Network Working Group                                      G. Bernstein
Internet Draft                                        Grotto Networking
                                                                 Y. Lee
                                                                  D. Li
                                                                 Huawei
                                                          G. Martinelli
                                                                  Cisco
Intended status: Informational                              May 5, 2009
Expires: November 2009



    A Framework for the Control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks
                          (WSON) with Impairments
               draft-bernstein-ccamp-wson-impairments-05.txt


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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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Abstract

   The operation of optical networks requires information on the
   physical characterization of optical network elements, subsystems,
   devices, and cabling. These physical characteristics may be important
   to consider when using a GMPLS control plane to support path setup
   and maintenance. This document discusses how the definition and
   characterization of optical fiber, devices, subsystems, and network
   elements contained in various ITU-T recommendations can be combined
   with GMPLS control plane protocols and mechanisms to support
   Impairment Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment (IA-RWA) in
   optical networks.



Table of Contents


   1. Introduction...................................................3
   2. Motivation.....................................................4
   3. Impairment Aware Optical Path Computation......................5
      3.1. Optical Network Requirements and Constraints..............5
         3.1.1. Categories of Impairment Aware Computation...........5
         3.1.2. Impairment Computation and Information Sharing
         Constraints.................................................6
         3.1.3. Impairment Estimation Functional Blocks..............8
      3.2. IA-RWA Computing and Control Plane Architectures..........9
         3.2.1. Combined Routing, WA, and IV........................10
         3.2.2. Separate Routing, WA, or IV.........................10
         3.2.3. Distributed WA and/or IV............................11
      3.3. Mapping Network Requirements to Architectures............11
   4. Protocol Implications.........................................14
      4.1. Information Model for Impairments........................14
         4.1.1. Properties of an Impairment Information Model.......15
      4.2. Routing..................................................16
      4.3. Signaling................................................16
      4.4. PCE......................................................17
         4.4.1. Combined IV & RWA...................................17
         4.4.2. IV-Candidates + RWA.................................17
         4.4.3. Approximate IA-RWA + Separate Detailed IV...........19
   5. Security Considerations.......................................21
   6. IANA Considerations...........................................21
   7. Acknowledgments...............................................21
   APPENDIX A: Overview of Optical Layer ITU-T Recommendations......22


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      A.1. Fiber and Cables.........................................22
      A.2. Devices..................................................23
         A.2.1. Optical Amplifiers..................................23
         A.2.2. Dispersion Compensation.............................24
         A.2.3. Optical Transmitters................................25
         A.2.4. Optical Receivers...................................25
      A.3. Components and Subsystems................................26
      A.4. Network Elements.........................................27
   8. References....................................................29
      8.1. Normative References.....................................29
      8.2. Informative References...................................31
   Author's Addresses...............................................31
   Intellectual Property Statement..................................33
   Disclaimer of Validity...........................................33

1. Introduction

   As an optical signal progresses along its path it may be altered by
   the various physical processes in the optical fibers and devices it
   encounters. When such alterations result in signal degradation, we
   usually refer to these processes as "impairments". An overview of
   some critical optical impairments and their routing (path selection)
   implications can be found in [RFC4054]. Roughly speaking, optical
   impairments accumulate along the path (without 3R regeneration)
   traversed by the signal. They are influenced by the type of fiber
   used, the types and placement of various optical devices and the
   presence of other optical signals that may share a fiber segment
   along the signal's path. The degradation of the optical signals due
   to impairments can result in unacceptable bit error rates or even a
   complete failure to demodulate and/or detect the received signal.
   Therefore, path selection in any WSON requires consideration of
   optical impairments so that the signal will be propagated from the
   network ingress point to the egress point with an acceptable signal
   quality.

   Some optical subnetworks are designed such that over any path the
   degradation to an optical signal due to impairments never exceeds
   prescribed bounds. This may be due to the limited geographic extent
   of the network, the network topology, and/or the quality of the
   fiber and devices employed. In such networks the path selection
   problem reduces to determining a continuous wavelength from source
   to destination (the Routing and Wavelength Assignment problem).
   These networks are discussed in [WSON-Frame]. In other optical
   networks, impairments are important and the path selection process
   must be impairment-aware.




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   Although [RFC4054] describes a number of key optical impairments, a
   more complete description of optical impairments and processes can be
   found in the ITU-T Recommendations. Appendix A of this document
   provides an overview of the extensive ITU-T documentation in this
   area.

   The benefits of operating networks using the Generalized
   Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) control plane is described in
   [RFC3945]. The advantages of using a path computation element (PCE)
   to perform complex path computations are discussed in [RFC4655].

   Based on the existing ITU-T standards covering optical
   characteristics (impairments) and the knowledge of how the impact of
   impairments may be estimated along a path, this document provides a
   framework for impairment aware path computation and establishment
   utilizing GMPLS protocols and the PCE architecture. As in the
   impairment free case covered in [WSON-Frame], a number of different
   control plane architectural options are described.

2. Motivation

   There are deployment scenarios for WSON networks where not all
   possible paths will yield suitable signal quality. There are
   multiple reasons behind this choice; here below is a non-exhaustive
   list of examples:

  o  WSON is evolving using multi-degree optical cross connects in a
     way that network topologies are changing from rings (and
     interconnected rings) to a full mesh. Adding network equipment
     such as amplifiers or regenerators, to make all paths feasible,
     leads to an over-provisioned network. Indeed, even with over
     provisioning, the network could still have some infeasible paths.

  o  Within a given network, the optical physical interface may change
     over the network life, e.g., the optical interfaces might be
     upgraded to higher bit-rates. Such changes could result in paths
     being unsuitable for the optical signal. Although the same
     considerations may apply to other network equipment upgrades,  the
     optical physical interfaces are a typical case because they are
     typically provisioned at various stages of the network's life span
     as needed by traffic demands.

  o  There are cases where a network is upgraded by adding new optical
     cross connects to increase network flexibility. In such cases
     existing paths will have their feasibility modified while new
     paths will need to have their feasibility assessed.



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   Not having an impairment aware control plane for such networks will
   require a more complex network design phase that has to also take
   into account evolving network status in term of equipments and
   traffic.  Moreover, network operations such as path establishment,
   will require significant pre-design via non-control plane processes
   resulting in significantly slower network provisioning.

3. Impairment Aware Optical Path Computation

   The basic criteria for path selection is whether one can successfully
   transmit the signal from a transmitter to a receiver within a
   prescribed error tolerance, usually specified as a maximum
   permissible bit error ratio (BER). This generally depends on the
   nature of the signal transmitted between the sender and receiver and
   the nature of the communications channel between the sender and
   receiver. The optical path utilized (along with the wavelength)
   determines the communications channel.

