CDNI                                                            K. Leung
Internet-Draft                                            F. Le Faucheur
Intended status: Standards Track                           Cisco Systems
Expires: December 3, 2015                             R. van Brandenburg
                                                                     TNO
                                                               B. Downey
                                                            Verizon Labs
                                                               M. Fisher
                                                      Limelight Networks
                                                            June 1, 2015


               URI Signing for CDN Interconnection (CDNI)
                     draft-ietf-cdni-uri-signing-04

Abstract

   This document describes how the concept of URI signing supports the
   content access control requirements of CDNI and proposes a URI
   signing scheme.

   The proposed URI signing method specifies the information needed to
   be included in the URI and the algorithm used to authorize and to
   validate access requests for the content referenced by the URI.  The
   algorithm includes specific provisions for allowing access control of
   HTTP Adaptive Streaming content that is characterized by independent
   chunks referenced by a manifest file.

   The proposed mechanism is also applicable in a non-CDNI context.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 3, 2015.





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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Background on URI Signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  CDNI URI Signing Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.4.  URI Signing in a non-CDNI context . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   2.  URI Signing and HTTP Adaptive Streaming . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   3.  Signed URI Information Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     3.1.  Enforcement Information Elements  . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     3.2.  Signature Computation Information Elements  . . . . . . .  13
     3.3.  URI Signature Information Elements  . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     3.4.  URI Signing Package Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     3.5.  User Agent Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   4.  Generating a URI Signature  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.1.  Creating a Signed URI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       4.1.1.  Calculating the URI Signature (Signed URI)  . . . . .  18
       4.1.2.  Packaging the URI Signature (Signed URI)  . . . . . .  21
     4.2.  Creating an initial Signed Token  . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       4.2.1.  Calculating the URI Signature (initial Signed Token)   22
       4.2.2.  Packaging the URI Signature (initial Signed Token)  .  26
         4.2.2.1.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 3xx
                   Redirection message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
         4.2.2.2.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 2xx
                   Successful message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   5.  Validating a URI Signature  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     5.1.  Information Element Extraction  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     5.2.  Signature Validation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
     5.3.  Distribution Policy Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     5.4.  Subsequent Signed Token Generation  . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       5.4.1.  Calculating the URI Signature (subsequent Signed
               Token)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       5.4.2.  Packaging the URI Signature (subsequent Signed Token)  37



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         5.4.2.1.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 3xx
                   Redirection message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
         5.4.2.2.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 2xx
                   Successful message  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
   6.  Relationship with CDNI Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     6.1.  CDNI Control Interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     6.2.  CDNI Footprint & Capabilities Advertisement Interface . .  39
     6.3.  CDNI Request Routing Redirection Interface  . . . . . . .  40
     6.4.  CDNI Metadata Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
     6.5.  CDNI Logging Interface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
   7.  URI Signing Message Flow  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     7.1.  HTTP Redirection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
     7.2.  DNS Redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
   9.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
   10. Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
   11. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54

1.  Introduction

   This document describes the concept of URI Signing and how it can be
   used to provide access authorization in the case of interconnected
   CDNs (CDNI).  The primary goal of URI Signing is to make sure that
   only authorized User Agents (UAs) are able to access the content,
   with a Content Service Provider (CSP) being able to authorize every
   individual request.  It should be noted that URI Signing is not a
   content protection scheme; if a CSP wants to protect the content
   itself, other mechanisms, such as DRM, are more appropriate.

   The overall problem space for CDN Interconnection (CDNI) is described
   in CDNI Problem Statement [RFC6707].  In this document, along with
   the CDNI Requirements [RFC7337] document and the CDNI Framework
   [RFC7336] the need for interconnected CDNs to be able to implement an
   access control mechanism that enforces the CSP's distribution policy
   is described.

   Specifically, CDNI Framework [RFC7336] states:

   "The CSP may also trust the CDN operator to perform actions such as
   ..., and to enforce per-request authorization performed by the CSP
   using techniques such as URI signing."

   In particular, the following requirement is listed in CDNI
   Requirements [RFC7337]:



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   "MI-16 [HIGH] The CDNI Metadata Distribution interface shall allow
   signaling of authorization checks and validation that are to be
   performed by the surrogate before delivery.  For example, this could
   potentially include:

   * need to validate URI signed information (e.g.  Expiry time, Client
   IP address)."

   This document proposes a URI Signing scheme that allows Surrogates in
   interconnected CDNs to enforce a per-request authorization performed
   by the CSP.  Splitting the role of performing per-request
   authorization by CSP and the role of validation of this authorization
   by the CDN allows any arbitrary distribution policy to be enforced
   across CDNs without the need of CDNs to have any awareness of the
   actual CSP distribution policy.

1.1.  Terminology

   This document uses the terminology defined in CDNI Problem Statement
   [RFC6707].

   This document also uses the terminology of Keyed-Hashing for Message
   Authentication (HMAC) [RFC2104] including the following terms
   (reproduced here for convenience):

   o  MAC: message authentication code.

   o  HMAC: Hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) is a specific
      construction for calculating a MAC involving a cryptographic hash
      function in combination with a secret key.

   o  HMAC-SHA256: HMAC instantiation using SHA-256 as the cryptographic
      hash function.

   o  SHA-1: Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) [RFC3174] is the
      cryptographic hash function.

   In addition, the following terms are used throughout this document:

   o  URI Signature: Message digest or digital signature that is
      computed with an algorithm for protecting the URI and/or a set of
      URI Signing Information Elements.

   o  URI Signing Information Element: An element containing information
      used in the URI Signature validation process that is signalled
      along with the URI Signature in either the Signed URI or in a
      Signed Token.  It is protected by the URI Signature.




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   o  Original URI: The URI before URI Signing is applied.

   o  Signed URI: Any URI that contains a URI Signature.  It can be used
      to retrieve one particular resource, indicated by the URI.

   o  Signed Token: A set of URI Signing Information Elements protected
      by a URI Signature that can be used to retrieve a pre-determined
      set of resources.  It can be communicated via a URL, an HTTP
      Header or a Cookie.  A Signed Token differs from a Signed URI in
      the sense that the token is valid for multiple resources and it's
      embedded URI Signature thus does not protect a particular URI.  It
      can be used to form a Signed Token Chain in the case of HTTP
      Adaptive Streaming content.

   o  Target CDN URI: Embedded URI created by the CSP to direct UA
      towards the Upstream CDN.  The Target CDN URI can be signed by the
      CSP and verified by the Upstream CDN.

   o  Redirection URI: URI created by the Upstream CDN to redirect UA
      towards the Downstream CDN.  The Redirection URI can be signed by
      the Upstream CDN and verified by the Downstream CDN.  In a
      cascaded CDNI scenario, there can be more than one Redirection
      URI.

1.2.  Background on URI Signing

   The next section provides an overview of how URI Signing works in a
   CDNI environment.  As background information, URI Signing is first
   explained in terms of a single CDN delivering content on behalf of a
   CSP.

   A CSP and CDN are assumed to have a trust relationship that enables
   the CSP to authorize access to a content item by including a set of
   attributes in the URI before redirecting a UA to the CDN.  Using
   these attributes, it is possible for a CDN to check an incoming
   content request to see whether it was authorized by the CSP (e.g.
   based on the UA's IP address or a time window).  Of course, the
   attributes need to be added to the URI in a way that prevents a UA
   from changing the attributes, thereby leaving the CDN to think that
   the request was authorized by the CSP when in fact it wasn't.  For
   this reason, a URI Signing mechanism includes in the URI a message
   digest or digital signature that allows a CDN to check the
   authenticity of the URI.  The message digest or digital signature can
   be calculated based on a shared secret between the CSP and CDN or
   using CSP's asymmetric public/private key pair, respectively.

   Figure 1, shown below, presents an overview of the URI Signing
   mechanism in the case of a CSP with a single CDN.  When the UA



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   browses for content on CSP's website (#1), it receives HTML web pages
   with embedded content URIs.  Upon requesting these URIs, the CSP
   redirects to a CDN, creating a Target CDN URI (#2) (alternatively,
   the Target CDN URI itself is embedded in the HTML).  The Target CDN
   URI is the Signed URI which may include the IP address of the UA and/
   or a time window and always contains the URI Signature which is
   generated by the CSP using the shared secret or a private key.  Once
   the UA receives the response with the embedded URI, it sends a new
   HTTP request using the embedded URI to the CDN (#3).  Upon receiving
   the request, the CDN checks to see if the Signed URI is authentic by
   verifying the URI signature.  In addition, it checks whether the IP
   address of the HTTP request matches that in the Signed URI and if the
   time window is still valid.  After these values are confirmed to be
   valid, the CDN delivers the content (#4).

