Network Working Group                                       D. Farinacci
Internet-Draft                                                 V. Fuller
Intended status: Experimental                                   D. Meyer
Expires: April 25, 2009                                            Cisco
                                                        October 22, 2008


                  LISP Alternative Topology (LISP+ALT)
                      draft-fuller-lisp-alt-03.txt

Status of this Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on April 25, 2009.

















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Abstract

   This document describes a method of building an alternative, logical
   topology for managing Endpoint Identifier to Routing Locator mappings
   using the Locator/ID Separation Protocol.  The logical network is
   built as an overlay on the public Internet using existing
   technologies and tools, specifically the Border Gateway Protocol and
   the Generic Routing Encapsulation.  An important design goal for
   LISP+ALT is to allow for the relatively easy deployment of an
   efficient mapping system while minimizing changes to existing
   hardware and software.


Table of Contents

   1.  Requirements Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   4.  The LISP 1.5 model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   5.  LISP+ALT: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     5.1.  ITR traffic handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     5.2.  EID Assignment - Hierarchy and Topology  . . . . . . . . .  9
     5.3.  LISP+ALT Router  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.4.  ITR and ETR in a LISP+ALT Environment  . . . . . . . . . . 10
     5.5.  Use of GRE and BGP between LISP+ALT Routers  . . . . . . . 10
   6.  EID-to-RLOC mapping propagation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
     6.1.  Changes to ITR behavior with LISP+ALT  . . . . . . . . . . 12
     6.2.  Changes to ETR behavior with LISP+ALT  . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  BGP configuration and protocol considerations  . . . . . . . . 14
     7.1.  Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) in LISP+ALT . . . . . . . 14
     7.2.  Sub-Address Family Identifier (SAFI) for LISP+ALT  . . . . 14
   8.  EID-Prefix Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     8.1.  Traffic engineering with LISP and LISP+ALT . . . . . . . . 15
     8.2.  Edge aggregation and dampening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
   9.  Connecting sites to the ALT network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     9.1.  ETRs originating information into the ALT  . . . . . . . . 17
     9.2.  ITRs Receiving Information from the ALT  . . . . . . . . . 17
   10. IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
   11. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     11.1. Apparent LISP+ALT Vulnerabilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
     11.2. Survey of LISP+ALT Security Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . 21
     11.3. Using existing BGP Security mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . 21
   12. Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
   13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 25



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1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].














































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2.  Introduction

   This document describes a method of building an alternative logical
   topology for managing Endpoint identifier to Routing Locator mappings
   using the Locator/ID Separation Protocol [LISP].  This logical
   topology uses existing technology and tools, specifically the Border
   Gateway Protocol [RFC4271] and its multi-protocol extension
   [RFC2858], along with the Generic Routing Encapsulation [RFC2784]
   protocol to construct an overlay network of devices that advertise
   EID-prefixes only.  These Endpoint Identifier Prefix Aggregators hold
   hierarchically-assigned pieces of the Endpoint Identifier space
   (i.e., prefixes) and their next hops toward the network element which
   is authoritative for Endpoint Identifier-to-Routing Locator mapping
   for that prefix.  Tunnel routers can use this overlay to make queries
   against and respond to mapping requests made against the distributed
   Endpoint Identifier-to-Routing Locator mapping database.  Note the
   database is distributed (as described in [LISP]) and is stored in the
   ETRs.

   Note that an important design goal of LISP+ALT is to minimize the
   number of changes to existing hardware and/or software that are
   required to deploy the mapping system.  It is envisioned that in most
   cases existing technology can be used to implement and deploy LISP+
   ALT.  Since the deployment of LISP+ALT adds new devices to the
   network, existing devices not need changes or upgrades.  They can
   function as they are to realize an underlying and robust physical
   topology.

   The remainder of this document is organized as follows: Section 3
   provides the definitions of terms used in this document.  Section 4
   outlines the basic LISP 1.5 model.  Section 5 provides a basic
   overview of the LISP Alternate Topology architecture, and Section 6
   describes how the ALT uses BGP to propagate Endpoint Identifier
   reachability over the overlay network.  Section 8 describes the
   construction of the ALT aggregation hierarchy, and Section 9
   discusses how LISP+ALT elements are connected to form the overlay
   network.














