Mipshop Working Group                                      F. Z. Yousaf
Internet Draft                                              C. Wietfeld
Intended status: Standards Track      Communication Networks Institute,
Expires: January 14, 2009            Dortmund University of Technology,
                                                                Germany.
                                                          July 14, 2008

                       Proactive Bindings for FMIPv6
                 draft-yousaf-ietf-mipshop-pbfmipv6-01.txt


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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 14, 2009.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).

Abstract

   Usually in FMIPv6, the MN will start the binding process with its
   home agent and the correspondent nodes after it has attached to NAR.
   Till the binding is completed, the mobile node continues to receive
   packets via a reverse tunnel established between PAR and NAR. The
   duration of this tunnel will depend on the time it takes for the
   mobile node to complete its binding, till which time the tunnel will



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   continue to consume buffer and processing resources related to
   maintaining the tunnel and forwarding packets through this tunnel in
   both PAR and NAR.

   This document specifies an extension to FMIPv6 to enhance its
   performance, in terms of resource management, by reducing the
   duration of the tunnel existence. This is achieved by enabling the
   NAR to act as a proxy for the MN for FMIPv6 handover. Additional
   message(s) and message options along with modifications to existing
   FMIPv6 messages and message options and definitions of new messages
   and message options to achieve the desired functionality is also
   described in this document.

Table of Contents


   1. Requirement notations .........................................3
   2. Introduction...................................................3
   3. Terminology....................................................4
   4. Protocol Overview..............................................6
      4.1. Handover Latency in Fast Mobile IPv6......................6
      4.2. Open Issues in FMIPv6.....................................7
      4.3. Proactive Bindings for FMIPv6 Operation Summary...........8
      4.4. Advantages................................................8
   5. Proactive Bindings for FMIPv6 Protocol Details.................9
      5.1. Processing of Proxy Binding Acknowledgement (PrBAck)
      Message.......................................................11
   6. Message Formats...............................................13
      6.1. New Proactive Binding Acknowledgement (PrBAck) Message...13
      6.2. Modified Inter-Access Router Messages ...................15
         6.2.1. modified Handover Initiate (HI) Message Format .....15
         6.2.2. Modified Handover Acknowledgement (HAck)............16
      6.3. Modified Mobility Header Messages........................17
         6.3.1. Fast Binding Update (FBU)...........................17
         6.3.2. Fast Binding Acknowledgement........................18
      6.4. Modified Option..........................................20
         6.4.1. IP Address
         Option.........................................20
      6.5. New Options..............................................21
         6.5.1. Binding Destination Option..........................21
         6.5.2. Anchor Home Address Option..........................22
         6.5.3. Binding Update Information Option...................23
   7. Security Considerations ......................................25
   8. IANA Considerations...........................................25
   9. Acknowledgments...............................................26
   10. Normative References.........................................27
   Intellectual Property Statement..................................27


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   Disclaimer of Validity...........................................28


1. Requirements notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [1].


2. Introduction

   In MIPv6 [2] a Mobile Node (MN) is said to have undergone handover
   when the Home Agent (HA) and Correspondent Node(s) (CN(s)), upon
   receiving respective Binding Update (BU) from the MN, successfully
   create bindings between the MN's Home Address (HoA) and the Care-of
   Address (CoA) pertaining to the MN new point of attachment and the MN
   receives Binding Acknowledgements (BAs) from the HA and CN(s) in
   response to the corresponding BUs.

   MIPv6 is composed of several delay incurring sub-processes such as
   Movement Detection, CoA auto-configuration, performing Duplicate
   Address Detection (DAD) [4] on the newly configured CoA, CoA
   registration (both with the HA and the CN(s)) and Route Optimization,
   contributing to the overall handover latency, making MIPv6 unsuitable
   for real-time communication sessions/streams and for fast moving
   users undergoing frequent handovers, resulting in packet losses and
   in worst cases, connection/session timeouts.

   FMIPv6 is proposed in [3] which aims at reducing the "handover
   latency" and related "packet losses" by performing operations such as
   movement detection and new CoA configuration (including DAD for the
   newly formed Address) in advance, i.e., while the MN is connected to
   Previous/Present Access Router (PAR) and before it connected to the
   New/Next Access Router (NAR)(as in predictive handover mode), by
   creating a reverse tunnel between NAR and PAR to reduce packet
   losses,  but it does not address the latency that occurs due to
   process of CoA registration with both the HA and the CN(s).

   The FMIPv6 protocol also does not specify as to when, how and under
   what conditions should this bi-directional PAR-NAR tunnel be torn
   down and how to reduce its duration for resource preservation in both
   PAR and NAR related to tunneling overhead.

   This specification addresses these issues by proposing a mechanism of
   "proactively" carrying out in advance the MN's CoA registration



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   process (home registration and correspondent registration) to further
   optimize the base FMIPv6 protocol.