   The optical impairments incurred by the signal along the fiber and at
   each optical network element along the path determine whether the BER
   performance or any other measure of signal quality can be met for a
   signal on a particular end-to-end path.

3.1. Optical Network Requirements and Constraints

   This section examines the various optical network requirements and
   constraints that an impairment aware optical control plane may have
   to operate under. These requirements and constraints motivate the IA-
   RWA architectural alternatives to be presented in the following
   section. We can break the different optical networks contexts up
   along two main criteria: (a) the accuracy required in the estimation
   of impairment effects, and (b) the constraints on the impairment
   estimation computation and/or sharing of impairment information.

      3.1.1. Categories of Impairment Aware Computation

   A. No concern for impairments or Wavelength Continuity Constraints

   This situation is covered by existing GMPLS with local wavelength
   (label) assignment.

   B. No concern for impairments but Wavelength Continuity Constraints

   This situation is applicable to networks designed such that every
   possible path is valid for the signal types permitted on the network.
   In this case impairments are only taken into account during network
   design and after that, for example during optical path computation,


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   they can be ignored. This is the case discussed in [WSON-Frame] where
   impairments may be ignored by the control plane.

   C. Approximated Impairment Estimation

   This situation is applicable to networks in which impairment effects
   need to be considered but there is sufficient margin such that they
   can be estimated via approximation techniques such as link budgets
   and dispersion[G.680],[G.sup39]. The viability of optical paths for a
   particular class of signals can be estimated using well defined
   approximation techniques [G.680], [G.sup39]. Also, adding or removing
   an optical signal on the path will not render any of the existing
   signals in the network as non-viable.  For example, one form of non-
   viability is the occurrence of transients in existing links of
   sufficient magnitude to impact the BER of those existing signals.

   Much work at ITU-T has gone into developing impairment models at this
   and more detailed levels. Impairment characterization of network
   elements could then may be used to calculate which paths are
   conformant with a specified BER for a particular signal type. In such
   a case,  we can combine the impairment aware (IA) path computation
   with the RWA process to permit more optimal IA-RWA computations.
   Note, the IA path computation may also take place in a separate
   entity, i.e., a PCE.

   D. Detailed Impairment Computation

   This situation is applicable to networks in which impairment effects
   must be more accurately computed. For these networks, a full
   computation and evaluation of the impact to any existing paths needs
   to be performed prior to the addition of a new path. This scenario is
   outside the scope of this document.



      3.1.2. Impairment Computation and Information Sharing Constraints

   In GMPLS, information used for path computation is standardized for
   distribution amongst the elements participating in the control plane
   and any appropriately equipped PCE can perform path computation. For
   optical systems this may not be possible. This is typically due to
   only portions of an optical system being subject to standardization.
   In ITU-T recommendations [G.698.1] and [G.698.2] which specify single
   channel interfaces to multi-channel DWDM systems only the single
   channel interfaces (transmit and receive) are specified while the
   multi-channel links are not standardized. These DWDM links are
   referred to as "black links" since their details are not generally


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   available. Note however the overall impact of a black link at the
   single channel interface points typically can be characterized
   [G.698.1] and [G.698.2].

   Typically a vendor might use proprietary impairment models for DWDM
   spans and to estimate the validity of optical paths. For example,
   models of optical nonlinearities are not currently standardized.
   Vendors may also choose not to publish impairment details for links
   or a set of network elements in order not to divulge their optical
   system designs.

   In general, the impairment estimation/validation of an optical path
   for optical networks with "black links" (path) could not be performed
   by a general purpose impairment aware (IA) computation entity since
   it would not have access to or understand the "black link" impairment
   parameters. However, impairment estimation (optical path validation)
   but could be performed by a vendor specific impairment aware
   computation entity. Such a vendor specific IA computation, could
   utilize standardized impairment information imported from other
   network elements in these proprietary computations. In section 3.2.

   In the following we will use the term "black links" to describe these
   computation and information sharing constraints in optical networks.
   From the control plane perspective we have the following options:

   A. The vendor in control of the "black links" can furnish a list of
      all viable paths between all viable node pairs to a computational
      entity. This information would be particularly useful as an input
      to RWA optimization to be performed by another computation entity.
      The difficulty here is for larger networks such a list of paths
      along with any wavelength constraints could get unmanageably
      large.

   B. The vendor in control of the "black links" could furnish a PCE
      like entity that would furnish a list of viable paths/wavelengths
      between two requested nodes. This is useful as an input to RWA
      optimizations and can reduce the scaling issue previously
      mentioned. Such a PCE like entity would not need to perform a full
      RWA computation, i.e., it would not need to take into account
      current wavelength availability on links. Such an approach may
      require PCEP extensions for both the request and response
      information.

   C. The vendor in control of the "black links" can furnish a PCE that
      performs full IA-RWA services. The difficulty is this requires the
      one vendor to also become the sole source of all RWA optimization
      algorithms and such.


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   In all the above cases it would be the responsibility of the vendor
   in control of the "black links" to import the shared impairment
   information from the other NEs via the control plane or other means
   as necessary.

      3.1.3. Impairment Estimation Functional Blocks

   The Impairment Estimation process can be modeled by the following
   functional blocks. These blocks are independent of any Control Plane
   architecture, that is, they can be implemented by the same or by
   different control plane functional blocks.

                                              +-----------------+
       +------------+        +-----------+    |  +------------+ |
       |            |        |           |    |  |            | |
       | Optical    |        | Optical   |    |  | Optical    | |
       | Interface  |------->| Path      |--->|  | Channel    | |
       | (Transmit/ |        |           |    |  | Estimation | |
       |  Receive)  |        |           |    |  |            | |
       +------------+        +-----------+    |  +------------+ |
                                              |        ||       |
                                              |        ||       |
                                              |    Estimation   |
                                              |        ||       |
                                              |        \/       |
                                              |  +------------+ |
                                              |  |  BER /     | |
                                              |  |  Q Factor  | |
                                              |  +------------+ |
                                              +-----------------+


   Starting from functional block on the left the Optical Interface
   represents where the optical signal is transmitted or received and
   defines the properties at the end points path. For WSON even the case
   with no IA has to consider a minimum set of interface
   characteristics. As an example, the document [G.698.1] reports the
   full set of those parameters for certain interfaces. In this function
   only a significant subset of those parameters would be considered. In
   addition transmit and receive interface might consider a different
   subset of properties.