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3.  Definition of Terms

   LISP+ALT operates on two name spaces and introduces a new network
   element, the LISP+ALT Router (see below).  This section provides
   high-level definitions of the LISP+ALT name spaces, network elements,
   and message types.

   The Alternative Logical Topology (ALT):  The virtual overlay network
      made up of tunnels between EID Prefix Aggregators.  The Border
      Gateway Protocol (BGP) runs between LISP+ALT routers and is used
      to carry reachability information for EID prefixes.

   Legacy Internet:  The portion of the Internet which does not run LISP
      and does not participate in LISP+ALT.

   LISP+ALT Router:  The devices which run on the ALT.  The ALT is a
      static network built using tunnels between LISP+ALT routers.
      These routers are deployed in a hierarchy in which routers at each
      level in the this hierarchy are responsible for aggregating all
      EID prefixes learned from those logically "below" them and
      advertising summary prefixes to the routers logically "above"
      them.  All prefix learning and propagation between levels is done
      using BGP.  LISP+ALT routers at the lowest level, or "edge", of
      the ALT learn EID prefixes either over a BGP session to ETRs or
      through static routes (in the case of the "low-opex ETR").  See
      Section 7 for details on how BGP is configured between the
      different network elements.

      The primary function of LISP+ALT routers is to provide a
      lightweight forwarding infrastructure for LISP control-plane
      messages (Map-Request and Map-Reply), and to transport data
      packets when the packet has the same destination address in both
      the inner (encapsulating) destination and outer destination
      addresses ((i.e., a Data Probe packet).

    Endpoint ID (EID):  A 32-bit (for IPv4) or 128-bit (for ipv6) value
      used in the source and destination address fields of the first
      (most inner) LISP header of a packet.  A packet that is emitted by
      a system contains EIDs in its headers and LISP headers are
      prepended only when the packet reaches an Ingress Tunnel Router
      (ITR) on the data path to the destination EID.

      In LISP+ALT, EID-prefixes MUST BE assigned in a hierarchical
      manner (in power-of-two) such that they can be aggregated by LISP+
      ALT routers.  In addition, a site may have site-local structure in
      how EIDs are topologically organized (subnetting) for routing
      within the site; this structure is not visible to the global
      routing system.



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   EID-Prefix Aggregate:  A set of EID-prefixes said to be aggregatable
      in the [RFC4632] sense.  That is, an EID-Prefix aggregate is
      defined to be a single contiguous power-of-two EID-prefix block.
      Such a block is characterized by a prefix and a length.

   Routing Locator (RLOC):  An IP address of an egress tunnel router
      (ETR).  It is the output of a EID-to-RLOC mapping lookup.  An EID
      maps to one or more RLOCs.  Typically, RLOCs are numbered from
      topologically-aggregatable blocks that are assigned to a site at
      each point to which it attaches to the global Internet; where the
      topology is defined by the connectivity of provider networks,
      RLOCs can be thought of as Provider Aggregatable (PA) addresses.
      Note that in LISP+ALT, RLOCs are not carried by LISP+ALT routers.

    EID-to-RLOC Mapping:  A binding between an EID and the RLOC-set that
      can be used to reach the EID.  The term "mapping" refers to an
      EID-to-RLOC mapping.

    EID Prefix Reachability:  An EID prefix is said to be "reachable" if
      one or more of its locators are reachable.  That is, an EID prefix
      is reachable if the ETR (or its proxy) that is authoritative for a
      given EID-to-RLOC mapping is reachable.

    Default Mapping:  A Default Mapping is a mapping entry for EID-
      prefix 0.0.0.0/0.  It maps to a locator-set used for all EIDs in
      the Internet.  If there is a more specific EID-prefix in the
      mapping cache it overrides the Default Mapping entry.  The Default
      Mapping route can be learned by configuration or from a Map-Reply
      message.