3. Terminology

   This document refers to [2] and [3] for terminology.  The following
   terms and abbreviations are additionally used in this document.

   The reference network is illustrated in Figure 1.

   Proxy New Access Router (PrNAR):

      The NAR which will act as a proxy on behalf of the MN by
      proactively carrying out Home and Correspondent Registration on
      behalf of the MN.

   Proxy Binding Update List (PrBUL):

      The PrNAR will create and maintain a Proxy Binding Update List on
      behalf of the MN when carrying out proactive bindings with the HA
      and CN(s).

   Proxy Binding Acknowledgement (PrBAck):

      The PrNAR will transmit this message after it successfully
      creates bindings with the HA and the CN(s).

   Anchor Home Network (AHN):

      The network domain where the address assigned/configured to/by
      the MN is considered to be the home address (HoA) and not a care-
      of address (CoA). The access router of the AHN to which the
      mobile node is connected to is the HA of the MN.

   Surrogate Home Network (SHN):

      The network domain where the MN is currently attached and the
      address assigned/configured to/by the mobile node is considered
      to be the care-of address and not a home address (or Anchor Home
      Address).

   Anchor Home Address (AHoA):

      The address of the MN configured/assigned at the AHN.



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   Surrogate Home Address (SHoA):

      The address of the MN configured/assigned at the SHN. Same as the
   PCoA (or current CoA).

   Anchor Home Network Information (AHNI):

      Constitutes the IPv6 address of the MN's home agent in the AHN
      and the Anchor Home Address (AHoA) of the MN in that domain.

   Surrogate Home Network Information (SHNI):

      Constitutes the IPv6 address of the access router to which the MN
      is attached and the CoA assigned/configured to/by the MN in the
      SHN, also termed as the Surrogate Home Address (SHoA).

   Prospective Care-of Address (PCoA):

      The NAR compatible address auto-configured by the MN while it is
      connected to PAR but before it is assigned.

   New Care-of Address (NCoA):

      The address assigned to the MN after successful DAD operation by
      NAR.




















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                 V              +--------------+
               +-+              |   Previous   |         <
               | | ------------ |    Access    | ------- >-----\
               +-+              |    Router    |         <       \
                    MN          |    (PAR)     |                  \
                 |              +--------------+             +---------------+
                 |                     ^              IP     | Correspondent |
                 |                     |          Network    |     Node      |
                 V                     |                     +---------------+
                                       v                          /
                 v              +--------------+                 /
               +-+              |   Proxy New  |         <      /
               | | ------------ |    Access    | ------- >-----/
               +-+              |    Router    |         <
                   MN           |    (PrNAR)   |
                                +--------------+

                Figure 1 : Reference Scenario for Handover



4. Protocol Overview

4.1. Handover Latency in Fast MIPv6

   When a MN moves to a new subnet, it has to establish connection to
   the NAR of the new subnet and successfully register its NCoA by
   creating bindings with the CN(s) and the HA before it can start
   receiving regular traffic from its CN(s) via a direct route, i.e.,
   through a process called route optimization [2].

     When the MN moves into a new subnet it has to perform the
   following tasks before it can resume connection with the CN(s).

   1. Movement detection

   2. Neighbor (router/AR) prefix discovery

   3. NCoA configuration

   4. DAD performed by the NAR and confirming the validity of the NCoA.

   5. CoA registry





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   6. Home registration and correspondent registration of this NCoA
      using BU and BA including the regular Return Routability
      procedure.

   After the successful completion of the above six tasks, the MN
   becomes IP-capable on the new link and the MN is said to have
   undergone handover, whereas the total "handover latency" is the sum
   of the latencies incurred by each of the above six processes.

   During this period of handover, the MN is practically disconnected
   from the HA and the CN(s), this period of disconnection can also be
   termed as a "blackout" period, and all the packets communicated
   between the MN and CN(s) are expected to be delayed, lost or in worst
   cases (in case of TCP timeouts) service disconnection.

   The degree of packet loss or packet delay is a function of the
   overall handover latency, and hence is not suitable for fast moving
   users and /or using real time applications, such as video
   conferencing.

   FMIPv6 [3] aims at reducing the handover latency by performing the
   above five steps in advance while the MN is still connected to PAR,
   i.e., before the MN travel towards and establishes a L2 connection to
   the NAR (termed as predictive handover mode), or after it has
   established a L2 connection with the NAR (termed as reactive handover
   mode).

   FMIPv6 also reduces/eliminates the packet loss during the connection
   blackout time, by establishing a bi-directional tunnel between PAR
   and NAR. During this blackout period, the traffic from the CN(s) gets
   delivered to NAR via the PAR through the tunnel where the packets get
   buffered. When the MN connects to the NAR, all the buffered packets
   at the NAR and subsequent packets arriving from the CN(s) will get
   delivered to the MN via the PAR through the PAR-NAR tunnel. The MN
   after connecting to the NAR will start the MIPv6 binding process [2]
   with the HA and the CN(s), after the successful completion of which
   the PAR-NAR tunnel gets torn down and all subsequent communication
   between the MN and the CN(s) will take place via the NAR.

