.   |--Binding Request (UDP)------->|          |     }
    12.   |<-Binding Response (UDP)-------|          |     } NAT Control
          |                      |        |          |     } STUN Usage
    13.   |-----TLS/TCP--------->|        |          |     }
    14.   |--Sh. Sec. Req (TLS)->|        |          |     }
    15.   |<-Sh. Sec. Resp (TLS)-|        |          |     }
    16.   |-TCP conn. closed---->|        |          |     }
    17.   |--Binding Req (UDP)-->|        |          |    }
    18.   |<-Binding Resp (UDP)--|        |          |  }
          |                      |        |          |

            Figure 5: Message Flow for Outside-In with Two NATs

   Once a shared secret has been obtained with each of the on-path NATs,
   the STUN client no longer needs the TLS/TCP connection -- all
   subsequent bindings for individual UDP streams (that is, for each
   subsequent call) are obtained by just sending a Binding Request to
   each of the NATs.  By sending a Binding Request to both NAT-A and
   NAT-B, the STUN client has the opportunity to optimize the packet
   flow if their UDP peer is also behind the same NAT.

5.1.2.  XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS Attribute

   This attribute MUST be present in a Binding Response and may be used
   in other responses as well.  This attribute is necessary to allow a
   STUN client to 'walk backwards' and communicate directly with all of
   the STUN-aware NATs along the path.









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   The format of the XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS attribute is:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |x x x x x x x x|    Family     |         X-Port                |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                X-Address (32 bits or 128 bits)                |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                 Figure 6: XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS Attribute

   The meaning of Family, X-Port, and X-Address are exactly as in
   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis].  The length of X-Address depends on the
   address family (IPv4 or IPv6).

5.1.3.  Interacting with Legacy NATs

   There will be cases where the STUN client attempts to communicate
   with an on-path NAT which does not support the outside-in usage
   described in Section 5.1.  There are two cases:

   o  the NAT does not run a STUN server on its public interface (this
      will be the most common)

   o  the NAT does run a STUN server on its public interface, but
      doesn't return the XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS attribute defined in this
      document

   In both cases the optimizations described in this section won't be
   available to the STUN client.  This is no worse than the condition
   today.  This allows incremental upgrades of applications and NATs
   that implement the technique described in this document.  In such a
   situation, the STUN client might implement the inside-out technique,
   described in Section 5.2.

5.2.  Inside-Out

   [[Discussion Point:  This is being included as a discussion item.
   Traditional traceroute provides similar functionality, and in many
   cases traceroute survives traversing over a NAT that doesn't support
   STUN Control.  However, traceroute has significant disadvantages
   (induces a load on intermediate devices to return ICMP error
   messages, and those ICMP messages are routinely or inadvertently
   filtered).  Unlike the Inside-Out technique described below,
   traceroute doesn't rely on the default route.]]

   The STUN client sends a STUN request to UDP/3478 of the IP address of



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   its default router.  If there is a STUN server listening there, it
   will respond, and will indicate its default route via the new
   DEFAULT-ROUTE attribute.  With that information, the STUN client can
   discover the next-outermost NAT by repeating the procedure.

5.2.1.  DEFAULT-ROUTE Attribute

   The DEFAULT-ROUTE attribute contains the XOR'd default route, which
   is useful for finding the next-outer device.

   The format of the DEFAULT-ROUTE attribute is:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                X-Address (32 bits)                            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                     Figure 7: DEFAULT-ROUTE Attribute

   The meaning of X-Address is exactly as in
   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis].

5.3.  Tagging

   The Outside-In discovery technique (Section 5.1) uses the public IP
   address of the NAT to find the outer-most NAT that supports STUN
   Control.  Firewalls do not normally put their IP address into
   packets, so a different technique is needed to identify firewalls.

   To discover an on-path firewall, the PLEASE-TAG attribute is used
   with a normal STUN Binding Request usage.  A firewall sees the normal
   Binding Request usage (a STUN packet sent to UDP/3478) with the
   PLEASE-TAG attribute.  When the firewall sees the associated Binding
   Response, the firewall appends a TAG attribute as the last attribute
   of the Binding Response.  This TAG attribute contains the firewall's
   management IP address and UDP port.  Each on-path firewall would be
   able to insert its own TAG attribute.  In this way, the STUN Response
   would contain pointer to each of the on-path firewalls between the
   client and that STUN server.

