Mobile IP Working Group Claude Castelluccia
INTERNET-DRAFT Lubovic Bellier
INRIA, FRANCE
25 June 1999
Toward a Unified Hierarchical Mobility Management Framework
draft-castelluccia-uhmm-framework-00.txt
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.
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Abstract
As the number of Mobile Nodes increases in the Internet, it becomes
clear that a hierarchical mobility management protocol is necessary.
The macro-mobility is the mobility between domains. The micro-
mobility is the mobility within one domain. Several proposals that
separate macro and micro-mobility has been proposed recently
(CellularIP[4], HAWAI[3], HMIP[1],...).
All these proposals agree that Mobile IP is suitable to handle
macro-mobility (inter-domain mobility) but they all propose a
different micro-mobility scheme. As a result, a Mobile Node won't be
able to roam seamlessly if it does not understand the different
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micro-mobility management protocols of the domain that it visits.
In this document, we present a framework that allows the deployment
of various micro-mobility management protocols in different parts of
the Internet while still providing connectivity to Mobile Nodes.
We propose to decompose the Internet mobility management protocol
into three components. The first one, the access protocol, specifies
the registration procedures between the Mobile Node and the domain it
is attached to. It is standard and unique. The second one, the
micro-mobility protocol, manages local mobility and varies from one
domain to another. The third one, the macro-mobility protocol,
manages mobility across domains. We suggest to use Mobile IP as the
macro-mobility protocol.
This Internet Draft first describes the architecture of the proposed
framework. It then show how micro-Mobile IP and Cellular IP could be
deployed within this framework.
1- Introduction
There have been several hierarchical and cellular Mobile IP proposals
recently. This shows a huge interest for a scalable mobility
management scheme. There are at least 3 proposals that we know of :
- Ericsson/Columbia Cellular IP [4]
(http://comet.ctr.columbia.edu/cellularip/)
- Lucent HAWAII [3] (http://www.bell-
labs.com/user/ramjee/papers/draft-ramjee-micro-mobility-hawaii-
00.txt)
- INRIA HMIPv6 [1]
(http://sirac.inrialpes.fr/Infos/Personnes/Claude.Castelluccia/hmip.ps.gz)
All these proposals agree that Mobile IP is suitable to handle
macro-mobility, but they all propose a different micro-mobility
scheme.
From then, 2 directions are possible :
1- define a single micro-mobility protocol is defined and
standardized from the existing and forthcoming proposals.
2- define a framework that allows each proposal to be deployed and
that provides inter-operability is defined.
We argue that the second solution is preferable for the following
reasons. First we believe that there is probably not an "optimal"
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micro-mobility scheme for every network. Different protocols might be
necessary for different networks' needs. Second, defining an open
system leads to more competition and flexibility. Each network
operator is then free to deploy its own micro-mobility protocol (and
to patent it:-)). New protocols can be deployed very easily. Last
but not least it eases drastically the standardization process ; the
different proposals do not have to be merged into a single one.
In this document, we propose a framework that allows the deployment
of different micro-mobility proposals. We assume that Mobile IP is
used as the macro-mobility protocol.
Our final goal is to define a framework that allows a Mobile Node to
roam seamlessly from one network to another, from one domain to
another... One condition to achieve this goal is to make sure that
the mobility management procedures performed by the Mobile Nodes are
independent of the mobility management protocols used in the core of
the network.
2- General concepts
In this document, we define a domain as an arbitrary structure. A
domain can be an ISP network, a campus network, a company network, a
set of LANs or even a single LAN. A domain is connected to the rest
of the Internet via one or several interconnection routers that we
call Border Routers in this document.
Our proposal differentiates the macro (inter-domain) mobility from
the micro (intra-domain) mobility. As a result, a host communicating
with a Mobile Node is only aware of its inter-domain mobility. The
Mobile Node's intra-domain mobility is completely hidden. It also
defines a standard Mobile Node registration protocol that is
independent of the mobility management protocols used in the core
network. As a result, different mobility management protocols can be
used in the different parts of the Internet while still providing
connectivity to the Mobile Node Hosts.
