INTERNET DRAFT D. Collier-Brown
Expires March 1997 Sept 1996
On Experimental Top Level Domains
Rev 0
draft-collier-brown-itld-exper-00.txt
Status
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Abstract
This memorandum describes a proposed mechanism under which differing
schemes for the naming, allocation and management of new
international top-level domains may be tried without their
interfering with each other.
This memorandum discusses the trademrk issues underlying the current
debate on International TLDs, and proposes non-interfering
simultaneous experiments, following the proposals of
[DENNINGER],[HIGGS],[MASEK] and [POSTEL].
This memo is being distributed to the Internet community in order to
solicit their opinions of the proposals contained in it. In
particular, The IETF, IANA, NEWDOM SHARED-TLD and related mailing
lists are invited to read and comment on this material.
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Index
Status 1
Abstract 1
Index 2
Revisions 2
Introduction 2
Historical Background 3
Trademark Issues 4
Appreciation of the Situation 4
Aim 4
Factors 5
Courses 6
Conclusions 12
Reccomendations 12
Mechanism 13
Appendices 14
Appendix A: International Trademark Categories 14
Appendix B: Appreciations of the Situation 52
References 53
Thanks 54
Author's Address 54
Revisions
As a draft, this document may be revised at any time. The revision
number of the document in question is displayed at the top of the
masthead, and should be referred to when commenting on the proposal
contained in this draft.
Introduction
This paper was written to inform the community, to suggest adapting
existing practices of the IETF (two implementations before
standardization) to a mixed technical and political problem and to
suggest means by which this practice could be carried out.
It was once pointed out to the author that it was a serious error to
try to deal with a problem indirectly, without explicitly stating the
problem and taking account of it in the solutions.
This paper therefor directly raises the question of how much the U.S.
and world trademark system affects domain names, and particularly
domain name in the international top-level domains. Following that
it considers what effects particular proposed changes in the
available domains might reasonably have on the trademark issues.
This is the main body of the paper, and is written in the form of an
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appreciation of the situation.
The paper draws some interim conclusions, and suggests further work
before we settling on a final solution or set of solutions.
Finally, it points out means by which we can continue the
investigation without interference with the proposals of Postel at
all.
Historical Background
Commercial organizations have recently found problems with the
availability of particular domain names, since they have generally
fallen into the practice of requesting their business names and
trademarks as their domain names.
Since the current domain naming scheme is a naming scheme, designed
to map arbitrary but meaningful names into IP numbers, the business
community rapidly fell into difficulties with the fact that domain
names are unique. There can only be one ``united'' subdomain in the
``.com'' top-level domain, for example.
Alas, ``United Airlines'' and ``United Vanlines'' and presumably
``United Trucklines'' all use the word United as part of their
trademark, and might well all desire the ```united.com'' domain.
This has caused difficulties and bad feelings, exacerbated by the
resolution policies which the operator of the .com registry has tried
in order to deal with the problem.
The problem is moderately serious, in that it affects major
commercial organizations. It does not pose a threat to the operation
of the net, but does pose problems in its use by commercial
organizations, especially international organizations which wish to
register in the international top-level domain ``.com''.
There is great interest and debate about the problem, however, as it
is very topical. Several IETF and ISOC-related conferences have
included sessions on the subject and numerous initiatives have
commenced:
Several proposals [DENNINGER],[HIGGS],[MASEK],[POSTEL] have been
made, in the form of internet drafts, to create additional top-
level domains.
One organization, ALTERNIC, has commenced an initiative to
register and serve these additional experimental top-level
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domains.
Numerous organizations have applied to be registries for the new
domains when a procedure to do so is standardized.
Trademark Issues
Trademark is a well-studied and well-understood subject in jurispru-
dence and business practice.
Trademark law keeps one manufacturer from misrepresenting his goods
as someone else's, by protecting the first user of a mark from others
who might try to use identical or misleadingly similar marks.
Like domain-names, they are established by someone starting to use
them. Also like domain names, they are unique. However, because
there are only so many words in the english (or any other) language,
they have come to be used as "proper adjectives". We say the Allied
van lines, Esso gasoline or the Unix timesharing system. The use of
a category serves to disambiguate the trademark from other, similar,
ones.
Similarly, they are often geographically disambiguated: one can have
Judy's Cafe in Tucson Arizona and Judy's Cafe in El Paso, Texas.
Most jurisdictions allow registry of trademarks within that particu-
lar state or country as a part of the use of the legal system to pro-
tect them. There are internationally known trademarks, but there are
only voluntary means of settling disputes about those.
In common usage, a trademark is often used as part of a phrase, such
as ``the Unix timesharing system'' or ``Standard Oil of New Jersey''.
This is a distinguished name, the thing from which it is dis-
tinguished and sometimes a broader category. In domain-name notation
these might be stated as ``unix.operatingsystems'' and
``standard.oilrefiners.nj''.
As such, several proposals have been made to employ a similar disam-
biguation in the allocation of domain names to such companies.
Expanding on this is the contents of the next part of the paper, an
appreciation (cf Appendix A) of the possible naming schemes which
might be employed.
Appreciation of the Situation
Aim
The aim of the appreciation is to provide in brief the material
factors and plausible courses of action which a body setting out
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the form of future top-level domain names will need to consider.
The paper is limited to discussing issues centered around the form
of domain names and their interaction with trademark and trademark
litigation.
Criteria for choosing a solution sufficient to meet best current
practice standards have been proposed in [AGMON].
It is the intention of the author to advance discussion, not to
exclude or propose particular courses.
Factors
Trademarks
The primary factor in this discussion is the issue of trademark
on names which organizations wish to use as domain names.
There is a rich history of jurisprudence on the subject: for
our purposes, a trademark holder which wishes to establish a
presence on the internet may wish:
A domain name identical to one or more of their trademarks
(referred to in the rest of the document as [identical]).
Protection against dilution of their trademark from the use
of a similar name as a domain name by another party on the
net (referred to henceforth as [dilution]).
Companies registering domains in the United States have evi-
denced such desires, with numerous lawsuits currently underway.
This is exacerbated by the conflict resolution mechanisms used
by NSI, the U.S. InterNIC operator. However, it should be
noted that this problem has not yet become significant in any
of the national top-level domains.
A further variant is that some trademark holders, notably of
very well-known names, have expressed an intention to register
their name in all applicable domains, to proactively prevent
infringement or dilution in any context. This is especially
true of well-known multinational companies, and conflicts in
suhc registration is a known problem in the allocation of 800
numbers (referred to as [all domains] below).
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Inferrability
A second factor is the desire of the companies registering
domain to have their domain names ``guessable'' from their com-
pany names (referred to in the following as [guessable]).
For example, a company named ``SeaTech'' might wish the domain
``seatech.com''. With a name of this form, persons made aware
of it would assume that it was doing business throughout North
America (and indeed the world), and that one could send mail to
<persons-name>@seatech.com and find their web page at
www.seatech.com.
If the company does not have a short, unique name, it is to
their advantage to have a name which can be found by a domain
name system or web search. For example, the American Airlines
web page can be found in a few seconds as
``www.americanair.com'' by an Alta Vista search for ``american
airlines''.