   The block "Optical Path" represents all kinds of impairments
   affecting a wavelength as it traverses the networks through links and
   nodes. In the case where the control plane has no IA this block will
   not be present. Otherwise, this function must be implemented in some



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   way via the control plane. Options for this will be given in the next
   section on control plane architectural alternatives.

   The last block implements the decision function for path feasibility.
   Depending on the IA level of approximation this function can be more
   or less complex. For example in case of no IA only the signal class
   compatibility will be verified.

3.2. IA-RWA Computing and Control Plane Architectures

   From a control plane point of view optical impairments are additional
   constraints to the impairment-free RWA process described in [WSON-
   Frame]. In impairment aware routing and wavelength assignment (IA-
   RWA), there are conceptually three general classes of processes to be
   considered: Routing (R), Wavelength Assignment (WA), and Impairment
   Validation (estimation) (IV).

   Impairment validation may come in many forms, and maybe invoked at
   different levels of detail in the IA-RWA process. From a process
   point of view we will consider the following three forms of
   impairment validation:

  o  IV-Candidates

   In this case an Impairment Validation (IV) process furnishes a set of
   paths between two nodes along with any wavelength restrictions such
   that the paths are valid with respect to optical impairments. These
   paths and wavelengths may not be actually available in the network
   due to its current usage state. This set of paths would be returned
   in response to a request for a set of at most K valid paths between
   two specified nodes. Note that such a process never directly
   discloses optical impairment information.

  o  IV-Detailed Verification

   In this case an IV process is given a particular path and wavelength
   through an optical network and is asked to verify whether the overall
   quality objectives for the signal over this path can be met. Note
   that such a process never directly discloses optical impairment
   information.

  o  IV-Distributed

   In this distributed IV process impairment approximate degradation
   measures such as OSNR, dispersion, DGD, etc. are accumulated along
   the path via a signaling like protocol. When the accumulated measures
   reach the destination node a decision on the impairment validity of


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   the path can be made. Note that such a process would entail revealing
   an individual network element's impairment information.

   The following subsections present three major classes of IA-RWA path
   computation architectures and their respective advantages and
   disadvantages.

      3.2.1. Combined Routing, WA, and IV

   From the point of view of optimality, the "best" IA-RWA solutions can
   be achieved if the path computation entity (PCE) can
   conceptually/algorithmically combine the processes of routing,
   wavelength assignment and impairment validation.

   Such a combination can take place if the PCE is given: (a) the
   impairment-free WSON network information as discussed in [WSON-Frame]
   and (b) impairment information to validate potential paths.

      3.2.2. Separate Routing, WA, or IV

   Separating the processes of routing, WA and/or IV can reduce the need
   for sharing of different types of information used in path
   computation. This was discussed for routing separate from WA in
   [WSON-Frame]. In addition, as will be discussed in the section on
   network contexts some impairment information may not be shared and
   this may lead to the need to separate IV from RWA.  In addition, as
   also discussed in the section on network contexts, if IV needs to be
   done at a high level of precision it may be advantageous to offload
   this computation to a specialized server.

   The following conceptual architectures belong in this general
   category:

  o  R+WA+IV -- separate routing, wavelength assignment, and impairment
     validation.

  o  R + (WA & IV) -- routing separate from a combined wavelength
     assignment and impairment validation process. Note that impairment
     validation is typically wavelength dependent hence combining WA
     with IV can lead to efficiencies.

  o  (RWA)+IV - combined routing and wavelength assignment with a
     separate impairment validation process.

   Note that the IV process may come before or after the RWA processes.
   If RWA comes first then IV is just rendering a yes/no decision on the
   selected path and wavelength. If IV comes first it would need to


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   furnish a list of possible (valid with respect to impairments) routes
   and wavelengths to the RWA processes.

      3.2.3. Distributed WA and/or IV

   In the non-impairment RWA situation [WSON-Frame] it was shown that a
   distributed wavelength assignment (WA) process carried out via
   signaling can eliminate the need to distribute wavelength
   availability information via an IGP. A similar approach can allow for
   the distributed computation of impairment effects and avoid the need
   to distribute impairment characteristics of network elements and
   links via route protocols or by other means. An example of such an
   approach is given in [Martinelli] and utilizes enhancements to RSVP
   signaling to carry accumulated impairment related information.

   A distributed impairment validation for a prescribed network path
   requires that the effects of impairments can be calculated by
   approximate models with cumulative quality measures such as those in
   [G.680].

   For such a system to be interoperable the various impairment measures
   to be accumulated would need to be agreed upon. Section 9 of [G.680]
   can be useful in deriving such cumulative measures but doesn't
   explicitly state how a distributed computation would take place. For
   example in the computation of the optical signal to noise ratio along
   a path (see equation 9-3 of [G.680]) one could accumulate the linear
   sum terms and convert to the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) in
   (dBs) at the destination or one could convert in and out of the OSNR
   in (dBs) at each intermediate point along the path.

   If distributed WA is being done at the same time as distributed IV
   then we may need to accumulate impairment related information for all
   wavelengths that could be used. This is somewhat winnowed down as
   potential wavelengths are discovered to be in use, but could be a
   significant burden for lightly loaded high channel count networks.

3.3. Mapping Network Requirements to Architectures

   In Figure 1 we show process flows for three main architectural
   alternatives to IA-RWA when approximate impairment validation
   suffices. In Figure 2 we show process flows for two main
   architectural alternatives when detailed impairment verification is
   required.






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                  +-----------------------------------+
                  |   +--+     +-------+     +--+     |
                  |   |IV|     |Routing|     |WA|     |
                  |   +--+     +-------+     +--+     |
                  |                                   |
                  |        Combined Processes         |
                  +-----------------------------------+
                                  (a)

           +--------------+      +----------------------+
           | +----------+ |      | +-------+    +--+    |
           | |    IV    | |      | |Routing|    |WA|    |
           | |candidates| |----->| +-------+    +--+    |
           | +----------+ |      |  Combined Processes  |
           +--------------+      +----------------------+
                                  (b)

            +-----------+        +----------------------+
            | +-------+ |        |    +--+    +--+      |
            | |Routing| |------->|    |WA|    |IV|      |
            | +-------+ |        |    +--+    +--+      |
            +-----------+        | Distributed Processes|
                                 +----------------------+
                                  (c)
     Figure 1 Process flows for the three main approximate impairment
                        architectural alternatives.