                   --------
                  /        \
                  |   CSP  |< * * * * * * * * * * *
                  \        /        Trust         *
                   --------      relationship     *
                     ^  |                         *
                     |  |                         *
          1. Browse  |  | 2. Signed               *
               for   |  |    URI                  *
             content |  |                         *
                     |  v                         v
                   +------+ 3. Signed URI     --------
                   | User |----------------->/        \
                   | Agent|                  |  CDN   |
                   |      |<-----------------\        /
                   +------+ 4. Content        --------
                               Delivery

           Figure 1: Figure 1: URI Signing in a CDN Environment

1.3.  CDNI URI Signing Overview

   In a CDNI environment, URI Signing operates the same way in the
   initial steps #1 and #2 but the later steps involve multiple CDNs in
   the process of delivering the content.  The main difference from the
   single CDN case is a redirection step between the Upstream CDN and
   the Downstream CDN.  In step #3, UA may send HTTP request or DNS
   request.  Depending on whether HTTP-based or DNS-based request
   routing is used, the Upstream CDN responds by directing the UA
   towards the Downstream CDN using either a Redirection URI (which is a
   Signed URI generated by the Upstream CDN) or a DNS reply,
   respectively (#4).  Once the UA receives the response, it sends the
   Redirection URI/Target CDN URI to the Downstream CDN (#5).  The



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   received URI is validated by the Downstream CDN before delivering the
   content (#6).  This is depicted in the figure below.  Note: The CDNI
   call flows are covered in Detailed URI Signing Operation (Section 7).

                                      +-------------------------+
                                      |Request Redirection Modes|
                                      +-------------------------+
                                      | a) HTTP                 |
                                      | b) DNS                  |
                                      +-------------------------+
                   --------
                  /        \< * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
                  |   CSP  |< * * * * * * * * * * *     *
                  \        /        Trust         *     *
                   --------      relationship     *     *
                     ^  |                         *     *
                     |  | 2. Signed               *     *
          1. Browse  |  |    URI in               *     *
               for   |  |    HTML                 *     *
             content |  |                         *     *
                     |  v   3.a)Signed URI        v     *
                   +------+   b)DNS request   --------  * Trust
                   | User |----------------->/        \ * relationship
                   | Agent|                  |  uCDN  | * (optional)
                   |      |<-----------------\        / *
                   +------+ 4.a)Redirection URI-------  *
                     ^  |     b)DNS Reply         ^     *
                     |  |                         *     *
                     |  |      Trust relationship *     *
                     |  |                         *     *
         6. Content  |  | 5.a)Redirection URI     *     *
            delivery |  |   b)Signed URI(after    v     v
                     |  |     DNS exchange)      --------
                     |  +---------------------->/        \ [May be
                     |                          |  dCDN  |  cascaded
                     +--------------------------\        /  CDNs]
                                                 --------

                +-----------------------------------------+
                | Key |    Asymmetric   |    Symmetric    |
                +-----------------------------------------+
                |HTTP |Public key (uCDN)|Shared key (uCDN)|
                |DNS  |Public key (CSP) |Shared key (CSP) |
                +-----------------------------------------+

                Figure 2: URI Signing in a CDNI Environment





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   The trust relationships between CSP, Upstream CDN, and Downstream CDN
   have direct implications for URI Signing.  In the case shown in
   Figure 2, the CDN that the CSP has a trust relationship with is the
   Upstream CDN.  The delivery of the content may be delegated to the
   Downstream CDN, which has a relationship with the Upstream CDN but
   may have no relationship with the CSP.

   In CDNI, there are two methods for request routing: DNS-based and
   HTTP-based.  For DNS-based request routing, the Signed URI (i.e.
   Target CDN URI) provided by the CSP reaches the Downstream CDN
   directly.  In the case where the Downstream CDN does not have a trust
   relationship with the CSP, this means that only an asymmetric public/
   private key method can be used for computing the URI Signature
   because the CSP and Downstream CDN are not able to exchange symmetric
   shared secret keys.  Since the CSP is unlikely to have relationships
   with all the Downstream CDNs that are delegated to by the Upstream
   CDN, the CSP may choose to allow the Authoritative CDN to
   redistribute the shared key to a subset of their Downstream CDNs .

   For HTTP-based request routing, the Signed URI (i.e.  Target CDN URI)
   provided by the CSP reaches the Upstream CDN.  After this URI has
   been verified to be correct by the Upstream CDN, the Upstream CDN
   creates and signs a new Redirection URI to redirect the UA to the
   Downstream CDN.  Since this new URI also has a new URI Signature,
   this new signature can be based around the trust relationship between
   the Upstream CDN and Downstream CDN, and the relationship between the
   Downstream CDN and CSP is not relevant.  Given the fact that such a
   relationship between Upstream CDN and Downstream CDN always exists,
   both asymmetric public/private keys and symmetric shared secret keys
   can be used for URI Signing.  Note that the signed Redirection URI
   SHOULD maintain the same level of security as the original Signed
   URI.

1.4.  URI Signing in a non-CDNI context

   While the URI signing scheme defined in this document was primarily
   created for the purpose of allowing URI Signing in CDNI scenarios,
   e.g. between a uCDN and a dCDN or between a CSP and a dCDN, there is
   nothing in the defined URI Signing scheme that precludes it from
   being used in a non-CDNI context.  As such, the described mechanism
   could be used in a single-CDN scenario such as shown in Figure 1 in
   Section 1.2, for example to allow a CSP that uses different CDNs to
   only have to implement a single URI Signing mechanism.








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2.  URI Signing and HTTP Adaptive Streaming

   For content that is delivered via an HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS)
   protocol, such as MPEG DASH [Editor's Note: Include reference],
   special provisions need to be made in order to ensure URI Signing can
   be applied.  In general, HAS protocols work by breaking large objects
   (e.g. videos), into a sequence of small, independent chunks.  Such
   chunks are then referenced by a separate manifest file, which either
   includes a list of URLs to the chunks or specifies an algorithm
   through which a User Agent can construct the URLs to the chunks.
   Requests for chunks therefore originate from the manifest file and,
   unless the URLs in the manifest file point to the CSP, are not
   subjected to redirection and URI Signing.  This opens up the
   vulnerability of malicious User Agents sharing the manifest file and
   deep-linking to the chunks.

   One method for dealing with this vulnerability would be to include in
   the manifest itself Signed URIs that point to the individual chunks.
   There exist a number of issues with that approach.  First, it
   requires the CDN delivering the manifest to rewrite the manifest file
   for each User Agent, which would require the CDN to be aware of the
   exact HAS protocol and version used.  Secondly, it would require the
   expiration time of the Signed URIs to be valid for at least the full
   duration of the content described by the manifest.  Since it is not
   uncommon for a manifest file to contain a video item of more than 30
   minutes in length, this would require the Signed URIs to be valid for
   a long time, thereby reducing their effectiveness and that of the URI
   Signing mechanism in general.  For a more detailed analysis of how
   HAS protocols affect CDNI, see Models for HTTP-Adaptive-Streaming-
   Aware CDNI [RFC6983].

   In order to allow for effective access control of HAS content, the
   URI signing scheme defined in this document instead supports a
   mechanism through which subsequent chunk requests can be chained
   together.  As part of the URI validation procedure, the CDN can
   generate a Signed Token that the UA can use to do a subsequent
   request.  More specifically, whenever a UA successfully retrieves a
   chunk, it receives, in the HTTP 2xx Successful message, a Signed
   Token that it can use whenever it requests the next chunk.  As long
   as each Signed Token in the chain is correctly validated before a new
   one is generated, the chain is not broken and the User Agent can
   successfully retrieve additional chunks.  Given the fact that with
   HAS protocols, it is usually not possible to determine a priori which
   chunk will be requested next (i.e. to allow for seeking within the
   content and for switching to a different quality level), the Signed
   Token includes a scoping mechanism that allows it to be valid for
   more than one URL.




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   In order for this chaining of Signed Tokens to work, it is necessary
   for a UA to extract the Signed Token from the HTTP 2xx Successful
   message of an earlier request and use it to retrieve the next chunk.
   The exact mechanism by which the client does this depends on the
   exact HAS protocol and since this document is only concerned with the
   generation and validation of incoming request, this process is
   outside the scope of this document.  However, in order to also
   support legacy UAs that do not include any specific provisions for
   the handling of Signed Tokens, this document does define a legacy
   mechanism using HTTP Cookies that allows such UAs to support the
   concept of chained Signed Tokens without requiring any support on the
   UA side.

3.  Signed URI Information Elements

   The concept behind URI Signing is based on embedding in either the
   Signed URI or Signed Token a number of information elements that can
   be validated to ensure the UA has legitimate access to the content.
   These information elements are appended, in an encapsulated form, to
   the Original URI to form the Signed URI.  Alternatively, the
   encapsulated elements are placed in the Signed Token.

   For the purposes of the URI signing mechanism described in this
   document, three types of information elements may be embedded in the
   URI:

   o  Enforcement Information Elements: Information Elements that are
      used to enforce a distribution policy defined by the CSP.
      Examples of enforcement attributes are IP address of the UA and
      time window.  Another example is the Path Pattern information
      element that is used to define the scope of a Signed Token.

   o  Signature Computation Information Elements: Information Elements
      that are used by the CDN to verify the URI signature embedded in
      the received URI.  In order to verify a URI Signature, the CDN
      requires some information elements that describe how the URI
      Signature was generated.  Examples of Signature Computation
      Elements include the used HMACs hash function and/or the key
      identifier.

   o  URI Signature Information Elements: The information elements that
      carry the actual message digest or digital signature representing
      the URI signature used for checking the integrity and authenticity
      of the Signed URI or Signed Token.  A typical Signed URI or Token
      will only contain one embedded URI Signature Information Element.

