RSVP-TE Signaling Procedure for End-to-End GMPLS Restoration and Resource Sharing
RFC 8131
| Document | Type | RFC - Informational (March 2017; No errata) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authors | Xian Zhang , Haomian Zheng , Rakesh Gandhi , Zafar Ali , Pawel Brzozowski | ||
| Last updated | 2018-12-20 | ||
| Replaces | draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-resource-sharing-proc | ||
| Stream | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) | ||
| Formats | plain text html pdf htmlized bibtex | ||
| Reviews | |||
| Stream | WG state | Submitted to IESG for Publication | |
| Document shepherd | Vishnu Beeram | ||
| Shepherd write-up | Show (last changed 2016-10-27) | ||
| IESG | IESG state | RFC 8131 (Informational) | |
| Action Holders |
(None)
|
||
| Consensus Boilerplate | Yes | ||
| Telechat date | |||
| Responsible AD | Deborah Brungard | ||
| Send notices to | (None) | ||
| IANA | IANA review state | IANA OK - No Actions Needed | |
| IANA action state | No IANA Actions | ||
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) X. Zhang
Request for Comments: 8131 H. Zheng, Ed.
Category: Informational Huawei Technologies
ISSN: 2070-1721 R. Gandhi, Ed.
Z. Ali
Cisco Systems, Inc.
P. Brzozowski
ADVA Optical
March 2017
RSVP-TE Signaling Procedure for
End-to-End GMPLS Restoration and Resource Sharing
Abstract
In non-packet transport networks, there are requirements where the
Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) end-to-end recovery
scheme needs to employ a restoration Label Switched Path (LSP) while
keeping resources for the working and/or protecting LSPs reserved in
the network after the failure occurs.
This document reviews how the LSP association is to be provided using
Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
signaling in the context of a GMPLS end-to-end recovery scheme when
using restoration LSP where failed LSP is not torn down. In
addition, this document discusses resource sharing-based setup and
teardown of LSPs as well as LSP reversion procedures. No new
signaling extensions are defined by this document, and it is strictly
informative in nature.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8131.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Conventions Used in This Document ...............................4
2.1. Terminology ................................................4
2.2. Abbreviations ..............................................4
3. Overview ........................................................4
3.1. Examples of Restoration Schemes ............................5
3.1.1. 1+R Restoration .....................................5
3.1.2. 1+1+R Restoration ...................................6
3.1.2.1. 1+1+R Restoration - Variants ...............7
3.2. Resource Sharing by Restoration LSP ........................7
4. RSVP-TE Signaling Procedure .....................................8
4.1. Restoration LSP Association ................................8
4.2. Resource Sharing-Based Restoration LSP Setup ...............8
4.3. LSP Reversion .............................................10
4.3.1. Make-While-Break Reversion .........................10
4.3.2. Make-Before-Break Reversion ........................11
5. Security Considerations ........................................12
6. IANA Considerations ............................................13
7. References .....................................................13
7.1. Normative References ......................................13
7.2. Informative References ....................................13
Acknowledgements .................................................14
Contributors ......................................................14
Authors' Addresses ................................................15
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1. Introduction
Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) [RFC3945] defines a
set of protocols, including Open Shortest Path First - Traffic
Engineering (OSPF-TE) [RFC4203] and Resource Reservation Protocol -
Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) [RFC3473]. These protocols can be used
to set up Label Switched Paths (LSPs) in non-packet transport
networks. The GMPLS protocol extends MPLS to support interfaces
capable of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Lambda Switching and
Fiber Switching. These switching technologies provide several
protection schemes [RFC4426] [RFC4427] (e.g., 1+1, 1:N, and M:N).