   The advantages, requirements and suitability of these options are as
   follows:

  o  Combined IV & RWA process

   This alternative combines RWA and IV within a single computation
   entity enabling highest potential optimality and efficiency in IA-
   RWA. This alternative requires that the computational entity knows
   impairment information as well as non-impairment RWA information.
   This alternative can be used with "black links", but would then need
   to be provided by the vendor controlling the "black links".

  o  IV-Candidates + RWA process

   This alternative allows separation of impairment information into two
   computational entities while still maintaining a high degree of
   potential optimality and efficiency in IA-RWA. The candidates IV
   process needs to know impairment information from all optical network
   elements, while the RWA process needs to know non-impairment RWA


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   information from the network elements. This alternative can be used
   with "black links", but the vendor in control of the "black links"
   would need to provide the functionality of the IV-candidates process.
   Note that this is still very useful since the algorithmic areas of IV
   and RWA are very different and prone to specialization.

  o  Routing + Distributed WA and IV

   In this alternative a signaling protocol is extended and leveraged in
   the wavelength assignment and impairment validation processes.
   Although this doesn't enable as high a potential degree of optimality
   of optimality as (a) or (b), it does not require distribution of
   either link wavelength usage or link/node impairment information.
   Note that this is most likely not suitable for "black links".



          +-----------------------------------+     +------------+
          | +-----------+  +-------+    +--+  |     | +--------+ |
          | |    IV     |  |Routing|    |WA|  |     | |  IV    | |
          | |approximate|  +-------+    +--+  |---->| |Detailed| |
          | +-----------+                     |     | +--------+ |
          |        Combined Processes         |     |            |
          +-----------------------------------+     +------------+
                                   (a)

    +--------------+      +----------------------+     +------------+
    | +----------+ |      | +-------+    +--+    |     | +--------+ |
    | |    IV    | |      | |Routing|    |WA|    |---->| |  IV    | |
    | |candidates| |----->| +-------+    +--+    |     | |Detailed| |
    | +----------+ |      |  Combined Processes  |     | +--------+ |
    +--------------+      +----------------------+     |            |
                                   (b)                 +------------+
        Figure 2 Process flows for the two main detailed impairment
                     validation architectural options.

   The advantages, requirements and suitability of these detailed
   validation options are as follows:

  o  Combined approximate IV & RWA + Detailed-IV

   This alternative combines RWA and approximate IV within a single
   computation entity enabling highest potential optimality and
   efficiency in IA-RWA; then has a separate entity performing detailed
   impairment validation. In the case of "black links" the vendor
   controlling the "black links" would need to provide all
   functionality.


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  o  Candidates-IV + RWA + Detailed-IV

   This alternative allows separation of approximate impairment
   information into a computational entity while still maintaining a
   high degree of potential optimality and efficiency in IA-RWA; then a
   separate computation entity performs detailed impairment validation.
   Note that detailed impairment estimation is not standardized.



4. Protocol Implications

   The previous IA-RWA architectural alternatives and process flows make
   differing demands on a GMPLS/PCE based control plane. In this section
   we discuss the use of (a) an impairment information model, (b) PCE as
   computational entity assuming the various process roles and
   consequences for PCEP, (c)any needed extensions to signaling, and (d)
   extensions to routing. The impacts to the control plane for IA-RWA
   are summarized in Figure 3.


        +-------------------+----+----+----------+--------+
        | IA-RWA Option     |PCE |Sig |Info Model| Routing|
        +-------------------+----+----+----------+--------+
        |          Combined |Yes | No |  Yes     |  Yes   |
        |          IV & RWA |    |    |          |        |
        +-------------------+----+----+----------+--------+-
        |     IV-Candidates |Yes | No |  Yes     |  Yes   |
        |         + RWA     |    |    |          |        |
        +-------------------+----+----+----------+--------+
        |    Routing +      |No  | Yes|  Yes     |  No    |
        |Distributed IV, RWA|    |    |          |        |
        +-------------------+----+----+----------+--------+
        |       Detailed IV |Yes | No |  Yes     |  Yes   |
        +-------------------+----+----+----------+--------+
     Figure 3 IA-RWA architectural options and control plane impacts.

4.1. Information Model for Impairments

   As previously discussed all IA-RWA scenarios to a greater or lesser
   extent rely on a common impairment information model. A number of
   ITU-T recommendations cover detailed as well as approximate
   impairment characteristics of fibers and a variety of devices and
   subsystems. A well integrated impairment model for optical network
   elements is given in [G.680] and is used to form the basis for an
   optical impairment model in a companion document [Imp-Info].



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   It should be noted that the current version of [G.680] is limited to
   the networks composed of a single WDM line system vendor combined
   with OADMs and/or PXCs from potentially multiple other vendors, this
   is known as situation 1 and is shown in Figure 1-1 of [G.680]. It is
   planed in the future that [G.680] will include networks incorporating
   line systems from multiple vendors as well as OADMs and/or PXCs from
   potentially multiple other vendors, this is known as situation 2 and
   is shown in Figure 1-2 of [G.680].

   The case of distributed impairment validation actually requires a bit
   more than an impairment information model. In particular, it needs a
   common impairment "computation" model. In the distributed IV case one
   needs to standardize the accumulated impairment measures that will be
   conveyed and updated at each node. Section 9 of [G.680] provides
   guidance in this area with specific formulas given for OSNR, residual
   dispersion, polarization mode dispersion/polarization dependent loss,
   effects of channel uniformity, etc... However, specifics of what
   intermediate results are kept and in what form would need to be
   standardized.

      4.1.1. Properties of an Impairment Information Model

   In term of information model there are a set of property that needs
   to be defined for each optical parameters that need to be in some way
   considered within an impairment aware control plane.

   The properties will help to determine how the control plane can deal
   with it depending also on the above control plane architectural
   options. In some case properties value will help to indentify the
   level of approximation supported by the IV process.

  o  Time Dependency. This will identify how the impairment may vary
     along the time. There could be cases where there's no time
     dependency, while in other cases there is need of an impairment
     re-evaluation after a certain time. In some cases a level of
     approximation will consider an impairment that has time dependency
     as constant.

  o  Wavelength Dependency. This property will identify if an
     impairment value can be considered as constant over all the
     wavelength spectrum of interest or if it has different values.
     Also in this case a detailed impairment evaluation might lead to
     consider the exact value while an approximation IV might take a
     constant value for all wavelengths.