    Default Route:  A Default Route in the context of LISP+ALT is a EID-
      prefix value of 0.0.0.0/0 which is advertised by BGP on top of the
      ALT.  The Default Route is used to realize a path for Data Probe
      or Map-Request packets.

















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4.  The LISP 1.5 model

   As documented in [LISP], the LISP 1.5 model uses the same basic
   query/response protocol machinery as LISP 1.0.  In particular, LISP+
   ALT provides two mechanisms for an ITR to obtain EID-to-RLOC mappings
   (both of these techniques are described in more detail in
   Section 9.2):

   Data Probe:  An ITR may send the first few data packets into the ALT
      to minimize packet loss and to probe for the mapping; the
      authoritative ETR will respond to the ITR with a Map-Reply message
      when it receives the data packet over the ALT.  Note that in this
      case, the inner Destination Address (DA), which is an EID, is
      copied to the outer DA and is routed over the ALT.

   Map-Request:  An ITR may also send a Map-Request message into the ALT
      to request the mapping.  As in the Data Probe case, the
      authoritative ETR will respond to the ITR with a Map-Reply
      message.  In this case, the DA of the Map-Request MUST be an EID.
      See [LISP] for the format of Map-Request and Map-Reply packets.

   Like LISP 1.0, EIDs are routable and can be used, unaltered, as the
   source and destination addresses in IP datagrams.  Unlike in LISP
   1.0, LISP 1.5 EIDs are not routable on the public Internet; instead,
   they are only routed over a separate, virtual topology referred to as
   the LISP Alternative Virtual Network.  This network is built as an
   overlay on the public Internet using tunnels to interconnect LISP+ALT
   routers.  BGP is run over these tunnels to propagate the information
   needed to route Data Probes and Map-Request/Replies.  Importantly,
   while the ETRs are the source(s) of the unaggregated EID prefix data,
   LISP+ALT uses existing BGP mechanisms to aggressively aggregate this
   information.  Note that ETRs are not required to participate (or
   prevented from participating) in LISP+ALT; they may choose
   communicate their mappings to their serving LISP+ALT router(s) at
   subscription time via configuration.  ITRs are also not required to
   participate in (nor prevented from participating in) LISP+ALT.















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5.  LISP+ALT: Overview

   LISP+ALT is a hybrid push/pull architecture.  Aggregated EID prefixes
   are "pushed" among the LISP+ALT routers and, optionally, out to ITRs
   (which may elect to receive the aggregated information, as opposed to
   simply using a default mapping).  Specific EID-to-RLOC mappings are
   "pulled" by ITRs when they either send explicit LISP requests or data
   packets on the alternate topology that result in triggered replies
   being generated by ETRs.

   The basic idea embodied in LISP+ALT is to use BGP, running over an
   overlay network made up of Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
   tunnels, to establish reachability required to route Data Probes,
   Map-Requests, and Map-Replies over the alternate topology (ALT).  The
   ALT RIB (BGP RIB) is comprised of EID prefixes (and associated next
   hops).  The LISP+ALT routers talk eBGP to each other in order to
   propagate EID prefix update information, which is learned either over
   eBGP connections from the authoritative ETR, or by configuration.
   ITRs may also eBGP peer with one or more LISP+ALT routers in order to
   route Data Probe packets or Map-Requests (more likely, an ITR will
   have a default mapping pointing at one or more LISP+ALT routers).

   Note that while this document explicitly specifies the use of GRE as
   a tunneling mechanism, there is no reason that a ALT cannot be built
   using other tunneling technologies.  In cases where GRE does not meet
   security, management, or other operational requirements, it is
   reasonable to use another tunneling technology that does.  References
   to "GRE tunnel" in later sections of this document should therefore
   not be taken as prohibiting or precluding the use of other, available
   tunneling mechanisms.