   In addition, the this document specifies the following URI attribute:




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   o  URI Signing Package Attribute: The URI attribute is a container
      that encapsulates all the URI Signing Information Elements in an
      encoded format.  In the case of a Signed URI, only this attribute
      is exposed as a URI query string parameter.  In the case of a
      Signed Token, this attribute constitutes the Signed Token and is
      communicated in either the URI, a dedicated header, or as an HTTP
      Cookie.

   Two types of keys can be used for URI Signing: asymmetric keys and
   symmetric keys.  Asymmetric keys are based on a public/private key
   pair mechanism and always contain a private key only known to the
   entity signing the URI (either CSP or uCDN) and a public key for the
   verification of the Signed URI.  With symmetric keys, the same key is
   used by both the signing entity for signing the URI as well as by the
   validating entity for validating the Signed URI.  Regardless of the
   type of keys used, the validating entity has to obtain the key
   (either the public or the symmetric key).  There are very different
   requirements for key distribution (out of scope of this document)
   with asymmetric keys and with symmetric keys.  Key distribution for
   symmetric keys requires confidentiality to prevent another party from
   getting access to the key, since it could then generate valid Signed
   URIs for unauthorized requests.  Key distribution for asymmetric keys
   does not require confidentiality since public keys can typically be
   distributed openly (because they cannot be used for URI signing) and
   private keys are kept by the URI signing function.

   Note that all the URI Signing Information Elements and the URI
   Signing Package Attribute query string attribute are mandatory to
   implement, but not mandatory to use.

3.1.  Enforcement Information Elements

   This section identifies the set of information elements that may be
   needed to enforce the CSP distribution policy.  New information
   elements may be introduced in the future to extend the capabilities
   of the distribution policy.

   In order to provide flexibility in distribution policies to be
   enforced, the exact subset of information elements used in a Signed
   URI or Signed Token is a deployment decision.  The defined keyword
   for each information element is specified in parenthesis below.

   The following information elements are used to enforce the
   distribution policy:

   o  Expiry Time (ET) [optional] - Time when the Signed URI or Signed
      Token expires.  This is represented as an integer denoting the
      number of seconds since midnight 1/1/1970 UTC (i.e.  UNIX epoch).



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      The request is rejected if the received time is later than this
      timestamp.  Note: The time, including time zone, on the entities
      that generate and validate the Signed URI or Signed Token need to
      be in sync (e.g.  NTP is used).

   o  Client IP (CIP) [optional] - IP address of the client for which
      this Signed URI or Signed Token is generated.  This is represented
      in dotted decimal format for IPv4 or canonical text representation
      for IPv6 address [RFC5952] . The request is rejected if sourced
      from a client with a different IP address.

   o  Path Pattern (PP) [mandatory for Signed Token] - Path Pattern that
      describes for which content the Signed Token is valid.  The Path
      Pattern contains an expression to match against the requested URI
      path to check whether the requested content is allowed to be
      requested with the Signed Token.  A Path Pattern contains a
      sequence of one or more path segments seperated by a slash ('/')
      character.  The pattern may include the wildcards '*' and '?',
      where '*' matches any sequence of characters (including the empty
      string) and '?' matches exactly one character.  The three literals
      '\', '*' and '?' should be escaped as '\\', '\*' and '\?'.  All
      other characters are treated as literals.  The following is an
      example of a valid Path Pattern: '*/folder/content-83112371/
      quality_*/segment????.mp4'.  The Path Pattern Information Element
      MUST NOT be used in a Signed URI.

   The Expiry Time Information Element ensures that the content
   authorization expires after a predetermined time.  This limits the
   time window for content access and prevents replay of the request
   beyond the authorized time window.

   The Client IP Information Element is used to restrict content access
   to a particular User Agent, based on its IP address for whom the
   content access was authorized.

   The Path Pattern Information Element is used to restrict content
   access to a particular set of URLs, based on the path component of
   the URI on which it is available.  This is primarily useful for
   content delivered via an HTTP Adaptive Streaming protocol using a
   manifest file, where it is often not known a priori which segment
   will be requested next.

   Note: See the Security Considerations (Section 9) section on the
   limitations of using an expiration time and client IP address for
   distribution policy enforcement.






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3.2.  Signature Computation Information Elements

   This section identifies the set of information elements that may be
   needed to verify the URI Signature and/or calculate a new Signed
   Token.  New information elements may be introduced in the future if
   new URI signing algorithms are developed.

   The defined keyword for each information element is specified in
   parenthesis below.

   The following information elements are used to validate the URI by
   recreating the URI Signature and/or calculate a new Signed Token.

   o  Version (VER) [optional] - An 8-bit unsigned integer used for
      identifying the version of URI signing method.  If this
      Information Element is not present in the Signed URI or Signed
      Token, the default version is 1.

   o  Key ID (KID) [optional] - A string used for obtaining the key
      (e.g. database lookup, URI reference) which is needed to validate
      the URI Signature.  The KID and KID_NUM information elements MUST
      NOT be present in the same Signed URI or Signed Token.

   o  Numerical Key ID (KID_NUM) [optional] - A 64-bit unsigned integer
      used as an optional alternative for KID.  The KID and KID_NUM
      information elements MUST NOT be present in the same Signed URI or
      Signed Token.

   o  Hash Function (HF) [optional] - A string used for identifying the
      hash function to compute the URI signature with HMAC.  If this
      Information Element is not present in the Signed URI or Signed
      Token, the default hash function is SHA-256.

   o  Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) [optional] - Algorithm used to
      calculate the Digital Signature.  If this Information Element is
      not present in the Signed URI or Signed Token, the default is EC-
      DSA.

   o  URI Signing Cookie Flag (USCF) [optional] - The presence of this
      flag indicates the URI Signing Information Elements contents of
      the URI Signing Package Attribute are communicated via the Cookie
      header of the HTTP request instead of via the query string
      component of the URI.

   o  Expiration Time Setting (ETS) [optional] - An 16-bit unsigned
      integer (in seconds) used for setting the value of the Expiry Time
      information element in newly generated Signed Tokens in case a
      chain of Signed Tokens is used.



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   The Version Information Element indicates which version of URI
   signing scheme is used (including which attributes and algorithms are
   supported).  The present document specifies Version 1.  If the
   Version attribute is not present in the Signed URI or Signed Token,
   then the version is obtained from the CDNI metadata, else it is
   considered to have been set to the default value of 1.  More versions
   may be defined in the future.

   The Key ID Information Element is used to retrieved the key which is
   needed as input to the algorithm for validating the Signed URI or
   Signed Token.  The method used for obtaining the actual key from the
   reference included in the Key ID Information Element is outside the
   scope of this document.  Instead of using the KID element, which is a
   string, it is possible to use the KID_NUM element for numerical Key
   identifiers instead.  The KID_NUM element is a 64-bit unsigned
   integer.  In cases where numerical KEY IDs are used, it is
   RECOMMENDED to use KID_NUM instead of KID.

   The Hash Function Information Element indicates the hash function to
   be used for HMAC-based message digest computation.  The Hash Function
   Information Element is used in combination with the Message Digest
   Information Element defined in section Section 3.3.

   The Digital Signature Algorithm Information Element indicates the
   digital signature function to be in the case asymmetric keys are
   used.  The Digital Signature Algorithm Information Element is used in
   combination with the Digital Signature Information Element defined in
   section Section 3.3.

   The URI Signing Cookie Flag Information Element is used to indicate
   the contents of the URI Signing Package attribute is communicated via
   the Cookie header of the HTTP request instead of via the query string
   component of the URI.  The primary use case for this is the case
   where the chained Signed Token mechanism described in Section 2 is
   used in combination with legacy UAs.

   The Expiration Time Setting Information Element is used to
   communicate to the CDN to which duration the Expiry Time information
   element should be set whenever a new Signed Token is generated.  This
   information element is only used in combination with the chained
   Signed Token mechanism for HTTP Adaptive Streaming content as
   described in Section 2.

3.3.  URI Signature Information Elements

   This section identifies the set of information elements that carry
   the URI Signature that is used for checking the integrity and
   authenticity of the URI.



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   The defined keyword for each information element is specified in
   parenthesis below.

   The following information elements are used to carry the actual URI
   Signature.

   o  Message Digest (MD) [mandatory for symmetric key] - A string used
      for the message digest generated by the URI signing entity.

   o  Digital Signature (DS) [mandatory for asymmetric keys] - A string
      used for the digital signature provided by the URI signing entity.

   The Message Digest attribute contains the message digest used to
   validate the Signed URI or Signed Token when symmetric keys are used.

   The Digital Signature attribute contains the digital signature used
   to verify the Signed URI or Signed Token when asymmetric keys are
   used.

   In the case of symmetric key, HMAC algorithm is used for the
   following reasons: 1) Ability to use hash functions (i.e. no changes
   needed) with well understood cryptographic properties that perform
   well and for which code is freely and widely available, 2) Easy to
   replace the embedded hash function in case faster or more secure hash
   functions are found or required, 3) Original performance of the hash
   function is maintained without incurring a significant degradation,
   and 4) Simple way to use and handle keys.  The default HMAC algorithm
   used is SHA-256.

   In the case of asymmetric keys, Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
   Algorithm (EC DSA) - a variant of DSA - is used because of the
   following reasons: 1) Key size is small while still offering good
   security, 2) Key is easy to store, and 3) Computation is faster than
   DSA or RSA.