RSVP-TE signaling has been extended to support various GMPLS recovery
schemes, such as end-to-end recovery [RFC4872] and segment recovery
[RFC4873]. As described in [RFC6689], an ASSOCIATION object with
Association Type "Recovery" [RFC4872] can be signaled in the RSVP
Path message to identify the LSPs for restoration. Also, an
ASSOCIATION object with Association Type "Resource Sharing" [RFC4873]
can be signaled in the RSVP Path message to identify the LSPs for
resource sharing. Section 2.2 of [RFC6689] reviews the procedure for
providing LSP associations for GMPLS end-to-end recovery, and Section
2.4 of that document reviews the procedure for providing LSP
associations for sharing resources.
Generally, GMPLS end-to-end recovery schemes have the restoration LSP
set up after the failure has been detected and notified on the
working LSP. For a recovery scheme with revertive behavior, a
restoration LSP is set up while the working LSP and/or protecting LSP
are not torn down in the control plane due to a failure. In non-
packet transport networks, because working LSPs are typically set up
over preferred paths, service providers would like to keep resources
associated with the working LSPs reserved. This is to make sure that
the service can be reverted to the preferred path (working LSP) when
the failure is repaired to provide deterministic behavior and a
guaranteed Service Level Agreement (SLA).
In this document, we review procedures for GMPLS LSP associations,
resource-sharing-based LSP setup, teardown, and LSP reversion for
non-packet transport networks, including the following:
o The procedure for providing LSP associations for the GMPLS end-to-
end recovery using restoration LSP where working and protecting
LSPs are not torn down and resources are kept reserved in the
network after the failure.
o The procedure for resource sharing using the Shared Explicit (SE)
flag in conjunction with an ASSOCIATION object. In [RFC3209], the
Make-Before-Break (MBB) method assumes the old and new LSPs share
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the SESSION object and signal SE flag in the SESSION_ATTRIBUTE
object for sharing resources. According to [RFC6689], an
ASSOCIATION object with Association Type "Resource Sharing" in the
Path message enables the sharing of resources across LSPs with
different SESSION objects.
o The procedures for LSP reversion and resource sharing, when using
end-to-end recovery scheme with revertive behavior.
This document is strictly informative in nature and does not define
any RSVP-TE signaling extensions.
2. Conventions Used in This Document
2.1. Terminology
The reader is assumed to be familiar with the terminology in
[RFC3209], [RFC3473], [RFC4872], and [RFC4873]. The terminology for
GMPLS recovery is defined in [RFC4427].
2.2. Abbreviations
GMPLS: Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
LSP: Label Switched Path
MBB: Make-Before-Break
MPLS: Multiprotocol Label Switching
RSVP: Resource Reservation Protocol
SE: Shared Explicit (flag)
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
TE: Traffic Engineering
3. Overview
The GMPLS end-to-end recovery scheme, as defined in [RFC4872] and
discussed in this document, switches normal traffic to an alternate
LSP that is not even partially established only after the working LSP
failure occurs. The new alternate route is selected at the LSP head-
end node, it may reuse resources of the failed LSP at intermediate
nodes and may include additional intermediate nodes and/or links.
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3.1. Examples of Restoration Schemes
Two forms of end-to-end recovery schemes, 1+R restoration and 1+1+R
restoration, are described in the following sections. Other forms of
end-to-end recovery schemes also exist, and they can use these
signaling techniques.
3.1.1. 1+R Restoration
One example of the recovery scheme considered in this document is 1+R
recovery. The 1+R recovery scheme is exemplified in Figure 1. In
this example, a working LSP on path A-B-C-Z is pre-established.
Typically, after a failure detection and notification on the working
LSP, a second LSP on path A-H-I-J-Z is established as a restoration
LSP. Unlike a protecting LSP, which is set up before the failure, a
restoration LSP is set up when needed, after the failure.
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| A +----+ B +-----+ C +-----+ Z |
+--+--+ +-----+ +-----+ +--+--+
\ /
\ /
+--+--+ +-----+ +--+--+
| H +-------+ I +--------+ J |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Figure 1: An Example of 1+R Recovery Scheme
During failure switchover with 1+R recovery scheme, in general,
working LSP resources are not released so that working and
restoration LSPs coexist in the network. Nonetheless, working and
restoration LSPs can share network resources. Typically, when the
failure has recovered on the working LSP, the restoration LSP is no
longer required and is torn down while the traffic is reverted to the
original working LSP.