We propose a mobility management framework that uses Mobile IP for
inter-domain mobility but allows the deployment of any micro-mobility
protocol. As a matter a result, different domains can deploy
different micro-mobility protocols.
2.1 Design Goals/Constraints
The goals of our work is to propose a hierarchical mobility
management that :
1- does not require any modifications at the Correspondent Nodes
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(Correspondent Nodes are running Mobile IP).
2- allows the deployment of different micro-mobility schemes
transparently to the Correspondent Nodes and the Mobile Nodes.
3- does not degrade routing performance.
4- is as secure as Mobile IP.
6- works in IPv4 and IPv6.
7- is power-efficient (i.e. minimizes the power).
2.2 Conceptual Model
In the proposed framework, the mobility management protocol is
composed of three components as illustrated in Figure 1.
- The first one, the access mobility management protocol,
specifies the registration procedures between the Mobile Node and
the domain it is attached to. It is standard and independent of
the micro and macro-mobility management protocols used in the core
of the network. This protocol is ``light'', i.e. minimises the
operations performed by the Mobile Node Hosts (which probably have
limited capacity and power).
- The second one, the micro-mobility management protocol, is the
protocol that handles the local mobility (within the domain) of
the Mobile Node.
- The third one, the macro-mobility management protocol, is the
protocol that handles the macro-mobility (inter-domain) of the
Mobile Node. We propose to use Mobile IP as macro-mobility
management protocol.
3- Proposed Framework
3.1 Overview
Our proposal is based on the deployment of Mobility Supports.
A Mobility Support is a router or a set of routers that maintains
a binding per Mobile Nodes currently visiting the domain. The
Mobility Support plays a central role in our proposal. It is
involved in the macro and micro-mobility management. For example,
the Mobility Support sends Binding Updates on behalf of the Mobile
Nodes it is serving (macro-mobility management). It also
intercepts packets addressed to the Mobile Nodes it is serving and
is in charge of redirecting them to their current location
(micro-mobility management).
Note that there is no constraint on the physical location of the
Mobility Support. However for efficiency reasons, it is
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preferable to connect it as close as possible to the border router
of the network that it is serving.
In our proposal, the Mobile Node registration protocol is unique
and independent of the micro-mobility management protocol of the
domain. The nature and the position of the Mobility Support
depend on the micro-mobility management protocol. The only
requirements that we impose on the Mobility Support are :
(1) it must process registration messages coming from the Mobile
Nodes (the processing depends of the micro-mobility protocols),
(2) it must send Mobile IP Binding Updates to the Mobile Node's
Home Agent and Correspondent Nodes (according to the Mobile Node
IP specification) and
(3) it must intercept and redirect the packets addressed to the
Mobile Nodes (the way packets are forwarded to the Mobile Node
Hosts depends of the local micro-mobility protocol.
_____Domain________ ____Internet______ __
/ \ / \--|HA|
------- | Mobility Support | ___ | | --
|Mobile |---| O |_|BR |_| |
------- | | | --- | | __
| \__________|_______/ \__________________/--|CH|
| | --
|===============>|<===========================================>
access protocol macro-mobility:Mobile IP
Figure1 : Registration
_____Domain_______ ____Internet______ __
/ \ / \--|HA|
------- | Mobility Support | ___ | | --
|Mobile |---| O |_|BR |_| |
------- | | | --- | | __
| \__________|________/ \___________________/--|CH|
| | --
|<============== |<========================================
micro-mobility macro-mobility:Mobile IP
Figure2 : Packet delivery
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In summary,
1- the protocol between the Mobile Node and the Mobility Support is
unique
2- the intra-domain mobility management and routing is managed by the
local micro-mobility management protocol
3- the inter-domain mobility and routing is managed by Mobile IP
3.2 Main operations
The main operations of the proposed architecture are the following
:
3.2.1 Common operations : the Mobile Node-Mobility Support
registration
When the Mobile Node detects a new Base Station, it gets a CoA
(we call it PCoA, for Physical Care-of Address) and registers
to the Mobility Support. This registration is performed by
sending a (Home Address, Home Agent, PCoA, MS_p), where MS_p is
the Mobility Support of the Mobile Node in the previous domain.
This registration is acknowledged by the Mobility Support.
This registration phase is independent of the type of movement
(inter or intra-domain).