3.4.  URI Signing Package Attribute

   The URI Signing Package Attribute is an encapsulation container for
   the URI Signing Information Elements defined in the previous
   sections.  The URI Signing Information Elements are encoded and
   stored in this attribute.  In the case of a Signed URI, the URI
   Signing Package Attribute is appended to the Original URI to create
   the Signed URI.  In the case of a Signed Token, the URI Signing
   Package Attribute can be communicated via the query string component
   of a URI, via a dedicated HTTP header, or as an HTTP Cookie.

   The primary advantage of the URI Signing Package Attribute is that it
   avoids having to expose the URI Signing Information Elements directly



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   in the query string of the URI, thereby reducing the potential for a
   namespace collision space within the URI query string.  A side-
   benefit of the attribute is the obfuscation performed by the URI
   Signing Package Attribute hides the information (e.g. client IP
   address) from view of the common user, who is not aware of the
   encoding scheme.  Obviously, this is not a security method since
   anyone who knows the encoding scheme is able to obtain the clear
   text.  Note that any parameters appended to the query string after
   the URI Signing Package Attribute are not validated and hence do not
   affect URI Signing.

   The following attribute is used to carry the encoded set of URI
   Signing Information Elementsin the Signed URI or the Signed Token.

   o  URI Signing Package (URISigningPackage) - The encoded attribute
      containing all the CDNI URI Signing Information Elements used for
      URI Signing.

   The URI Signing Package Attribute contains the URI Signing
   Information Elements in the Base-64 encoding with URL and Filename
   Safe Alphabet (a.k.a. "base64url") as specified in the Base-64 Data
   Encoding [RFC4648] document.  The URI Signing Package Attribute is
   the only URI Signing Information Element exposed in a Signed URI.
   The attribute MUST be the last parameter in the query string
   component of the URI when the Signed URI is generated.  However, a
   client or CDN may append other query parameters unrelated to URI
   Signing to the Signed URI.  Such additional query parameters SHOULD
   NOT use the same name as the URI Signing Package Attribute to avoid
   namespace collision and potential failure of the URI Signing
   validation.  In the case of a Signed Token, the URI Signing Package
   Attribute fully constitutes the Signed Token.

   The query string parameter name of the URI Signing Package Attribute
   shall be defined in the CDNI Metadata interface.  If the CDNI
   Metadata interface is not used, or does not include a parameter name
   for the URI Signing Package Attribute, the parameter name is set by
   configuration (out of scope of this document).

3.5.  User Agent Attributes

   For some use cases, such as logging, it might be useful to allow the
   UA, or another entity, add one or more attributes to the Signed URI
   for purposes other than URI Signing without causing URI Signing to
   fail.  In order to do so, such attributes MUST be appended after the
   URI Signing Packacke Attribute.  Any attributes appended in such way
   after the URI Signature has been calculated are not validated for the
   purpose of content access authorization.  Adding any such attributes




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   to the Signed URI before the URI Signing Packacke Attribute will
   cause the URI Signing validation to fail.

   Note that a malicious UA might potentially use the ability to append
   attributes to the Signed URI in order to try to influence the content
   that is delivered.  For example, the UA might append '&quality=HD' to
   try to make the dCDN deliver an HD version of the requested content.
   Since such an additional attribute is appended after the URI Signing
   Package Attribute it is not validated and will not affect the outcome
   of the URI validation.  In order to deal with this vulnerability, a
   dCDN is RECOMMENDED to ignore any query strings appended after the
   URI Signing Package Attribute for the purpose of content selection.

4.  Generating a URI Signature

   This section describes the process of generating a URI Signature.
   The nature of this process depends on whether a Signed URI or Signed
   Token is being generated.  A Signed Token will typically be used as
   part of a chain of Signed Tokens for the delivery of HTTP Adaptive
   Streaming content (see Section 2).  Section 4.1 defines creating a
   regular Signed URI.  Section 4.2 defines creating the initial Signed
   Token for HAS content.

4.1.  Creating a Signed URI

   The following procedure defines the URI Signing algorithm for
   creating a Signed URI for regular (i.e. non-HTTP Adaptive Streaming)
   content in which the Path Pattern information element is not used.
   Note that some steps may be skipped if the CSP does not enforce a
   distribution policy and the Enforcement Information Elements are
   therefore not necessary.  A URI (as defined in URI Generic Syntax
   [RFC3986]) contains the following parts: scheme name, authority,
   path, query, and fragment.  In a Signed URI, the entire URI except
   the "scheme name" part is protected by the URI signature.  This
   allows the URI signature to be validated correctly in the case when a
   client performs a fallback to another scheme (e.g.  HTTP) for a
   content item referenced by a URI with a specific scheme (e.g.  RTSP).
   The benefit is that the content access is protected regardless of the
   type of transport used for delivery.  If the CSP wants to ensure a
   specific protocol is used for content delivery, that information is
   passed by CDNI metadata.  Note: Support for changing of the URL
   scheme requires that the default port is used, or that the protocols
   must both run on the same non-standard port.

   The process of generating a Signed URI can be divided into two sets
   of steps: first, calculating the URI Signature and then, packaging
   the URI Signature along with the URI Signing Information Elements
   into a URI Signing Package Attribute and appending it to the Original



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   URI.  Note it is possible to use some other algorithm and
   implementation as long as the same result is achieved.  An example
   for the Original URI, "http://example.com/content.mov", is used to
   clarify the steps.

4.1.1.  Calculating the URI Signature (Signed URI)

   Calculate the URI Signature for use with a Signed URI by following
   the procedure below.

   1.  Copy the Original URI, excluding the "scheme name" part, into a
       buffer to hold the message for performing the operations below.

   2.  Check if the Original URI already contains a query string.  If
       not, append a "?" character.  If yes, append an "&" character.

   3.  If the version is the default value (i.e. "1"), skip this step.
       Otherwise, specify the version by appending the string "VER=#",
       where '#' represents the new version number.  The following steps
       in the procedure is based on the initial version of URI Signing
       specified by this document.  For other versions, reference the
       associated RFC for the URI signing procedure.

   4.  If time window enforcement is not needed, skip this step.

       A.  If an information element was added to the message, append an
           "&" character.  Append the string "ET=".  Note in the case of
           re-signing a URI, the information element is carried over
           from the received Signed URI.

       B.  Get the current time in seconds since epoch (as an integer).
           Add the validity time in seconds as an integer.  Note in the
           case of re-signing a URI, the value MUST remain the same as
           the received Signed URI.

       C.  Convert this integer to a string and append to the message.

   5.  If client IP enforcement is not needed, skip this step.

       A.  If an information element was added to the message, append an
           "&" character.  Append the string "CIP=".  Note in the case
           of re-signing a URI, the attribute is carried over from the
           received Signed URI.

       B.  Convert the client's IP address in dotted decimal notation
           format (i.e. for IPv4 address) or canonical text
           representation (for IPv6 address [RFC5952]) to a string and
           append to the message.  Note in the case of re-signing an



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           URI, the value MUST remain the same as the received Signed
           URI.

   6.  Depending on the type of key used to sign the URI, compute the
       message digest or digital signature for symmetric key or
       asymmetric keys, respectively.

       A.  For symmetric key, HMAC is used.

           1.  Obtain the shared key to be used for signing the URI.

           2.  If the key identifier is not needed, skip this step.  If
               an information element was added to the message, append
               an "&" character.  Append the string "KID=" in case a
               string-based Key ID is used, or "KID_NUM=" in case a
               numerical Key ID is used.  Append the key identifier
               (e.g. "example:keys:123" or "56128239") needed by the
               entity to locate the shared key for validating the URI
               signature.

           3.  Optional: If the hash function for the HMAC uses the
               default value ("SHA-256"), skip this step.  If an
               information element was added to the message, append an
               "&" character. append the string "HF=".  Append the
               string for the new type of hash function to be used.
               Note that re-signing a URI MUST use the same hash
               function as the received Signed URI or one of the
               allowable hash functions designated by the CDNI metadata.

           4.  If an information element was added to the message,
               append an "&" character.  Append the string "MD=".  The
               message now contains the complete section of the URI that
               is protected (e.g. "://example.com/content.mov?ET=1209422
               976&CIP=192.0.2.1&KID=example:keys:123&MD=").

           5.  Compute the message digest using the HMAC algorithm and
               the default SHA-256 hash function, or another hash
               function if specified by the HF Information Element, with
               the shared key and message as the two inputs to the hash
               function.

           6.  Convert the message digest to its equivalent hexadecimal
               format.

           7.  Append the string for the message digest (e.g.
               "://example.com/content.mov?ET=1209422976&CIP=192.0.2.1&K
               ID=example:keys:123&MD=1ecb1446a6431352aab0fb6e0dca30e303
               56593a97acb972202120dc482bddaf").



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       B.  For asymmetric keys, EC DSA is used.

           1.  Generate the EC private and public key pair.  Store the
               EC public key in a location that's reachable for any
               entity that needs to validate the URI signature.

           2.  If the key identifier is not needed, skip this step.  If
               an information element was added to the message, append
               an "&" character.  Append the string "KID=" in case a
               string-based Key ID is used, or "KID_NUM=" in case a
               numerical Key ID is used.  Append the key identifier
               (e.g. "http://example.com/public/keys/123") needed by the
               entity to locate the shared key for validating the URI
               signature.  Note that in the case the Key ID URI is a URL
               to a public key, the Key ID URI SHOULD only contain the
               "scheme name", "authority", and "path" parts (i.e. query
               string is not allowed).