      Note:  Tagging is similar to how NSIS [I-D.ietf-nsis-nslp-natfw],
      TIST [I-D.shore-tist-prot], and NLS [I-D.shore-nls-tl] function.

      Discussion Point:  Tagging would also be useful for the
      Connectivity Check usage (which is used by ICE), especially
      considering that a different firewall may be traversed for media
      than for the initial Binding Discovery usage.  In such a



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      situation, the new on-path firewall's policy might not allow a
      binding request to leave the network or allow a binding response
      to return.  In this case, the firewall would need to indicate its
      presence to the STUN client in another way.  An ICMP error message
      may be appropriate, and an ICMP extension [RFC4884] could indicate
      the firewall is controllable.

   This figure shows how tagging functions.

               STUN Client          firewall           STUN Server
                   |                   |                   |
            1.     |--Binding Request->|------------------>|
            2.     |                   |<-Binding Response-|
            3.     |             [inserts tag]             |
            4.     |<-Binding Response-|                   |
            5. [firewall discovered]   |                   |

                      Figure 8: Tagging Message Flow

   1.  Binding Request, containing PLEASE-TAG attribute, is sent to the
       IP address of the STUN server.  This is seen by the firewall, and
       the firewall remembers the STUN transaction id, and permits the
       STUN Binding Request packet.

   2.  The STUN Binding Response packet is seen by the firewall.

   3.  The firewall inserts the TAG attribute, which contains the
       firewall's management address.

   4.  The firewall sends the (modified) STUN Binding Response towards
       the STUN client.

   5.  The STUN client has now discovered the firewall, and can query it
       or control it.

5.3.1.  PLEASE-TAG Attribute

   If a STUN client wants to discover on-path firewalls, it MUST include
   this attribute in its Binding Response when performing the Binding
   Discovery usage.

   STUN servers are not expected to understand this attribute; if they
   return this attribute as an unknown attribute, it does not affect the
   operation described in this document.







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   The format of the PLEASE-TAG attribute is:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |Mech |x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x|
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 9: PLEASE-TAG Attribute

   The 3-bit Mechanism field indicates the control mechanism desired.
   Currently, the only defined mechanism is STUN Control, and is
   indicated with all zeros.  The intent of this field is to allow
   additional control mechanisms (e.g., UPnP, Bonjour, MIDCOM).

5.3.2.  TAG Attribute

   The TAG attribute contains the XOR'd management transport address of
   the middlebox (typically a firewall, although a NAT may find this
   technique useful as well).

   A middlebox MUST append this attribute as the last attribute of a
   STUN response, and only if the associated STUN request (with the same
   transaction-id) contained the PLEASE-TAG attribute.

   The format of the TAG attribute is:

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |Mech.|x x x x x|    Family     |         X-Port                |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                X-Address (32 bits or 128 bit)                 |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                         Figure 10: TAG Attribute

   The 3-bit Mechanism field indicates the control mechanism supported
   on the described port.  Currently, the only defined mechanism is STUN
   Control, and is indicated with 0x0.  The intent of this field is to
   allow additional control mechanisms (e.g., UPnP, Bonjour, MIDCOM).

   The meaning of Family, X-Port, and X-Address are exactly as in
   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis].  The length of X-Address depends on the
   address family (IPv4 or IPv6).






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6.  Query and Control

   This section describes how to use STUN to query and control a NAT
   that was discovered using the technique described in Section 5.

6.1.  REFRESH-INTERVAL Attribute

   In a STUN request, the REFRESH-INTERVAL attribute indicates the
   number of milliseconds that the client wants the NAT binding (or
   firewall pinhole) to be opened.  In a STUN response, the same
   attribute indicates the length of time of that NAT binding (or
   firewall pinhole).

   REFRESH-INTERVAL is specified as an unsigned 32 bit integer, and
   represents an interval measured in milliseconds (thus the maximum
   value is approximately 50 days).  This attribute can be present in
   Binding Requests and in Binding Responses.  In a request, the value
   0xFFFF means it's a query and the refresh interval isn't actually
   changed.