3.2.2 Inter-domain movement
When a Mobile Node moves into a new domain, it registers to the
new Mobility Support and the Mobility Support performs the
following registration operations :
3.2.2.1 Macro-mobility registration :
Upon reception of a registration message from a Mobile Node,
the Mobility Support must :
* get a VCoA (Virtual CoA-this could be the Mobility
Support's address or an address on its subnet) for the
Mobile Node and registers it to its Home Agent on behalf of
the Mobile Node. This Binding Update must be acknowledged.
This acknowledgement is forwarded to the Mobile Node.
* acknowledge the reception of the Mobile Node-Mobility
Support registration message to the Mobile Node (this
acknowlegement contains the VCoA).
* ask the previous Mobility Support (the Mobility Support of
the previous domain. We note it MS_p) to redirect all
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packets addressed to the Mobile Node to it. MS_p must
acknowledge this request and send the list of current
Correspondent Nodes and the list of the sequence numbers of
the latest Binding Updates sent.
* create a entry that contains the binding between the
Mobile Node's Home address, its home agent and its VCoA +
list of (Correspondent Nodes, Sequence Numbers).
* send a (Home Address, VCoA) Binding Update to each
Correspondent Node.
Note : a Mobile Node must receive two ackowledgements after an
inter-domain movement : one from its Home Agent and one from
its current Mobility Support otherwise it must assume that the
registration has failed.
Upon reception of packets coming from the Home Agent or from
the previous Mobility Support, the new Mobility Support sends
Binding Updates to the Mobile Node's Correspondent Nodes. These
Binding Updates contain the Mobile Node's PCoA if the
Correspondent Node is local (i.e. within the visiting domain)
or the Mobile Node's VCoA if the Correspondent Node is distant
(outside the visiting domain).
3.2.2.2 Micro-mobility registration :
Upon reception of a registration message from a Mobile Node,
the Mobility Support must :
* create a entry that contains the binding between the
Mobile Node's PCoA and VCoA. This information is used by the
Mobility Support to redirect the packets addressed to the
Mobile Node (VCoA) to its current point of attachment
(PCoA).
3.2.3 Intra-domain movement :
When a Mobile Node moves within a domain (i.e it changes of Base
Station and/or subnet), the Mobile Node registers its new point of
attachement to the Mobility Support. The Mobility Support then
performs the following operations :
- macro-mobility registration
* no operation is required.
- micro-mobility registration
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Upon reception of a registration message from the Mobile Node,
the Mobility Support :
* updates the corresponding entry in its cache,
* possibly sends Binding Updates to the Mobile Node's local
Correspondent Nodes.
Note that authentication is only necessary between the Mobile Node
and the Mobility Support, the Mobility Support and the Home Agent,
successive Mobility Supports, the Mobility Support and the
Correspondent Nodes. The Base Stations are just relays and
therefore do not need to be authenticated.
The Mobile Node must periodically send registration messages to
the Mobility Support to refresh its cache's entry. Identically the
Mobility Support must refresh the Mobile Node's VCoA to its Home
Agent and Correspondent Nodes by sending Binding Updates.
Note that the two refresh periods must not have the same value.
3.3 Packet delivery
When a (external) Correspondent Node first sends packets to a
Mobile Node, these packets are addressed to the Mobile Node's Home
address. These packets are intercepted by the Mobile Node's Home
Agent (if the Mobile Node is away) and forwarded (by
encapsulation) to the Mobile Node's current VCoA. The encapsulated
packets are intercepted by the Mobile Node's current Mobility
Support and forwarded to the current Mobile Node's PCoA. The
Mobility Support also sends a (Home Address, PCoA) or a (Home
Address, VCoA) Binding Update to the Correspondent Node according
to whether it is local or distant, and records the Correspondent
Node in its Mobile Node's list of Correspondent Nodes.
Upon reception of this Binding Update, the Correspondent Node
updates the Mobile Node's (Home Address, CoA) entry and sends the
forthcoming packets to the Mobile Node's new CoA. If the CoA is a
VCoA, the packets are intercepted by the Mobile Node's Mobility
Support and forwarded to the Mobile Node current PCoA. If the CoA
is a PCoA, the packets are routed directly to the Mobile Node's
current location.