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  o  Linearity. As impairments are representation of physical effects
     there are some that have a linear behavior while other are non
     linear. Linear impairments are in general easy to consider while a
     non linear will require the knowledge of the full path to be
     evaluated. An approximation level could only consider linear
     effects or approximate non-linear impairments in linear ones.

  o  Multi-Channel. There are cases where an impairments take different
     values depending on the aside wavelengths already in place. In
     this case a dependency among different LSP is introduced. An
     approximation level can neglect or not the effects on neighbor
     LSPs.

  o  Value range. An impairment that has to be considered by a
     computational element will needs a representation in bits. So
     depending on the impairments different types can be considered
     form integer to real numbers as well as a fixed set of values.
     This information is important in term of protocol definition and
     level of approximation introduced by the number representation.



4.2. Routing

   Different approaches to path/wavelength impairment validation gives
   rise to different demands placed on GMPLS routing protocols. In the
   case where approximate impairment information is used to validate
   paths GMPLS routing may be used to distribute the impairment
   characteristics of the network elements and links based on the
   impairment information model previously discussed. In the case of
   distributed-IV no new demands would be placed on the routing
   protocol.

4.3. Signaling

   The largest impacts on signaling occur in the cases where distributed
   impairment validation is performed. In this we need to accumulate
   impairment information as previously discussed. In addition, since
   the characteristics of the signal itself, such as modulation type,
   can play a major role in the tolerance of impairments, this type of
   information will need to be implicitly or explicitly signaled so that
   an impairment validation decision can be made at the destination
   node.

   It remains for further study if it may be beneficial to include
   additional information to a connection request such as desired egress



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   signal quality (defined in some appropriate sense) in non-distributed
   IV scenarios.

4.4. PCE

   In section 3.3. we gave a number of computation architectural
   alternatives that could be used to meet the various requirements and
   constraints of section 3.1.  Here we look at how these alternatives
   could be implemented via either a single PCE or a set of two or more
   cooperating PCEs, and the impacts on the PCEP protocol.

      4.4.1. Combined IV & RWA

   In this situation, shown in Figure 1(a), a single PCE performs all
   the computations needed for IA-RWA.

  o  TE Database Requirements

     WSON Topology and switching capabilities, WSON WDM link wavelength
     utilization, and WSON impairment information

  o  PCC to PCE Request Information

     Signal characteristics/type, required quality, source node,
     destination node

  o  PCE to PCC Reply Information

     If the computations completed successfully then the PCE returns
     the path and its assigned wavelength. If the computations could
     not complete successfully it would be potentially useful to know
     the reason why. At a very crude level we'd like to know if this
     was due to lack of wavelength availability or impairment
     considerations or a bit of both. The information to be conveyed is
     for further study.

      4.4.2. IV-Candidates + RWA

   In this situation, shown in Figure 1(b), we have two separate
   processes involved in the IA-RWA computation. This requires at least
   two cooperating PCEs: one for the Candidates-IV process and another
   for the RWA process. In addition, the overall process needs to be
   coordinated. This could be done with yet another PCE or we can add
   this functionality to one of previously defined PCEs. We choose this
   later option and require the RWA PCE to also act as the overall
   process coordinator. The roles, responsibilities and information
   requirements for these two PCEs are given below.


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   RWA and Coordinator PCE (RWA-Coord-PCE):

   Responsible for interacting with PCC and for utilizing Candidates-PCE
   as needed during RWA computations. In particular it needs to know to
   use the Candidates-PCE to obtain potential set of routes and
   wavelengths.

  o  TE Database Requirements

     WSON Topology and switching capabilities and WSON WDM link
     wavelength utilization (no impairment information).

  o  PCC to RWA-PCE request: same as in the combined case.

  o  RWA-PCE to PCC reply: same as in the combined case.

  o  RWA-PCE to IV-Candidates-PCE request

     The RWA-PCE asks for a set of at most K routes along with
     acceptable wavelengths between nodes specified in the original PCC
     request.

  o  IV-Candidates-PCE reply to RWA-PCE

     The Candidates-PCE returns a set of at most K routes along with
     acceptable wavelengths between nodes specified in the RWA-PCE
     request.

  IV-Candidates-PCE:

     The IV-Candidates-PCE is responsible for impairment aware path
     computation. It needs not take into account current link
     wavelength utilization, but this is not prohibited. The
     Candidates-PCE is only required to interact with the RWA-PCE as
     indicated above and not the PCC.

  o  TE Database Requirements

     WSON Topology and switching capabilities and WSON impairment
     information (no information link wavelength utilization required).

   In Figure 4 we show a sequence diagram for the interactions between
   the PCC, RWA-PCE and IV-Candidates-PCE.






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     +---+                +-------------+          +-----------------+
     |PCC|                |RWA-Coord-PCE|          |IV-Candidates-PCE|
     +-+-+                +------+------+          +---------+-------+
       ...___     (a)            |                           |
       |     ````---...____      |                           |
       |                   ```-->|                           |
       |                         |                           |
       |                         |--..___    (b)             |
       |                         |       ```---...___        |
       |                         |                   ```---->|
       |                         |                           |
       |                         |                           |
       |                         |           (c)       ___...|
       |                         |       ___....---''''      |
       |                         |<--''''                    |
       |                         |                           |
       |                         |                           |
       |          (d)      ___...|                           |
       |      ___....---'''      |                           |
       |<--'''                   |                           |
       |                         |                           |
       |                         |                           |

     Figure 4 Sequence diagram for the interactions between PCC, RWA-
                Coordinating-PCE and the IV-Candidates-PCE.

   In step (a) the PCC requests a path meeting specified quality
   constraints between two nodes (A and Z) for a given signal
   represented either by a specific type or a general class with
   associated parameters. In step (b) the RWA-Coordinating-PCE requests
   up to K candidate paths between nodes A and Z and associated
   acceptable wavelengths. In step (c) The IV-Candidates-PCE returns
   this list to the RWA-Coordinating PCE which then uses this set of
   paths and wavelengths as input (e.g. a constraint) to its RWA
   computation. In step (d) the RWA-Coordinating-PCE returns the overall
   IA-RWA computation results to the PCC.

      4.4.3. Approximate IA-RWA + Separate Detailed IV

   In Figure 2 we showed two cases where a separate detailed impairment
   validation process could be utilized. We can place the detailed
   validation process into a separate PCE. Assuming that a different PCE
   assumes a coordinating role and interacts with the PCC we can keep
   the interactions with this separate IV-Detailed-PCE very simple.