           3.  Optional: If the digital signature algorithm uses the
               default value ("EC-DSA"), skip this step.  If an
               information element was added to the message, append an
               "&" character.  Append the string "DSA=".  Append the
               string denoting the new digital signature function.

           4.  If an information element was added to the message,
               append an "&" character.  Append the string "DS=".  The
               message now contains the complete section of the URI that
               is protected. (e.g. "://example.com/content.mov?ET=120942
               2976&CIP=192.0.2.1&KID=http://example.com/public/
               keys/123&DS=").

           5.  Compute the message digest using SHA-1 (without a key)
               for the message.  Note: The digital signature generated
               in the next step is calculated over the SHA-1 message
               digest, instead of over the cleartype message, to reduce
               the length of the digital signature, and thereby the
               length of the URI Signing Package Attribute and the
               resulting Signed URI.  Since SHA-1 is not used for
               cryptographic purposes here, the security concerns around
               SHA-1 do not apply.

           6.  Compute the digital signature, using the EC-DSA algorithm
               by default or another algorithm if specified by the DSA
               Information Element, with the private EC key and message
               digest (obtained in previous step) as inputs.

           7.  Convert the digital signature to its equivalent
               hexadecimal format.



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           8.  Append the string for the digital signature.  In the case
               where EC-DSA algorithm is used, this string contains the
               values for the 'r' and 's' parameters, delimited by ':'
               (e.g. "://example.com/content.mov?ET=1209422976&CIP=192.0
               .2.1&KID=http://example.com/public/keys/123&DS=r:CFB03EDB
               33810AB6C79EE3C47FBD86D227D702F25F66C01CF03F59F1E005668D:
               s:57ED0E8DF7E786C87E39177DD3398A7FB010E6A4C0DC8AA71331A92
               9A29EA24E" )

4.1.2.  Packaging the URI Signature (Signed URI)

   Apply the URI Signing Package Attribute by following the procedure
   below to generate the Signed URI.

   1.  Remove the Original URI portion from the message to obtain all
       the URI Signing Information Elements, including the URI signature
       (e.g.  "ET=1209422976&CIP=192.0.2.1&KID=example:keys:123&MD=1ecb1
       446a6431352aab0fb6e0dca30e30356593a97acb972202120dc482bddaf").

   2.  Compute the URI Signing Package Attribute using Base-64 Data
       Encoding [RFC4648] on the message (e.g.  "VkVSPTEmRVQ9MTIwOTQyMjk
       3NiZDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJktJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6MTIzJk1EPTFlY2IxNDQ2
       YTY0MzEzNTJhYWIwZmI2ZTBkY2EzMGUzMDM1NjU5M2E5N2FjYjk3MjIwMjEyMGRjN
       DgyYmRkYWY=").  Note: This is the value for the URI Signing
       Package Attribute.

   3.  Copy the entire Original URI into a buffer to hold the message.

   4.  Check if the Original URI already contains a query string.  If
       not, append a "?" character.  If yes, append an "&" character.

   5.  Append the parameter name used to indicate the URI Signing
       Package Attribute, as communicated via the CDNI Metadata
       interface, followed by an "=".  If none is communicated by the
       CDNI Metadata interface, it defaults to "URISigningPackage".  For
       example, if the CDNI Metadata interface specifies "SIG", append
       the string "SIG=" to the message.

   6.  Append the URI Signing token to the message (e.g.
       "http://example.com/content.mov?URISigningPackage=VkVSPTEmRVQ9MTI
       wOTQyMjk3NiZDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJktJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6MTIzJk1EPTFl
       Y2IxNDQ2YTY0MzEzNTJhYWIwZmI2ZTBkY2EzMGUzMDM1NjU5M2E5N2FjYjk3MjIwM
       jEyMGRjNDgyYmRkYWY=").  Note: this is the completed Signed URI.








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4.2.  Creating an initial Signed Token

   The following procedure defines the algorithm for creating the
   initial Signed Token of a Signed Token chain as for example used with
   HTTP Adaptive Streaming content.  Note that the process described in
   this section is only performed for creating the initial Signed Token
   of a particular chain.  Subsequent Signed Tokens forming the same
   chain are generated as part of the URI Signature Validation process
   described in Section 5.  The creation of the initial Signed Token
   will typically be done by the CSP the first time a particular UA
   requests the manifest file.  Choosing appropriate values of the
   Enforcement Information Elements in the initial Signed Token requires
   some knowledge of the structure of the HTTP Adapative Streaming
   content that is being requested.

   In contrast with a Signed URI, where the URI Signature is calculated
   over the Original URI, a Signed Token does not protect the Original
   URI.  Instead, the Path Pattern Information Element is used to convey
   the set of resources for which the particular Signed Token is valid.

   The process of generating a initial Signed Token can be divided into
   two sets of steps: first, calculating the URI Signature and then,
   packaging the URI Signature along with the URI Signing Information
   Elements into a URI Signing Package to construct a Signed Token and
   appending the Signed Token to the message.  Note it is possible to
   use some other algorithm and implementation as long as the same
   result is achieved.  An example for the Original URI,
   "http://example.com/folder/content-83112371/manifest.xml", is used to
   clarify the steps.

4.2.1.  Calculating the URI Signature (initial Signed Token)

   Calculate the URI Signature for use with a Signed Token by following
   the procedure below.

   1.  Create a new buffer for constructing the Signed Token in the
       steps below.

   2.  If the URI Signing version used is the default one (i.e. "1"),
       skip this step.  Otherwise, specify the version by appending the
       string "VER=#", where '#' represents the new version number.  The
       following steps in the procedure is based on the initial version
       of URI Signing specified by this document.  For other versions,
       reference the associated RFC for the URI signing procedure.

   3.  If time window enforcement is not needed, this step can be
       skipped.




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       A.  If an information element was added to the message, append an
           "&" character.  Append the string "ET=".

       B.  Get the current time in seconds since epoch (as an integer).
           Add the validity time of the initial Signed Token in seconds
           as an integer.

       C.  Convert this integer to a string and append to the message.

       D.  Append an "&" character.  Append the string "ETS=".

       E.  Append the Expiration Time Setting (in seconds) in the form
           of a string to the message.  Note: the length of the
           Expiration Time Setting should be appropriate given the
           segment duration of the HTTP Adaptive Streaming content in
           question.  As an example, if the segment duration is 10
           seconds, the Expiration Time Setting should be at minimum 10
           seconds, and preferably a bit more.

   4.  If client IP enforcement is not needed, this step can be skipped.

       A.  If an information element was added to the message, append an
           "&" character.  Append the string "CIP=".

       B.  Convert the client's IP address in dotted decimal notation
           format (i.e. for IPv4 address) or canonical text
           representation (for IPv6 address [RFC5952]) to a string and
           append to the message.

   5.  If an information element was added to the message, append an "&"
       character.  Append the string "PP=".

   6.  Append the value of the Path Pattern in the form of a string to
       the message.  Note: the value of the Path Pattern element should
       be appropriate given the file and folder structure of the HTTP
       Adaptive Streaming content in question.  As an example, if the
       Original URI for the manifest file is 'http://example.com/folder/
       content-83112371/manifest.xml', a suitable Path Pattern might be
       '*/content-83112371/*/segment????.mp4'.

   7.  Depending on the type of key used to sign the URI, compute the
       message digest or digital signature for symmetric key or
       asymmetric keys, respectively.

       A.  For symmetric key, HMAC is used.

           1.  Obtain the shared key to be used for signing the URI.




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           2.  If the key identifier is not needed, skip this step.  If
               an information element was added to the message, append
               an "&" character.  Append the string "KID=" in case a
               string-based Key ID is used, or "KID_NUM=" in case a
               numerical Key ID is used.  Append the key identifier
               (e.g. "example:keys:123" or "56128239") needed by the
               entity to locate the shared key for validating the URI
               signature.

           3.  Optional: If the hash function for the HMAC uses the
               default value ("SHA-256"), skip this step.  If an
               information element was added to the message, append an
               "&" character. append the string "HF=".  Append the
               string for the new type of hash function to be used.
               Note one MUST use the same hash function as communicated
               in the original concatenated information element string
               or one of the allowable hash functions designated by the
               CDNI metadata.

           4.  If an information element was added to the message,
               append an "&" character.  Append the string "MD=".  The
               message now contains the complete set of URI Signing
               Information Elements over which the URI Signature is
               computed (e.g.
               "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-
               83112371/*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&MD=").

           5.  Compute the message digest using the HMAC algorithm and
               the default SHA-256 hash function, or another hash
               function if specified by the HF Information Element, with
               the shared key and message as the two inputs to the hash
               function.

           6.  Convert the message digest to its equivalent hexadecimal
               format.

           7.  Append the string for the message digest (e.g.
               "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-83112371
               /*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&MD=d6117d7db8a68b
               d59f6e7e3343484831acd8f23bbaa7f44b285a2f3bb6f02cfd").

       B.  For asymmetric keys, EC DSA is used.

           1.  Generate the EC private and public key pair.  Store the
               EC public key in a location that's reachable for any
               entity that needs to validate the URI signature.