Note that the forwarding method from the Mobility Support to the
Mobile Node's current PCoA is dependent of the micro-mobility
used in the domain.
When a Mobile Node sends a packet to a Correspondent Node, it must
include a HomeAddress option and use its VCoA as source address
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(except if the Correspondent Node is local. In this case, it uses
its PCoA).
4 Examples
In this section, we describe in more details the architecture and
operations that are performed with different micro-mobility
management protocols. We consider two micro-mobility management
protocols namely micro-Mobile IP and Cellular IP.
4.1 Mobile Node - Mobility Support registrations
This phase is common to all micro-mobility proposals.
When the Mobile Node detects a Base Station, it possibly gets a
CoA (we call it, PCoA, for Physical Care-of Address) and
registers to the Mobility Server. This registration is performed
by sending a (Home address, Home Agent, PCoA, MS_p), where MS_p is
the previous Mobility Support of the Mobile Node. If the Mobile
Node did not change of Mobility Support, the MS_p field is then
set to Mobility Support.
The serving Mobility Support and the CoA is obtained via some kind
of DHCP server or auto-configuration mechanisms. Note also that
the Mobile Node's operations are independent of the mobility type
(whether is intra or inter-domain).
This registration must be acknowledged.
4.2 Micro-Mobile IP (uMIP)
The INRIA micro-Mobile IPv6 (uMIP) proposal [Cast98] is based on
the deployment of Mobility Networks.. A Mobile Network of a domain
is a LAN that defines an address space for the Mobile Nodes
roaming within this domain. A Mobility Network contains one or
several Mobility Supports. In uMIP, the Mobility Supports are
called Mobility Agents. A Mobility Agent is a router of the
Mobile Network that maintains a binding per Mobile Node currently
visiting the domain and sends Binding Updates on behalf of these
Mobile Nodes. Note that there is no constraint on the physical
location of the Mobility Network. However for efficiency reasons,
it is preferable to connect it to the border router of the
network that it is serving. The mobility Network can actually be
any sub-network of the domain. It does not have to be dedicated to
Mobile Nodes but instead can support ordinary (fixed) hosts.
Deploying a Mobility Agent in a separate Mobility Network instead
of implementing it on the Border Router has two main advantages.
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First, it does not require any modification to the routers and is
therefore easier to deploy. Second, it is more scalable since (1)
it does not add additional processing constraints on the Border
Router and (2) several Mobility Agents could be deployed for
scalability and/or robustness motivations. However the Mobility
Agent can be implemented within the Border Router if this is
desirable.
The main operations of the uMIP proposal are the following.
4.2.1 Inter-domain mobility
When a Mobile Node moves into a new domain, the following
registrations are performed :
- Mobile Node - Mobile Support registration:
The Mobile Node registers to the Mobility Agent as described in
section 4.1.
- micro-mobility registration operations : Upon reception of a
registration message from a Mobile Node, the Mobility Agent :
o creates an entry that contains the binding between the
Mobile Node's PCoA and VCoA. This information is used by the
Mobility Agent to redirect the packets addressed to the
Mobile Node (VCoA) to its current point of attachment
(PCoA).
o sends a (Home Address, PCoA) to the domain's Correspondent
Nodes to optimize the Correspondent Node-Mobile Node
routing.
- macro-mobility registration operations (these operations is
actually independent of the micro-mobility protocol in used):
Upon reception of the Mobile Node-Mobility Support registration
message, the Mobility Agent :
* gets a VCoA (an address belonging to the Mobile Network)
for the Mobile Node and registers it to its Home Agent on
behalf of the Mobile Node. This Binding Update is
acknowledged by the Home Agent and forwarded to the Mobile
Node.
* acknowledges the reception of the Mobile Node-Mobility
Support registration message to the Mobile Node (this
acknowlegement contains the VCoA).
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* asks the previous Mobility Agent to redirect all packets
addressed to the Mobile Node to it. The Previous Mobility
Agent acknowledges this request and sends the list of
current Correspondent Nodes and the sequence numbers of the
latest Binding Updates that were sent.