4.2. Open Issues in FMIPv6

   The current FMIPv6 specification [3] does not provide any signaling
   exchange to inform the PAR that it can stop forwarding packets and/or
   the tunnel can be released.





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   Also the duration of the tunnel existence between PAR and NAR is
   critical in terms of resource management and routing efficiency and
   this can potentially contribute towards the following:

   o  Buffer space/resource commitment in both NAR and PAR, which may
      not scale well in case of an increase in the number of prospective
      MNs (or when a large number of MNs belonging to the same PAR
      migrate to the same NAR), a situation typical on a congested
      highway.

   o  Duration of tunnel existence will potentially contribute towards
      packet jitter and delay, which may not favor real time
      communication sessions and applications.

   o  Increased processing due to tunneling and de-tunneling of packets
      at both PAR and NAR and then reverse tunneling of packets during
      the time when the MN is establishing bindings with its HA and
      CN(s).

   o  Possibility of in-efficient routing between MN and respective
      CN(s) till the tunnel is released and new efficient/shortest path
      routes between the CN(s) and NAR is calculated by the network.

   o  In case of high probability of error on the MN-PAR wireless link,
      the tunnel between PAR and NAR may exist of a longer duration.

   Thus controlling and minimizing the duration of the tunnel between
   PAR and NAR holds the key to a better performance of FMIPv6 protocol
   both in terms of handover latency and efficient management of
   resources.

4.3. Proactive Binding for FMIPv6 (PB-FMIPv6) Operation Summary

   In FMIPv6 [3], the tunnel between PAR and NAR exists till the
   handover is complete. The handover is said to be complete only when
   the MN successfully registers its New Care of Address (NCoA) with its
   corresponding HA and CN(s).

   The idea behind PB-FMIPv6 is that the registration of the NCoA with
   its CN(s) and HA is done in advance and in parallel to when the MN is
   in the process of disconnecting from PAR, connecting to NAR and
   announcing its presence to NAR by sending Unsolicited Neighbor
   Advertisement (UNA) message to NAR.

   The motivation behind this approach is based on the fact that the NAR
   becomes aware of the NCoA of the MN as early as it receives a
   Handover Initiate (HI) message from PAR, after which it has every


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   possibility of proxying for MN and hence proactively perform the
   requisite bindings on its behalf, while the MN is in the process of
   moving away from PAR and entering the new subnet and establishing
   connection with the NAR.

   It is expected, depending on the speed of the MN, that by the time
   the MN sends the UNA message to NAR, the NCoA will already be or in
   the process of getting registered with the HA and the CN(s),
   afterwards which the tunnel gets released immediately. In essence,
   PB-FMIPv6 performs the MIPv6 registration process in parallel to the
   MN's process of moving away from PAR and entering the new subnet and
   establishing connection with the NAR thereby achieving timing
   efficiency, which in turn will contribute towards the reduction in
   PAR - NAR tunnel existence duration and offsetting all the issues
   related to the extended duration of the PAR-NAR tunnel as outlined in
   section 4.2.

4.4. Advantages

   The reduction in tunnel duration by the proposed mechanism of
   PB-FMIPv6 is expected to account for the following advantages:

   o  Resource preservation in case of early release of tunnel

   o  Resource available for other potential fast moving MNs into the
      domain

   o  Early registration of MN's NCoA with the HA and the CN(s)
      before/shortly after the MN arrives in the new domain.

   o  Reduction in processing due to tunneling, de-tunneling and reverse
      tunneling of packets.

   o  Considerable load reduction on ARs due to reduction in buffer and
      tunnel maintenance.

   o  Fully integrated into the present scheme of MIPv6 networks.

   o  Zero probability of binding messages to be lost over error prone
      wireless links.

   o  No added complexity to existing network infrastructure and/or
      topology.

   o  Reduction in handover latency.




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5. Proactive Binding for FMIPv6 (PB-FMIPv6) Protocol Details

   In PB-FMIPv6, the NAR is replaced by Proxy-NAR (PrNAR), which is NAR
   acting as a proxy and performing proactive bindings on behalf of the
   MN. The protocol operation is shown in figure 2.

   The protocol operation of the PB-FMIPv6 is similar to that of the
   base FMIPv6 protocol in which the MN, upon detecting one or more L2
   ID during its scan operations or upon receiving some link level
   trigger, will send a RtSolPr message to its access router in order to
   resolve one or more AP identifiers to subnet-specific information. In
   response, the PAR will send a PrRtrAdv towards the MN containing one
   or more [AP-ID, AR-Info] tuples [3].

