Audio Video Transport WG Q. Xie
Internet-Draft D. Pearce
Expires: April 18, 2004 Motorola
October 19, 2003
RTP Payload Format for European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) European Standard ES 202 211 Extended Distributed
Speech Recognition Encoding (XFE)
draft-xie-avt-xdsr-es202211-00.txt
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document specifies an RTP payload format for encapsulating ETSI
Standard ES 202 211 extended advanced front-end signal processing
feature streams for distributed speech recognition (DSR) systems.
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Table of Contents
1. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 ETSI ES 202 211 Extended DSR Front-end Codec . . . . . . . . . 3
3. ES 202 211 DSR RTP Payload Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1 Consideration on Number of FPs in Each RTP Packet . . . . . . 5
3.2 Support for Discontinuous Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Frame Pair Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1 Format of Speech and Non-speech FPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Format of Null FP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3 RTP header usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1 Mapping MIME Parameters into SDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 12
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1. Conventions
The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, NOT RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when
they appear in this document, are to be interpreted as described in
[3].
The following acronyms are used in this document:
DSR - Distributed Speech Recognition
ETSI - the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FP - Frame Pair
DTX - Discontinuous Transmission
2. Introduction
Distributed speech recognition (DSR) technology is intended for a
remote device acting as a thin client, also known as the front-end,
to communicate with a speech recognition server, also called a speech
engine, over a network connection to obtain speech recognition
services. More details on DSR over Internet can be found in [7].
To achieve interoperability with different client devices and speech
engines, the first ETSI standard DSR front-end ES 201 108 was
published in early 2000 [8], and an RTP packetization for ES 201 108
frames is defined in [7] in IETF.
In ES 202 211 [1], ETSI issues another standard for an Extended DSR
front-end that provides additional fundamental frequency and voicing
class information along with the front-end features of ES 201 108.
The purpose of this information is to enable the reconstruction of
speech waveform at the back-end and may also be useful in enhancing
the recognition accuracy of tonal languages, e.g., Mandarin,
Cantonese, and Thai.
The RTP packetization for ES 202 211 front-end defined in this
document uses the same RTP packet format layout as that defined in
[7] but with the addition of the compressed information for the
extension in the frame bit definition for the payload. It also has a
different payload type MIME registration.
2.1 ETSI ES 202 211 Extended DSR Front-end Codec
Some relevant characteristics of ES 202 211 Extended DSR front-end
codec are summarized below.
ES 202 211 is an extension of the mel-cepstrum DSR Front-end standard
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ES 201 108 [8]. The mel-cepstrum front-end provides the features for
speech recognition but these are not available for human listening.
The purpose of the extension is allow the reconstruction of the
speech waveform from these features so that they can be replayed. The
front-end feature extraction part of the processing is exactly the
same as for ES 201 108. To allow speech reconstruction additional
fundamental frequency (perceived as pitch) and voicing class (e.g.
non-speech, voiced, unvoiced and mixed) information is needed. This
is the extra information that is provided by the extended front-end
processing algorithms at the device side that is compressed and
transmitted along with the front-end features to the server. This
extra information may also be useful for improved speech recognition
performance with tonal languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese and
Thai.
Full information about the client side signal processing algorithms
used in the standard are described in the specification ES 202 211
[1].
The additional fundamental frequency and voicing class information is
compressed for each frame pair. The pitch for the first frame of the
FP is quantised to 7 bits and the second frame is differentially
quantized with 5 bits. The voicing class is indicated with one bit
for each frame. The total for the extension information for a frame
pair therefore consists of 14 bits plus and additional 2 bits of CRC
error protection computed over these extension bits only.
The total information for the frame pair is made up of 92 bits for
the two compressed front-end feature frames (including 4 bits for
their CRC) plus 16 bits for the extension (including 2 bits for their
CRC) and 4 bits of null padding to give a total of 14 octets per
frame pair. As for ES 201 208 the extended frame pair also
corresponds to 20ms of speech. The extended front-end supports three
raw sampling rates: 8 kHz, 11 kHz, and 16 kHz.
The quantized vectors from two consecutive frames are put into an FP,
as described in more detail in Section 4.1 below.
The parameters received at the remote server from the RTP extended
DSR payload specified here can be used to synthesize an intelligible
speech waveform for replay. The algorithms to do this are described
in the specification ES 202 211 [1].