   In summary, LISP+ALT uses BGP to propagate EID-prefix update
   information used by ITRs and ETRs to forward Map-Requests, Map-
   Replies, and Data Probes.  This reachability is carried as IPv4 or
   IPv6 NLRI without modification (since the EID space has the same
   syntax as IPv4 or IPv6).  LISP+ALT routers eBGP peer with one
   another, forming the ALT.  An LISP+ALT router near the edge learns
   EID prefixes which are originated by authoritative ETRs, either by
   eBGP peering with them or by configuration.  LISP+ALT routers
   aggregate EID prefixes, and forward Data Probes, Map-Requests, and
   Map-Replies.

5.1.  ITR traffic handling

   When an ITR receives a packet originated by an end system within its
   site (i.e. a host for which the ITR is the exit path out of the site)
   and the destination for that packet is not known in the ITR's mapping
   cache, the ITR encapsulates the packet in a LISP header, copying the



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   inner destination address (EID) to the outer destination address
   (RLOC), and transmits it through a GRE tunnel to a LISP+ALT router in
   the ALT.  This "first hop" LISP+ALT router uses EID-prefix routing
   information learned from other LISP+ALT routers via BGP to guide the
   packet to the ETR which "owns" the prefix.  Upon receipt by the ETR,
   normal LISP processing occurs: the ETR responds to the ITR with a
   LISP Map-Reply that lists the RLOCs (and, thus, the ETRs to use) for
   the EID prefix.  The ETR also de-encapsulates the packet and
   transmits it toward its destination.

   Upon receipt of the Map-Reply, the ITR installs the RLOC information
   for a given prefix into a local mapping database.  With these mapping
   entries stored, additional packets destined to the given EID prefix
   are routed directly to a viable ETR without use of the ALT, until
   either the entry's TTL has expired, or the ITR can otherwise find no
   reachable ETR.  Note that a valid mapping (not timed-out) may exist
   that contains no reachable RLOCs (i.e. all paths to that ETR are
   down); in this case, packets destined to the EID prefix are dropped,
   not routed through the ALT.

   Traffic routed over the ALT therefore consists of:

   o  EID prefix Map-Requests, and

   o  data packets destined for those EID prefixes while the ITR awaits
      map replies

5.2.  EID Assignment - Hierarchy and Topology

   EID-prefixes will be allocated to a LISP site by Internet Registries.
   Multiple allocations may not be in power-of-2 blocks.  But when they
   are, they will be aggregated into a single, advertised EID-prefix.
   The ALT network is built in a tree-structured hierarchy to allow
   proxy aggregation at merge points in the tree.  Building such a
   structure should minimize the number of EID-prefixes carried by LISP+
   ALT nodes near the top of the hierarchy.

   Since the ALT will not need to change due to subscription or policy
   reasons, the topology can remain relatively static and aggregation
   can be sustained.  Because routing on the ALT uses BGP, the same
   rules apply for generating aggregates; in particular, a LISP+ALT
   router should only be configured to generate an aggregate if it is
   able to learn reachability information for all components (more-
   specific prefixes) of that aggregate.  This means, for example, that
   two ALTs that share an overlapping set of prefixes must exchange
   those prefixes if either is to generate and export a covering
   aggregate for those prefixes.




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   Note: much is currently uncertain about the best way to build the ALT
   network; as testing and prototype deployment proceeds, a guide to how
   to best build the ALT network will be developed.

5.3.  LISP+ALT Router

   A LISP+ALT Router has the following functionality:

   1.  It runs, at a minimum, the eBGP part of the BGP protocol.

   2.  It supports a separate RIB which uses next-hop GRE tunnel
       interfaces for forwarding Data Probes and Map-Requests.

   3.  It can act as a "proxy-ITR" to support non-LISP sites.

   4.  It can act as an ETR, or as a recursive or re-encapsulating ITR
       to reduce mapping tables in site-based LISP routers.

5.4.  ITR and ETR in a LISP+ALT Environment

   An ITR using LISP+ALT may have additional functionality as follows:

   1.  If it is also acting as a LISP+ALT Router, it sends Data Probes
       or Map-Requests on the BGP best path computed GRE tunnel for each
       EID prefix.