   The MN, based on some network selection criteria, auto-configures a
   prospective-CoA (PCoA) pertaining to a specific new subnet that it
   wishes to handover its connection to, and sends a FBU to PAR
   instructing the PAR to request the PrNAR to proxy on behalf of the
   MN. The MN will send the FBU with the P-flag set, indicating the MN's
   request to perform PB-FMIPv6 operation. The FBU will carry the
   address of the MN's HA in the AHN and the address(es) of the CN(s)in
   the new Binding Destination Option (see section 6.5.1) and carry the
   AHoA of the MN in the new Anchor Home Address Option (see section
   6.5.2). The information carried by these two new options will also
   convey the complete AHNI profile.

   The PAR, upon receiving FBU with the P-flag set will send the HI
   message towards the PrNAR with the P-flag set. The HI message, with
   the P-flag set, besides carrying the prescribed FMIPv6 options [3]
   MUST also be appended with an array of IP Address Option carrying the
   following addresses:

        1. The AHoA of the MN MUST be included with the Code-Option
          value set to 4. This address will be subsequently used in the
          Home Address Destination Option of the BU messages [2] sent
          by the PrNAR on behalf of the MN. This address is obtained
          from the Anchor Home Address Option carried by the received
          FBU message.

        2. The IP address of the MN's HA at the AHN MUST be included
          with the Option-Code value set to 5. This address will be
          subsequently used as the destination address of the IP header
          of the BU message sent by the PrNAR for Home Registration of
          the MN. This address is obtained from the Binding Destination
          Option carried by the received FBU message.




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        3. The IP address of the CN MAY be included (if the MN is in
          communication with) with the Option-Code value set to 6. This
          address will be subsequently used as the destination address
          of the IP header of the BU message sent by the PrNAR for
          Correspondent Registration of the MN. The HI message MAY
          carry none or multiple of such options depending on the
          number of CN the MN is in communication with. This address is
          obtained from the Binding Destination Option carried by the
          received FBU message.

   The PrNAR upon receiving the HI message with the P-flag set will
   decide, based on some decision mechanism (such as available
   resources) but beyond the scope of this document, whether or not to
   perform proactive bindings on behalf of the MN, and this decision
   will be conveyed with the P-flag in the HAck message set or unset. In
   case of the HAck's P-flag unset; normal FMIPv6 process will ensue as
   specified in [3].

   In case the PrNAR has decided to perform proactive bindings for the
   MN, it will perform DAD on the PCoA and will inform of the NCoA and
   its ability to proxy for the MN by sending a HAck message back to PAR
   with its P-flag set.

   As soon as the PAR receives a HAck, regardless of the status of the
   P-Flag, a binding between the PCoA and NCoA will be formed inside PAR
   and also a tunnel will be established between PAR and PrNAR. At the
   same time, when NCoA has been confirmed by PrNAR, the PrNAR will
   proactively initiate MIPv6 home registration and correspondent
   registration process with the MN's HA located in the AHN and the
   CN(s). The PrNAR will create and maintain a Proxy-Binding Update List
   (PrBUL) on behalf of the MN.

   In the meantime, the PAR will send an FBAck informing the MN of its
   NCoA and the decision of the PrNAR, regarding proxying for the MN,
   embedded in the status field of the FBAck message.

   The PrNAR upon receiving BA(s) from the respective HA and the CN(s)
   will update its PrBUL and will send Proxy Binding Acknowledgement
   (PrBAck) to the PAR, which will also relay it to the MN (if the MN is
   still on PAR's link). The PrBAck message besides indicating to the MN
   about the successful binding on it's behalf is also used as an
   implicit signal for the release of PAR-PrNAR tunnel.

   All subsequent packets intended for the MN will now reach PrNAR
   directly and get buffered. As soon as the MN establishes a L2
   connection with the PrNAR, it will send an UNA and the PrNAR will



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   start forwarding all the buffered packets and subsequent packets
   towards the MN.

   The MN upon receiving a PrBAck will know that bindings with the HA
   and CN(s) has been carried out proactively and will send messages
   with the NCoA as the source address in all subsequent IP
   transmissions.

   If the MN has not yet established a L2 connection with the PrNAR when
   it receives PrBAck, it MUST do so immediately as all transmissions
   from the CN(s) will now be getting buffered at the PrNAR and any
   delays on behalf of the MN in establishing connections with the PrNAR
   can lead to possible delays, buffer overflow and hence packet losses.

5.1. Processing of Proxy Binding Acknowledgment (PrBAck) Message

   Since the main motivation behind PB-FMIPv6 is the reduction in the
   NAR-PrNAR tunnel duration, therefore the timing of the PrNAR's
   signaling for the release of the tunnel is very important.