Courses of Action
Course 0: Do Nothing.
We could, of course, do nothing. This would leave us with a
problem in the .com domain, and place the responsibility for
solving it on the NIC operator.
Based on their lack of success to date, this is probably
inadvisable.
(Course 0 is always ``do nothing'', and is conventionally
included to ensure that all reasonable courses of action are
considered. This includes a failure to make a decision, which
is implicitly an unintentional decision to do nothing.)
Course 1: Revert to First-Come, First Served
We could revert to allocating domain names in .com and the
other existing domains to the first person requesting them,
without other conditions. This would not directly address
either of the above problems, but would remove the NIC operator
from the center of the debate, as they could merely disclaim
responsibility for trademark problems, require the parties to
go to court, and agree to abide by the result.
In the case of either identical or very similar names, the
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trademark holders would have to ``fight it out'' in court.
[identical][dilution]
As there would only be a single international .com domain (and
some similar national domains), the ability of a company which
holds a trademark in the airline business to distinguish itself
from one which holds the same trademark in the trucking busi-
ness would be limited.
Litigation would presumably continue in the international
domain and to a lesser degree in national domains.
Companies desiring a presence in all domains would need only to
establish a single international domain, in .com, and might
attempt to establish domains in national domains, .edu and/or
.org [all domains]
Company's domain names would be in one sense hard to guess, as
there is no rule about which trademark holder would get the
domain in .com. In another sense, they would be easy to guess,
so long as you wanted the site of the winner of the race to
register.
Other trademark holders might elect to add distinguishing words
to their domain names, such as ``americanair'' or ``allied-
vanlines''.[guessable]
There would be little or no effect on domains looked up via
search services.
Course 2: Synonyms
We could establish more domains in parallel to .com, such as
.biz, an existing experimental top-level domain.
Companies desiring the ``same'' name as another could simply
register in .biz as opposed to .com, so that allied.biz would
be united vanlines and united.com would be united
airlines.[identical]
This would not address the dilution problem, however: there
would be ``two'' uniteds, with nothing to distinguish between
them in the mind of the customer save which synonym for ``busi-
ness'' they were registered under. It is likely that at least
one allied would be displeased with this lack of differentia-
tion and ask for relief on the basis of dilution of their
trademark.[dilution]
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Companies inclined to defend their trademarks strongly would
attempt to register the same domain in all synonymous domains.
This would be a brand-new point of contention between trademark
holders in different businesses.[all domains]
Company names would be hard to guess, as there would be a com-
ponent of the domain name which would not be predictable (which
synonym) and which would have to be memorized or looked up by
the customer.[guessable]
There would be little effect on domains looked up via search
services, and more people would find it necessary to use such
services.
Course 3: Meaningless Names
We could establish domains whose names were meaningless: for
example, we could have .AAA, .AAB, .AAC and so on, and allow or
coerce companies to register in randomly-chose ones.
If we allowed companies to register in the one of their choice,
many companies would choose domains meaningful to them, with
many desiring to be in the first, last or most meaningful
domain.
Companies desiring the ``same'' name as another could simply
register in a different domain, so that allied.aaa might be
united vanlines and united.bbb might be united
airlines.[identical]
This would not address the dilution problem, however: there
would be ``two'' uniteds, with nothing to distinguish between
them in the mind of the customer save a random string. It is
likely that companies would be displeased with this lack of
differentiation and ask for relief on the basis of dilution of
their trademark by someone in another domain.[dilution]
Companies inclined to defend their trademarks strongly would
attempt to register the same domain in all random domains.
This would be (like .biz/.com) a new point of contention
between trademark holders in different businesses.[all domains]
Company names would be hard to guess, as there would be a com-
ponent of the domain name which would be random and which would
have to be memorized or looked up by the customer.[guessable]
As before, there would be little effect on domains looked up
via search services, and more people would find it necessary to
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use such services.
Course 4: Meaningful Names
We could establish domains whose names were meaningful business
categories drawn from existing trademark categories established
by national bodies or international agreement. For example, we
could have .soap, and names like lever-brothers.soap for the
cleaner-related branches of Lever Brothers.
This is also called a controlled vocabulary, and is commonly
used in library searching and categorization (eg, the U.S.
Library of Congress system).
Companies wishing to have identical domain names, if in dif-
ferent categories, would simply register their desired name.
We could have american.buslines and american.airlines without
difficulty. If the categories are over-broad, we would have
problems with clashes, such as if bus-, truck- and air-lines
were all grouped together under the .transport
domain.[identical]
Companies fearing dilution would suffer directly only if the
categories were over-broad. They could suffer dilution if the
general public was inclined to assume that the same ``united''
operated united.vanlines, united.airlines and united.buslines.
This is possible, but appears far-fetched.[dilution]
Companies desiring to protect their trademark by defending it
broadly would find it difficult and expensive to justify regis-
tration in a very large number of arguably inappropriate
domains. If the bozotron company wished to proactively defend
its good name by registering bozotron.soap, while not manufac-
turing soap, there would be room for litigation if a soap com-
pany with bozotron as a trademark desired the bozotron.soap
domain. [all domains] (This might be a solved problem in trade-
mark law: comments are invited from the reader.)
Domain names would be relatively guessable, given a small
enough set of categories and some experience with the system by
the customer. Persons unsure of the business categories would
need to look those up with a search service. Persons who do
not know the business's category, only its name, would have to
use search services, as above.[guessable]
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Course 5: Obfuscated Meaningful Names
We could establish domains whose names were meaningful business
categories, but refer to them by the category number, thus giv-
ing us C10, C02 and so forth.
This has a result indistinguishable from random names, save the
names will not chance to match meaningful short words. If the
obfuscation were progressively less effective, such that
categories could be inferred to increasing degrees from the
names, it would come more and more to resemble meaningful
names.
Course 6: Unconstrained Names
We could establish domains with unconstrained names: any organ-
ization could propose a name and have it made a top-level
domain.
This is in fact the former case within .com, with the limita-
tion that only nominally commercial entities can be registered.
Films are seemingly businesses, however, so the limitation is
not absolute.
This has a result indistinguishable from reverting to first-
come first-served in com, save that the load on the root name
servers would be remarkable, as most enquiries would have to go
to them.
Course 7: Partially Unconstrained Names
We could allow names to be drawn from a vocabulary which is
constrained only in that it distinguishes different kinds of
business. This might start with the existing categories and
subcategories established in international trademark law, and
be expanded by reference to the literature of trademark with
more and more precise terms. For example, transportation might
be an initial category, from which companies might well ask
that trucklines, buslines and airlines be added, sufficient to
distinguish their businesses. Companies doing business in
several specific subcategories would have the option of regis-
tering in each (x.trucklines and x.railways) or in the parent
category (x.transport).