   IV-Detailed-PCE:


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  o  TE Database Requirements

     The IV-Detailed-PCE will need optical impairment information, WSON
     topology, and possibly WDM link wavelength usage information. This
     document puts no restrictions on the type of information that may
     be used in these computations.

  o  Coordinating-PCE to IV-Detailed-PCE request

     The coordinating-PCE will furnish signal characteristics, quality
     requirements, path and wavelength to the IV-Detailed-PCE.

  o  IV-Detailed-PCE to Coordinating-PCE reply

     The reply is essential an yes/no decision as to whether the
     requirements could actually be met. In the case where the
     impairment validation fails it would be helpful to convey
     information related to cause or quantify the failure, e.g., so a
     judgment can be made whether to try a different signal or adjust
     signal parameters.

   In Figure 5 we show a sequence diagram for the interactions for the
   process shown in Figure 2(b). This involves interactions between the
   PCC, RWA-PCE (acting as coordinator), IV-Candidates-PCE and the IV-
   Detailed-PCE.

   In step (a) the PCC requests a path meeting specified quality
   constraints between two nodes (A and Z) for a given signal
   represented either by a specific type or a general class with
   associated parameters. In step (b) the RWA-Coordinating-PCE requests
   up to K candidate paths between nodes A and Z and associated
   acceptable wavelengths. In step (c) The IV-Candidates-PCE returns
   this list to the RWA-Coordinating PCE which then uses this set of
   paths and wavelengths as input (e.g. a constraint) to its RWA
   computation. In step (d) the RWA-Coordinating-PCE request a detailed
   verification of the path and wavelength that it has computed. In step
   (e) the IV-Detailed-PCE returns the results of the validation to the
   RWA-Coordinating-PCE. Finally in step (f)IA-RWA-Coordinating PCE
   returns the final results (either a path and wavelength or cause for
   the failure to compute a path and wavelength) to the PCC.









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                +----------+      +--------------+      +------------+
    +---+       |RWA-Coord |      |IV-Candidates |      |IV-Detailed |
    |PCC|       |   PCE    |      |     PCE      |      |    PCE     |
    +-+-+       +----+-----+      +------+-------+      +-----+------+
      |.._   (a)     |                   |                    |
      |   ``--.__    |                   |                    |
      |          `-->|                   |                    |
      |              |        (b)        |                    |
      |              |--....____         |                    |
      |              |          ````---.>|                    |
      |              |                   |                    |
      |              |         (c)  __..-|                    |
      |              |     __..---''     |                    |
      |              |<--''              |                    |
      |              |                                        |
      |              |...._____          (d)                  |
      |              |         `````-----....._____           |
      |              |                             `````----->|
      |              |                                        |
      |              |                 (e)          _____.....+
      |              |          _____.....-----'''''          |
      |              |<----'''''                              |
      |     (f)   __.|                                        |
      |    __.--''   |
      |<-''          |
      |              |
     Figure 5 Sequence diagram for the interactions between PCC, RWA-
         Coordinating-PCE, IV-Candidates-PCE and IV-Detailed-PCE.



5. Security Considerations

   This document discusses a number of control plane architectures that
   incorporate knowledge of impairments in optical networks. If such
   architecture is put into use within a network it will by its nature
   contain details of the physical characteristics of an optical
   network. Such information would need to be protected from intentional
   or unintentional disclosure.

6. IANA Considerations

   This draft does not currently require any consideration from IANA.

7. Acknowledgments

   This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.


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APPENDIX A: Overview of Optical Layer ITU-T Recommendations

   For optical fiber, devices, subsystems and network elements the ITU-T
   has a variety of recommendations that include definitions,
   characterization parameters and test methods. In the following we
   take a bottom up survey to emphasize the breadth and depth of the
   existing recommendations.  We focus on digital communications over
   single mode optical fiber.

A.1. Fiber and Cables

   Fibers and cables form a key component of what from the control plane
   perspective could be termed an optical link. Due to the wide range of
   uses of optical networks a fairly wide range of fiber types are used
   in practice. The ITU-T has three main recommendations covering the
   definition of attributes and test methods for single mode fiber:

  o  Definitions and test methods for linear, deterministic attributes
     of single-mode fibre and cable  [G.650.1]

  o  Definitions and test methods for statistical and non-linear
     related attributes of single-mode fibre and cable [G.650.2]

  o  Test methods for installed single-mode fibre cable sections
     [G.650.3]

   General Definitions[G.650.1]: Mechanical Characteristics (numerous),
   Mode field characteristics(mode field, mode field diameter, mode
   field centre, mode field concentricity error, mode field non-
   circularity), Glass geometry characteristics, Chromatic dispersion
   definitions (chromatic dispersion, group delay, chromatic dispersion
   coefficient, chromatic dispersion slope, zero-dispersion wavelength,
   zero-dispersion slope), cut-off wavelength, attenuation. Definition
   of equations and fitting coefficients for chromatic dispersion (Annex
   A). [G.650.2] polarization mode dispersion (PMD) - phenomenon of PMD,
   principal states of polarization (PSP), differential group delay
   (DGD), PMD value, PMD coefficient, random mode coupling, negligible
   mode coupling, mathematical definitions in terms of Stokes or Jones
   vectors. Nonlinear attributes: Effective area, correction factor k,
   non-linear coefficient (refractive index dependent on intensity),
   Stimulated Billouin scattering.

   Tests defined [G.650.1]: Mode field diameter, cladding diameter, core
   concentricity error, cut-off wavelength, attenuation, chromatic
   dispersion. [G.650.2]: test methods for polarization mode dispersion.
   [G.650.3] Test methods for characteristics of fibre cable sections
   following installation: attenuation, splice loss, splice location,


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   fibre uniformity and length of cable sections (these are OTDR based),
   PMD, Chromatic dispersion.