   In principle the tunnel should be released soon after the PrNAR
   completes the bindings on behalf of the MN and receives the relevant
   BA(s) from the HA and CN(s). The PrNAR uses the PrBAck message as a
   tunnel release signal and in addition informs the MN about the
   successful completion of proactive bindings.

   The PrNAR will send a PrBAck message for every BA it receives, and
   eve3ry PrBAck will be appended with the Binding Update Information
   Option (see section 6.5.3), which will enable a MN to update the
   corresponding entries in its local Binding Update List cache. The
   PrBAck corresponding to the last BA will have the tunnel release flag
   set.

   Since the BAs from different target nodes may arrive at PrNAR at
   different times, therefore a separate PrBAck is sent for each BA
   received and the last PrBAck message will contain the tunnel release
   signal. Hence the tunnel should not be released until the reception
   of the last BA.

   For each BA received, the PrNAR will transmit a PrBAck with the NCoA
   as the destination IP address on both the local wireless link and on
   the PAR link via the tunnel. This is done to ensure the reception of
   the PrBAck message by the MN in situation where the MN may have moved
   to the PrNAR link before receiving the PrBAck on the PAR's link. The
   destination address of the outer tunnel packet should be the IP
   address of the PAR, which upon receiving the PrBAck will release the
   tunnel, depending on the status of the tunnel release flag and


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   forward the inner packet (with NCoA as the destination address) on
   the wireless link. The PAR should create a temporary forwarding state
   for the NCoA only on the wireless interface till the time it receives
   a tunnel release signal. The MN will continue to update its local BUL
   entries with the information carried by the PrBAck message and upon
   receiving the PrBAck with the tunnel release signal will know that
   bindings has been completed and it will disconnect from the PAR (if
   PAR already has not initiated the disconnection of the MN) and will
   update its local BUL with the information available in the PrBAck

   If the PrNAR receives UNA from the MN before it has transmitted the
   last PrBACK (i.e., during the scenario in which the MN attaches to
   PrNAR before the binding process has completed) then the subsequent
   PrBAcks should be sent only on the local wireless link with NCoA as
   the destination IP address and only the last PrBAck, carrying the
   tunnel release signal should be sent towards PAR as well. This MAY be
   true for both the predictive and reactive handover modes, but the
   actual mode of handover depends on the reception of the FBAck message
   as specified in [3]. For reactive handover modes, i.e. when the MN
   doesn't receive FBAck on the PAR's link, the handover may be carried
   out as per the reactive handover mode specified in [3] and the choice
   of carrying out PB-FMIPv6 handovers may be optional depending on the
   error probability on the PrNAR's wireless link.


























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   MN                    PAR                   PrNAR       HA        CN
   |                     |                      |           |         |
   |------RtSolPr------->|                      |           |         |
   |<-----PrRtAdv--------|                      |           |         |
   |                     |                      |           |         |
   |------FBU----------->|----------HI--------->|----BU---->|         |
   |                     |<--------HAck---------|<---BA-----|         |
   |          <--FBack---|--FBack--->           |---HoTI--->|         |
   |                     |                      |---CoTI--->|---HoTI->|
   disconnect          forward                  |           |---CoTI->|
   |                   packets  ===============>|           |<---HoT--|
   |                     |                      |<---HoT--- |         |
   |                     |                      |<---CoT--------------|
   connect               |                      |------------BU------>|
   |                     |                      |<-----------BAck-----|
   |------------UNA --------------------------->|           |         |
   |<=================================== deliver packets    |         |
   |<------PrBAck--------|<--------PrBAck-------|           |         |
   |<-----------------PrBAck--------------------|           |         |
   |                     |                      |           |         |

                 Figure 2 : PB-FMIPv6 Protocol Operation.

6. Message Formats

   The PB-FMIPv6 introduces an additional new message called the
   Proactive Binding Acknowledgement (PrBAck) and two new message
   options namely Binding Destination Option and Anchor Home Address
   Option besides necessary modifications to the existing FMIPv6
   messages and message options.

6.1. New Proactive Binding Acknowledgement (PrBAck) Message

   The PrNAR will send a PrBAck message towards the MN for each BA it
   receives from the HA and the CN(s). The PrBAck not only informs the
   MN of the successful home and/or correspondent registration but also
   carries information that is used by the MN to update its local
   binding update list (BUL). This message is also used as a signal to
   tear down the PAR-PrNAR tunnel.

   The format of the message is shown in figure 3.








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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |      Type     |      Code     |         Checksum              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Subtype    |T|                         Reserved            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Options ...
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
       Figure 3 : Proactive Binding Acknowledgement (PrBAck) Message



   IP Fields:

       Source Address
                       IP address of the PrNAR
       Destination Address
                       The NCoA of the MN.


   ICMP Fields:

       Type        The Experimental Mobility Protocol Type. See [5].

       Code        0: Home Registration
                   1: Correspondent Registration.