Companys seeking to distinguish themselves would ask for regis-
tration in the category that most accurately describes their
business, to avoid being mistaken for another, like-named
business.[identical]
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Companies concerned with dilution might choose more specific
names, to avoid anyone mistaking them for someone else. In
effect, the category they choose would become closely associ-
ated with their names (eg, the Unix[tm] Timesharing System) and
would appear to the customer to be part of the name.[dilution]
Companies wishing to defend their trademarks strongly could
regard the above as sufficient. If not, they would have the
option of trying to register their name in all domains where
they believed there was a chance some-one might use the same
name. This would be expensive and time-consuming, though: the
International Olympic Committee might well find itself faced
with registering olympic.restaurant.brampton.on.ca in one known
extreme case. [all domains]
Names would be guessable, but less so than with a more con-
trolled vocabulary. A search service with a knowledge of the
requisite synonyms would be straightforward to provide,
however.[guessable]
Course 9: Retire the International Domains
We could cease registering domains in the international top-
level domains.
The problem would immediately be relocated to the registries
and courts of individual countries. This would be very similar
to reverting to first-come, first-served in .com, save it would
now be in (eg) .com.us and presumably in .com.az.us.
In the case of either identical or very similar names, the
trademark holders would have to ``fight it out'' in court, but
would have a clear indication of what court system to use.
[identical][dilution]
Companies which were in different jurisdictions such as Judy's
Cafe in Tucson AZ and Judy's Cafe in El Paso, Texas, would be
able to easily distinguish themselves from one another. Com-
panies in the same jurisdiction would still suffer from the
inability to distinguish airlines from the like-named companies
in the trucking business. Litigation would presumably continue
over these issues.
Companies desiring a presence in all domains would need to
establish themselves in all possible national domains. [all
domains]
Company's domain names would be substantially easier to guess:
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one would have to have an idea of how wide an area they do
business in in order to know whether to look in .com.us or
.com.tucson.az.us. This has not proved a problem un the .ca
domain, where a similar scheme is employed.[guessable]
Course 9: Restrict the .com Domain to Multinationals
This would separate the problem into two: one relocatable, as
in the previous example, and one in correspondingly less chance
of clashes. As multinationals tend to avoid name-clashes in
any case, this might significantly reduce the size of the prob-
lem. [identical][dilution]
Multinationals also are among the main companies who desire to
protect their trademarks strongly and proactively. [all
domains]
Otherwise, the analysis is the same as the last case.
Course 10: Combinations
Finally, we might elect to try combinations of courses based on
their relative strengths and weaknesses.
It is plausible to have constrained or partially constrained
names with a special category for companies who are both
inclined to protect their trademarks strongly and who are
internationally known. If Ortel found it necessary to defend
its name against all similar names (eg, Nortel), then it might
ask for a higher-level domain than all other companies. In the
root if necessary, in .com if all the categories were to exist
within .com.
It is also plausible to have combinations of geography in sub-
national domains, and categories in national and international
domains.
Conclusions
Contrary to the author's previous opinion, it appears that some
combination of courses might meet the needs of copyright holders
as set out in the factors section above, and the public policy
recommendations of [AGMON].
Nevertheless, it is not apparent at this time what the correct
combination might be.
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Recommendations
The author recommends further study.
Allow the experiment to continue: this would allow allow multiple
different streams of development, inclusing those of Postel, Higgs,
Denninger, and similar experiments by autonomous national domains
(eg, .ca)
This is a direct parallell to the normal practice of requiring multi-
ple working implementations before proceeding to standardization.
The difference here is that at least two working instances of a
viable (if imperfect) solution might be asked for, rather than two
examples of working code.
Set groundrules so there would be no ``pollution'' of one experiment
by another: keep the experiments orthogonal to one another, so suc-
cess in a particular aspect could be clearly identified.
The author suggests commercial vs non-commercial registries (done),
shared versus singular-registry domains, synonym domains vs
categories (using unshared registries) and shared registries (using
any domain or domains).
Run the experiment for no less that one year nor more than two.
Mechanism
IANA shall seperate the namespaces.
The IANA shall reserve names from the U.S. and International Trade-
mark Classes for use by category-based top-level domains. It shall
authorize the creation of top-level domains with names which appear
on the World Intellectual Property Organizations' list, or in the
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's ``Trademark Acceptable Identifica-
tion of Goods and Services Manual'' only for experiments in categori-
cal naming. Suitable forms of the main categories will be acccepted
by the IANA for such categorical domains, and at their sole discre-
tion, names of sub-categories may be made available if in IANA's
opinion the category is over-broad. IANA shall refrain from author-
izing any top-level domains synonymous with those names. These names
are enumerated in Appendix B below, and forms suitable for use as
domain names are partially enumerated in [HIGGS].
IANA shall expressly permit creation of new top-level domains
synonymous to others, including existing domains, so long as they are
not synonymous with these categories.
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Finally, IANA shall permit at its discretion the creation of other
top-level domains, with naming schemes not discussed here, so long as
they are not synonymous with either of the above.
Within these new top-level domains, IANA shall reserve all second-
level names which match existing top-level domains categories and
sub-categories, to avoid the inadvertent creation of ambigous, redun-
dant or non-meaningfull domains such as oil.oil.
IANA may elect to authorize multi-level categorizations like
lubricants.oil if, after initial experimentation, it is their opinion
that such are desirable in place of or in addition to narrowly
defined top-level domains.