3. ES 202 211 DSR RTP Payload Format
An ES 202 211 DSR RTP payload datagram is very similar to that
defined in Section 3 of [7], i.e., a standard RTP header followed by
a DSR payload containing a series of DSR FPs.
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The size of each ES 202 211 FP is 112 bits or 14 octets (see Sections
4 below). This ensures that a DSR RTP payload will always end on an
octet boundary.
3.1 Consideration on Number of FPs in Each RTP Packet
Same considerations described in Section 3.1 of [7] apply to ES 202
211 RTP payload.
3.2 Support for Discontinuous Transmission
Same considerations described in Section 3.2 of [7] apply to ES 202
211 RTP payload.
4. Frame Pair Formats
4.1 Format of Speech and Non-speech FPs
The following mel-cepstral frame MUST be used, as defined in Section
6.2.4 in [1]:
As defined in Section 6.2.4 in [1], after two frames (Frame #1 and
Frame #2) worth of codebook indices, or 88 bits, a 4-bit CRC
calculated on these 88 bits immediately follows it. The pitch indices
of the first frame (Pidx1: 7 bits) and the second frame (Pidx2: 5
bits) of the frame pair then follow. The class indices of the two
frames in the frame pair worth 1 bit each (Cidx1 and Cidx2) next
follow. Finally, a 2-bit CRC calculated on the pitch and class bits
(total: 14 bits) of the frame pair using the binary polynomial g(X) =
1 + X + X2 is included (PC-CRC). The total number of bits in frame
pair packet is therefore 44 + 44 + 4 + 7 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 108. At
the end, each FP MUST be padded with 4 zeros to the MSB 4 bits of the
last octet in order to make the FP aligned to the 32-bit word
boundary.
The following diagram shows a complete ES 202 211 FP:
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Frame #1 in FP:
===============
(MSB) (LSB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(2,3) | idx(0,1) | Octet 1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(4,5) | idx(2,3) (cont) : Octet 2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(6,7) |idx(4,5)(cont) Octet 3
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
idx(10,11) | idx(8,9) | Octet 4
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(12,13) | idx(10,11) (cont) : Octet 5
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(12,13) (cont) : Octet 6/1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Frame #2 in FP:
===============
(MSB) (LSB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(0,1) | Octet 6/2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(2,3) |idx(0,1)(cont) Octet 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(6,7) | idx(4,5) | Octet 8
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: idx(8,9) | idx(6,7) (cont) : Octet 9
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(10,11) |idx(8,9)(cont) Octet 10
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| idx(12,13) | Octet 11
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
CRC for Frame #1 and Frame #2 in FP:
====================================
(MSB) (LSB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| CRC | Octet 12/1
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
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Extension information and padding in FP:
========================================
(MSB) (LSB)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-----+-----+-----+-----+
: Pidx1 | Octet 12/2
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pidx2 | Pidx1 (cont) : Octet 13
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | PC-CRC |Cidx2|Cidx1| Octet 14
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
The 4-bit CRC and the 2-bit PC-CRC in the FP MUST be calculated using
the formula (including the bit-order rules) defined in 6.2.4 in [1].
Therefore, each FP represents 20ms of original speech. Note, as shown
above, each FP MUST be padded with 4 zeros to the MSB 4 bits of the
last octet in order to make the FP aligned to the 32-bit word
boundary. This makes the total size of an FP 112 bits, or 14 octets.
Note, this padding is separate from padding indicated by the P bit in
the RTP header.
Any number of FPs MAY be aggregate together in an RTP payload and
they MUST be consecutive in time. However, one SHOULD always keep the
RTP payload size smaller than the MTU in order to avoid IP
fragmentation and SHOULD follow the recommendations given in Section
3.1 in [7] when determining the proper number of FPs in an RTP
payload.
4.2 Format of Null FP
A Null FP for the ES 202 211 front-end codec is defined by setting
all the 112 bits of the FP with 0's.
4.3 RTP header usage
The format of the RTP header is specified in [5]. This payload format
uses the fields of the header in a manner consistent with that
specification.
The RTP timestamp corresponds to the sampling instant of the first
sample encoded for the first FP in the packet. The timestamp clock
frequency is the same as the sampling frequency, so the timestamp
unit is in samples.
As defined by ES 202 211 front-end codec, the duration of one FP is
20 ms, corresponding to 160, 220, or 320 encoded samples with
sampling rate of 8, 11, or 16 kHz being used at the front-end,
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respectively. Thus, the timestamp is increased by 160, 220, or 320
for each consecutive FP, respectively.