   2.  When acting solely as a ITR, it sends Data Probes or Map-Requests
       directly to a configured LISP+ALT router.

   An ETR using LISP+ALT may also behave slightly differently:

   1.  If it is also acting as a LISP+ALT router, it advertises its
       configured EID-prefixes into BGP for distribution through the
       ALT.

   2.  It receives Data Probes and Map-Requests only over GRE tunnel(s)
       to its "upstream" LISP+ALT router(s) and responds with Map-
       Replies for the EID prefixes that it "owns".

5.5.  Use of GRE and BGP between LISP+ALT Routers

   The ALT network is built using GRE tunnels between LISP+ALT routers.
   eBGP sessions are configured over those tunnels, with each LISP+ALT
   router acting as a separate AS "hop" in a Path Vector for BGP.  For
   the purposes of LISP+ALT, the AS-path is used solely as a shortest-
   path determination and loop-avoidance mechanism.  Because all next-
   hops are on tunnel interfaces, no IGP is required to resolve those
   next-hops to exit interfaces.



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   LISP+ALT's use of GRE and BGP reduces provider Operational Expense
   (OPEX) because no new protocols need to be either defined or used on
   the overlay topology.  Also, since tunnel IP addresses are local in
   scope, no coordination is needed for their assignment; any addressing
   scheme (including private addressing) can be used for tunnel
   addressing.













































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6.  EID-to-RLOC mapping propagation

   As described in Section 9.2, an ITR may send either a Map-Request or
   a data probe to find a given EID-to-RLOC mapping.  The ALT provides
   the infrastructure that allows these requests to reach the
   authoritative ETR, and possibly for the reply to find its way back to
   the requesting ITR (the ETR might choose to send the Map-Reply to the
   requesting ITR's source-RLOC, bypassing the ALT).

   LISP+ALT routers propagate mapping information for use by ITRs (when
   making Map-Requests or sending Data Probes), and ETRs (if the ETR is
   configured to send Map-Replies back to the requesting ITR over the
   ALT) using eBGP [RFC4271]. eBGP is run on the inter-LISP+ALT router
   links, and and possibly between an edge LISP+ALT router and an ETR or
   between an edge LISP+ALT router and an ITR.  The ALT eBGP RIB
   consists of aggregated EID prefixes and their next hops toward the
   authoritative ETR for that EID prefix.

6.1.  Changes to ITR behavior with LISP+ALT

   When using LISP+ALT, an ITR always sends either Data Probes or Map-
   Requests to one of its "upstream" LISP+ALT routers.  As in basic
   LISP, it should use one of its RLOCs as the source address of these
   queries; it should explicitly not use a tunnel interface as the
   source address as doing so will cause replies to be forwarded over
   the tunneled topology and may be problematic if the tunnel interface
   address is not explicitly routed throughout the ALT.  If the ITR is
   running BGP with the LISP+ALT router(s), it selects the appropriate
   LISP+ALT router based on the BGP information received.  If it is not
   running BGP, it uses static configuration to select a LISP+ALT
   router; in the general case, this will effectively be an "EID-prefix
   default route".

6.2.  Changes to ETR behavior with LISP+ALT

   If an ETR connects using BGP to one or more LISP+ALT router(s), it
   simply announces its EID-prefix to those LISP+ALT routers.  In the
   "low-opex" case, where the ETR does not use BGP, it will still have a
   GRE tunnel to one or more LISP+ALT routers; these LISP+ALT router(s)
   the ETR must route Map-Requests and Data Probes to the ETR and
   contain configuration (in effect, static routes) for the ETR's EID-
   prefixes.  Note that in either case, when an ETR generates a Map-
   Reply message to return to a querying ITR, it sends it to the ITR's
   source-RLOC (i.e., on the underlying Internet topology, not on the
   ALT; this avoids any latency penalty that might be incurred by
   routing over the ALT).