6.2.  Client Procedures

   After discovering on-path NATs and firewalls, the STUN client begins
   querying and controlling those devices.  The STUN client first
   performs the Shared Secret Usage (as described in
   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis]) with the NAT or firewall it discovered.
   After performing that usage, the STUN client now has a STUN USERNAME
   and PASSWORD.  The username and password are used, thereafter, for
   all subsequent messages between the STUN client and this NAT's STUN
   server.  This procedure might be done, for example, when the STUN
   client first initializes such as upon bootup or initialization of the
   application.

   If subsequent messages from that STUN server fail authentication, the
   STUN client MUST re-obtain its IP address from a public STUN server,
   not from its outer-most NAT (see section Section 9.3).

   To modify an existing NAT mapping's attributes, or to request a new
   NAT mapping for a new UDP port, the STUN client can now send a STUN
   Binding Request to the IP address of address in its outer-most NAT's
   STUN UDP port (3478).  The NAT's STUN server will respond with a STUN
   Binding Response containing an XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS attribute (which
   points at the NAT's public IP address and port -- just as if the STUN
   Binding Request had been sent to a STUN server on the public
   Internet) and an XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS attribute (which points to the
   source IP address and UDP port the packet STUN Binding Request packet
   had prior to being NATted).




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6.3.  Server Procedures

   The server should listen for STUN Shared Secret Requests and STUN
   Binding Requests on the STUN UDP and TCP ports (UDP/3478, TCP/3478)
   on its public IP address(es) and its private IP address(es), and
   accept such STUN packets from hosts connected to its private
   interface(s).  STUN Binding Requests which arrived from its public
   interface(s) MAY be handled as if the server isn't listening on that
   port (e.g., return an ICMP error) -- this specification does not need
   them.

   After receiving a STUN Shared Secret Request, the NAT follows the
   procedures described in the Short-Term Usage section of
   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis].  The embedded STUN server MUST store
   that username and password so long as any NAT bindings, created or
   adjusted with that same STUN username, have active mappings on the
   NAT, and for 60 seconds thereafter (to allow the STUN client to
   obtain a new binding).

   After receiving a STUN Binding Request containing the REFRESH-
   INTERVAL attribute, the server SHOULD authenticate the request using
   the USERNAME attribute and the previously-shared STUN password (this
   is to defend against resource starvation attacks, see Section 9.1).
   If authenticated, the new binding's lifetime can be maximized against
   the NAT's configured sanity check and the lifetime indicated in the
   REFRESH-INTERVAL attribute of the STUN Binding Response.

   In addition to its other attributes, the Binding Response MUST
   contain the XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS and XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS attributes.
   The XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS contains the public IP address and UDP port
   for this binding, which is shared with the intended peer.  The XOR-
   INTERNAL-ADDRESS contains the IP address and UDP port of the STUN
   Binding Request prior to the NAT translation, which is used by the
   STUN client to walk backwards through nested NATs (Section 5.1)

      For example, looking at Figure 1, the XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS is the
      IP address and UDP port prior to the NAPT operation.  If there is
      only one NAT, as shown in Figure 1, XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS would
      contain the STUN client's own IP address and UDP port.  If there
      are multiple NATs, XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS would indicate the IP
      address of the next NAT (that is, the next NAT closer to the STUN
      client).  Iterating over this procedure allows the STUN client to
      find all of the NATs along the path.








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7.  Benefits

7.1.  Simple Security Model

   Unlike other middlebox control techniques which have relatively
   complex security models because a separate control channel is used,
   STUN Control's is simple.  It's simple because only the flow being
   used can be controlled (e.g., have its NAT timeout queried or
   extended).  Other flows cannot be created, queried, or controlled via
   STUN Control.

7.2.  Incremental Deployment

   NAT Control can be incrementally deployed.  If the outer-most NAT
   does not support it, the STUN client behaves as normal.  In this
   case, the STUN client might benefit from attempting inside-out
   procedure described in Section 5.2, and still gain some
   optimizations.  Where the outer-most STUN NAT does support it, the
   STUN client can gain some significant optimizations as described in
   the following sections.