Appendices
Appendix A: International and U.S. Trademark Categories
From the World Intellectual Property Organization's (WIPO) list,
as established by the Nice Treaty and the U.S. Patent and Trade-
mark Office[USPTO]
Goods:
Class 001 Chemicals
Agar
Alum
Antifreeze
Compost
Desiccants
Humus
Loam
Manure
Saccharin
Additives (Concrete)
Admixtures (Concrete)
Agricultural lime
Artificial sweeteners
Blueprint paper
Brake fluid
Ceramic glazings
Chemicals (Chromatography)
Chemicals (Lithographic)
Chemicals (Photographic)
Chromatography chemicals
Concrete additives
Concrete admixtures
Distilled water
Dry ice
Fermentation extrat
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Flower preservative
Flush (Radiator)
Flux (Soldering)
Food (Plant)
Glazings (Ceramic)
Ice (Dry)
Lime (Agricultural)
Lithographic chemicals
Litmus paper
Paper (Blueprint)
Paper (Litmus)
Paper (Photosensitive)
Paste (Wallpaper)
Peat (fertilizer)
Photographic chemicals
Class 002 Paints
Varnish
Bactericidal paints
Color pigments
Enamels (Pottery)
Engraving ink
Gum turpentine
House paint
Ink (Printers')
Paint (Exterior)
Paint (House)
Paint (Interior)
Paint primer
Paint sealers
Paint thinner
Pigments (Color)
Pottery enamel
Preservatives (Wood)
Primers (Paint)
Printers' ink
Putty (Glaziers')
Sealers (Paint)
Size (Wall)
Stains (Leather)
Stains (Wood)
Toner cartridges
Turpentine (Gum)
Wall size
Watercolor paints
Wood preservatives
Agglutinates for paints
Anti-rust greases
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Anti-rust oils
Glazes (paints, lacquers)
Greases (Anti-rust)
Oil (Anti-rust)
Paint for artists
Photocopier toner
Size for walls
Toner for copiers
Wallpaper removing preparations
Class 003 Cosmetics and cleaning preparations
Antiperspirants
Blusher
Cologne
Dentifrices
Eyeliners
Incense
Lipstick
Makeup
Mascara
Mouthwash
Perfume
Potpourri
Rouge
Sachets
Sandpaper
Artificial eyelashes
Artificial fingernails
Baby oil
Baby powder
Baby shampoo
Baby wipes
Balm (Shaving)
Bath gel
Bath oil
Bath powder
Beauty masks
Bleach (Laundry)
Blush
Body cream
Body oil
Body powder
Breath freshener
Bubble bath
Chrome polish
Cobblers' wax
Cold cream
Conditioners (Hair)
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Cosmetic pencils
Cream (Body)
Cream (Cold)
Class 004 Lubricants and fuels
Anthracite
Candles
Firewood
Gasoline
Kerosene
Kindling
Naphtha
Paraffin
Tallow
Tapers
Automobile lubricants
Automotive greases
Automotive lubricants
Belt dressings
Briquettes (Charcoal)
Carnauba wax
Charcoal briquettes
Diesel fuel
Fireplace logs
Fuel oil
Fuels (Diesel)
Greases (Automotive)
Industrial lubricants
Industrial oils
Lamp oil
Lighter fluid
Logs (Fireplace)
Lubricants (Automobile)
Lubricants (Graphite)
Lubricants (Industrial)
Motor oil
Oil (Crude)
Oil (Fuel)
Oil (Industrial)
Oil (Lamp)
Oil (Motor)
Scented candles
Transmission fluid
Wax (Carnauba)
Charcoal lighter fluid
Class 005 Pharmaceuticals
Analgesics
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Antacids
Anthelmintics
Antiarrhythmics
Antibiotics
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Antidepressants
Antiemetics
Antiflatulants
Antihistamines
Antihypertensives
Antiparasitics
Antiseptics
Antivirals
Aspirin
Bronchodilators
Decongestants
Dermatologicals
Douches
Electrolytes
Expectorants
Gargles
Gauze
Hemoglobin
Hormones
Hydrocortisone
Hypnotics
Insulin
Iodine
Laxatives
Liniments
Merthiolate
Mildewstats
Poultices
Psychotropics
Rodenticides
Sedatives
Steroids
Suppositories
Class 006 Metal goods
Andirons
Anvils
Handcuffs
Nails
Spurs
Wire
Aluminum foil
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Anchors (Marine)
Barbed wire
Barrels (Metal)
Beams (Metal)
Bells (Metal)
Bins (Metal)
Bolts (Metal)
Boxes (Metal)
Brads (Metal)
Brazing rods
Buoys (Metal)
Cabinet stops
Casks (Metal)
Casters (Metal)
Casting alloys
Castings (Metal)
Chains (Metal)
Chests (Metal)
Chimneys (Metal)
Clamps (Metal)
Cornices (Metal)
Doorknobs (Metal)
Doorknockers (Metal)
Doors (Metal)
Eye bolts
Figurines (Pewter)
Flooring (Metal)
Floors (Metal)
Foil (Aluminum)
Foil (Metal)
Gate stops
Gates (Metal)
Gold solder
Andirons
Anvils
Handcuffs
Nails
Spurs
Wire
Aluminum foil
Anchors (Marine)
Barbed wire
Barrels (Metal)
Beams (Metal)
Bells (Metal)
Bins (Metal)
Bolts (Metal)
Boxes (Metal)
Collier-Brown [Page 19]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Brads (Metal)
Brazing rods
Buoys (Metal)
Cabinet stops
Casks (Metal)
Casters (Metal)
Casting alloys
Castings (Metal)
Chains (Metal)
Chests (Metal)
Chimneys (Metal)
Clamps (Metal)
Cornices (Metal)
Doorknobs (Metal)
Doorknockers (Metal)
Doors (Metal)
Eye bolts
Figurines (Pewter)
Flooring (Metal)
Floors (Metal)
Foil (Aluminum)
Foil (Metal)
Gate stops
Gates (Metal)
Gold solder
Andirons
Anvils
Handcuffs
Nails
Spurs
Wire
Aluminum foil
Anchors (Marine)
Barbed wire
Barrels (Metal)
Beams (Metal)
Bells (Metal)
Bins (Metal)
Bolts (Metal)
Boxes (Metal)
Brads (Metal)
Brazing rods
Buoys (Metal)
Cabinet stops
Casks (Metal)
Casters (Metal)
Casting alloys
Castings (Metal)
Collier-Brown [Page 20]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Chains (Metal)
Chests (Metal)
Chimneys (Metal)
Clamps (Metal)
Cornices (Metal)
Doorknobs (Metal)
Doorknockers (Metal)
Doors (Metal)
Eye bolts
Figurines (Pewter)
Flooring (Metal)
Floors (Metal)
Foil (Aluminum)
Foil (Metal)
Gate stops
Gates (Metal)
Gold solder
Class 007 Machinery
Bulldozers
Centrifuges
Conveyors
Cranes
Cyclones
Derricks
Dynamos
Elevators
Escalators
Hoists
Lathes
Plows
Snowblowers
Turbogenerators
Winches
Air compressors
Aircraft engines
Airplane motors
Aquarium pumps
Augers (Earth)
Bellows (Forge)
Boat engines
Boat motors
Boring machines
Brushes (Dynamo)
Cartoning machines
Centrifugal pumps
Compactors (Trash)
Compressors (Air)
Collier-Brown [Page 21]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Compressors (Refrigerator)
Concrete mixers
Cranes (Mobile)
Cyclone separators
Disposals (Garbage)
Dredging machines
Drivers (Pile)
Dynamo brushes
Earth augers
Egg incubators
Electric generators
Class 008 Hand tools
Axes
Bayonets
Chopsticks
Cleavers
Forks
Gimlets
Hoes
Machetes
Mallets
Mattocks
Nightsticks
Penknives
Pickaxes
Pliers
Rakes
Razors
Sabres
Scissors
Scythes
Shovels
Sickles