   See also Section 9 for more details about the "low-opex" ETR and ITR



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   configurations.


















































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7.  BGP configuration and protocol considerations

7.1.  Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs) in LISP+ALT

   The primary use of BGP today is to define the global Internet routing
   topology in terms of its participants, known as Autonomous Systems.
   LISP+ALT specifies the use of BGP to create a global EID-to-RLOC
   mapping database which, while related to the global routing database,
   serves a very different purpose and is organized into a very
   different hierarchy.  Because LISP+ALT does use BGP, however, it uses
   ASNs in the paths that are propagated among LISP+ALT routers.  To
   avoid confusion, it needs to be stressed that that these LISP+ALT
   ASNs use a new numbering space that is unrelated to the ASNs used by
   the global routing system.  Exactly how this new space will be
   assigned and managed will be determined during experimental
   deployment of LISP+ALT.

   Note that the LISP+ALT routers that make up the "core" of the ALT
   will not be associated with any existing core-Internet ASN because
   topology, hierarchy, and aggregation boundaries are completely
   separate from and independent of the global Internet routing system.

7.2.  Sub-Address Family Identifier (SAFI) for LISP+ALT

   As defined by this document, LISP+ALT may be implemented using BGP
   without modification.  Given the fundamental operational difference
   between propagating global Internet routing information (the current,
   dominant use of BGP) and managing the global EID-to-RLOC database
   (the use of BGP proposed by this document), it may be desirable to
   assign a new SAFI [RFC2858] to prevent operational confusion and
   difficulties, including the inadvertent leaking of information from
   one domain to the other.  At present, this document does not require
   the assignment of a new SAFI but the authors anticipate that
   experimentation may suggest the need for one in the future.

















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8.  EID-Prefix Aggregation

   The ALT BGP peering topology should be arranged in a tree-like
   fashion (with some meshiness), with redundancy to deal with node and
   link failures.  A basic assumption is that as long as the routers are
   up and running, the underlying topology will provide alternative
   routes to maintain BGP connectivity among LISP+ALT routers.

   Note that, as mentioned in Section 5.2, the use of BGP by LISP+ALT
   requires that information can only be aggregated where all active
   more-specific prefixes of a generated aggregate prefix are known.
   This implies, for example, that if a given set of prefixes is used by
   multiple, ALT networks, those networks must interconnect and share
   information about all of the prefixes if either were to generate an
   aggregate prefix that covered all of them.  This is no different than
   the way that BGP route aggregation works in the existing global
   routing system: a service provider only generates an aggregate route
   if it has connectivity to all prefixes that make up that aggregate.

8.1.  Traffic engineering with LISP and LISP+ALT

   It is worth noting that LISP+ALT does not directly propagate EID-to-
   RLOC mappings.  What it does is provide a mechanism for a LISP ITR to
   find the ETR that holds the mapping for a particular EID prefix.
   This distinction is important for several reasons.  First, it means
   that the reachability of RLOCs is learned through the LISP ITR-ETR
   exchange so "flapping" of state information through BGP is not likely
   nor can mapping information become "stale" by slow propagation
   through the ALT BGP mesh.  Second, by deferring EID-to-RLOC mapping
   to an ITR-ETR exchange, it is possible to perform site-to-site
   traffic engineering through a combination of setting the preference
   and weight fields and by returning more-specific EID-to-RLOC
   information in LISP Map-Reply messages.  This is a powerful mechanism
   that can conceivably replace the traditional practice of routing
   prefix deaggregation for traffic engineering purposes.  Rather than
   propagating more-specific information into the global routing system
   for local- or regional-optimization of traffic flows, such more-
   specific information can be exchanged, through LISP (not LISP+ALT),
   on an as-needed basis between only those ITRs/ETRs (and, thus, site
   pairs) that need it; should a receiving ITR decide that it does not
   wish to store such more-specific information, it has the option of
   discarding it as long as a shorter, covering EID prefix exists.  Not
   only does this greatly improve the scalability of the global routing
   system but it also allows improved traffic engineering techniques by
   allowing richer and more fine-grained policies to be applied.