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3.1.2. 1+1+R Restoration
Another example of the recovery scheme considered in this document is
1+1+R. In 1+1+R, a restoration LSP is set up for the working LSP
and/or the protecting LSP after the failure has been detected; this
recovery scheme is exemplified in Figure 2.
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
| D +-------+ E +--------+ F |
+--+--+ +-----+ +--+--+
/ \
/ \
+--+--+ +-----+ +-----+ +--+--+
| A +----+ B +-----+ C +-----+ Z |
+--+--+ +-----+ +-----+ +--+--+
\ /
\ /
+--+--+ +-----+ +--+--+
| H +-------+ I +--------+ J |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Figure 2: An Example of 1+1+R Recovery Scheme
In this example, a working LSP on path A-B-C-Z and a protecting LSP
on path A-D-E-F-Z are pre-established. After a failure detection and
notification on the working LSP or protecting LSP, a third LSP on
path A-H-I-J-Z is established as a restoration LSP. The restoration
LSP, in this case, provides protection against failure of both the
working and protecting LSPs. During failure switchover with the
1+1+R recovery scheme, in general, failed LSP resources are not
released so that working, protecting, and restoration LSPs coexist in
the network. The restoration LSP can share network resources with
the working LSP, and it can share network resources with the
protecting LSP. Typically, the restoration LSP is torn down when the
traffic is reverted to the original LSP and is no longer needed.
There are two possible models when using a restoration LSP with 1+1+R
recovery scheme:
o A restoration LSP is set up after either a working or a protecting
LSP fails. Only one restoration LSP is present at a time.
o A restoration LSP is set up after both the working and protecting
LSPs fail. Only one restoration LSP is present at a time.
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3.1.2.1. 1+1+R Restoration - Variants
Two other possible variants exist when using a restoration LSP with
1+1+R recovery scheme:
o A restoration LSP is set up after either a working or protecting
LSP fails. Two different restoration LSPs may be present, one for
the working LSP and one for the protecting LSP.
o Two different restoration LSPs are set up after both working and
protecting LSPs fail, one for the working LSP and one for the
protecting LSP.
In all these models, if a restoration LSP also fails, it is torn down
and a new restoration LSP is set up.
3.2. Resource Sharing by Restoration LSP
+-----+ +-----+
| F +------+ G +--------+
+--+--+ +-----+ |
| |
| |
+-----+ +-----+ +--+--+ +-----+ +--+--+
| A +----+ B +-----+ C +--X---+ D +-----+ E |
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Figure 3: Resource Sharing in 1+R Recovery Scheme
Using the network shown in Figure 3 as an example using 1+R recovery
scheme, LSP1 (A-B-C-D-E) is the working LSP; assume it allows for
resource sharing when the LSP traffic is dynamically restored. Upon
detecting the failure of a link along the LSP1, e.g., Link C-D, node
A needs to decide which alternative path it will use to signal
restoration LSP and reroute traffic. In this case, A-B-C-F-G-E is
chosen as the restoration LSP path, and the resources on the path
segment A-B-C are reused by this LSP. The working LSP is not torn
down and coexists with the restoration LSP. When the head-end node A
signals the restoration LSP, nodes C, F, G, and E reconfigure the
resources (as listed in Table 1 of this document) to set up the LSP
by sending cross-connection command to the data plane.
In the recovery scheme employing revertive behavior, after the
failure is repaired, the resources on nodes C and E need to be
reconfigured to set up the working LSP (using a procedure described
in Section 4.3 of this document) by sending cross-connection command
to the data plane. The traffic is then reverted back to the original
working LSP.