* creates an entry that contains the binding between the
Mobile Node's Home address, its home agent and its VCoA +
list of (Correspondent Nodes, Sequence numbers).
* sends a (Home Address, VCoA) Binding Update to each
Correspondent Node.
4.2.2 Intra-domain mobility :
When a Mobile Node moves within a domain (i.e it changes of
Base Station and/or subnet), the following registrations are
performed :
- Mobile Node-Mobility Support registration : see Section 4.1.
- macro-mobility :
* nothing is sent except the periodic registration refresh
messages.
- micro-mobility registration :
* The Mobility Agent updates the Mobile Node entry of its
cache.
* The Mobility Agent sends a (Home Address, PCoA) Binding
Update to each of the Mobile Node's local Correspondent
Nodes.
4.2.3 Packet delivery
When a (external) Correspondent Node first sends packets to a
Mobile Node, these packets are addressed to the Mobile Node's
Home address. These packets are intercepted by the Mobile
Node's Home Agent (if the Mobile Node is away) and forwarded
(by encapsulation) to the Mobile Node's current VCoA. The
encapsulated packets are intercepted by the Mobile Node's
current Mobility Agent and forwarded (via encapsulation) to the
current Mobile Node's PCoA. The Mobility Agent adds an entry in
its cache and sends a (Home Address, PCoA) or a (Home Address,
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VCoA) Binding Update to the Correspondent Node according
whether it is local or distant.
Upon reception of this Binding Update, the Correspondent Node
updates the Mobile Node's binding(Home Address, CoA) entry and
sends the forthcoming packets to the Mobile Node's current
position. If the CoA is the Mobility Agent's address, the
packets are intercepted by the Mobility Agent and forwarded to
the Mobile Node current PCoA (via encapsultion). If the CoA is
a PCoA, the packets is routed directly to the Mobile Node's
current location...
4.3 Cellular IP
When Cellular IP is used as micro-mobility protocol, the Mobility
Support is located within the Border Router of the domain. The
VCoA assigned to the Mobile Nodes is the address of the Mobility
Support/Border Router.
The main operations of the proposed architecture are the following
:
4.3.1 Inter-domain movement
When a Mobile Node moves into a new domain, the following
registrations are performed :
- Mobile Node-Mobility Support registration :
The Mobile Node sends a registration message to the Mobility
Support (Border Router) as specified in 4.1.
- micro-mobility registration :
This registration message is intercepted by the Base Station,
the Mobile Node is attached to. The Base Station encapsulates
the message within a Route-Update packet as described in
[CellIP] and forwards it to the Border Router/Mobility Support.
The Route-Update packet creates and updates entries in each
node's cache from the Mobile Node to the Mobility Support.
This registration is acknowledged. (The current Mobility
Support is broadcast by the base stations using a router
advertissement).
- macro-mobility registration :
Upon reception of the Mobile Node-Mobility Support registration
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message, the Mobility Support/Border Router :
* registers the Mobile Node to its Home Agent using its
address (the Mobility Support's address). This is performed
by sending a (Home Address, Mobility Support) Binding
Update. This Binding Update is acknowledged. The
acknowledgement is forwarded back to the Mobile Node's PCoA
(via the Cellular IP routing process).
* acknowledges the reception of the Mobile Node-Mobility
Support registration message to the Mobile Node (this
acknowlegement contains the VCoA).
* asks the previous Mobility Support (the Mobility Support
of the previous domain. We note it MS_p) to redirect all
packets addressed to the Mobile Node to it. MS_p
acknowledges this request and sends the list of current
Correspondent Nodes and the sequence numbers of the lattest
Binding Updates that were sent.
* creates a entry that contains the binding between the
Mobile Node's Home address, its home agent and its VCoA +
list of (Correspondent Nodes, Sequence Number).
* sends a (Home Address, VCoA) Binding Update to each
Correspondent Node. These Binding Updates contain the Mobile
Node's PCoA if the Correspondent Node is local (i.e. within
the visiting domain) or the Mobility Support/Border Router's
address if the Correspondent Node is distant (outside the
visiting domain).
4.3.2 Intra-domain movement :
When a Mobile Node moves within a domain (i.e it changes of
Base Station and/or subnet), the following registrations are
performed :
- Mobile Node-Mobility Support registration :
The Mobile Node sends a registration message to the Mobility
Support (Border Router) as specified in 4.1.
