An IPv6-to-IPv4 Transport Relay Translator
RFC 3142
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RFC - Informational
(June 2001; No errata)
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Authors |
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Kazuhiko Yamamoto
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Jun-ichiro Itoh
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2013-03-02
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
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RFC 3142 (Informational)
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Network Working Group J. Hagino
Request for Comments: 3142 K. Yamamoto
Category: Informational IIJ Research Laboratory
June 2001
An IPv6-to-IPv4 Transport Relay Translator
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The document describes an IPv6-to-IPv4 transport relay translator
(TRT). It enables IPv6-only hosts to exchange {TCP,UDP} traffic with
IPv4-only hosts. A TRT system, which locates in the middle,
translates {TCP,UDP}/IPv6 to {TCP,UDP}/IPv4, or vice versa.
The memo talks about how to implement a TRT system using existing
technologies. It does not define any new protocols.
1. Problem domain
When you deploy an IPv6-only network, you still want to gain access
to IPv4-only network resources outside, such as IPv4-only web
servers. To solve this problem, many IPv6-to-IPv4 translation
technologies are proposed, mainly in the IETF ngtrans working group.
The memo describes a translator based on the transport relay
technique to solve the same problem.
In this memo, we call this kind of translator "TRT" (transport relay
translator). A TRT system locates between IPv6-only hosts and IPv4
hosts and translates {TCP,UDP}/IPv6 to {TCP,UDP}/IPv4, vice versa.
Advantages of TRT are as follows:
o TRT is designed to require no extra modification on IPv6-only
initiating hosts, nor that on IPv4-only destination hosts. Some
other translation mechanisms need extra modifications on IPv6-only
initiating hosts, limiting possibility of deployment.
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RFC 3142 IPv6-to-IPv4 Transport Relay Translator June 2001
o The IPv6-to-IPv4 header converters have to take care of path MTU
and fragmentation issues. However, TRT is free from this problem.
Disadvantages of TRT are as follows:
o TRT supports bidirectional traffic only. The IPv6-to-IPv4 header
converters may be able to support other cases, such as
unidirectional multicast datagrams.
o TRT needs a stateful TRT system between the communicating peers,
just like NAT systems. While it is possible to place multiple TRT
systems in a site (see Appendix A), a transport layer connection
goes through particular, a single TRT system. The TRT system thus
can be considered a single point of failure, again like NAT
systems. Some other mechanisms, such as SIIT [Nordmark, 2000],
use stateless translator systems which can avoid a single point of
failure.
o Special code is necessary to relay NAT-unfriendly protocols. Some
of NAT-unfriendly protocols, including IPsec, cannot be used
across TRT system.
This memo assumes that traffic is initiated by an IPv6-only host
destined to an IPv4-only host. The memo can be extended to handle
opposite direction, if an appropriate address mapping mechanism is
introduced.
2. IPv4-to-IPv4 transport relay
To help understanding of the proposal in the next section, here we
describe the transport relay in general. The transport relay
technique itself is not new, as it has been used in many of
firewall-related products.
2.1. TCP relay
TCP relay systems have been used in firewall-related products. These
products are designed to achieve the following goals: (1) disallow
forwarding of IP packets across a system, and (2) allow {TCP,UDP}
traffic to go through the system indirectly. For example, consider a
network constructed like the following diagram. "TCP relay system"
in the diagram does not forward IP packet across the inner network to
the outer network, vice versa. It only relays TCP traffic on a
specific port, from the inner network to the outer network, vice
versa. (Note: The diagram has only two subnets, one for inner and
one for outer. Actually both sides can be more complex, and there
can be as many subnets and routers as you wish.)
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destination host
|X
==+=======+== outer network
|Y
TCP relay system
|B
==+=======+== inner network
|A
initiating host
When the initiating host (whose IP address is A) tries to make a TCP
connection to the destination host (X), TCP packets are routed toward
the TCP relay system based on routing decision. The TCP relay system
receives and accepts the packets, even though the TCP relay system
does not own the destination IP address (X). The TCP relay system
pretends to having IP address X, and establishes TCP connection with
the initiating host as X. The TCP relay system then makes a another
TCP connection from Y to X, and relays traffic from A to X, and the
other way around.
Thus, two TCP connections are established in the picture: from A to B
(as X), and from Y to X, like below:
TCP/IPv4: the initiating host (A) --> the TCP relay system (as X)
address on IPv4 header: A -> X
TCP/IPv4: the TCP relay system (Y) --> the destination host (X)
address on IPv4 header: Y -> X
The TCP relay system needs to capture some of TCP packets that is not
destined to its address. The way to do it is implementation
dependent and outside the scope of this memo.
2.2. UDP relay
If you can recognize UDP inbound and outbound traffic pair in some
way, UDP relay can be implemented in similar manner as TCP relay. An
implementation can recognize UDP traffic pair like NAT systems does,
by recording address/port pairs onto an table and managing table
entries with timeouts.
