Large-Scale Measurement of Broadband Performance A. Bovo
Internet-Draft independent
Intended status: Informational R. Marks
Expires: January 20, 2016 EthAirNet Associates
July 19, 2015
Mobile LMAP Use Cases
draft-bovo-lmap-mobile-01
Abstract
This document discusses the use cases for broadband measurements
applied to the mobile domain as an adjunct to such scenarios for the
landline broadband domain. The specifics related to the mobile
domain are discussed considering them as possible extensions of IETF
LMAP measurements.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 20, 2016.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Rationale for mobile broadband measurements use cases . . . . 3
4. Mobile Measurement Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Stakeholder: User (individual or enterprise) . . . . . . . . 7
6.1. Use Case: SERVICE CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.2. Use Case: TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.3. Use Case: COMPARISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Stakeholder: Cellular tower operator . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7.1. Use Case: AUTONOMOUS NETWORK PERFORMANCE ACCESS . . . . . 8
7.2. Use Case: AUTONOMOUS RADIO NETWORK ACCESS . . . . . . . . 8
8. Stakeholder: Wireless carrier / Network operator . . . . . . 9
8.1. Use Case: HANDOVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.2. Use Case: SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8.3. Use Case: RESOURCE USAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.4. Use Case: TEST OF NEW NETWORK EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . 10
9. Stakeholder: Researcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.1. Use Case: CHECK MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.2. Use Case: ACCESS TO REAL IN-FIELD DATA . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Stakeholder: Standards developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.1. Use Case: METRICS AVAILABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10.2. Use Case: CHECK OF OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Stakeholder: User device vendor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11.1. Use Case: UE CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Stakeholder: Application developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12.1. Use Case: APPLICATION CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . 12
13. Stakeholder: Application service provider . . . . . . . . . . 13
13.1. Use Case: MOBILE SERVICE CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . 13
14. Stakeholder: Governmental policy maker . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14.1. Use Case: POLICY CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14.2. Use Case: COMPETITION CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14.3. Use Case: STRATEGIC DIRECTION and EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT 14
15. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
16. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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1. Introduction
Networks and services must accommodate service profiles with
exponentially increasing mobile traffic. Such traffic has
significantly changed the network architectures as well as the way
the networks are controlled and measured. The same is true of
services; service providers have to deal with specific problems
related to traffic profiles coming from the mobile domain, with
specific requirements different those of landline broadband access.
This draft describes a set of use cases for broadband measurements
applied to the mobile domain. Some of these use cases apply to
landline networks as well. The primary aim at this initial stage is
to detail specific use cases that are important in the mobile domain
and that are aimed to complement measurements originating from line-
based networks. Mobile considerations as documented here may lead to
an expanded scope for the LMAP Working Group.
This document is drawn from work done within the IEEE Project
802.16.3 on "Mobile Broadband Network Performance Measurements"
[P802.16.3]. That project considers a measurement framework for
mobile broadband measurement scenarios applicable to multiple
stakeholders. Such models support flexible measurements and provide
the basis for a standardized framework facilitating measurement
comparison and validation.
2. Terminology
The following abbreviations are used in this document:
+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| Abbreviation | Expansion |
+---------------+-----------------------------------+
| KPI | Key Performance Indicator |
| NO | Network Operator |
| SIM | subscriber identification module |
| SLA | Service Level Agreement |
| SON | Self-Organizing Networks |
| UE | User Equipment |
+---------------+-----------------------------------+
Abbreviations
3. Rationale for mobile broadband measurements use cases
Specifically mobile scenarios for broadband measurements are
considered here for reasons including the following:
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o Mobility can be the primary cause of variations of service
experience over time, with a huge impact on the user's perception
o Mobile networks in general are affected by varying radio
conditions that impact services. Measuring radio conditions
concurrently with correlated service indicators can provide a
better characterization and explanation of user experience.
o Roaming scenarios and multiple operators are distinctive of the
mobile domain.
o Link conditions typically vary faster in mobile domain than in
landline networks due to radio aspects.
Considering specifics of the mobile domain allows completing the
overall picture for broadband measurements, resulting in a more
comprehensive standardization. In the absence of a standardized
mobile broadband measurements framework efforts by each stakeholder
to compare network performance will continue to be complex as well as
difficult to ascertain quantitatively or to compare fairly with other
results.