- micro-mobility
This registration message is intercepted by the Base Station,
the Mobile Node is attached to. The Base Station encapsulates
the message within a Route-Update packet as described in
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[CellIP] and forwards it to the Border Router/Mobility Support.
The Route-Update packet creates and updates entries in each
node's cache from the Mobile Node to the Mobility Support.
- macro-mobility
No macro-mobility registration is necessary....besides the
regular Binding Update refresh Binding Update messages.
4.3.3 Packet delivery
When a (external) Correspondent Node first sends packets to a
Mobile Node, these packets are addressed to the Mobile Node's
Home address. These packets are intercepted by the Mobile
Node's Home Agent (if the Mobile Node is away) and forwarded
(by encapsulation) to the Mobile Node's current Mobility
Support/Border Router. The encapsulated packets are received by
the Mobile Node's current Mobility Support/Border Router,
decapsulated and forwarded (via the CellularIP routing
mechanisms) to the current Mobile Node's PCoA. The Mobility
Support/Border Router also sends a (Home Address, Border
Router) to the external Correspondent Nodes.
Upon reception of this Binding Update, the Correspondent Node
updates the Mobile Node's (Home Address, CoA) entry and sends
the forthcoming packets to the Mobile Node's current Mobility
Support. The packets are received by the Mobility Support, and
forwarded to the Mobile Node current PCoA.
5. Security Considerations
As in Mobile Node IP, all registration messages have to be
authenticated. As in Mobile Node IP, we propose to use IPSEC to
authenticate the registration messages and the binding updates.
There is two levels of security :
- The macro-mobility registration messages must be authenticated
between the Mobility Support and the Correspondent Nodes.
- The micro-mobility registration messages must be authenticated
between the Mobility Support and the Mobile Nodes.
Our proposal does not introduce more security problems that those
introduced by Mobile IP.
6. Conlusion
We propose a framework that allows the deployment of various micro-
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mobility management protocols in different parts of the Internet
while still providing connectivity to Mobile Nodes.
In the proposed framework, the mobility management protocol is
composed of 3 components:
- The first one, the access mobility management protocol,
specifies the registration procedure between the Mobile Node and
the domain it is attached to. It is standard and independent of
the micro and macro-mobility management protocols used in the core
of the network. This protocol is ``light'', i.e. minimises the
operations performed by the Mobile Nodes (which probably have
limited capacity and power).
- The second one, the micro-mobility management protocol, is the
protocol that handles the local mobility (within the domain) of
the Mobile Node.
- The third one, the macro-mobility management protocol, is the
protocol that handles the macro-mobility (inter-domain) of the
Mobile Node. We propose to use Mobile IP as macro-mobility
management protocol.
The complete specification of these different components are on its
way and will be published soon. The access protocol uses Mobile IPv6
registration messages.
7. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Imad Aad, Patrick Cipiere, Jean Michel
Combe, Walid Dabbous, Thomas Eklund, Thierry Ernst, Patrice Romand
and Aime LeRouzic for their valuable comments on this draft.
8. References
[1] Castelluccia C., "An Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Proposal", INRIA
TR-0226, November 1998. Available at
http://www.inrialpes.fr/Planete/people/ccastel/index.html
[2] Perkins, C., Editor: "IP Mobility Support", RFC 2002, October
1996.
[3] R. Ramjee, T. La Porta, S. Thuel and K. Varadhan: "IP micro-
mobility support using HAWAII", draft-ramjee-micro-mobility-hawaii-
00.txt, 19 February 1999. Work in progress.
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[4] Valko, A., Campbell, A. and Gomez, J.: "Cellular IP", Internet
draft, draft-valko-cellularip-00.txt, November 1998. Work in
progress.
Author's Address
Claude Castelluccia and Ludovic Bellier
INRIA
PLANETE team
ZIRST-655 avenue de l'Europe
38330 Montbonnot Saint Martin
FRANCE
Claude.Castelluccia@inria.fr
Ludovic.Bellier@inria.fr
draft-castelluccia-uhmm-framework-00.txt
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