   Likewise, there is no change required to applications if NATs are
   deployed which support NAT Control:  such applications will be
   unaware of the additional functionality in the NAT, and will not be
   subject to any worse security risks due to the additional
   functionality in the NAT.

7.3.  Optimize SIP-Outbound

   In sip-outbound [I-D.ietf-sip-outbound], the SIP proxy is also the
   STUN server.  STUN Control as described in this document enables two
   optimizations of SIP-Outbound's keepalive mechanism:

   1.  STUN keepalive messages need only be sent to the outer-most NAT,
       rather than across the access link to the SIP proxy, which vastly
       reduces the traffic to the SIP proxy, and;

   2.  all of the on-path NATs can explicitly indicate their timeouts,
       reducing the frequency of keepalive messages.

7.4.  Optimize ICE

   The NAT Control usage provides several opportunities to optimize ICE
   [I-D.ietf-mmusic-ice], as described in this section.







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7.4.1.  Candidate Gathering

   During its candidate gathering phase, an ICE endpoint normally
   contacts a STUN server on the Internet.  If an ICE endpoint discovers
   that its outer-most NAT runs a STUN server, the ICE endpoint can use
   the outer-most NAT's STUN server rather than using the STUN server on
   the Internet.  This saves access bandwidth and reduces the reliance
   on the STUN server on the Internet -- the STUN server on the Internet
   need only be contacted once -- when the ICE endpoint first
   initializes.

7.4.2.  Keepalive

   ICE uses STUN Indications as its primary media stream keepalive
   mechanism.  This document enables two optimizations of ICE's
   keepalive technique:

   1.  STUN keepalive messages need only be sent to the outer-most NAT,
       rather than across the access link to the remote peer, and;

   2.  all of the on-path NATs can explicitly indicate their timeouts,
       which allows reducing the keepalive frequency.

7.4.3.  Learning STUN Servers without Configuration

   ICE allows endpoints to have multiple STUN servers, but it is
   difficult to configure all of the STUN servers in the ICE endpoint --
   it requires some awareness of network topology.  By using the 'walk
   backward' technique described in this document, all the on-path NATs
   and their embedded STUN servers can be learned without additional
   configuration.  By knowing the STUN servers at each address domain,
   ICE endpoints can optimize the network path between two peers.

   For example, if endpoint-1 is only configured with the IP address of
   the STUN server on the left, endpoint-1 can learn about NAT-B and
   NAT-A.  Utilizing the STUN server in NAT-A, endpoint-1 and endpoint-2
   can optimize their media path so they make the optimal path from
   endpoint-1 to NAT-A to endpoint-2:

                      +-------+     +-------+       +-------------+
         endpoint-1---| NAT-A +--+--+ NAT-B +-------| STUN Server |
                      +-------+  |  +-------+       +-------------+
                                 |
                            endpoint-2







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8.  Limitations

8.1.  Overlapping IP Addresses with Nested NATs

   If nested NATs have overlapping IP address space, there will be
   undetected NATs on the path.  When this occurs, the STUN client will
   be unable to detect the presence of NAT-A if NAT-A assigns the same
   UDP port.  For example, in the following figure, NAT-A and NAT-B are
   both using 10.1.1.x as their 'private' network.

          +------+       +--------+     +--------+
          |  10.1.1.2    |  10.1.1.2    |  192.0.2.1
          | STUN +-------+  NAT-A +-----+  NAT-B +------<Internet>
          |client|    10.1.1.1    |    10.1.1.1  |
          +------+       +--------+     +--------+


             Figure 12: Overlapping Addresses with Nested NATs

   When this situation occurs, the STUN client can only learn the outer-
   most address.  This isn't a problem -- the STUN client is still able
   to communicate with the outer-most NAT and is still able to avoid
   consuming access network bandwidth and avoid communicating with the
   public STUN server.  All that is lost is the ability to optimize
   paths within the private network that has overlapped addresses.

   Of course when such an overlap occurs the end host (STUN client)
   cannot successfully establish bi-directional communication with hosts
   in the overlapped network, anyway.