3. IPv6-to-IPv4 transport relay translator
We propose a transport relay translator for IPv6-to-IPv4 protocol
translation, TRT. In the following description, TRT for TCP is
described. TRT for UDP can be implemented in similar manner.
For address mapping, we reserve an IPv6 prefix referred to by
C6::/64. C6::/64 should be a part of IPv6 unicast address space
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assigned to the site. Routing information must be configured so that
packets to C6::/64 are routed toward the TRT system. The following
diagram shows the network configuration. The subnet marked as "dummy
prefix" does not actually exist. Also, now we assume that the
initiating host to be IPv6-only, and the destination host to be
IPv4-only.
destination host
|X4
==+=======+== outer network
|Y4
TRT system --- dummy prefix (C6::/64)
|B6
==+=======+== inner network
|A6
initiating host
When the initiating host (whose IPv6 address is A6) wishes to make a
connection to the destination host (whose IPv4 address is X4), it
needs to make an TCP/IPv6 connection toward C6::X4. For example, if
C6::/64 equals to fec0:0:0:1::/64, and X4 equals to 10.1.1.1, the
destination address to be used is fec0:0:0:1::10.1.1.1. The packet
is routed toward the TRT system, and is captured by it. The TRT
system accepts the TCP/IPv6 connection between A6 and C6::X4, and
communicate with the initiating host, using TCP/IPv6. Then, the TRT
system investigates the lowermost 32bit of the destination address
(IPv6 address C6::X4) to get the real IPv4 destination (IPv4 address
X4). It makes an TCP/IPv4 connection from Y4 to X4, and forward
traffic across the two TCP connections.
There are two TCP connections. One is TCP/IPv6 and another is
TCP/IPv4, in the picture: from A6 to B6 (as C6::X4), and Y4 to X4,
like below:
TCP/IPv6: the initiating host (A6) --> the TRT system (as C6::X4)
address on IPv6 header: A6 -> C6::X4
TCP/IPv4: the TRT system (Y4) --> the destination host (X4)
address on IPv4 header: Y4 -> X4
4. Address mapping
As seen in the previous section, an initiating host must use a
special form of IPv6 address to connect to an IPv4 destination host.
The special form can be resolved from a hostname by static address
mapping table on the initiating host (like /etc/hosts in UNIX),
special DNS server implementation, or modified DNS resolver
implementation on initiating host.
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5. Notes to implementers
TRT for UDP must take care of path MTU issues on the UDP/IPv6 side.
The good thing is that, as we do not relay IP layer packets between
IPv4 and IPv6, we can decide IPv6 path MTU independently from IPv4
traffic. A simple solution would be to always fragment packets from
the TRT system to UDP/IPv6 side to IPv6 minimum MTU (1280 octets), to
eliminate the need for IPv6 path MTU discovery.
Though the TRT system only relays {TCP,UDP} traffic, it needs to
check ICMPv6 packets destined to C6::X4 as well, so that it can
recognize path MTU discovery messages and other notifications between
A6 and C6::X4.
When forwarding TCP traffic, a TRT system needs to handle urgent data
[Postel, 1981] carefully.
To relay NAT-unfriendly protocols [Hain, 2000] a TRT system may need
to modify data content, just like any translators which modifies the
IP addresses.
Scalability issues must carefully be considered when you deploy TRT
systems to a large IPv6 site. Scalability parameters would be (1)
number of connections the operating system kernel can accept, (2)
number of connections a userland process can forward (equals to
number of filehandles per process), and (3) number of transport
relaying processes on a TRT system. Design decision must be made to
use proper number of userland processes to support proper number of
connections.
To make TRT for TCP more scalable in a large site, it is possible to
have multiple TRT systems in a site. This can be done by taking the
following steps: (1) configure multiple TRT systems, (2) configure
different dummy prefix to them, (3) and let the initiating host pick
a dummy prefix randomly for load-balancing. (3) can be implemented
as follows; If you install special DNS server to the site, you may
(3a) configure DNS servers differently to return different dummy
prefixes and tell initiating hosts of different DNS servers. Or you
can (3b) let DNS server pick a dummy prefix randomly for load-
balancing. The load-balancing is possible because you will not be
changing destination address (hence the TRT system), once a TCP
connection is established.
For address mapping, the authors recommend use of a special DNS
server for large-scale installation, and static mapping for small-
scale installation. It is not always possible to have special
resolver on the initiating host, and assuming it would cause
deployment problems.
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6. Applicability statement
Combined with a special DNS server implementation (which translates
IPv4 addresses into IPv6), TRT systems support IPv6-to-IPv4
translation very well. It requires no change to existing IPv6
clients, nor IPv4 servers, so the TRT system can be installed very
easily to existing IPv6-capable networks.
IPv4-to-IPv6 translation is much harder to support with any of the
translator techniques [Yamamoto, 1998]. While it is possible to use
TRT system for IPv4-to-IPv6 translation, it requires nontrivial
mapping between DNS names to temporary IPv4 addresses, as presented
in NAT-PT RFC [Tsirtsis, 2000].
As presented in the earlier sections, TRT systems use transport layer
(TCP/UDP) relay technique to translate IPv6 traffic to IPv4 traffic.