Sledgehammers
Spades
Spears
Spoons
Swords
Trowels
Tweezers
Whetstones
Aprons (Tool)
Belts (Tool)
Billy clubs
Blades (Planing)
Blades (Razor)
Branding irons
Collier-Brown [Page 22]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Buffers (Nail)
Butcher knives
Carpenter's clamps
Cases (Razor)
Caulking guns
Class 009 Electrical and scientific apparatus
Actinometers
Aerometers
Altimeters
Ammeters
Anemometers
Antennas
Barometers
Batteries
Binoculars
Calculators
Capacitors
Clinometer
Computers
Condensers
Converters
Cyclotrons
Dosimeters
Dynamometers
Epidiascopes
Eyeglasses
Galvanometers
Gasometers
Headphones
Hydrometers
Hygrometers
Kaleidoscopes
Loudspeakers
Megaphones
Metronomes
Microcomputers
Microfiche
Micrometers
Microphones
Microscopes
Minicomputers
Modems
Multiplexers
Odometers
Ohmmeters
Oscilloscopes
Collier-Brown [Page 23]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Class 010 Medical apparatus
Cannulae
Condoms
Crutches
Defibrillators
Dentures
Electrocardiographs
Gastroscopes
Lancets
Laryngoscopes
Ophthalmometers
Ophthalmoscopes
Otoscopes
Resuscitators
Retinoscopes
Scalpels
Sphygmomanometers
Stethoscopes
Sutures
Trusses
Abdominal belts
Abdominal corsets
Abdominal pads
Acupuncture needles
Anesthetic masks
Articulators (dental)
Artificial limbs
Artificial teeth
Baby bottles
Baby nursers
Bandages (Compression)
Bandages (Elastic)
Bed pans
Bed vibrators
Belts (Abdominal)
Belts (Orthopedic)
Birthing chairs
Blades (Surgical)
Blood filters
Bone implants
Bone screws
Class 011 Environmental control apparatus
Autoclaves
Bathtubs
Bidets
Chandeliers
Dehumidifiers
Collier-Brown [Page 24]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Faucets
Fireplaces
Flares
Flashlights
Freezers
Furnaces
Humidifiers
Hydrants
Incinerators
Kilns
Lamps
Lavatories
Refrigerators
Saunas
Searchlights
Showers
Sinks
Toilets
Whirlpools
Acetylene burners
Acetylene flares
Air conditioners
Aquarium heaters
Aquarium lights
Barbecue grills
Baths (Whirlpool)
Bathtub enclosures
Bicycle lights
Boilers (Furnace)
Burners (Acetylene)
Candelabras (Electric)
Ceiling fans
Clean rooms
Clothes dryers
Combustion chambers
Class 012 Vehicles
Airplanes
Ambulances
Automobiles
Barges
Bicycles
Boats
Buses
Canoes
Cars
Gliders
Gycopters
Collier-Brown [Page 25]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Helicopters
Hovercraft
Hydroplanes
Kayaks
Locomotives
Mopeds
Motorcycles
Oars
Parachutes
Rafts
Railcars
Sailboats
Sailplanes
Sculls
Seaplanes
Ships
Tires
Tractors
Tricycles
Trolleys
Trucks
Vans
Wagons
Wheelchairs
Yachts
Amphibious airplanes
Automobile bodies
Automobile bumpers
Automobile chassis
Class 013 Firearms
Ammunition
Bombs
Caissons
Cannons
Detonators
Dynamite
Explosives
Firearms
Firecrackers
Fuse
Grenades
Gunpowder
Guns
Holsters
Munitions
Muskets
Rifles
Collier-Brown [Page 26]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Squibs
Torpedoes
Air rifles
Ammunition bags
Ammunition wagons
Armored turrets
Artillery guns
Automatic carbines
Automatic guns
Automatic pistols
Automatic revolvers
Automatic rifles
Bags (Ammunition)
Barrels (Gun)
Barrels (Rifle)
Belts (Cartridge)
Belts (Shell)
Belts (Shot)
Blank cartridges
Blasting caps
Blasting compounds
Blasting explosives
Blasting gelatin
Class 014 Jewelry
Brooches
Charms
Chronometers
Clocks
Diamonds
Earrings
Emeralds
Jewelry
Medallions
Necklaces
Pearls
Pendants
Watches
Wristwatches
Alarm clocks
Ankle bracelets
Bands (Watch)
Bands (Wedding)
Bracelets (Ankle)
Bracelets (jewelry)
Cases (Watch)
Chains (Jewelry)
Chains (Watch)
Collier-Brown [Page 27]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Clips (Ear)
Clips (Tie)
Clocks (Alarm)
Clocks (Wall)
Costume jewelry
Cuff-links
Ear clips
Fasteners (Necktie)
Fasteners (Tie)
Findings (Jewelry)
Fobs (Watch)
Gemstones (Precious)
Gemstones (Semi
Jewelry (Costume)
Jewelry findings
Movements (Watch)
Necktie fasteners
Class 015 Musical instruments
Accordions
Bagpipes
Banjos
Bugles
Castanets
Clarinets
Drumheads
Drums
Drumsticks
Flutes
Guitars
Handbells
Harmonicas
Harps
Lyres
Mandolins
Organs
Pianos
Saxophones
Tambourines
Trombones
Ukeleles
Xylophones
Zithers
Acoustic guitars
Batons (Conductor's)
Boxes (Music)
Conductor's batons
Guitar picks
Collier-Brown [Page 28]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Guitar strings
Guitars (Acoustic)
Guitars (Electric)
Harmoniums
Music boxes
Music synthesizers
Picks (Guitar)
Player pianos
Strings (Guitar)
Synthesizers (Music)
Keyboards (Electronic musical)
Class 016 Paper goods and printed matter
Almanacs
Aquariums
Atlases
Bibles
Binders
Blackboards
Blotters
Blueprints
Bookbindings
Bookends
Bookmarks
Calendars
Cardboard
Caricatures
Chalk
Collages
Confetti
Copy
Copyholders
Coupons
Crayons
Decalcomanias
Decals
Diaries
Dictionaries
Easels
Electrotypes
Engravings
Envelopes
Etchings
Gazetteers
Globes
Hectographs
Illustrations
Lithographs
Collier-Brown [Page 29]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Maps
Markers
Monographs
Murals
Oleographs
Class 017 Rubber goods
Caulking
Air hoses
Building insulation
Caulking compounds
Clutch linings
Duct tape
Electrical tape
Fire hoses
Garden hoses
Gaskets (Pipe)
Hoses (Air)
Hoses (Fire)
Hoses (Garden)
Hoses (Lawn)
Hoses (Watering)
Insulation (Building)
Lawn hoses
Linings (Clutch)
Masking tape
Strapping tape
Tape (Duct)
Tape (Electrical)
Tape (Masking)
Tape (Strapping)
Watering hoses
Bottle stoppers (Rubber)
Carpet seam tape
Ceramic insulators (Electrical)
Cylinder joinings (seals)
Drywall joint tape
Electrical ceramic insulators
Electrical insulating tape
Fiberglass insulation (Residential)
Insulating plaster
Insulating tape (Electrical)
Insulation (Residential fiberglass)
Insulation for aircraft
Insulators (Electrical ceramic)
Joint tape (Drywall)
Jointings (seals) (Cylinder)
Collier-Brown [Page 30]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Class 018 Leather goods
Alpenstocks
Backpacks
Bandoliers
Billfolds
Briefbags
Briefcases
Canes
Daypacks
Handbags
Harnesses
Haversacks
Knapsacks
Luggage
Muzzles
Parasols
Pelts
Pocketbooks
Portmanteaus
Pullmans
Purses
Reins
Rucksacks
Saddlery
Saddles
Satchels
Suitcases
Thongs
Umbrellas
Valises
Wallets
Whips
Animal carriers
Animal harnesses
Animal leashes
Athletic bags