       Checksum    The ICMPv6 checksum.

       Subtype     6 (This value is yet to be determined by IANA. See
                   section 8)

      'T' Flag    Tunnel Release Flag. When set indicates to PAR to
                  release the tunnel.

      Reserved    MUST be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the
                  receiver.

   Valid Options:

      Binding Update Information Option
                  This option MUST be included in the PrBAck message.
                  The information carried by this option field is used
                  by the MN to update its corresponding BUL cache
                  entries. For more information see section 6.5.3



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6.2. Modified Inter-Access Router Messages

6.2.1. Modified Handover Initiate (HI) Message Format

   PB-FMIPv6 modifies the format of the Handover Initiate [3] by the
   addition of a single flag bit to indicate that the PAR sending the HI
   message is requesting a NAR to accept the proxy request for the MN.

   The format of the Handover Initiate message is shown in figure 4.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |      Type     |      Code     |         Checksum              |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Subtype    |S|U|P| Reserved|           Identifier          |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Options ...
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

                 Figure 4 : Handover Initiate (HI) Message


   This format represents the following changes over that originally
   specified for FMIPv6 [3]:

       Proxy Flag (P)
                  When set indicates to the NAR to proxy on behalf of
                  the MN and carry out binding with the HA and the
                  CN(s). When not set indicates normal FMIPv6 operation.

       Reserved
                  Reduced from a 6-bit field to a 5-bit field to account
                  for the addition of the above bit.

   Valid Options:

      Home Address of the MN at the AHN
                  The IP address of the MN configured at the Anchor Home
                  Network (AHN) (also termed as AHoA). This option MUST
                  be included, when the P-flag is set, by appending the
                  IP Address option with the Option-code value of 4.

      MN's Home Agent Address at the AHN
                  The IP address of the MN's HA at the Anchor Home
                  Network (AHN). This option MUST be included, when the



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                  P-flag is set, by appending the IP Address option with
                  the Option-code value of 5.

       CN Address Option
                  The IP address of the CN with which, the MN wishes to
                  establish bindings with. This option MAY be included,
                  when the P-flag is set, by appending the IP address
                  option with the Option-code value set to 6. The HI
                  message MAY carry multiple such options.

6.2.2. Modified Handover Acknowledge (HAck)

   The format of the Handover Acknowledge (HAck), which is sent as a
   reply to HI, is modified by the addition of a single flag bit to
   indicate that the PrNAR has accepted the request and will complete
   bindings on behalf of the MN.

   The format of the Handover Acknowledge message is shown in figure 5.

      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |      Type     |      Code     |           Checksum            |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Subtype    |P|   Reserved  |           Identifier          |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |    Options...
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-

              Figure 5 : Handover Acknowledge (HAck) Message

   This format represents the following changes over that originally
   specified for FMIPv6 [3]:

      Proxy Acknowledge Flag (P)
                  When set indicates that the PrNAR has accepted the
                  proxying request of the MN and PrNAR has started the
                  NCoA registration process, and is maintaining a Proxy
                  Binding Update List (PrBUL) cache. When not set
                  indicates that the request can not be fulfilled. The P
                  flag should only be set when the code value is 0, 1,
                  2,3 or 4 (for details see [3]). For all other code
                  values, it should be 0.

       Reserved
                  Reduced from a 8-bit field to a 7-bit field to account
                  for the addition of the above bit.


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   Upon receiving a HI message, the PrNAR MUST respond with a Handover
   Acknowledge message, with the appropriate value for the code and P-
   flag. Upon receiving a HI and accepting the MN's proxy request, the
   PrNAR will create a Proxy Binding Update List (PrBUL), the
   constitution of which is the same as that of the BUL defined in [2],
   but with the MN's PAR and/or NAR address as a key to associate the
   PrBUL contents with the relevant MN(s). This is necessary to handle
   multiple MN(s) undergoing PB-FMIPv6. The PrNAR will maintain the
   PrBUL till the MN attaches to it.

6.3. Modified Mobility Header Messages

   Mobile IPv6 uses a new IPv6 header type called Mobility Header [2].
   The Fast Binding Update, Fast Binding Acknowledgment messages use the
   Mobility Header. However, PB-FMIPv6 modifies these header messages
   the relevant details of which are given below.

6.3.1. Fast Binding Update (FBU)

   The format of the Fast Binding Update message is modified from the
   original (see [2]) by the addition of a single flag bit to indicate
   the MN's request to perform PB-FMIPv6 based handover.

   The format of the message is shown in figure 6.