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4. RSVP-TE Signaling Procedure
4.1. Restoration LSP Association
Where GMPLS end-to-end recovery scheme needs to employ a restoration
LSP while keeping resources for the working and/or protecting LSPs
reserved in the network after the failure, the restoration LSP is set
up with an ASSOCIATION object that has the Association Type set to
"Recovery" [RFC4872], the Association ID and the Association Source
set to the corresponding Association ID and the Association Source
signaled in the Path message of the LSP it is restoring. For
example, when a restoration LSP is signaled for a failed working LSP,
the ASSOCIATION object in the Path message of the restoration LSP
contains the Association ID and Association Source set to the
Association ID and Association Source signaled in the working LSP for
the "Recovery" Association Type. Similarly, when a restoration LSP
is set up for a failed protecting LSP, the ASSOCIATION object in the
Path message of the restoration LSP contains the Association ID and
Association Source is set to the Association ID and Association
Source signaled in the protecting LSP for the "Recovery" Association
Type.
The procedure for signaling the PROTECTION object is specified in
[RFC4872]. Specifically, the restoration LSP used for a working LSP
is set up with the P bit cleared in the PROTECTION object in the Path
message of the restoration LSP and the restoration LSP used for a
protecting LSP is set up with the P bit set in the PROTECTION object
in the Path message of the restoration LSP.
4.2. Resource Sharing-Based Restoration LSP Setup
GMPLS LSPs can share resources during LSP setup if they have the
Shared Explicit (SE) flag set in the SESSION_ATTRIBUTE objects
[RFC3209] in the Path messages that create them and:
o As defined in [RFC3209], LSPs have identical SESSION objects,
and/or
o As defined in [RFC6689], LSPs have matching ASSOCIATION objects
with the Association Type set to "Resource Sharing" signaled in
their Path messages. In this case, LSPs can have different
SESSION objects i.e., a different Tunnel ID, Source and/or
Destination signaled in their Path messages.
As described in Section 2.5 of [RFC3209], the purpose of make-before-
break is not to disrupt traffic, or adversely impact network
operations while TE tunnel rerouting is in progress. In non-packet
transport networks, during the RSVP-TE signaling procedure, the nodes
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set up cross-connections along the LSP accordingly. Because the
cross-connection cannot simultaneously connect a shared resource to
different resources in two alternative LSPs, nodes may not be able to
fulfill this request when LSPs share resources.
For LSP restoration upon failure, as explained in Section 11 of
[RFC4872], the reroute procedure may reuse existing resources. The
action of the intermediate nodes during the rerouting process to
reconfigure cross-connections does not further impact the traffic
since it has been interrupted due to the already failed LSP.
The node actions for setting up the restoration LSP can be
categorized into the following:
-----------------------------------+---------------------------------
| Category | Action |
-----------------------------------+---------------------------------
| Reusing existing resource on | This type of node needs to |
| both input and output interfaces | reserve the existing resources |
| (nodes A & B in Figure 3). | and no cross-connection |
| | command is needed. |
-----------------------------------+---------------------------------
| Reusing an existing resource only| This type of node needs to |
| on one of the interfaces, either | reserve the resources and send |
| input or output interfaces, and | the reconfiguration |
| using new resource on the | cross-connection command to its|
| other interfaces. | corresponding data plane |
| (nodes C & E in Figure 3). | node on the interfaces where |
| | new resources are needed, and |
| | it needs to reuse the existing |
| | resources on the other |
| | interfaces. |
-----------------------------------+---------------------------------
| Using new resources on both | This type of node needs to |
| interfaces. | reserve the new resources |
| (nodes F & G in Figure 3). | and send the cross-connection |
| | command on both interfaces. |
-----------------------------------+---------------------------------
Table 1: Node Actions during Restoration LSP Setup
Depending on whether or not the resource is reused, the node actions
differ. This deviates from normal LSP setup, since some nodes do not
need to reconfigure the cross-connection. Also, the judgment of
whether the control plane node needs to send a cross-connection setup
or modification command to its corresponding data plane node(s)
relies on the check whether the LSPs are sharing resources.