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8.2.  Edge aggregation and dampening

   Note also that normal BGP best common practices apply to the ALT
   network.  In particular, first-hop ALT routers will aggregate EID
   prefixes and dampen changes to them in the face of excessive updates.
   Since EID-to-RLOC mappings are not expected to change with anywhere
   near the frequency as BGP prefix reachability on the Internet, such
   dampening should be very rare and might be worthy of logging as an
   exceptional event.










































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9.  Connecting sites to the ALT network

9.1.  ETRs originating information into the ALT

   EID prefix information is originated into the ALT by two different
   mechanisms:

   eBGP:  An ETR may participate in the LISP+ALT overlay network by
      running eBGP to one or more LISP+ALT router(s) over GRE tunnel(s).
      In this case, the ETR advertises reachability for its EID prefixes
      over these eBGP connection(s).  The LISP+ALT router(s) that
      receive(s) these prefixes then propagate(s) them into the ALT.
      Here the ETR is simply an eBGP peer of LISP+ALT router(s) at the
      edge of the ALT.  Where possible, a LISP+ALT router that receives
      EID prefixes from an ETR via eBGP should aggregate that
      information.

   Configuration:  One or more LISP+ALT router(s) may be configured to
      originate an EID prefix on behalf of the non-BGP-speaking ETR that
      is authoritative for a prefix.  As in the case above, the ETR is
      connected to LISP+ALT router(s) using GRE tunnel(s) but rather
      than BGP being used, the LISP+ALT router(s) are configured with
      what are in effect "static routes" for the EID prefixes "owned" by
      the ETR.  The GRE tunnel is used to route Map-Requests to the ETR
      (if necessary), and for the ETR to respond with Map-Replies.  Of
      course, the LISP+ALT router could also serve as a proxy for its
      TCP-connected ETRs.

   Note:  in both cases, an ETR may have connections to to multiple
      LISP+ALT routers for the following reasons:

      *  redundancy, so that a particular ETR is still reachable through
         the ALT even if one path or tunnel is unavailable.

      *  to connect to different parts of the ALT hierarchy if the ETR
         "owns" multiple EID-to-RLOC mappings for EID prefixes that
         cannot be aggregated by the same LISP+ALT router (i.e. are not
         topologically "close" to each other in the ALT).

9.2.  ITRs Receiving Information from the ALT

   In order to source Map-Requests to the ALT and receive Map-Replies
   from the ALT, or to route a Data Probe packet over the ALT, each ITR
   participating in the ALT establishes a connection to one or more
   LISP+ALT routers.  These connections can be either eBGP or TCP (as
   described above).

   In the case in which the ITR is running eBGP, the peer LISP+ALT



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   routers use these connections to advertise highly aggregated EID-
   prefixes to the peer ITRs.  The ITR then installs the received
   prefixes into a forwarding table that is used to to send LISP Map-
   Requests to the appropriate LISP+ALT router.  In most cases, a LISP+
   ALT router will send a default mapping to its client ITRs so that
   they can send request for any EID prefix into the ALT.

   In the case in which the ITR is connected to some set of LISP+ALT
   routers without eBGP, the ITR sends Map-Requests to any of its
   connected LISP+ALT routers, and receives Map-Replies from the LISP+
   ALT router that has the "shortest path" to the authoritative ETR.

   An ITR may also choose to send the first few data packets over the
   ALT to minimize packet loss and reduce mapping latency.  In this
   case, the data packet serves as a mapping probe (Data Probe) and the
   ETR which receives the data packet (over the ALT) responds with a
   Map-Reply that is either routed back over the ALT or send to the
   ITR's source-RLOC over the underlying topology.

   In general, an ITR will establish connections only to LISP+ALT
   routers at the "edge" of the ALT (typically two for redundancy) but
   there may also be situations where an ITR would connect to other
   LISP+ALT routers to receive additional, shorter path information
   about a portion of the ALT of interest to it.  This can be
   accomplished by establishing GRE tunnels between the ITR and the set
   of LISP+ALT routers with the additional information.  This is a
   purely local policy issue between the ITR and the LISP+ALT routers in
   question.