The DSR payload for ES 202 211 front-end codes is always an integral
number of octets. If additional padding is required for some other
purpose, then the P bit in the RTP in the header may be set and
padding appended as specified in [5].
The RTP header marker bit (M) should be set following the general
rules for audio codecs as defined in Section 4.1 in [6].
The assignment of an RTP payload type for this new packet format is
outside the scope of this document, and will not be specified here.
It is expected that the RTP profile under which this payload format
is being used will assign a payload type for this encoding or specify
that the payload type is to be bound dynamically.
5. IANA Considerations
One new MIME subtype registration is required for this payload type,
as described below.
Media Type name: audio
Media subtype name: dsr-es202211
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters:
rate: Indicates the sample rate of the speech. Valid values include:
8000, 11000, and 16000. If this parameter is not present, 8000
sample rate is assumed.
maxptime: The maximum amount of media which can be encapsulated in
each packet, expressed as time in milliseconds. The time shall be
calculated as the sum of the time the media present in the packet
represents. The time SHOULD be a multiple of the frame pair size
(i.e., one FP => 20ms).
If this parameter is not present, maxptime is assumed to be 80ms.
Note, since the performance of most speech recognizers are
extremely sensitive to consecutive FP losses, if the user of the
payload format expects a high packet loss ratio for the session,
it MAY consider to explicitly choose a maxptime value for the
session that is shorter than the default value.
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ptime: see RFC2327 [4].
Encoding considerations: This type is defined for transfer via RTP
[5] as described in Sections 3 and 4 of RFC XXXX.
Security considerations: See Section 6 of RFC XXXX.
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com
Intended usage: COMMON. It is expected that many VoIP applications
(as well as mobile applications) will use this type.
Author/Change controller:
* Qiaobing.Xie@motorola.com
* IETF Audio/Video transport working group
5.1 Mapping MIME Parameters into SDP
The information carried in the MIME media type specification has a
specific mapping to fields in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)
[4], which is commonly used to describe RTP sessions. When SDP is
used to specify sessions employing ES 202 050 DSR codec, the mapping
is as follows:
o The MIME type ("audio") goes in SDP "m=" as the media name.
o The MIME subtype ("dsr-es202211") goes in SDP "a=rtpmap" as the
encoding name.
o The optional parameter "rate" also goes in "a=rtpmap" as clock
rate.
o The optional parameters "ptime" and "maxptime" go in the SDP
"a=ptime" and "a=maxptime" attributes, respectively.
Example of usage of ES 202 211 DSR:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 101
a=rtpmap:101 dsr-es202211/8000
a=maxptime:40
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6. Security Considerations
Implementations using the payload defined in this specification are
subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP
specification [5] and the RTP profile [6]. This payload does not
specify any different security services.
7. Acknowledgments
The design presented here is based on that of [7].
Normative References
[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Standard
ES 202 211 v0.1.1, "Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality
Aspects (STQ); Distributed Speech Recognition; Extended
Front-end Feature Extraction Algorithm; Compression Algorithms",
(http://pda.etsi.org/pda/home.asp?wki_id=??) , April 2003.
[2] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP
9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[4] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description
Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998.
[5] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V. Jacobson,
"RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC
3550, July 2003.
[6] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and Video
Conferences with Minimal Control", RFC 3551, July 2003.
[7] Xie, Q., "RTP Payload Format for European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) European Standard ES 201 108
Distributed Speech Recognition Encoding", RFC 3557, July 2003.
Informative References
[8] European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Standard
ES 201 108, "Speech Processing, Transmission and Quality Aspects
(STQ); Distributed Speech Recognition; Front-end Feature
Extraction Algorithm; Compression Algorithms", http://
webapp.etsi.org/pda/home.asp?wki_id=9948 , April 2000.
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Authors' Addresses
Qiaobing Xie
Motorola, Inc.
1501 W. Shure Drive, 2-F9
Arlington Heights, IL 60004
US
Phone: +1-847-632-3028
EMail: qxie1@email.mot.com
David Pearce
Motorola Labs
UK Research Laboratory
Jays Close
Viables Industrial Estate
Basingstoke, HANTS RG22 4PD
UK
Phone: +44 (0)1256 484 436
EMail: bdp003@motorola.com
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