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4.3. LSP Reversion
If the end-to-end LSP recovery scheme employs the revertive behavior,
as described in Section 3 of this document, traffic can be reverted
from the restoration LSP to the working or protecting LSP after its
failure is recovered. The LSP reversion can be achieved using two
methods:
1. Make-While-Break Reversion: resources associated with a working or
protecting LSP are reconfigured while removing reservations for
the restoration LSP.
2. Make-Before-Break Reversion: resources associated with a working
or protecting LSP are reconfigured before removing reservations
for the restoration LSP.
In non-packet transport networks, both of the above reversion methods
will result in some traffic disruption when the restoration LSP and
the LSP being restored are sharing resources and the cross-
connections need to be reconfigured on intermediate nodes.
4.3.1. Make-While-Break Reversion
In this reversion method, restoration LSP is simply requested to be
deleted by the head-end. Removing reservations for restoration LSP
triggers reconfiguration of resources associated with a working or
protecting LSP on every node where resources are shared. The working
or protecting LSP state was not removed from the nodes when the
failure occurred. Whenever reservation for restoration LSP is
removed from a node, data plane configuration changes to reflect
reservations of working or protecting LSP as signaling progresses.
Eventually, after the whole restoration LSP is deleted, data plane
configuration will fully match working or protecting LSP reservations
on the whole path. Thus, reversion is complete.
Make-while-break, while being relatively simple in its logic, has a
few limitations as follows which may not be acceptable in some
networks:
o No rollback
If, for some reason, reconfiguration of the data plane on one of the
nodes, to match working or protecting LSP reservations, fails,
falling back to restoration LSP is no longer an option, as its state
might have already been removed from other nodes.
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o No completion guarantee
Deletion of an LSP provides no guarantees of completion. In
particular, if RSVP packets are lost due to a node or link failure,
it is possible for an LSP to be only partially deleted. To mitigate
this, RSVP could maintain soft state reservations and, hence,
eventually remove remaining reservations due to refresh timeouts.
This approach is not feasible in non-packet transport networks,
however, where control and data channels are often separated; hence,
soft state reservations are not useful.
Finally, one could argue that graceful LSP deletion [RFC3473] would
provide a guarantee of completion. While this is true for most
cases, many implementations will time out graceful deletion if LSP is
not removed within certain amount of time, e.g., due to a transit
node fault. After that, deletion procedures that provide no
completion guarantees will be attempted. Hence, in corner cases a
completion guarantee cannot be provided.
o No explicit notification of completion to head-end node
In some cases, it may be useful for a head-end node to know when the
data plane has been reconfigured to match working or protecting LSP
reservations. This knowledge could be used for initiating operations
like enabling alarm monitoring, power equalization, and others.
Unfortunately, for the reasons mentioned above, make-while-break
reversion lacks such explicit notification.
4.3.2. Make-Before-Break Reversion
This reversion method can be used to overcome limitations of make-
while-break reversion. It is similar in spirit to the MBB concept
used for re-optimization. Instead of relying on deletion of the
restoration LSP, the head-end chooses to establish a new reversion
LSP that duplicates the configuration of the resources on the working
or protecting LSP and uses identical ASSOCIATION and PROTECTION
objects in the Path message of that LSP. Only if the setup of this
LSP is successful will other (restoration and working or protecting)
LSPs be deleted by the head-end. MBB reversion consists of two
parts:
A) Make part:
Creating a new reversion LSP following working or protecting the LSP.
The reversion LSP shares all of the resources of the working or
protecting LSP and may share resources with the restoration LSP. As
the reversion LSP is created, resources are
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reconfigured to match its reservations. Hence, after the reversion
LSP is created, data plane configuration reflects working or
protecting LSP reservations.