4. Mobile Measurement Purposes
Some measurement purposes/applications related to the mobile domain
are itemized in Table 1.
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+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Item | Measurement Purposes / Applications |
| # | |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | Assess overall data on Quality of Experience of set of |
| | networks available to consumers |
| 2 | Assess quality of Experience of a specific network |
| 3 | Identify limitations in deployment of a specific network |
| 4 | Monitor for changes in operation of a specific network |
| 5 | Diagnose problems in a specific network |
| 6 | Improve knowledge of system performance |
| 7 | Lead the market toward more effective networks |
| 8 | Encourage the redeployment of scarce spectrum using |
| | efficient technologies and implementations |
| 9 | Compare measured performance data to simulated results |
| 10 | Assess theoretical models |
| 11 | Assess technology elements proposed during standards |
| | development |
| 12 | Assess service measurements geo-located |
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
Table 1: Measurement Purposes
5. Use Cases
Various use cases are summarized in Table 2 below, with cross
reference measurement purposes listed in Table 1 and to relevant
stakeholders.
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+--------------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
| Use case | Stakeholder | Measurement |
| | | Purposes |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
| POLICY CHECK | Governmental policy | 1 |
| | maker | |
| COMPETITION CHECK | Governmental policy | 1 |
| | maker | |
| STRATEGIC DIRECTION | Governmental policy | 1,12 |
| | maker | |
| EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT | Governmental policy | 1,12 |
| | maker | |
| SERVICE CHECK | User (individual or | 1,3,4,12 |
| | enterprise) | |
| TRENDS | User (individual or | 1,12 |
| | enterprise) | |
| COMPARISONS | User (individual or | 2,12 |
| | enterprise) | |
| AUTONOMOUS NETWORK | Cellular tower | 2,4,5 |
| PERFORMANCE ACCESS | operator | |
| AUTONOMOUS RADIO NETWORK | Cellular tower | 2,5,8 |
| ACCESS | operator | |
| HANDOVER | Wireless carrier / | 2,6 |
| | Network operator | |
| SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT | Wireless carrier / | 1,2 |
| | Network operator | |
| RESOURCE USAGE | Wireless carrier / | 2,5 |
| | Network operator | |
| TEST OF NEW RELEASE | Wireless carrier / | 2,5 |
| INTRODUCTION | Network operator | |
| CHECK MODELS | Researcher | 1,2,6,10 |
| ACCESS TO REAL IN-FIELD | Researcher | 1,2,6,10 |
| DATA | | |
| METRICS AVAILABILITY | Standards developer | 2,10 |
| CHECK OF OPTIONS | Standards developer | 2,6,11 |
| UE CHARACTERIZATION | User device vendor | 1,2 |
| APPLICATION | Application developer | 1,2 |
| CHARACTERIZATION | | |
| MOBILE SERVICE | Mobile Application | 1,2,8 |
| CHARACTERIZATION | Service Provider | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+----------------+
Table 2: Use Cases and Measurement Purposes per Stakeholder
These use cases are detailed below.
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6. Stakeholder: User (individual or enterprise)
Use cases for the "User (individual or enterprise)" stakeholder
include the following:
6.1. Use Case: SERVICE CHECK
Naturally, individual or enterprise users, as well as virtual network
operators, are interested in getting the best service from the mobile
network and from the service provider. The performance data
collected using specific services can be compared by the stakeholders
in relation to the measurement conditions (operator, radio interface,
end service host, type of service, location, mobility, etc.). In
some cases, the User is an enterprise supporting many individual end
user devices over a long period of time, over a large geographic
region (which may be limited to, for example, specific service
routes). Standardized measurements could be enable agreement on an
SLA between the enterprise and a mobile service provider.
Mobility and radio conditions affect service delivery, so a
standardized characterization of services is incomplete without
consideration of those conditions.
Measurement applications that are useful for these purposes are
overall data on quality of experience measured by UEs but also
service measurements geo-located or correlated to time-of-day, time-
of-week, etc. Even measurements of changes on a specific network
behaviour or on a specific service can be interesting and aid in
identification of limitations on a specific network.
A simple example of network limitation could be the absence of
connection continuity within a certain geographical location, so
connections are dropped as soon as the UE moves into a region,
possibly at predictable times.