Attache cases
Baby backpacks
Backpacks (Baby)
Bags (Athletic)
Bags (Barrel)
Class 019 Non-metallic building materials
Alabaster
Asphalt
Balustrades
Bricks
Concrete
Collier-Brown [Page 31]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Fiberboard
Flagstones
Granite
Gravel
Grout
Hardboard
Limestone
Lumber
Marble
Mortars
Pavers
Pitch
Planks
Plaster
Plywood
Quartz
Sand
Shingles
Skylights
Slate
Staircases
Stones
Asphalt (Bitumen)
Asphalted felts
Bitumen asphalt
Blocks (Concrete)
Blocks (Refractory)
Booths (Telephone)
Bricks (Fireplace)
Bricks (Refractory)
Cement (Hydraulic)
Cement (Portland)
Cement (Roofing)
Cement mixes
Class 020 Furniture and articles not otherwise classified
Antlers
Armchairs
Bassinets
Beds
Beehives
Benches
Bookcases
Cabinetwork
Caskets
Casks
Chairs
Coatstands
Collier-Brown [Page 32]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Coffins
Corks
Cots
Couches
Credenzas
Cribs
Cupboards
Cushions
Desks
Divans
Drawers
Flagpoles
Footstools
Furniture
Hampers
Ivory
Lecterns
Lockers
Mannequins
Mattresses
Ottomans
Pillowforms
Pillows
Plaques
Playpens
Settees
Shelves
Shelving
Class 021 Housewares and glass
Beverageware
Bowls
Brooms
Buckets
Buttonhooks
Canteens
Cauldrons
Cups
Decanters
Epergnes
Flasks
Funnels
Goblets
Jugs
Mops
Mugs
Pails
Pitchers
Collier-Brown [Page 33]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Plates
Pots
Saucepans
Saucers
Scoops
Toothpicks
Trivets
Troughs
Urns
Vases
Whisks
Back scratchers
Basins (Earthenware)
Basins (Hand)
Basins (Sugar)
Basins (Wash)
Basins (bowls)
Baskets (Steamer)
Baskets (Wastepaper)
Basting spoons
Bathtubs (Baby)
Class 022 Cordage and fibers
Clothesline
Cord
Cordage
Fiberfill
Hammocks
Hemp
Horsehair
Jute
Kapok
Liber
Linter
Ropes
Sails
Sawdust
String
Tents
Tow
Twine
Acrylic fibers
Animal hair
Bags (Laundry)
Baling twine
Batting (Polyester)
Brattice cloth
Bungie cords
Collier-Brown [Page 34]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Camel hair
Canopies (Canvas)
Canvas canopies
Canvas tarpaulins
Cloth (Brattice)
Coconut fibers
Commercial nets
Cord (Macrame)
Cord (Sash)
Cords (Bungie)
Cotton (Raw)
Down (Eider)
Down feathers
Eiderdown (feathers)
Esparto grass
Class 023 Yarns and threads
Thread
Yarn
Angora yarn
Chenille yarn
Coir thread
Coir yarn
Cotton (Spun)
Cotton thread
Cotton yarn
Darning thread
Darning yarn
Eiderdown yarn
Elastic thread
Elastic yarn
Embroidery floss
Embroidery thread
Embroidery yarn
Fiberglass thread
Floss (Embroidery)
Hair yarn
Hemp thread
Hemp yarn
Jute thread
Jute yarn
Knitting yarn
Linen thread
Linen yarn
Plastic thread
Rayon thread
Rayon yarn
Rubber thread
Collier-Brown [Page 35]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Sail thread
Sewing thread
Sewing yarn
Shoemaker's thread
Silk (Spun)
Silk thread
Silk yarn
Spun cotton
Spun silk
Class 024 Fabrics
Afghans
Brocade
Buckram
Calico
Comforters
Curtains
Damask
Dimity
Draperies
Duvets
Flannel
Frieze
Fustian
Handkerchiefs
Linen
Quilts
Sackcloth
Saris
Shams
Shrouds
Taffeta
Towels
Tulle
Velvet
Washcloths
Banners (Cloth)
Barbecue mitts
Bath linen
Bed canopies
Bed linen
Bed pads
Bed sheets
Bed spreads
Billiard cloth
Bolting cloth
Bumpers (Crib)
Bunting (Cloth)
Collier-Brown [Page 36]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Canopies (Bed)
Canopies (Crib)
Cascades (Fabric)
Class 025 Clothing
Aprons
Ascots
Babushkas
Bandanas
Bandeaux
Bathrobes
Beachwear
Berets
Bikinis
Blazers
Bloomers
Blouses
Blousons
Boas
Boleros
Bonnets
Booties
Boots
Bottoms
Bras
Brassieres
Breeches
Bustiers
Caftans
Camisoles
Capes
Cardigans
Cassocks
Chaps
Chemises
Clogs
Coats
Collars
Corselets
Coveralls
Coverups
Cravats
Creepers
Cuffs
Culottes
Class 026 Fancy goods
Barrettes
Collier-Brown [Page 37]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Braids
Embroidery
Eyelets
Fringes
Needles
Passementerie
Ribbons
Thimbles
Toupees
Wigs
Zippers
Appliques (Fabric)
Artificial flowers
Artificial fruit
Artificial garlands
Artificial plants
Bands (Hair)
Basket clasps
Baskets (Sewing)
Belt clasps
Bobbin lace
Bows (Hair)
Boxes (Sewing)
Buckles (Clothing)
Buckles (Hair)
Buckles (Shoe)
Buttons (Press)
Buttons (Rivet)
Buttons (Shirt)
Campaign buttons
Chenille (passementerie)
Clasps (Basket)
Clasps (Belt)
Clothing buckles
Collar stays
Cosies (Tea)
Covers (Toaster)
Crochet hooks
Curling pins
Class 027 Floor coverings
Carpets
Rugs
Wallpaper
Artificial turf
Carpet padding
Carpet tiles
Carpet underlining
Collier-Brown [Page 38]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Cork mats
Mats (Cork)
Mats (Door)
Mats (Reed)
Mats (Rubber)
Mats (Straw)
Padding (Carpet)
Reed mats
Rubber mats
Turf (Artificial)
Automobiles (Carpets for)
Bath mats (Plastic)
Bath mats (Rubber)
Carpet underlay
Carpets for automobiles
Coverings (Plastic wall)
Coverings (Vinyl wall)
Door mats (Wooden)
Exercise mats (Gymnasium)
Gymnasium exercise mats
Mats (Gymnasium exercise)
Mats (Plastic bath)
Mats (Rubber bath)
Mats (Wooden door)
Vinyl wall coverings
Wall coverings (Plastic)
Wall coverings (Vinyl)
Door mats of textile
Floor mats for vehicles
Mats for vehicles (Floor)
Mats of textile (Door)
Vinyl floor coverings
Coverings for floors (Hard surface)
Class 028 Toys and sporting goods
Pinatas
Balloons
Barbells
Baseballs
Basketballs
Bobsleds
Boomerangs
Crossbows
Darts
Dice
Discuses
Dolls
Dominoes
Collier-Brown [Page 39]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Dumbbells
Footballs
Handballs
Kites
Marbles
Netballs
Paragliders
Puppets
Skateboards
Skis
Skittles
Snorkels
Spinning
Surfboards
Targets
Volleyballs
Waterskis
Action figures
Airplanes (Paper)
Airplanes (Toy)
Armor (Toy)
Arrows (Archery)
Arrows (toy)
Athletic supporters
Athletic tape
Baby rattles
Badminton rackets
Class 029 Meats and processed foods
Applesauce
Aspic
Bacon
Beef
Bologna
Bouillon
Butter
Caviar
Charcuterie
Chicken
Chowder
Cream
Eggs
Escargot
Gherkins
Guacamole
Ham
Jams
Jellies
Collier-Brown [Page 40]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Jerky
Kefir
Lard
Laver
Lentils
Liver
Margarine
Marmalade
Meat
Milk
Mincemeat
Omelets
Pate'
Piccalilli
Pickles
Pork
Quenelles
Raisins
Rennet
Salami
Sardines
Class 030 Staple foods
Allspice
Bagels
Biscuits
Bran
Bread
Brioches
Brownies
Buns
Burritos
Cakes