B) Break part:
After the "make" part is finished, the original working or protecting
and restoration LSPs are torn down, and the reversion LSP becomes the
new working or protecting LSP. Removing reservations for working or
restoration LSPs does not cause any resource reconfiguration on the
reversion LSP -- nodes follow same procedures for the "break" part of
any MBB operation. Hence, after working or protecting and
restoration LSPs are removed, the data plane configuration is exactly
the same as before starting restoration. Thus, reversion is
complete.
MBB reversion uses make-before-break characteristics to overcome
challenges related to make-while-break reversion as follow:
o Rollback
If the "make" part fails, the (existing) restoration LSP will still
be used to carry existing traffic as the restoration LSP state was
not removed. Same logic applies here as for any MBB operation
failure.
o Completion guarantee
LSP setup is resilient against RSVP message loss, as Path and Resv
messages are refreshed periodically. Hence, given that the network
recovers from node and link failures eventually, reversion LSP setup
is guaranteed to finish with either success or failure.
o Explicit notification of completion to head-end node
The head-end knows that the data plane has been reconfigured to match
working or protecting LSP reservations on the intermediate nodes when
it receives a Resv message for the reversion LSP.
5. Security Considerations
This document reviews procedures defined in [RFC3209], [RFC4872],
[RFC4873], and [RFC6689] and does not define any new procedures.
This document does not introduce any new security issues; security
issues were already covered in [RFC3209], [RFC4872], [RFC4873], and
[RFC6689].
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6. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3209>.
[RFC3473] Berger, L., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation
Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions",
RFC 3473, DOI 10.17487/RFC3473, January 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3473>.
[RFC4872] Lang, J., Ed., Rekhter, Y., Ed., and D. Papadimitriou,
Ed., "RSVP-TE Extensions in Support of End-to-End
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)
Recovery", RFC 4872, DOI 10.17487/RFC4872, May 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4872>.
[RFC4873] Berger, L., Bryskin, I., Papadimitriou, D., and A.
Farrel, "GMPLS Segment Recovery", RFC 4873,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4873, May 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4873>.
[RFC6689] Berger, L., "Usage of the RSVP ASSOCIATION Object",
RFC 6689, DOI 10.17487/RFC6689, July 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6689>.
7.2. Informative References
[RFC3945] Mannie, E., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Architecture", RFC 3945,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3945, October 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3945>.
[RFC4203] Kompella, K., Ed., and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "OSPF Extensions
in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS)", RFC 4203, DOI 10.17487/RFC4203, October 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4203>.
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[RFC4426] Lang, J., Ed., Rajagopalan, B., Ed., and D.
Papadimitriou, Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Recovery Functional Specification",
RFC 4426, DOI 10.17487/RFC4426, March 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4426>.
[RFC4427] Mannie, E., Ed., and D. Papadimitriou, Ed., "Recovery
(Protection and Restoration) Terminology for Generalized
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)", RFC 4427,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4427, March 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4427>.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank:
- George Swallow for the discussions on the GMPLS restoration.
- Lou Berger for the guidance on this work.
- Lou Berger, Vishnu Pavan Beeram, and Christian Hopps for reviewing
this document and providing valuable comments.
A special thanks to Dale Worley for his thorough review of this
document.
Contributors
Gabriele Maria Galimberti
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: ggalimbe@cisco.com
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Authors' Addresses
Xian Zhang
Huawei Technologies
F3-1-B R&D Center, Huawei Base
Bantian, Longgang District
Shenzhen 518129
China
Email: zhang.xian@huawei.com
Haomian Zheng (editor)
Huawei Technologies
F3-1-B R&D Center, Huawei Base
Bantian, Longgang District
Shenzhen 518129
China
Email: zhenghaomian@huawei.com
Rakesh Gandhi (editor)
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: rgandhi@cisco.com
Zafar Ali
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: zali@cisco.com
Pawel Brzozowski
ADVA Optical
Email: PBrzozowski@advaoptical.com
Zhang, et al. Informational [Page 15]