6.2. Use Case: TRENDS
Analyzing day-to-day trends is a use case relevant for example to
enterprise organizations that need to assure certain connection
reliability over time to their associated or customers. Checking
trends is also useful for profiling the customer access and
identifying bottlenecks in the service or overload conditions.
An example of such a use case is an enterprise that has to size and
maintain the network resources for customers accessing its network,
for example for e-commerce or customer support, and desire to measure
the service experience of mobile access over time, to identify
bottleneck conditions.
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Measurement application that can be used for such purposes are
overall data on quality of experience measured by UEs but also
service measurements geo-located. All these measurements have to be
analyzed as trends over time correlating also with enterprise network
conditions and host behaviour.
6.3. Use Case: COMPARISON
An enterprise or individual user could be interested in understand
the relevance of a specific issue that it is experiencing, is
comparison with other UEs (perhaps located in the same area) and
accessing similar services. This could be used to check, for
example, UE configuration for correct behaviour. Measurements
application useful for these purposes could be an enterprise or
public (anonymous) repository of end-user measurements toward
specific services, geo-located and providing the type of device as
possible aggregation criteria for measurements. Comparison use cases
are also relevant to inter-comparison of network operators in the
enterprise's service areas.
7. Stakeholder: Cellular tower operator
Use cases for the "Cellular tower operator" stakeholder include the
following:
7.1. Use Case: AUTONOMOUS NETWORK PERFORMANCE ACCESS
A network operator builds and develops new tower sites based
significantly on customer demand; the operator has good access to
data regarding such demand. The success of an access cellular tower
operator, on the other hand, is dependent on building and developing
new tower locations for use by multiple network operators, none of
which may share operational information. Therefore, a cellular tower
operator may seek access to a broad set of public mobile
measurements, possible over a broad set of network operators, in
order to inform tower development activities that will serve multiple
network operators, ideally without expensive drive tests.
Measurement applications useful for these use cases could be the
quality of experience of the specific network, the network diagnosis
and the change of operation in the specific network.
7.2. Use Case: AUTONOMOUS RADIO NETWORK ACCESS
A cellular tower operator is interested in getting the most from each
site, checking the correctness of the configuration against the radio
conditions and suggesting improvements to NO that operate the rest of
the network. Getting autonomous access to the end-user experience
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correlated with radio conditions and cell identification helps the
cell tower operator to be more proactive in suggesting network
improvements. Measurements could be also used to suggest migration
to other radio access technologies and otherwise upgrading the
cellular site.
Measurement applications useful for these use cases could be the
quality of experience of the specific network, the diagnosis of
problems, and the encouragement of deployment of more efficient radio
access technologies.
8. Stakeholder: Wireless carrier / Network operator
Use cases for the "Wireless carrier/Network operator" include the
following:
8.1. Use Case: HANDOVER
As usual in the mobile domain, it is necessary to characterize the
broadband services during packet switched handover events. Such
characterization can be correlated to specific cells and/or specific
services. The adoption of measurements at end user premises can be
reused even for setting proper values for handover settings.
Measurement applications are quality of experience of a specific
network, correlated with radio conditions, location information, and
device information. All these measurements have the consequence that
the stakeholder can improve knowledge of its network performance,
useful also to optimize and design better updates of the network.
Mobility characterization can be used even to characterize the radio
access technology behaviour during service lifetime. Such
characterization could suggest improvements of the mobile network or
additional features to support better mobility in connected state.
8.2. Use Case: SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT
The existence of a Service Level Agreement is predicated on an
understanding between the parties on accurate measurement methods.
Currently, SLAs are rare in the mobile domain, partially because such
an understanding is difficult to reach. Standardized measurements
will help enable mobile SLAs.
Checking the Service Level Agreement is needed not only to be sure
that the contract to customers is satisfied but also could be useful
to check the performance of different NOs homogeneously. This could
imply understanding limitations and trigger analysis to improve the
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core network or redesign radio deployment to make it more efficient
or to move to new radio access technology.
Measurement applications include the quality of experience of a
specific network and also overall data on quality of experience of
set of networks available to customers.
8.3. Use Case: RESOURCE USAGE
Traffic and performance measurements are useful to optimize network
parameter configuration, feeding for example optimization systems.