   With these definitions a variety of single mode fiber types are
   defined as shown in the table below:

      ITU-T Standard |  Common Name
      ------------------------------------------------------------
      G.652 [G.652]  |  Standard SMF                              |
      G.653 [G.653]  |  Dispersion shifted SMF                    |
      G.654 [G.654]  |  Cut-off shifted SMF                       |
      G.655 [G.655]  |  Non-zero dispersion shifted SMF           |
      G.656 [G.656]  |  Wideband non-zero dispersion shifted SMF  |
      ------------------------------------------------------------

A.2. Devices

A.2.1. Optical Amplifiers

   Optical amplifiers greatly extend the transmission distance of
   optical signals in both single channel and multi channel (WDM)
   subsystems. The ITU-T has the following recommendations:

  o  Definition and test methods for the relevant generic parameters of
     optical amplifier devices and subsystems [G.661]

  o  Generic characteristics of optical amplifier devices and
     subsystems [G.662]

  o  Application related aspects of optical amplifier devices and
     subsystems [G.663]

  o  Generic characteristics of Raman amplifiers and Raman amplified
     subsystems [G.665]

   Reference [G.661] starts with general classifications of optical
   amplifiers based on technology and usage, and include a near
   exhaustive list of over 60 definitions for optical amplifier device
   attributes and parameters. In references [G.662] and [G.665] we have
   characterization of specific devices, e.g., semiconductor optical
   amplifier, used in a particular setting, e.g., line amplifier. For
   example reference[G.662] gives the following minimum list of relevant
   parameters for the specification of an optical amplifier device used
   as line amplifier in a multichannel application:



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   a) Channel allocation.

   b) Total input power range.

   c) Channel input power range.

   d) Channel output power range.

   e) Channel signal-spontaneous noise figure.

   f) Input reflectance.

   g) Output reflectance.

   h) Maximum reflectance tolerable at input.

   i) Maximum reflectance tolerable at output.

   j) Maximum total output power.

   k) Channel addition/removal (steady-state) gain response.

   l) Channel addition/removal (transient) gain response.

   m) Channel gain.

   n) Multichannel gain variation (inter-channel gain difference).

   o) Multichannel gain-change difference (inter-channel gain-change
   difference).

   p) Multichannel gain tilt (inter-channel gain-change ratio).

   q) Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD).



A.2.2. Dispersion Compensation

   In optical systems two forms of dispersion are commonly encountered
   [RFC4054] chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion
   (PMD). There are a number of techniques and devices used for
   compensating for these effects. The following ITU-T recommendations
   characterize such devices:

  o  Characteristics of PMD compensators and PMD compensating receivers
     [G.666]


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  o  Characteristics of Adaptive Chromatic Dispersion Compensators
     [G.667]

   The above furnish definitions as well as parameters and
   characteristics. For example in [G.667] adaptive chromatic dispersion
   compensators are classified as being receiver, transmitter or line
   based, while in [G.666] PMD compensators are only defined for line
   and receiver configurations. Parameters that are common to both PMD
   and chromatic dispersion compensators include: line fiber type,
   maximum and minimum input power, maximum and minimum bit rate, and
   modulation type. In addition there are a great many parameters that
   apply to each type of device and configuration.

A.2.3.  Optical Transmitters

   The definitions of the characteristics of optical transmitters can be
   found in references [G.957], [G.691], [G.692] and [G.959.1]. In
   addition references [G.957], [G.691], and [G.959.1] define specific
   parameter values or parameter ranges for these characteristics for
   interfaces for use in particular situations.

   We generally have the following types of parameters

   Wavelength related: Central frequency, Channel spacing, Central
   frequency deviation[G.692].

   Spectral characteristics of the transmitter: Nominal source type
   (LED, MLM lasers, SLM lasers) [G.957], Maximum spectral width, Chirp
   parameter, Side mode suppression ratio, Maximum spectral power
   density [G.691].

   Power related: Mean launched power, Extinction ration, Eye pattern
   mask [G.691], Maximum and minimum mean channel output power
   [G.959.1].

A.2.4. Optical Receivers

   References [G.959.1], [G.691], [G.692] and [G.957], define optical
   receiver characteristics and [G.959.1], [G.691] and [G.957]give
   specific values of these parameters for particular interface types
   and network contexts.

   The receiver parameters include:

   Receiver sensitivity: minimum value of average received power to
   achieve a 1x10-10 BER [G.957] or 1x10-12 BER [G.691]. See [G.957] and
   [G.691] for assumptions on signal condition.


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   Receiver overload: Receiver overload is the maximum acceptable value
   of the received average power for a 1x10.10 BER [G.957] or a 1x10-12
   BER [G.691].

   Receiver reflectance: "Reflections from the receiver back to the
   cable plant are specified by the maximum permissible reflectance of
   the receiver measured at reference point R."

   Optical path power penalty: "The receiver is required to tolerate an
   optical path penalty not exceeding X dB to account for total
   degradations due to reflections, intersymbol interference, mode
   partition noise, and laser chirp."

   When dealing with multi-channel systems or systems with optical
   amplifiers we may also need:

   Optical signal-to-noise ratio: "The minimum value of optical SNR
   required to obtain a 1x10-12 BER."[G.692]

   Receiver wavelength range: "The receiver wavelength range is defined
   as the acceptable range of wavelengths at point Rn. This range must
   be wide enough to cover the entire range of central frequencies over
   the OA passband." [G.692]

   Minimum equivalent sensitivity: "This is the minimum sensitivity that
   would be required of a receiver placed at MPI-RM in multichannel
   applications to achieve the specified maximum BER of the application
   code if all except one of the channels were to be removed (with an
   ideal loss-less filter) at point MPI-RM." [G.959.1]

A.3. Components and Subsystems

   Reference [G.671] "Transmission characteristics of optical components
   and subsystems" covers the following components:

  o  optical add drop multiplexer (OADM) subsystem;

  o  asymmetric branching component;

  o  optical attenuator;

  o  optical branching component (wavelength non-selective);

  o  optical connector;

  o  dynamic channel equalizer (DCE);



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  o  optical filter;

  o  optical isolator;

  o  passive dispersion compensator;

  o  optical splice;

  o  optical switch;

  o  optical termination;

  o  tuneable filter;

  o  optical wavelength multiplexer (MUX)/demultiplexer (DMUX);

       - coarse WDM device;

       - dense WDM device;

       - wide WDM device.

   Reference [G.671] then specifies applicable parameters for these
   components. For example an OADM subsystem will have parameters such
   as: insertion loss (input to output, input to drop, add to output),
   number of add, drop and through channels, polarization dependent
   loss, adjacent channel isolation, allowable input power, polarization
   mode dispersion, etc...

A.4. Network Elements

   The previously cited ITU-T recommendations provide a plethora of
   definitions and characterizations of optical fiber, devices,
   components and subsystems. Reference [G.Sup39] "Optical system design
   and engineering considerations" provides useful guidance on the use
   of such parameters.

   In many situations the previous models while good don't encompass the
   higher level network structures that one typically deals with in the
   control plane, i.e, "links" and "nodes". In addition such models
   include the full range of network applications from planning,
   installation, and possibly day to day network operations, while with
   the control plane we are generally concerned with a subset of the
   later. In particular for many control plane applications we are
   interested in formulating the total degradation to an optical signal
   as it travels through multiple optical subsystems, devices and fiber
   segments.


