A Comparison of IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel Mechanisms
RFC 7059
| Document | Type |
RFC - Informational
(November 2013; No errata)
Was draft-steffann-tunnels (individual)
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Sander Steffann , Iljitsch van Beijnum , Rick van Rein | ||
| Last updated | 2013-11-27 | ||
| Stream | ISE | ||
| Formats | plain text html pdf htmlized bibtex | ||
| IETF conflict review | conflict-review-steffann-tunnels | ||
| Stream | ISE state | Published RFC | |
| Consensus Boilerplate | Unknown | ||
| Document shepherd | No shepherd assigned | ||
| IESG | IESG state | RFC 7059 (Informational) | |
| Telechat date | |||
| Responsible AD | (None) | ||
| Send notices to | (None) | ||
Independent Submission S. Steffann
Request for Comments: 7059 S.J.M. Steffann Consultancy
Category: Informational I. van Beijnum
ISSN: 2070-1721 Institute IMDEA Networks
R. van Rein
OpenFortress
November 2013
A Comparison of IPv6-over-IPv4 Tunnel Mechanisms
Abstract
This document provides an overview of various ways to tunnel IPv6
packets over IPv4 networks. It covers mechanisms in current use,
touches on several mechanisms that are now only of historic interest,
and discusses some newer tunnel mechanisms that are not widely used
at the time of publication. The goal of the document is helping
people with an IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling need to select the mechanisms
that may apply to them.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other
RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at
its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7059.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Steffann, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 7059 IPv6 Tunnels November 2013
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Tunnel Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Configured Tunnels (Manual Tunnels / 6in4) . . . . . . . . 7
3.2. Automatic Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3. IPv6 over IPv4 without Explicit Tunnels (6over4) . . . . . 9
3.4. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5. Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds (6to4) . . . . 10
3.5.1. 6to4 Provider Managed Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6. Anything In Anything (AYIYA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7. Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing (ISATAP) . . . . . 13
3.8. Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through NATs (Teredo) . . . . . . 14
3.9. IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.10. Native IPv6 behind NAT44 CPEs (6a44) . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.11. Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.12. Subnetwork Encapsulation and Adaptation Layer (SEAL) . . . 18
3.13. Peer-to-Peer IPv6 on Any Internetwork (6bed4) . . . . . . 19
4. Related Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1. Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2. SixXS Heartbeat Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3. Tunnel Information and Control Protocol (TIC) . . . . . . 21
5. Common Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1. Protocol 41 Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2. NAT and Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3. MTU Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.4. IPv4 Addresses Embedded in IPv6 Addresses . . . . . . . . 25
6. Evaluation of Tunnel Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.1. Efficiency of IPv4 Address Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2. Supported Network Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.3. Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.4. Gateway State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.5. Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Appendix A. Evaluation Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
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