Even if this job is typically done at the network level, the
availability of the UE perspective can help especially for network
technologies that do not provide a complete reporting of the UE
measurements. For example, spectrum allocation and configuration
parameters can be modified according to the traffic and performance
measurements provided by UEs, for example to avoid network overload
and congestion and reduce loss of radio contact.
Measurement applications are the quality of experience of a specific
network and diagnosis of problems in a specific network.
8.4. Use Case: TEST OF NEW NETWORK EQUIPMENT
Measurements provided by an end-user can be used to characterize the
performance changes following new network equipment.
Aggregated per cell and radio technology, such measurements can
provide KPIs that can be used to compare the network performance
before and after new release changes at the access network level,
from the end user perspective.
Measurement applications are the quality of experience of a specific
network and diagnosis of problems in a specific network.
9. Stakeholder: Researcher
Use cases for the "Researcher" stakeholder include the following:
9.1. Use Case: CHECK MODELS
A researcher can be interested in checking the correctness of some
hypothesis or theoretical models, starting from in-field data. For
example, the statistical model for service request arrival rate by
customers can be checked against real conditions. Therefore,
measurement applications useful for researchers can be quality of
experience of a specific network or quality of experience on a set of
networks available to the user. Other relevant applications include
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improving knowledge of system performance and checking the network
behaviour against theoretical models.
9.2. Use Case: ACCESS TO REAL IN-FIELD DATA
Another possible use case is getting access to real data in order to
achieve additional information useful for researchers, as for example
test set or traffic profiles and consistency.
Measurement applications useful for this use case are similar to the
previous one.
10. Stakeholder: Standards developer
Use cases for the "Standards developer" include the following:
10.1. Use Case: METRICS AVAILABILITY
End user measurements are useful to understand actual mobile
performance and so make decisions on improved standards based on
measured facts, as obtained in a standardized manner. For example,
latency metrics available on specific radio access technology can
support upgraded standards.
Measurement application useful for standards developer can be quality
of experience of a specific network or comparing measured results
with theoretical models.
10.2. Use Case: CHECK OF OPTIONS
Performance measurements allow comparison of expected results with
current results, in order to validate technical choices. An example
could be the adoption of specific codec for voice or the adoption of
specific protocols for data services. Another example is the impact
of security on performance, because authentication and ciphering
techniques could affect overall performance.
Measurement applications include performance assessment, correlated
to radio, location, and technology details. Other measurement
applications include the assessment of technology elements proposed
during the standard development.
11. Stakeholder: User device vendor
Use cases for the "User device vendor" include the following:
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11.1. Use Case: UE CHARACTERIZATION
User device manufacturers are generally interested in the range of
possible network performance that their users may experience,
particularly in correlation to factors such as device features. Such
information informs the design decisions of the manufacturer, for
example providing guidance as to which features will be most relevant
to user experience.
User device manufacturers can be interested in the adoption of UE
broadband measurements to characterize the interoperability of the
device against real networks. The adoption of KPIs divided per user
device is helpful for this type of characterization. In fact,
different network settings can be the reason for a variable
interoperability between the network and the UE.
So, measurement applications useful for user device vendors can be
quality of experience of a specific network or quality of experience
on a set of networks available to the user.
12. Stakeholder: Application developer
Use cases for the "Application developer" stakeholder include the
following:
12.1. Use Case: APPLICATION CHARACTERIZATION
Mobile application (app) developers are generally interested in the
range of possible network performance that their users may
experience. Such information informs the design decisions of the
developers, for example providing guidance as to which app features
will enhance, or detract from, user experience.
In case of mobile applications, it is important to characterize how
well the app is performing through the network. This
characterization can be also the trigger for app changes that
minimize the drawbacks with the network interaction. It is possible
for mobile application developers also to include monitoring
callbacks that can be useful for passive measurements. Other use
cases for app developer are a sort of usage profiling, understanding
when and how much an app is used by customers. Timing the app's
access to services from the network is important, for example, to
correlate usage drop by the user to poor quality of service
experience.
Measurement application useful for app developer can be quality of
experience of a specific network or quality of experience on a set of
networks available to the user.
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13. Stakeholder: Application service provider
Use cases for "Mobile application service provider" stakeholder
include the following:
13.1. Use Case: MOBILE SERVICE CHARACTERIZATION
Mobile application service providers are interested in mobile
broadband measurement characterization, particularly correlating the
measurements to the specific invoked application. In fact, the
service accessed by mobile has to satisfy certain conditions not
relevant to services accessed from landline networks. Assessment is
possible by measuring the volume of mobile application transactions
and also by correlating such usage with the actual performance level.