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           2.  If the key identifier is not needed, skip this step.  If
               an information element was added to the message, append
               an "&" character.  Append the string "KID=" in case a
               string-based Key ID is used, or "KID_NUM=" in case a
               numerical Key ID is used.  Append the key identifier
               (e.g. "http://example.com/public/keys/123") needed by the
               entity to locate the shared key for validating the URI
               signature.  Note that in the case the Key ID URI is a URL
               to a public key, the Key ID URI SHOULD only contain the
               "scheme name", "authority", and "path" parts (i.e. query
               string is not allowed).

           3.  Optional: If the digital signature algorithm uses the
               default value ("EC-DSA"), skip this step.  If an
               information element was added to the message, append an
               "&" character.  Append the string "DSA=".  Append the
               string denoting the new digital signature function.

           4.  If an information element was added to the message,
               append an "&" character.  Append the string "DS=".  The
               message now contains the complete set of URI Signing
               Information Elements over which the URI Signature is
               computed (e.g.
               "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-
               83112371/*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&DS=").

           5.  Compute the message digest using SHA-1 (without a key)
               for the message.  Note: The digital signature generated
               in the next step is calculated over the SHA-1 message
               digest, instead of over the cleartype message, to reduce
               the length of the digital signature, and thereby the
               length of the Signed Token.  Since SHA-1 is not used for
               cryptographic purposes here, the security concerns around
               SHA-1 do not apply.

           6.  Compute the digital signature, using the EC-DSA algorithm
               by default or another algorithm if specified by the DSA
               Information Element, with the private EC key and message
               digest (obtained in previous step) as inputs.

           7.  Convert the digital signature to its equivalent
               hexadecimal format.

           8.  Append the string for the digital signature.  In the case
               where EC-DSA algorithm is used, this string contains the
               values for the 'r' and 's' parameters, delimited by ':'
               (e.g.  "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-8
               3112371/*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&DS=r:CFB03



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               EDB33810AB6C79EE3C47FBD86D227D702F25F66C01CF03F59F1E00566
               8D:s:57ED0E8DF7E786C87E39177DD3398A7FB010E6A4C0DC8AA71331
               A929A29EA24E" )

4.2.2.  Packaging the URI Signature (initial Signed Token)

   The following steps depend on whether the Signed Token is
   communicated to the UA via an HTTP 3xx Redirection message or via an
   HTTP 2xx Successful message.  In the case of a redirection response,
   the Signed Token can be communicated as part of the query string
   component of the URL signalled via the Location header of the
   Redirection message.  In the case of a 2xx Successful message, the
   Signed Token can be communicated via either a dedicated header or,
   for legacy UAs, via the Set-Cookie header.

4.2.2.1.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 3xx Redirection
          message

   The following steps describe how the Signed Token can be communicated
   to the UA via an HTTP 3xx Redirection message.

   1.  Copy the entire Original URI into a buffer to hold the message.

   2.  Check if the Original URI already contains a query string.  If
       not, append a "?" character.  If yes, append an "&" character.

   3.  Append the parameter name used to indicate the URI Signing
       Package Attribute, as communicated via the CDNI Metadata
       interface, followed by an "=".  If none is communicated by the
       CDNI Metadata interface, it defaults to "URISigningPackage".  For
       example, if the CDNI Metadata interface specifies "SIG", append
       the string "SIG=" to the message.

   4.  Encode the Signed Token by applying Base-64 Data Encoding
       [RFC4648] on the value of the Signed Token (e.g.  "RVQ9MTIwOTQyMj
       k3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQ
       tODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1wO0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6
       MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2ZTdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmM
       jNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").

   5.  Append the URI Signing token to the message (e.g.
       "http://example.com/folder/content-83112371/manifest.xml?URISigni
       ngPackage=RVQ9MTIwOTQyMjk3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4
       xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQtODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1w
       O0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2Z
       TdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmMjNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").





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   6.  Place the message in the Location header of the HTTP 3xx
       Redirection message returned to the UA.

4.2.2.2.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 2xx Successful
          message

   The following steps describe how the Signed Token can be communicated
   to the UA via an HTTP 2xx Successful message.

4.2.2.2.1.  Header-based

   The following steps are used in case the UA is expected to implement
   a mechanisms for extracting the Signed Token from the dedicated URI
   Signing HTTP Header and place in the query string component of the
   next request.

   1.  Encode the Signed Token by applying Base-64 Data Encoding
       [RFC4648] on the value of the Signed Token (e.g.  "RVQ9MTIwOTQyMj
       k3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQ
       tODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1wO0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6
       MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2ZTdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmM
       jNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").

   2.  Place the value of the encoded Signed Token in the URI Signing
       Header of the HTTP 2xx Successful message of the content being
       returned to the UA.  Note: The HTTP Header name to use is
       communicated via the CDNI Metadata Interface or set via
       configuration.  Otherwise, it defaults to 'URISigningPackage'.

4.2.2.2.2.  Cookie-based

   The following steps are used in combination with legacy UAs that do
   not support a dedicated URI Signing HTTP header.

   1.  Encode the Signed Token by applying Base-64 Data Encoding
       [RFC4648] on the value of the Signed Token (e.g.  "RVQ9MTIwOTQyMj
       k3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQ
       tODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1wO0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6
       MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2ZTdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmM
       jNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").

   2.  Add a 'URISigningPackage' cookie to the HTTP 2xx Successful
       message of the content being returned to the UA, with the value
       set to the encoded Signed Token.







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5.  Validating a URI Signature

   The process of validating a Signed URI or Signed Token can be divided
   into three sets of steps: first, extraction of the URI Signing
   information elements, then validation of the URI signature to ensure
   the integrity of the Signed URI or Signed Token, and finally,
   validation of the information elements to ensure proper enforcement
   of the distribution policy.  In case the chained Signed Token
   mechanism for HTTP Adaptive Streaming, as defined in Section 2, is
   used, a fourth step for constructing and communicating the next
   Signed Token, is added.  Note the first three steps in the algorithm
   described below apply irrespective of whether a Signed URI or Signed
   Token is received.

   In the algorithm below, the integrity of the Signed URI or Signed
   Token is confirmed before distribution policy enforcement because
   validation procedure would detect the right event when the URI is
   tampered with.  Note it is possible to use some other algorithm and
   implementation as long as the same result is achieved.

5.1.  Information Element Extraction

   Extract the information elements embedded in the Signed URI or Signed
   Token.  Note that some steps are to be skipped if the corresponding
   URI Signing Information Elements are not embedded in the Signed URI
   or Signed Token.

   1.   Check if the query string component of the received URI contains
        the 'URISigningPackage' attribute.  If there are multiple
        instances of this attribute, the first one is used and the
        remaining ones are ignored.  This ensures that the Signed URI
        can be validated despite a client appending another instance of
        the URI Signing Package attribute.  If the query string
        component of the received URI does not contain the URI Signing
        Package attribute, check if the HTTP request contains a
        'URISigningPackage' cookie and use that as the URI Signing
        Package in the following steps.  If the request does not contain
        the URI Signing Package query string attribute and does not
        contain a URISigningPackage cookie, the request is denied.

   2.   Decode the URI Signing Package using Base-64 Data Encoding
        [RFC4648] to obtain all the URI Signing Information Elements in
        the form of a concatenated string (e.g.  "ET=1209422976&CIP=192.
        0.2.1&KID=example:keys:123&MD=1ecb1446a6431352aab0fb6e0dca30e303
        56593a97acb972202120dc482bddaf").

   3.   Extract the value from "VER", if the information element exists.
        Determine the version of the URI Signing algorithm used to



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        process the Signed URI or Signed Token.  If the CDNI Metadata
        interface is used, check to see if the used version of the URI
        Signing algorithm is among the allowed set of URI Signing
        versions specified by the metadata.  If this is not the case,
        the request is denied.  If the information element is not in the
        information elements string, then obtain the version number in
        another manner (e.g. configuration, CDNI metadata or default
        value).

   4.   Extract the value from "MD", if the information element exists.
        The existence of this information element indicates a symmetric
        key is used.

   5.   Extract the value from "DS", if the information element exists.
        The existence of this information element indicates an
        asymmetric key is used.

   6.   If neither the "MD" or "DS" attribute exists, then no URI
        Signature exists and the request is denied.  If both the "MD"
        and the "DS" information elements are present, the Signed URI is
        considered to be malformed and the request is denied.

   7.   Extract the value from "CIP", if the information element exists.
        The existence of this information element indicates content
        delivery is enforced based on client IP address.

   8.   Extract the value from "ET", if the information element exists.
        The existence of this information element indicates content
        delivery is enforced based on time.

   9.   Extract the value from "PP", if the information element exists.
        The existence of this information element indicates content
        delivery is enforced based on whether there is a match between
        the path of the requested resource and the Path Pattern
        information element.  The existence of this element further
        indicates that a chain of Signed Tokens is used, and a new
        Signed Token should be generated and communicated upon
        successful validation.

   10.  Extract the value from the "KID" or "KID_NUM" information
        element, if they exist.  The existence of either of these
        information elements indicates a key can be referenced.  If both
        the "KID" and the "KID_NUM" information elements are present,
        the Signed URI is considered to be malformed and the request is
        denied.






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   11.  Extract the value from the "HF" information element, if it
        exists.  The existence of this information element indicates a
        different hash function than the default.