8.2.  Address Dependent NAT on Path

   In order to utilize the mechanisms described in this document, a STUN
   Request is sent from the same source IP address and source port as
   the original STUN Binding Discovery message, but is sent to a
   different destination IP address -- it is sent to the IP address of
   an on-path NAT.  If there is an on-path NAT, between the STUN client
   and the STUN server, with 'address dependent' or 'address and port-
   dependent' mapping behavior (as described in section 4.1 of
   [RFC4787]), that NAT will prevent a STUN client from taking advantage
   of the technique described in this document.  When this occurs, the
   ports indicated by XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS from the public STUN server and
   the NAT's embedded STUN server will differ.








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   An example of such a topology is shown in the following figure:

            +------+     +--------+   +--------+
            | STUN |     |  10.1.1.2  |  192.0.2.1
            |client+-----+  NAT-A +---+  NAT-B +------<Internet>
            |      |  10.1.1.1    |  10.1.1.1  |
            +------+     +--------+   +--------+


   In this figure, NAT-A is a NAT that has address dependent mapping.
   Thus, when the STUN client sends a STUN Binding Request to 192.0.2.1
   on UDP/3478, NAT-A will choose a new public UDP port for that
   communication.  NAT-B will function normally, returning a different
   port in its XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS, which indicates to the STUN client
   that a symmetric NAT exists between the STUN client and the STUN
   server it just queried (NAT-B, in this example).

                 Figure 13: Address Dependant NAT on Path

      Open issue:  We could resolve this problem by introducing a new
      STUN attribute which indicates the UDP port the STUN client wants
      to control.  However, this changes the security properties of NAT
      Control, so this seems undesirable.

      Open issue:  When the STUN client detects this situation, should
      we recommend it abandon the NAT Control usage, and revert to
      operation as if it doesn't support the NAT Control usage?

8.3.  Address Dependent Filtering

   If there is an NAT along the path that has address dependent
   filtering (as described in section 5 of [RFC4787]), and the STUN
   client sends a STUN packet directly to any of the on-path NATs public
   addresses, the address-dependent filtering NAT will filter packets
   from the remote peer.  Thus, after communicating with all of the on-
   path NATs the STUN client MUST send a UDP packet to the remote peer,
   if the remote peer is known.

      Discussion:  How many filter entries are in address dependent
      filtering NATs?  If only one, this does become a real limitation
      if NATs are nested; if they're not nested, the outer-most NAT can
      avoid overwriting its own address in its address dependent filter.


9.  Security Considerations

   This security considerations section will be expanded in a subsequent
   version of this document.  So far, the authors have identified the



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   following considerations:

9.1.  Authorization and Resource Exhaustion

   Only hosts that are 'inside' a NAT, which a NAT is already providing
   services for, can query or adjust the timeout of a NAT mapping.

   A malicious STUN client could ask for absurdly long NAT bindings
   (days) for many UDP sessions, which would exhaust the resources in
   the NAT.  The same attack is possible (without considering this
   document and without considering STUN or other UNSAF [RFC3424] NAT
   traversal techniques) -- a malicious TCP client can open many TCP
   connections, and keep them open, causing resource exhaustion in the
   NAT.  One way to thwart such an attack is to challenge the STUN
   client with a nonce, which is already part of the STUN specification.
   By doing this, a NAT can provide DoS protection similar to what it
   could do for TCP today.

9.2.  Comparison to Other NAT Control Techniques

   Like UPnP, Bonjour, and host-initiated MIDCOM, the STUN usage
   described in this document allows a host to learn its public IP
   address and UDP port mapping, and to request a specific lifetime for
   that mapping.

   However, unlike those technologies, the NAT Control usage described
   in this document only allows each UDP port on the host to create and
   adjust the mapping timeout of its own NAT mappings.  Specifically, an
   application on a host can only adjust the duration of a NAT bindings
   for itself, and not for another application on that same host, and
   not for other hosts.  This provides security advantages over other
   NAT control mechanisms where malicious software on a host can
   surreptitiously create NAT mappings to another application or to
   another host.

9.3.  Rogue STUN Server

   As described in Section 7, a STUN client can learn its outer-most NAT
   runs an embedded STUN server.  However, without the STUN client's
   knowledge, the outer-most NAT may acquire a new IP address.  This
   could occur when the NAT moves to a new mobile network or its DHCP
   lease expires.  When the NAT acquires a new IP address, the STUN
   client will send a STUN Binding Request to the NAT's prior public IP
   address, which will be routed to the NAT's previous address.