A consequence of such analysis could be encouragement of users to
adopt specific radio technologies with some critical mobile apps.
In case of networks that do not support the bandwidth needed for a
specific application, it may be useful to trigger modifications
either in the application itself or in the network. The trade-off
decision can be driven even by end user measurements.
Measurement application useful for the app developer can be quality
of experience of a specific network or quality of experience on a set
of networks available to the user. Measurements can be used to
encourage the network operator to adopt more efficient radio
technologies to support services that could be limited by network
efficiency so far.
14. Stakeholder: Governmental policy maker
The Governmental policy maker stakeholder includes several use cases:
14.1. Use Case: POLICY CHECK
In order to check the behaviour of network players against current
policies, the behaviour of networks must be measured from an end-user
perspective. So, as an example, if current policies require that
emergency calls be supported by all network operators even when the
UE is SIM-less or belonging to a different operator, then
measurements are required to check the compliance against this
requirement.
Measurement application that can be useful for this use case are
overall data on quality of experience measured by UEs across
different networks. It is important to characterize the measurements
with dimensions that support the policy check under test. As in the
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previous example, it is necessary to associate the measurements to
the home network users, roamers, and SIM-less UEs.
14.2. Use Case: COMPETITION CHECK
Governmental policy makers could encourage competition between NOs.
In case of resources shared by different actors (e.g. shared sites,
shared network entities, radio spectrum, etc.) it could be relevant
to measure current behaviour for different NOs. An example could be
the support of legacy services that the governmental policy maker
requires be maintained (e.g. technically obsolete radio technologies
to be maintained for a certain period of time with specific level of
service).
In this use case the overall data on quality of experience could be
measured by UEs across different networks.
14.3. Use Case: STRATEGIC DIRECTION and EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
Governmental policy makers could encourage the adoption of
technologies with a strategic plan, for example to achieve a better
environmental sustainability. Measurements with this perspective can
be related for example to battery usage per services, spectrum needs,
or specific geographical areas. For example, it could be specified
that some specific geographical region will support at least a
certain number of concurrent calls per location area. So, admission
control and network allocated resources have to deal with these
requirements.
Another example relates to technological evolution, such as measuring
the amount of traffic for specific services encouraging the
deployment of new technologies to support better usage of scarce
spectrum, for example with a better spectral efficiency or operation
with reduced radio signal power. In general, users may be hesitant
to convert to new UE technology due to cost without unbiased
reassurance of the technical benefits to the individual users of
making the transition; unbiased measurements may thereby encourage
individual equipment upgrades that would contribute toward a more
efficient network operation.
Measurement application for these use cases include the overall data
on quality of experience measured by UEs and also service
measurements geo-located or correlated to radio conditions, even
associated to other UE parameters (e.g. type of device, radio access
technology, battery consumption,radio signal strength).
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15. Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the participants in the IEEE 802.16 Working
Group on Broadband Wireless Access and in IEEE 802.16's Project
802.16.3 on Mobile Broadband Network Performance Measurements.
16. IANA Considerations
This memo includes no request to IANA.
17. Security Considerations
Candidate Control and Report protocols are required to meet security
requirements identified in [I-D.ietf-lmap-framework] .
18. References
18.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-lmap-framework]
Eardley, P., Morton, A., Bagnulo, M., Burbridge, T.,
Aitken, P., and A. Akhter, "A framework for Large-Scale
Measurement of Broadband Performance (LMAP)", draft-ietf-
lmap-framework-11 (work in progress), February 2015.
18.2. Informative References
[P802.16.3]
IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access, A.
Bovo (editor), "IEEE 802.16.3 Architecture and
Requirements for Mobile Broadband Network Performance
Measurements", Oct 2014, <https://mentor.ieee.org/802.16/
dcn/14/16-14-0078-00.docx>.
Authors' Addresses
Antonio Bovo
independent
Italy
Email: Antonio Bovo
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Roger Marks
EthAirNet Associates
4040 Montview Blvd.
Denver , CO 80207
UAS
Phone: +1-619-393-1913
Email: roger@ethair.net
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