                                      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                      |           Sequence #          |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |A|H|L|K|P|       Reserved        |            Lifetime           |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                                                                 |
    .                                                                 .
    .                           Mobility options                      .
    .                                                                 .
    |                                                                 |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


               Figure 6 : Fast Binding Update (FBU) Message

   This format represents the following changes over that originally
   specified for FMIPv6 [3]:

      Proxy Request Flag (P)
                  When set indicates that the MN desires to perform PB-
                  FMIPv6 based handover and is a request to the
                  candidate access router (PrNAR in our case) to perform


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                  bindings on its behalf. When not set indicates normal
                  FMIPv6 operation.

       Reserved
                  Reduced from a 12-bit field to a 11-bit field to
                  account for the addition of the above bit.

   Valid Options

      Binding Destination Option

                  When the P-flag is set, the FBU must contain one or
                  more binding destination option, which will convey the
                  address(es) to which BUs will be sent. The details
                  about this new option are given in 6.5.1.

      Anchor Home Address Option

                  The FBU MUST contain the Anchor Home Address Option
                  when the P-flag is set. This option will carry the
                  AHoA of the MN which will be used in the Home Address
                  Option of the BU message sent by the NAR on behalf of
                  the MN. The details about this new option are given in
                  6.5.2.

   The combination of the Binding Destination Option and the Anchor Home
   Address Option provides the complete AHNI profile as well as the
   destination addresses required by the BU message. The

   The other valid options to be used are the same as specified in [3].

6.3.2. Fast Binding Acknowledgment (FBack)

   The format of the Fast Binding Acknowledgement message is the same
   but it modifies the interpretation of the existing status values by
   defining two new status values indicating the NAR's
   acceptance/rejection to carry out proactive bindings on behalf of the
   MN's request. The rules for the Mobility Option is also modified.

   The format of the message is shown in figure 7.









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                                      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                      |     Status    |K| Reserved    |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |            Sequence #           |            Lifetime           |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
    |                                                                 |
    .                                                                 .
    .                           Mobility options                      .
    .                                                                 .
    |                                                                 |
    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


          Figure 7 : Fast Binding Acknowledgment (FBack) Message


      Status

                  8-bit unsigned integer indicating the disposition of
                  the Fast Binding Update.  Values of the Status field
                  less than 128 indicate that the Binding Update was
                  accepted by the receiving node.  The following such
                  Status values are currently defined:

                  0 Fast Binding Update accepted for normal FMIPv6
                  operation. PB-FMIPv6 operation not supported

                  1 Fast Binding Update accepted but NCoA is invalid.
                  Use NCoA supplied in ``alternate'' CoA and PB-FMIPv6
                  operation not supported

                  2 Fast Binding Update accepted and PB-FMIPv6 operation
                  enabled

                  3 Fast Binding Update accepted but NCoA is invalid.
                  Use NCoA supplied in ``alternate'' CoA and PB-FMIPv6
                  operation enabled

                  Values of the Status field greater than or equal to
                  128 indicate that the Binding Update was rejected by
                  the receiving node.  The following such Status values
                  are currently defined:

                  128 Reason unspecified

                  129 Administratively prohibited



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                  130 Insufficient resources

                  131 Incorrect interface identifier length

       Mobility Options

                  MUST contain Alternate CoA option (see [2]) if Status
                  is 1 or 3. MUST contain the Binding Authorization Data
                  for FMIP (BADF) option as specified in [3].

6.4. Modified Option

   PB-FMIPv6 extends the IPv6 Address option by defining additional
   Option-Codes.

6.4.1. IP Address Option

   This option defines new option codes 4, 5 and 6, which is sent in the
   Handover Initiate message. Option-Codes 4 and 5 convey the Anchor
   Home Network Information (AHNI) while the Option-Code 6 conveys the
   address(es) of the CN(s).

   The format of the message is shown in figure 8.


      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |     Type      |    Length     |  Option-Code  | Prefix Length |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                             Reserved                          |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     +                                                               +
     |                                                               |
     +                         IPv6 Address                          +
     |                                                               |
     +                                                               +
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

                      Figure 8 : IPv6 Address Option

        Option-Code
              1    Old Care-of Address
              2    New Care-of Address
              3    NAR's IP address


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              4    MN's IP address at the AHN (AHoA).
              5    IP address of the MN's home agent at the AHN
              6    IP address of the CN


   Option codes 4, 5 and 6 MUST be included together when the P-Flag in
   the FBU and HI is set.

6.5. New Options

   PB-FMIPv6 defines three new options, two of which namely the Binding
   Destination Option and Anchor Home Address Option, is carried by the
   FBU and encoded within the remaining space of the Message Data field
   of the FBU, using a type-length-value (TLV) format as specified in
   [2].

   The third new option namely, Binding Update Information Option is
   carried by the PrBAck message (see section 6.1).