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   In reference [G.680] "Physical transfer functions of optical networks
   elements", a degradation function is currently defined for the
   following optical network elements: (a) DWDM Line segment, (b)
   Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM), and (c) Photonic cross-connect
   (PXC). The scope of [G.680] is currently for optical networks
   consisting of one vendors DWDM line systems along with another
   vendors OADMs or PXCs.

   The DWDM line system of [G.680] consists of the optical fiber, line
   amplifiers and any embedded dispersion compensators. Similarly the
   OADM/PXC network element may consist of the basic OADM component and
   optionally included optical amplifiers. The parameters for these
   optical network elements (ONE) are given under the following
   circumstances:

  o  General ONE without optical amplifiers

  o  General ONE with optical amplifiers

  o  OADM without optical amplifiers

  o  OADM with optical amplifiers

  o  Reconfigurable OADM (ROADM) without optical amplifiers

  o  ROADM with optical amplifiers

  o  PXC without optical amplifiers

  o  PXC with optical amplifiers



















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8. References

8.1. Normative References

   [G.650.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.650.1, Definitions and test methods
             for linear, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibre
             and cable, June 2004.

   [650.2]  ITU-T Recommendation G.650.2, Definitions and test methods
             for statistical and non-linear related attributes of
             single-mode fibre and cable, July 2007.

   [650.3]  ITU-T Recommendation G.650.3

   [G.652] ITU-T Recommendation G.652, Characteristics of a single-mode
             optical fibre and cable, June 2005.

   [G.653] ITU-T Recommendation G.653, Characteristics of a dispersion-
             shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable, December 2006.

   [G.654] ITU-T Recommendation G.654, Characteristics of a cut-off
             shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable, December 2006.

   [G.655] ITU-T Recommendation G.655, Characteristics of a non-zero
             dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable,
             March 2006.

   [G.656] ITU-T Recommendation G.656, Characteristics of a fibre and
             cable with non-zero dispersion for wideband optical
             transport, December 2006.

   [G.661]  ITU-T Recommendation G.661, Definition and test methods for
             the relevant generic parameters of optical amplifier
             devices and subsystems, March 2006.

   [G.662]  ITU-T Recommendation G.662, Generic characteristics of
             optical amplifier devices and subsystems, July 2005.

   [G.671]  ITU-T Recommendation G.671, Transmission characteristics of
             optical components and subsystems, January 2005.

   [G.680]  ITU-T Recommendation G.680, Physical transfer functions of
             optical network elements, July 2007.

   [G.691]  ITU-T Recommendation G.691, Optical interfaces for
             multichannel systems with optical amplifiers, November
             1998.


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   [G.692]  ITU-T Recommendation G.692, Optical interfaces for single
             channel STM-64 and other SDH systems with optical
             amplifiers, March 2006.

   [G.872]  ITU-T Recommendation G.872, Architecture of optical
             transport networks, November 2001.

   [G.957]  ITU-T Recommendation G.957, Optical interfaces for
             equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital
             hierarchy, March 2006.

   [G.959.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.959.1, Optical Transport Network
             Physical Layer Interfaces, March 2006.

   [G.694.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1, Spectral grids for WDM
             applications: DWDM frequency grid, June 2002.

   [G.694.2] ITU-T Recommendation G.694.2, Spectral grids for WDM
             applications: CWDM wavelength grid, December 2003.

   [G.698.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.698.1, Multichannel DWDM
             applications with Single-Channel optical interface,
             December 2006.

   [G.698.2] ITU-T Recommendation G.698.2, Amplified multichannel DWDM
             applications with Single-Channel optical interface, July
             2007.

   [G.Sup39] ITU-T Series G Supplement 39, Optical system design and
             engineering considerations, February 2006.

   [RFC3945] Mannie, E., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
             Switching (GMPLS) Architecture", RFC 3945, October 2004.

   [RFC4054] Strand, J., Ed., and A. Chiu, Ed., "Impairments and Other
             Constraints on Optical Layer Routing", RFC 4054, May 2005.

   [RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J.-P., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation
             Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655, August 2006.

   [WSON-Frame] G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, W. Imajuku, "Framework for GMPLS
             and PCE Control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks",
             work in progress: draft-ietf-ccamp-wavelength-switched-
             framework-01.txt, November 2008.





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8.2. Informative References

   [Imp-Info]  G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, D. Li, "A Framework for the Control
             and Measurement of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks
             (WSON) with Impairments", work in progress: draft-
             bernstein-wson-impairment-info-01.txt, March 2009.

   [Martinelli]   G. Martinelli (ed.) and A. Zanardi (ed.), "GMPLS
             Signaling Extensions for Optical Impairment Aware Lightpath
             Setup", Work in Progress: draft-martinelli-ccamp-optical-
             imp-signaling-01.txt, February 2008.

Author's Addresses

   Greg M. Bernstein (ed.)
   Grotto Networking
   Fremont California, USA

   Phone: (510) 573-2237
   Email: gregb@grotto-networking.com


   Young Lee (ed.)
   Huawei Technologies
   1700 Alma Drive, Suite 100
   Plano, TX 75075
   USA

   Phone: (972) 509-5599 (x2240)
   Email: ylee@huawei.com


   Dan Li
   Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
   F3-5-B R&D Center, Huawei Base,
   Bantian, Longgang District
   Shenzhen 518129 P.R.China

   Phone: +86-755-28973237
   Email: danli@huawei.com









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   Giovanni Martinelli
   Cisco
   Via Philips 12
   20052 Monza, Italy

   Phone: +39 039 2092044
   Email: giomarti@cisco.com


Contributor's Addresses

   Ming Chen
   Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
   F3-5-B R&D Center, Huawei Base,
   Bantian, Longgang District
   Shenzhen 518129 P.R.China

   Phone: +86-755-28973237
   Email: mchen@huawei.com


   Rebecca Han
   Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
   F3-5-B R&D Center, Huawei Base,
   Bantian, Longgang District
   Shenzhen 518129 P.R.China

   Phone: +86-755-28973237
   Email: hanjianrui@huawei.com


   Gabriele Galimberti
   Cisco
   Via Philips 12,
   20052 Monza, Italy

   Phone: +39 039 2091462
   Email: ggalimbe@cisco.com

   Alberto Tanzi
   Cisco
   Via Philips 12,
   20052 Monza, Italy

   Phone: +39 039 2091469
   Email: altanzi@cisco.com



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Acknowledgment

   We thank Chen Ming of DICONNET Project who provided valuable
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   We'd also like to thank Deborah Brungard for editorial and technical
   assistance.






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