   If an attacker runs a rogue STUN server on that address, the attacker
   has effectively compromised the STUN server (the attacked described
   in section 12.2.1 of [RFC3489]).  The attacker will send STUN Binding



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   Responses indicating his IP address, which will be indistinguishable,
   to the STUN client, from the behavior of the legitimate STUN server.

   To defend against this attack, the STUN client and STUN server obtain
   a short-term password as described in section Section 6.2.


10.  IANA Considerations

   This section registers one new STUN attribute per the procedures in
   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis]:

   Mandatory range:
     0x0028   XOR-INTERNAL-ADDRESS

   Optional range:
     0x80..   PLEASE-TAG
     0x80..   TAG



11.  Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Remi Denis-Courmont, Markus Isomaki, Cullen Jennings, and
   Philip Matthews for their suggestions which have improved this
   document.


12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [I-D.ietf-behave-rfc3489bis]
              Rosenberg, J., "Session Traversal Utilities for (NAT)
              (STUN)", draft-ietf-behave-rfc3489bis-06 (work in
              progress), March 2007.

   [RFC4787]  Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
              (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
              RFC 4787, January 2007.

   [RFC3489]  Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C., and R. Mahy,
              "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
              Through Network Address Translators (NATs)", RFC 3489,
              March 2003.



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12.2.  Informational References

   [I-D.ietf-behave-turn]
              Rosenberg, J., "Obtaining Relay Addresses from Simple
              Traversal Underneath NAT (STUN)",
              draft-ietf-behave-turn-03 (work in progress), March 2007.

   [UPnP]     UPnP Forum, "Universal Plug and Play", 2000,
              <http://www.upnp.org>.

   [Bonjour]  Apple Computer, "Bonjour", 2005,
              <http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/bonjour/>.

   [RFC3303]  Srisuresh, P., Kuthan, J., Rosenberg, J., Molitor, A., and
              A. Rayhan, "Middlebox communication architecture and
              framework", RFC 3303, August 2002.

   [I-D.ietf-mmusic-ice]
              Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment
              (ICE): A Methodology for Network  Address Translator (NAT)
              Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols",
              draft-ietf-mmusic-ice-15 (work in progress), March 2007.

   [I-D.ietf-sip-outbound]
              Jennings, C. and R. Mahy, "Managing Client Initiated
              Connections in the Session Initiation Protocol  (SIP)",
              draft-ietf-sip-outbound-08 (work in progress), March 2007.

   [I-D.ietf-nsis-nslp-natfw]
              Stiemerling, M., "NAT/Firewall NSIS Signaling Layer
              Protocol (NSLP)", draft-ietf-nsis-nslp-natfw-14 (work in
              progress), March 2007.

   [RFC4884]  Bonica, R., Gan, D., Tappan, D., and C. Pignataro,
              "Extended ICMP to Support Multi-Part Messages", RFC 4884,
              April 2007.

   [I-D.shore-tist-prot]
              Shore, M., "The TIST (Topology-Insensitive Service
              Traversal) Protocol", draft-shore-tist-prot-00 (work in
              progress), May 2002.

   [I-D.shore-nls-tl]
              Shore, M., "Network-Layer Signaling: Transport Layer",
              draft-shore-nls-tl-04 (work in progress), May 2007.

   [RFC3424]  Daigle, L. and IAB, "IAB Considerations for UNilateral
              Self-Address Fixing (UNSAF) Across Network Address



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              Translation", RFC 3424, November 2002.

   [RFC4540]  Stiemerling, M., Quittek, J., and C. Cadar, "NEC's Simple
              Middlebox Configuration (SIMCO) Protocol Version 3.0",
              RFC 4540, May 2006.


Authors' Addresses

   Dan Wing
   Cisco Systems
   170 West Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email:  dwing@cisco.com


   Jonathan Rosenberg
   Cisco Systems
   600 Lanidex Plaza
   Parsippany, NJ  07054
   USA

   Email:  jdrosen@cisco.com


























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Full Copyright Statement

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Acknowledgment

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