6.5.1. Binding Destination Option

   At least one instance of this option MUST be present in the FBU when
   the P-Flag is set. This option contains the array of address(es),
   which will be copied into the appropriate options of the HI message,
   to which the PrNAR will send the bindings to on behalf of the MN.
   According to normal MIPv6 operations, the MN sends binding updates to
   the HA and the CN(s) with which a communication session is
   established. The option type identifies the address to be that of the
   MN's HA in the AHN or of CN(s). The information contained in the
   Binding destination option and the Anchor Home Address option (see
   section 6.5.2) gives complete AHNI profile, which the PrNAR will use
   for establishing bindings on behalf of the MN.

   The format of the message is shown in figure 9.















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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                     |  Option Type  | Option Length |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     +                                                               +
     |                                                               |
     +                         IPv6 Address                          +
     |                                                               |
     +                                                               +
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


                   Figure 9 : Binding Destination Option

       Option Type
            202 = 0xCA*    Home Agent address of the MN at the AHN
            203 = 0xCB*    CN Address


   (* The values for the Option Type field are to be determined by IANA.
   The values shown here are for experimental purpose. See section 8).

6.5.2. Anchor Home Address Option

   This option MUST be present in the FBU when the P-flag is set. The
   Home Address option in the FBU carries the MN's PCoA, and adding the
   Anchor Home Address option enables the information of the MN's AHoA
   information to be also conveyed.

   The format of the message is shown in figure 10.
















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      0                   1                   2                   3
      0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
                                     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
                                     |  Option Type  | Option Length |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     |                                                               |
     +                                                               +
     |                                                               |
     +                         Anchor Home Address                   +
     |                                                               |
     +                                                               +
     |                                                               |
     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


                  Figure 10 : Anchor Home Address Option

       Option Type
            204 = 0xCC*    Anchor home address of the MN

   (* The values for the Option Type field are to be determined by IANA.
   The values shown here are for experimental purpose. See section 8).

6.5.3. Binding Update Information Option

   This option MUST be present in the PrBAck message and its exact
   format depends on the code value of the PrBAck message.

   The format of the message is shown in figure 11.




















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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             IP Address                        |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Sequence Number             |         Reserved              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Lifetime                    |         Remaining Lifetime    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                     Home-Init Cookie                          +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                     Home Key Gen Token                        +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                     Care-of Init Cookie                       +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   +                     Care-of Key Gen Token                     +
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

               Figure 11: Binding Update Information Option

   IP Address          When the Code value in PrBAck message is 0, this
                       IP address will be the IP address of the MN's HA
                       in the AHN. When the code value is 1, this IP
                       address will be the IP address of a CN.

   Sequence Number     The sequence number of the BU for which the BA
                       was   received.

   Lifetime             Lifetime of the binding in the destination node

   Remaining Lifetime   Remaining lifetime of the binding in the
   destination node

   Home-Init Cookie    It is zero when code value is 0 and should be
                       ignored by the receiver.

   Home Key Gen Token  It is zero when code value is 0 and should be
                       ignored by the receiver.



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   .

   Care-of Init Cookie                                     It is zero when code value is 0 and should be
                          ignored by the receiver.

   Care-of Key Gen Token                                   It is zero when code value is 0 and should be
                          ignored by the receiver.

7. Security Considerations

   Security issues for this document follow those for MIPv6 [2] and
   FMIPv6 [3].

8. IANA Considerations

   This document defines a new experimental ICMPv6 messages which use
   the Experimental Mobility Protocol ICMPv6 format [5]. This requires
   for a new Subtype value assignments by IANA.



          Subtype     Description                Reference

          -------     -----------                ---------

          TBD           PrBAck                    Section 6.1



   The document defines two new mobility options [2] which need Type
   assignment from the Mobility Options Type registry at
   http://www.iana.org/assignments/mobility-parameters.

          Option-Type           Description              Reference

          -----------           -----------              ---------

             TBD        Binding Destination Option      Section 6.5.1

             TBD        Anchor Home Address Option      Section 6.5.2



9. Acknowledgments

   This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.



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10. Normative References

   [1]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [2]   Johnson, D., "Mobility Support in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.

   [3]   Koodli, R., Ed., "Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6", RFC 4068,
         July 2005.

   [4]   Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery
         for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December 1998.

   [5]   J. Kempf, ``Instructions for Seamoby and Experimental Mobility
         Protocol IANA Allocations," RFC 4065, Internet Engineering Task
         Force, June 2004.



Author's Addresses

   Faqir Zarrar Yousaf
   Communication Networks Institute
   University of Dortmund
   Building Chemistry,
   Otto-Hahn-Str. 6,
   D-44227 Dortmund, Germany

   Email: faqir.yousaf@tu-dortmund.de


   Christian Wietfeld
   Communication Networks Institute
   University of Dortmund
   Building Chemistry,
   Otto-Hahn-Str. 6,
   D-44227 Dortmund, Germany

   Email: christian.wietfeld@tu-dortmund.de


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   pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
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Disclaimer of Validity

   This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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   THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
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Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).

   This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
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Acknowledgment

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.







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