Candy
Capers
Caramels
Catsup
Chalupas
Cheesecake
Chervil
Chimichanga
Chocolate
Chutney
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cocoa
Coffee
Cookies
Collier-Brown [Page 41]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Couscous
Crackers
Crepes
Crumpets
Curry
Custards
Dough
Doughnuts
Dumplings
eclairs
Empanadas
Enchiladas
Fajitas
Farina
Flour
Class 031 Natural agricultural products
Hay
Mulch
Seedlings
Sod
Anchovies (Fresh)
Anchovies (Raw)
Anchovies (Unprocessed)
Animal feed
Animal foodstuffs
Apples (Fresh)
Apples (Raw)
Apples (Unprocessed)
Apricots (Fresh)
Apricots (Raw)
Apricots (Unprocessed)
Artichokes (Fresh)
Artichokes (Raw)
Artichokes (Unprocessed)
Asparagus (Fresh)
Asparagus (Raw)
Asparagus (Unprocessed)
Avocados (Fresh)
Avocados (Raw)
Avocados (Unprocessed)
Bark (Raw)
Beans (Fresh)
Beans (Raw)
Beans (Unprocessed)
Beets (Fresh)
Beets (Raw)
Beets (Unprocessed)
Collier-Brown [Page 42]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Beverages (Pet)
Bird seed
Blueberries (Fresh)
Blueberries (Raw)
Blueberries (Unprocessed)
Bulbs (Flower)
Bushes (Live)
Cabbage (Fresh)
Cabbage (Raw)
Class 032 Light beverages
Ale
Beer
Lager
Lemonade
Stout
Ale (Brunswick)
Beer (Ginger)
Beer (Malt)
Beer (Pale)
Beer wort
Brunswick ale
Cider (Sweet)
Fruit drinks
Fruit juices
Fruit nectars
Fruit punch
Ginger ale
Ginger beer
Malt beer
Malt wort
Mineral water
Must (unfermented)
Nectars (Fruit)
Porter (beer)
Punch (Fruit)
Quinine water
Seltzer water
Soda water
Sports drinks
Spring water
Table water
Water (Aerated)
Water (Drinking)
Water (Lithia)
Water (Mineral)
Water (Quinine)
Water (Seltzer)
Collier-Brown [Page 43]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Water (Soda)
Water (Spring)
Water (Table)
Class 033 Wines and spirits
Amontillado
Anisette
Arrack
Calvados
Champagne
Cognac
Cordials
Gin
Kirsch
Liqueurs
Mead
Ouzo
Rum
Sangria
Schnapps
Sherry
Tequila
Vermouth
Vodka
Whiskey
Aperitif wines
Bitters (Alcoholic)
Brandy spirits
Cider (Hard)
Cooking wine
Curacao
Herb liqueurs
Liqueurs (Herb)
Port wines
Punch (Alcoholic)
Punch (Wine)
Spirits (Brandy)
Wine (Aperitif)
Wine (Cooking)
Wine (Fruit)
Wine punches
Alcoholic cocktail (Prepared)
Aperitif bitters (Alcoholic)
Bitters (Alcoholic aperitif)
Cocktail (Prepared alcoholic)
Class 034 Smokers' articles
Cigarettes
Collier-Brown [Page 44]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Cigarillos
Cigars
Matches
Snuff
Tobacco
Chewing tobacco
Cigar cutters
Cigarette papers
Cutters (Cigar)
Papers (Cigarette)
Pipes (Smoking)
Pouches (Tobacco)
Smokeless tobacco
Smoking tobacco
Spittoons (Tobacco)
Tobacco (Chewing)
Tobacco (Smokeless)
Tobacco (Smoking)
Tobacco pouches
Cigarette rolling papers
Flints for lighters
Herbs for smoking
Papers (Cigarette rolling)
Pipe cleaners (Smoking)
Rolling papers (Cigarette)
Ashtrays, not of precious metal
Cigarettes (Pocket machines for rolling)
Machines for rolling cigarettes (Pocket)
Cases not of precious metal (Cigarette)
Cigarette cases, not of precious metal
Cigarette holders, not of precious metal
Cigarette lighters not for land vehicles
Cigarette lighters not of precious metal
Holders not of precious metal (Cigarette)
Lighters not for land vehicles (Cigarette)
Lighters not of precious metal (Cigarette)
Snuff boxes, not of precious metal
Match boxes not of precious metal
Match holders not of precious metal
Services:
Class 035 Advertising and business services
Auctioneering
Billing
Bookkeeping
Photocopying
Collier-Brown [Page 45]
INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Stenography
Telemarketing
Typing
Account auditing
Accounting (Cost)
Accounting services
Advertising agencies
Agencies (Employment)
Agencies (Modeling)
Analysis (Market)
Appraisal (Business)
Attorney referrals
Auditing (Account)
Auditing (Business)
Business appraisals
Business auditing
Business consultation
Business information
Business investigations
Business management
Business networking
Business planning
Business relocation
Business research
Business supervision
Buying clubs
Career placement
Clerical services
Clubs (Buying)
Commodity quotations
Consultation (Business)
Consultation (Demographic)
Consultation (Tax)
Copyright management
Cost accounting
Demographic consultation
Class 036 Insurance and financial services
Banking
Actuarial services
Administration (Insurance)
Annuity underwriting
Appraisal (Coin)
Appraisal (Jewelry)
Appraisal (Numismatic)
Appraisal (Stamp)
Art brokerage
Bail bonding
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Banking (Mortgage)
Betting services
Bonding (Bail)
Bonding services
Brokerage (Art)
Brokerage (Business)
Brokerage (Commodity)
Brokerage (Customs)
Brokerage (Insurance)
Brokerage (Investment)
Brokerage (Mortgage)
Brokerage (Pawn)
Brokerage (Security)
Brokerage (Stock)
Brokerage (Yacht)
Business brokerage
Cash management
Check cashing
Check processing
Check verification
Coin appraisal
Collection agencies
Commodity brokerage
Commodity exchange
Consultation (Insurance)
Consultation (Investment)
Credit agencies
Credit bureaus
Credit unions
Customs brokerage
Class 037 Construction and repair services
Asphalting
Bricklaying
Countersinking
Disinfecting
Fumigating
Plastering
Pumicing
Riveting
Rustproofing
Tinkering
Asbestos removal
Automobile cleaning
Automobile detailing
Automobile greasing
Automobile lubrication
Automobile painting
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Automobile pinstriping
Automobile polishing
Automobile washing
Automotive refinishing
Balancing (Tire)
Building demolition
Building inspection
Cabinet repair
Car cleaning
Car washing
Carpet cleaning
Chimney sweeping
Cleaning (Automobile)
Cleaning (Car)
Cleaning (Carpet)
Cleaning (Diaper)
Cleaning (Rug)
Cleaning (Textile)
Clock repair
Cloth ironing
Cloth laundering
Cloth laundry
Cloth pressing
Cloth washing
Class 038 Communication services
Teleprinting
Audio broadcasting
Audio teleconferencing
Broadcasting (Audio)
Broadcasting (Radio)
Broadcasting (Television)
Broadcasting (Video)
Communication (Radio)
Communication (Telephone)
Facsimile transmission
Paging services
Radio broadcasting
Radio communication
Teleconferencing (Audio)
Teleconferencing (Video)
Telegram transmission