   12.  Extract the value from the "DSA" information element, if it
        exists.  The existence of this information element indicates a
        different digital signature algorithm than the default.

   13.  Extract the value from "USCF", if the information element
        exists.  The existence of this information element indicates
        cookie-based communication for legacy UAs should be used for
        signalling the next Signed Token in case a HTTP 2xx Succcessful
        message is sent to the user.

   14.  Extract the value from "ETS", if the information element exists.
        This information element indicates the validity time of the next
        Signed Token in the chain.

5.2.  Signature Validation

   Validate the URI Signature for the Signed URI or Signed Token.

   1.  Create a new buffer for validating the Signed URI or Signed Token
       in the steps below.

   2.  If the received URI Signing Package contains the Path Pattern
       Information Element, this step can be skipped.

       A.  Copy the received URI, excluding the "scheme name" part, into
           the buffer.

       B.  Remove the "URISigningPackage" attribute from the message, if
           it exists.  Remove any subsequent part of the query string
           after the "URISigningPackage" attribute.

       C.  Append the decoded value from the "URISigningPackage"
           attribute (which contains all the URI Signing Information
           Elements).

   3.  If the received URI Signing Package does NOT contain the Path
       Pattern Information Element, this step can be skipped.  Copy the
       decoded contents of the Signed Token in the buffer.

   4.  Depending on the type of key used to create the Signed URI or
       Signed Token, validate the message digest or digital signature
       for symmetric key or asymmetric keys, respectively.

       A.  For symmetric key, HMAC algorithm is used.



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           a.  If either the "KID" or "KID_NUM" information element
               exists, validate that the key identifier is in the
               allowable KID set as listed in the CDNI metadata or
               configuration.  The request is denied when the key
               identifier is not allowed.  If neither the "KID" or
               "KID_NUM" information element is present in the received
               URI Signing Package, obtain the shared key via CDNI
               metadata or configuration.

           b.  If the "HF" information element exists, validate that the
               hash function is in the allowable "HF" set as listed in
               the CDNI metadata or configuration.  The request is
               denied when the hash function is not allowed.  If the
               "HF" information element is not in the received URI
               Signing Package, the default hash function is SHA-256.

           c.  Extract the value from the "MD" information element.
               This is the received message digest.

           d.  Convert the message digest to binary format.  This will
               be used to compare with the computed value later.

           e.  Remove the value part of the "MD" information element
               (but not the '=' character) from the message.  The
               message is ready for validation of the message digest
               (e.g. "://example.com/content.mov?ET=1209422976&CIP=192.0
               .2.1&KID=example:keys:123&MD=").

           f.  Compute the message digest using the HMAC algorithm with
               the shared key and message as the two inputs to the hash
               function.

           g.  Compare the result with the received message digest to
               validate the Signed URI or Signed Token.  If there is no
               match, the request is denied.

       B.  For asymmetric keys, a digital signature function is used.

           a.  If either the "KID" or "KID_NUM" information element
               exists, validate that the key identifier is in the
               allowable KID set as listed in the CDNI metadata or
               configuration.  The request is denied when the key
               identifier is not allowed.  If neither the "KID" or
               "KID_NUM" information element is present in the received
               URI Signing Package, obtain the public key via CDNI
               metadata or configuration.





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           b.  If the "DSA" information element exists, validate that
               the digital signature algorithm is in the allowable "DSA"
               set as listed in the CDNI metadata or configuration.  The
               request is denied when the DSA is not allowed.  If the
               "DSA" information element is not in the received URI
               Signing Package, the default DSA is EC-DSA.

           c.  Extract the value from the "DS" information element.
               This is the received digital signature.

           d.  Convert the digital signature to binary format.  This
               will be used for verification later.

           e.  Remove the value part of the "DS" information element
               (but not the '=' character) from the message.  The
               message is ready for validation of the digital signature
               (e.g. "://example.com/content.mov?ET=1209422976&CIP=192.0
               .2.1&KID=http://example.com/public/keys/123&DS=").

           f.  Compute the message digest using SHA-1 (without a key)
               for the message.

           g.  Verify the digital signature using the digital signature
               function (e.g.  EC-DSA) with the public key, received
               digital signature, and message digest (obtained in
               previous step) as inputs.  This validates the Signed URI
               or Signed Token.  If signature is determined to be
               invalid, the request is denied.

5.3.  Distribution Policy Enforcement

   Note the associated steps are to be skipped if the corresponding URI
   Signing Information Elements are not in the received URI Signing
   Package.  The absence of a given Enforcement Information Element
   indicates enforcement of its purpose is not necessary in the CSP's
   distribution policy.  The exception is the Path Pattern Information
   Element, which is mandatory for Signed Tokens.

   1.  If the "CIP" information element exists, validate that the
       request came from the same IP address as indicated in the "CIP"
       information element.  If the IP address is incorrect, the request
       is denied.

   2.  If the "ET" information element exists, validate that the request
       arrived before expiration time based on the "ET" information
       element.  If the time expired, the request is denied.





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   3.  If the "PP" information element exists, validate that the
       requested resource is in the allowed set by matching the received
       URI against the Path Pattern information element.  If there is no
       match, the request is denied.

5.4.  Subsequent Signed Token Generation

   The following steps describe how to generate a subsequent Signed
   Token in a chain of Signed Tokens and are to be skipped in case the
   chained Signed Token mechanism for HTTP Adaptive Streaming content is
   not used.  Note that the process for generating an initial Signed
   Token is described in Section 4.2 and the process below is used for
   generating all subsequent tokens after the initial one.

   The process of generating a subsequent Signed Token can be divided
   into two sets of steps: first, calculating the URI Signature and
   then, packaging the URI Signature along with the URI Signing
   Information Elements into a URI Signing Package to construct a new
   Signed Token and appending the Signed Token to the message.  Note it
   is possible to use some other algorithm and implementation as long as
   the same result is achieved.

5.4.1.  Calculating the URI Signature (subsequent Signed Token)

   Calculate the URI Signature for use with the new Signed Token by
   following the procedure below.

   1.  Create a new buffer for constructing the new Signed Token in the
       steps below.

   2.  If the URI Signing version used in the received URI Signing
       Package is the default one (i.e. "1"), skip this step.
       Otherwise, specify the version by appending the string "VER=#",
       where '#' represents the version number.  The following steps in
       the procedure is based on the initial version of URI Signing
       specified by this document.  For other versions, reference the
       associated RFC for the URI signing procedure.

   3.  If the received URI Signing Package does not contain the "ET"
       information element, skip this step.

       A.  If an information element was added to the message, append an
           "&" character.  Append the string "ET=".

       B.  If the received URI Signing Package contains the "ETS"
           information element, perform this step.





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           1.  Get the value of the "ETS" information element and
               convert it to an integer.

           2.  Get the current time in seconds sinds epoch (as an
               integer) and add the value of the "ETS" information
               element as seconds.

           3.  Convert the result to a string and append it to the
               message.

           4.  Append the "&" character and the "ETS=" string.

           5.  Append the value of the "ETS" information element in the
               received URI Signing Package.

       C.  If the received URI Signing Package does not contain the
           "ETS" information element, perform this step.  Get the value
           of the "ET" information element from the original
           concatenated information element string and append it to the
           message.

   4.  If the received URI Signing Package does not contain the "CIP"
       information element, skip this step.

       A.  If an information element was added to the message, append an
           "&" character.  Append the string "CIP=".

       B.  Append the value of the "CIP" information element in the
           received URI Signing Package.

   5.  If an information element was added to the message, append an "&"
       character.  Append the string "PP=".  Append the value of the
       "PP" information element in the received URI Signing Package.

   6.  Depending on the type of key used to sign the received Signed
       Token, compute the message digest or digital signature for
       symmetric key or asymmetric keys, respectively.

       A.  For symmetric key, HMAC is used.

           1.  Obtain the shared key to be used for signing the Signed
               Token.

           2.  If the key identifier is not needed, skip this step.  If
               an information element was added to the message, append
               an "&" character.  Append the string "KID=" in case a
               string-based Key ID is used, or "KID_NUM=" in case a
               numerical Key ID is used.  Append the key identifier



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               (e.g. "example:keys:123" or "56128239") needed by the
               entity to locate the shared key for validating the URI
               signature.

           3.  Optional: If the hash function for the HMAC uses the
               default value ("SHA-256"), skip this step.  If an
               information element was added to the message, append an
               "&" character. append the string "HF=".  Append the
               string for the new type of hash function to be used.
               Note one MUST use the same hash function as communicated
               in the received URI Signing Package or one of the
               allowable hash functions designated by the CDNI metadata.

           4.  If an information element was added to the message,
               append an "&" character.  Append the string "MD=".  The
               message now contains the complete set of URI Signing
               Information Elements over which the URI Signature is
               computed (e.g.
               "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-
               83112371/*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&MD=").

           5.  Compute the message digest using the HMAC algorithm and
               the default SHA-256 hash function, or another hash
               function if specified by the HF Information Element, with
               the shared key and message as the two inputs to the hash
               function.

           6.  Convert the message digest to its equivalent hexadecimal
               format.

           7.  Append the string for the message digest (e.g.
               "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-83112371
               /*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&MD=d6117d7db8a68b
               d59f6e7e3343484831acd8f23bbaa7f44b285a2f3bb6f02cfd").