It gives two major benefits: (1) the implementation of the TRT system
can be done very simple, (2) with the TRT system path MTU discovery
issue is easier to deal with, as we can decide IPv6 path MTU
independently from IPv4 path MTU. Even with the simplicity, the TRT
system can cover most of the daily applications (HTTP, SMTP, SSH, and
many other protocols). For NAT-unfriendly protocols, a TRT system
may need to modify data content, just like any translators/NATs. As
the TRT system reside in transport layer, it is not possible for the
TRT system to translate protocols that are not known to the TRT
system.
Normally users do not want to translate DNS query/reply traffic using
the TRT system. Instead, it makes more sense to run standard DNS
server, or special DNS server that helps TRT system, somewhere in the
site IPv6 network. There are two reasons to it:
o Transport issue - It is a lot easier to provide recursive DNS
server, accessible via IPv6, than to translate DNS queries/replies
across the TRT system. If someone tries to ask TRT to translate
DNS packets, the person would put C6::X (where C6 is TRT reserved
prefix and X is an IPv4 address of a DNS server) into
/etc/resolv.conf. The configuration is rather complicated than we
normally want.
o Payload issue - In some installation it makes more sense to
transmit queries/replies unmodified, across the TRT system. In
some installation it makes more sense to translate IPv4 DNS
queries (like queries for AAAA record) into queries for A record,
and vice versa, to invite traffic into the TRT system. It depends
on the installation/configuration at the user's site.
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7. Security Considerations
Malicious party may try to use TRT systems akin to an SMTP open relay
[Lindberg, 1999] for traffic to IPv4 destinations, which is similar
to circumventing ingress filtering [Ferguson, 1998] , or to achieve
some other improper use. TRT systems should implement some sorts of
access control to prevent such improper usage.
A careless TRT implementation may be subject to buffer overflow
attack, but this kind of issue is implementation dependent and
outside the scope of this memo.
Due to the nature of TCP/UDP relaying service, it is not recommended
to use TRT for protocols that use authentication based on source IP
address (i.e., rsh/rlogin).
A transport relay system intercepts TCP connection between two nodes.
This may not be a legitimate behavior for an IP node. The document
does not try to claim it to be legitimate.
IPsec cannot be used across a relay.
Use of DNS proxies that modify the RRs will make it impossible for
the resolver to verify DNSsec signatures.
References
[Nordmark, 2000.] Nordmark, E., "Stateless IP/ICMP Translator
(SIIT)", RFC 2765, February 2000.
[Postel, 1981.] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793 September 1981.
[Hain, 2000.] Hain, T., "Architectural Implications of NAT", RFC
2993, November 2000.
[Yamamoto, 1998] K. Yamamoto, A. Kato, M Sumikawa, and J. Murai,
"Deployment and Experiences of WIDE 6bone", in
Proceedings of INET98, 1998.
[Tsirtsis, 2000.] Tsirtsis, G. and P. Srisuresh, "Network Address
Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)", RFC
2766, February 2000.
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[Lindberg, 1999.] Lindberg, G., "Anti-Spam Recommendations for SMTP
MTAs", RFC 2505, February 1999.
[Ferguson, 1998.] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress
Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks
which employ IP Source Address Spoofing", RFC 2267,
January 1998.
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Appendix A. Operational experiences
WIDE KAME IPv6 stack implements TRT for TCP, called "FAITH". The
implementation came from WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 stack, which is one of
ancestors of the KAME IPv6 stack.
The FAITH code has been available and operational for more than 5
years. The implementation has been used at WIDE research group
offsite meeting, and IETF ipngwg 1999 Tokyo interim meeting. At the
latter occasion, we configured IPv6-only terminal network cluster
just like we do in IETF meetings, and used a TRT system to support
more than 100 IPv6 hosts on the meeting network to connect to outside
IPv4 hosts. From statistics we gathered SSH, FTP, HTTP, and POP3 are
the most popular protocol we have relayed. The implementation was
also used in the terminal cluster IPv6 network at IETF48, IETF49 and
IETF50.
The source code is available as free software, bundled in the KAME
IPv6 stack kit.
Special DNS server implementations are available as "newbie" DNS
server implementation by Yusuke DOI, and "totd" DNS proxy server from
University of Tromso (Norway).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank people who were involved in
implementing KAME FAITH translator code, including Kei-ichi SHIMA and
Munechika SUMIKAWA.
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Authors' Addresses
Jun-ichiro itojun HAGINO
Research Laboratory, Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
Takebashi Yasuda Bldg.,
3-13 Kanda Nishiki-cho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, JAPAN
Phone: +81-3-5259-6350
Fax: +81-3-5259-6351
EMail: itojun@iijlab.net
Kazu YAMAMOTO
Research Laboratory, Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
Takebashi Yasuda Bldg.,
3-13 Kanda Nishiki-cho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, JAPAN
Phone: +81-3-5259-6350
Fax: +81-3-5259-6351
EMail: kazu@iijlab.net
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