Telegraph services
Telematic services
Teletext services
Television broadcasting
Transmission (Facsimile)
Transmission (Telegram)
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Video broadcasting
Video teleconferencing
Videotext services
Broadcasting (Cable radio)
Broadcasting (Cable television)
Broadcasting (Subscription television)
Cable radio broadcasting
Cable radio transmission
Cable television broadcasting
Cable television transmission
Cellular telephone services
Communication (Mobile radio)
Communication (Telegram transmission and)
Communication by telegram
Electronic mail services
Mail services (Electronic)
Mobile radio communication
Network conferencing services
Class 039 Transportation and storage services
Air transportation
Airplane chartering
Airport services
Ambulance transport
Automobile salvage
Barge transport
Boat chartering
Boat cruises
Boat storage
Boathouse services
Bridge operation
Brokerage (Freight)
Brokerage (Ship)
Brokerage (Transport)
Bus chartering
Car parking
Cargo handling
Cargo unloading
Chauffeur services
Clubs (Travel)
Courier services
Cruises (Boat)
Delivery (Document)
Delivery (Food)
Delivery (Message)
Delivery (Parcel)
Delivery (Pizza)
Drayage services
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Food delivery
Forwarding (Freight)
Freight brokerage
Freight forwarding
Fur storage
Furniture moving
Furniture storage
Handling (Cargo)
Hauling (Truck)
Lighterage services
Limousine services
Marina services
Class 040 Material treatment services
Blacksmithing
Boilermaking
Bookbinding
Coppersmithing
Dressmaking
Electroplating
Embroidering
Engraving
Galvanizing
Gilding
Grinding
Metallizing
Photofinishing
Photogravure
Recycling
Silversmithing
Smithing
Soldering
Tailoring
Tanning
Taxidermy
Welding
Woodworking
Air deodorizing
Air freshening
Air purification
Alteration (Clothing)
Blasting (Sand)
Blowing (Glass)
Cabinet making
Cadmium plating
Canning (Food)
Casting (Die)
Casting (Jewelry)
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Casting (Metal)
Ceramic glazing
Chromium plating
Clothing alteration
Crushing (Fruit)
Demineralization (Water)
Class 041 Education and entertainment services
Casinos
Discotheques
Gymnasiums
Libraries
Museums
Planetariums
Zoos
Amusement arcades
Amusement centers
Amusement parks
Animal exhibitions
Arcades (Amusement)
Ballet schools
Bookmobile services
Botanical gardens
Bowling alleys
Camps (Recreational)
Camps (Sport)
Camps (Summer)
Cinema studios
Cinema theaters
Clubs (Country)
Clubs (Fan)
Clubs (Health)
Clubs (Yacht)
Correspondence schools
Country clubs
Dance schools
Dance studios
Demonstrations (Educational)
Dinner theaters
Dog races
Dog shows
Educational demonstrations
Educational research
Educational testing
Exhibitions (Animal)
Fan clubs
Figure salons
Gardens (Botanical)
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Class 042 Miscellaneous services
Arbitration
Barbershops
Blueprinting
Bottling
Cabarets
Cafes
Cafeterias
Catering
Chaperoning
Cremation
Delicatessens
Dentistry
Drafting
Engineering
Guardianship
Hospices
Hospitals
Hostels
Hotels
Keypunching
Locksmithing
Manicuring
Mapping
Massage
Mediation
Motels
Pharmacies
Printing
Restaurants
Sanitariums
Supermarkets
Tattooing
Typesetting
Typography
Undertaking
Videotaping
Accident investigations
Adoption agencies
Adoption placement
Aerial photography
Appendix B: Appreciations of the Situation
This is a kind of document used by the military to teach junior off-
icers ``to use their heads for more than hatracks''. Writing
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appreciations is taught as a means of clarifying one's thoughts about
difficult problems.
An appreciation has /in +2
a single aim, stated without the use of ``and'' or ``or'',
limitations, which may constrain the problem,
factors, each of which affects at least one course of action,
courses of action, each of which is affected by some or all of the
factors, and
a conclusion.
All courses are annotated with the names of the factors which affect
them.
Readers are encouraged to look for missing relevant factors, missing
courses of action, factors which are not used by any (or some) of the
courses and courses which do not follow from the factors which sup-
posedly affect them.
References
[AGMON]
Agmon, Jonathan , Stacey Halpern and David Pauker, `` What's In A
Name?'', Chapter 6, ``The Problem And Criteria For A Solution'', a
publication of the Georgetown University Law Center,
http://www.law.georgetown.edu/lc/internic/domain1.html.
[DENNINGER]
Denninger, Karl, ``TOP LEVEL DOMAIN DELEGATION DRAFT'',
ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet-drafts/draft-denninger-itld-
admin-00.txt
[HIGGS]
Higgs, Simon, ``Top Level Domain Classification and Categoriza-
tion'', ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet-drafts/draft-higgs-
tld-cat-02.txt
[MASEK]
Masek, Jan, ``New Registries assignment, new iTLD formats and
implementation of International Top Level Domains",
ftp://ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-masek-itld-admin-00.txt
[POSTEL]
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INTERNET DRAFT September 1996
Postel, Jon, ``New Registries and the Delegation of International
Top Level Domains'', ftp://ietf.cnri.reston.va.us/internet-
drafts/draft-postel-iana-itld-admin-01.txt
[USPTO]
Definitive terms from the Trademark Acceptable Identification of
Goods and Services Manual are searchable at
http://www.uspto.gov/cgi-bin/goods-services.pl?NNN, where NNN is
the search string.
Thanks
The author wishes to thank Arron Leonard, Greg Woods, Carl Oppedahl,
Kent Crispin, Dan Busarow, Vince Wolodkin, Kathryn Kleiman and Simon
Higgs for their insights and spirited criticisms, with special thanks
to John R. Levine, who pointed out significant problems with using
generics and categories within TLDs and so inadvertently triggered
this paper. All the errors and omissions, however, are the author's.
``I can see so far because I stand upon the shoulders of Giants''.
Author's Address
David Collier-Brown
Email: davecb@hobbes.ss.org
Home: (416) 223-8968
Http: //java.science.yorku.ca/~davecb
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