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10.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes no request of the IANA.
















































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11.  Security Considerations

   LISP+ALT shares many of the security characteristics of BGP.  Its
   security mechanisms are comprised of existing technologies in wide
   operational use today.  Securing LISP+ALT is much simpler than
   securing BGP.

   Compared to BGP, LISP+ALT routers are not topologically bound,
   allowing them to be put in locations away from the vulnerable AS
   border (unlike eBGP speakers).

11.1.  Apparent LISP+ALT Vulnerabilities

   This section briefly lists of the apparent vulnerabilities of LISP+
   ALT.

   Mapping Integrity:  Can an attacker insert bogus mappings to black-
      hole (create a DoS) or intercept LISP data-plane packets?

   LISP+ALT router Availability:  Can an attacker DoS the LISP+ALT
      routers connected to a given ETR? without access to its mappings,
      a site is essentially unavailable.

   ITR Mapping/Resources:  Can an attacker force an ITR or LISP+ALT
      router to drop legitimate mapping requests by flooding it with
      random destinations that it will have to query for.  Further study
      is required to see the impact of admission control on the overlay
      network.

   EID Map-Request Exploits for Reconnaissance:  Can an attacker learn
      about a LISP destination sites' TE policy by sending legitimate
      mapping requests messages and then observing the RLOC mapping
      replies?  Is this information useful in attacking or subverting
      peer relationships?  Note that LISP 1.0 has a similar data-plane
      reconnaissance issue.

   Scaling of LISP+ALT router Resources:  Paths through the ALT may be
      of lesser bandwidth than more "direct" paths; this may make them
      more prone to high-volume denial-of-service attacks.

   UDP Map-Reply from ETR:  If Map-Replies packets are sent directly
      from the ETR to the ITR's RLOC, the ITR's RLOC may be vulnerable
      to various types of DoS attacks.








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11.2.  Survey of LISP+ALT Security Mechanisms

   Explicit peering:  The devices themselves can both prioritize
      incoming packets as well as potentially do key checks in hardware
      to protect the control plane.

   Use of TCP to connect elements:  This makes it difficult for third
      parties to inject packets.

   Use of HMAC Protected TCP Connections:  HMAC is used to verify
      message integrity and authenticity, making it nearly impossible
      for third party devices to either insert or modify messages.

   Message Sequence Numbers and Nonce Values in Messages:  This allows
      for devices to verify that the mapping-reply packet was in
      response to the mapping-request that they sent.

11.3.  Using existing BGP Security mechanisms

   LISP+ALT's use of BGP allows for the ALT to take advantage of BGP
   security features designed for existing Internet BGP use.

   For example, should either sBGP [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr] or soBGP
   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture] become widely deployed it expected that
   LISP+ALT could use these mechanisms to provide authentication of EID-
   to-RLOC mappings, and EID origination.

























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12.  Acknowledgments

   Many of the ideas described in this document were developed during
   detailed discussions with Scott Brim and Darrel Lewis, who made many
   insightful comments on earlier versions of this document.














































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13.  References

13.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              March 2000.

   [RFC2858]  Bates, T., Rekhter, Y., Chandra, R., and D. Katz,
              "Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", RFC 2858, June 2000.

   [RFC4271]  Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
              Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.

   [RFC4632]  Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing
              (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation
              Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006.

13.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.murphy-bgp-secr]
              Murphy, S., "BGP Security Analysis",
              draft-murphy-bgp-secr-04 (work in progress),
              November 2001.

   [I-D.white-sobgparchitecture]
              White, R., "Architecture and Deployment Considerations for
              Secure Origin BGP (soBGP)",
              draft-white-sobgparchitecture-00 (work in progress),
              May 2004.

   [LISP]     Farinacci, D., Oran, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)",
              draft-farinacci-lisp-10.txt (work in progress),
              November 2008.













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Authors' Addresses

   Dino Farinacci
   Cisco
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com


   Vince Fuller
   Cisco
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com


   Dave Meyer
   Cisco
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dmm@cisco.com
























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Full Copyright Statement

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