       B.  For asymmetric keys, EC DSA is used.

           1.  Generate the EC private and public key pair.  Store the
               EC public key in a location that's reachable for any
               entity that needs to validate the URI signature.

           2.  If the key identifier is not needed, skip this step.  If
               an information element was added to the message, append
               an "&" character.  Append the string "KID=" in case a
               string-based Key ID is used, or "KID_NUM=" in case a
               numerical Key ID is used.  Append the key identifier
               (e.g. "http://example.com/public/keys/123") needed by the
               entity to locate the shared key for validating the URI



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               signature.  Note that in the case the Key ID URI is a URL
               to a public key, the Key ID URI SHOULD only contain the
               "scheme name", "authority", and "path" parts (i.e. query
               string is not allowed).

           3.  Optional: If the digital signature algorithm uses the
               default value ("EC-DSA"), skip this step.  If an
               information element was added to the message, append an
               "&" character.  Append the string "DSA=".  Append the
               string denoting the new digital signature function.

           4.  If an information element was added to the message,
               append an "&" character.  Append the string "DS=".  The
               message now contains the complete set of URI Signing
               Information Elements over which the URI Signature is
               computed (e.g.
               "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-
               83112371/*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&DS=").

           5.  Compute the message digest using SHA-1 (without a key)
               for the message.  Note: The digital signature generated
               in the next step is calculated over the SHA-1 message
               digest, instead of over the cleartype message, to reduce
               the length of the digital signature, and thereby the
               length of the URI Signing Package Attribute and the
               resulting Signed URI.  Since SHA-1 is not used for
               cryptographic purposes here, the security concerns around
               SHA-1 do not apply.

           6.  Compute the digital signature, using the EC-DSA algorithm
               by default or another algorithm if specified by the DSA
               Information Element, with the private EC key and message
               digest (obtained in previous step) as inputs.

           7.  Convert the digital signature to its equivalent
               hexadecimal format.

           8.  Append the string for the digital signature.  In the case
               where EC-DSA algorithm is used, this string contains the
               values for the 'r' and 's' parameters, delimited by ':'
               (e.g.  "ET=1209422976&ETS=15&CIP=192.0.2.1&PP=*/content-8
               3112371/*/segment????.mp4&KID=example:keys:123&DS=r:CFB03
               EDB33810AB6C79EE3C47FBD86D227D702F25F66C01CF03F59F1E00566
               8D:s:57ED0E8DF7E786C87E39177DD3398A7FB010E6A4C0DC8AA71331
               A929A29EA24E" )






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5.4.2.  Packaging the URI Signature (subsequent Signed Token)

   The following steps depend on whether the Signed Token is
   communicated to the UA via an HTTP 3xx Redirection message or via an
   HTTP 2xx Successful message.  In the case of a redirection response,
   the Signed Token can be communicated as part of the query string
   component of the URL signalled via the Location header of the
   Redirection message.  In the case of a 2xx Successful message, the
   Signed Token can be communicated via either a dedicated HTTP header
   or, for legacy UAs, via the Set-Cookie header.  If the received URI
   Signing Package contains the 'USCF' Information Element, the new
   Signed Token MUST be communicated via the Cookie method.  If the
   received URI Signing Package does NOT contain the 'USCF' Information
   Element, the new Signed Token SHALL be communicated via the dedicated
   HTTP header.

5.4.2.1.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 3xx Redirection
          message

   The following steps describe how the new Signed Token can be
   communicated to the UA via an HTTP 3xx Redirection message.

   1.  Copy the target URI of the HTTP 3xx Redirection message into a
       buffer to hold the message.

   2.  Check if the URI already contains a query string.  If not, append
       a "?" character.  If yes, append an "&" character.

   3.  Append the parameter name used to indicate the URI Signing
       Package Attribute, as communicated via the CDNI Metadata
       interface, followed by an "=".  If none is communicated by the
       CDNI Metadata interface, it defaults to "URISigningPackage".  For
       example, if the CDNI Metadata interface specifies "SIG", append
       the string "SIG=" to the message.

   4.  Encode the Signed Token by applying Base-64 Data Encoding
       [RFC4648] on the value of the Signed Token (e.g.  "RVQ9MTIwOTQyMj
       k3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQ
       tODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1wO0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6
       MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2ZTdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmM
       jNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").

   5.  Append the URI Signing token to the message (e.g.
       "http://example.com/folder/content-83112371/manifest.xml?URISigni
       ngPackage=RVQ9MTIwOTQyMjk3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4
       xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQtODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1w
       O0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2Z
       TdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmMjNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").



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   6.  Place the message in the Location header of the HTTP 3xx
       Redirection message returned to the UA.

5.4.2.2.  Communicating the Signed Token in a HTTP 2xx Successful
          message

   The following steps describe how the new Signed Token can be
   communicated to the UA via an HTTP 2xx Successful message.

5.4.2.2.1.  Header-based

   If the received URI Signing Package does NOT contain the 'USCF'
   Information Element, the new Signed Token SHALL be communicated via
   the following method.

   1.  Encode the Signed Token by applying Base-64 Data Encoding
       [RFC4648] on the value of the Signed Token (e.g.  "RVQ9MTIwOTQyMj
       k3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQ
       tODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1wO0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6
       MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2ZTdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmM
       jNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").

   2.  Place the value of the encoded Signed Token in the URI Signing
       Header of the HTTP 2xx Successful message of the content being
       returned to the UA.  Note: The HTTP Header name to use is
       communicated via the CDNI Metadata Interface or set via
       configuration.  Otherwise, it defaults to 'URISigningPackage'.

5.4.2.2.2.  Cookie-based

   If the received URI Signing Package contains the 'USCF' Information
   Element, the new Signed Token MUST be communicated via the following
   method.

   1.  Encode the Signed Token by applying Base-64 Data Encoding
       [RFC4648] on the value of the Signed Token (e.g.  "RVQ9MTIwOTQyMj
       k3NiZhbXA7RVRTPTE1JmFtcDtDSVA9MTkyLjAuMi4xJmFtcDtQUD0qL2NvbnRlbnQ
       tODMxMTIzNzEvKi9zZWdtZW50Pz8/Py5tcDQmYW1wO0tJRD1leGFtcGxlOmtleXM6
       MTIzJmFtcDtNRD1kNjExN2Q3ZGI4YTY4YmQ1OWY2ZTdlMzM0MzQ4NDgzMWFjZDhmM
       jNiYmFhN2Y0NGIyODVhMmYzYmI2ZjAyY2Zk").

   2.  Add a 'URISigningPackage' cookie to the HTTP 2xx Successful
       message of the content being returned to the UA, with the value
       set to the encoded Signed Token.







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6.  Relationship with CDNI Interfaces

   Some of the CDNI Interfaces need enhancements to support URI Signing.
   As an example: A Downstream CDN that supports URI Signing needs to be
   able to advertise this capability to the Upstream CDN.  The Upstream
   CDN needs to select a Downstream CDN based on such capability when
   the CSP requires access control to enforce its distribution policy
   via URI Signing.  Also, the Upstream CDN needs to be able to
   distribute via the CDNI Metadata interface the information necessary
   to allow the Downstream CDN to validate a Signed URI . Events that
   pertain to URI Signing (e.g. request denial or delivery after access
   authorization) need to be included in the logs communicated through
   the CDNI Logging interface (Editor's Note: Is this within the scope
   of the CDNI Logging interface?).

6.1.  CDNI Control Interface

   URI Signing has no impact on this interface.

6.2.  CDNI Footprint & Capabilities Advertisement Interface

   The Downstream CDN advertises its capability to support URI Signing
   via the CDNI Footprint & Capabilities Advertisement interface (FCI).
   The supported version of URI Signing needs to be included to allow
   for future extensibility.

   In general, new information elements introduced to enhance URI
   Signing requires a draft and a new version.  ForInformation Elements,

      For Enforcement Information Elements, there is no need to
      advertise the based information elements such as "CIP" and "ET".

      For Signature Computation Information Elements:

         No need to advertise "VER" Information Element unless it's not
         "1".  In this case, a draft is needed to describe the new
         version.

         Advertise value of the "HF" Information Element (i.e.  SHA-256)
         to indicate support for the hash function; Need IANA assignment
         for new hash function.

         Advertise value of the "DSA" Information Element (i.e.  EC-DSA)
         to indicate support for the DSA; Need IANA assignment for new
         digital signature algorithm.






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         Advertise "MD" Information Element (i.e.  EC-DSA) to indicate
         support for symmetric key method; A new draft is needed for an
         alternative method.

         Advertise "DS" Information Element (i.e.  EC-DSA) to indicate
         support for asymmetric key method; A new draft is needed for an
         alternative method.

      For URI Signing Package Attribute, there is no need to advertise
      the base attribute.

6.3.  CDNI Request Routing Redirection Interface

   The CDNI Request Routing Redirection Interface
   [I-D.ietf-cdni-redirection] describes the recursive request
   redirection method.  For URI Signing, the Upstream CDN signs the URI
   provided by the Downstream CDN.  This approach has the following
   benefits:

      Consistency with interative request routing method

      URI Signing is fully operational even when Downstream CDN does not
      have the signing function (which may be the case when the
      Downstream CDN operates only as a delivering CDN)

      Upstream CDN can act as a conversion gateway for the requesting
      routing interface between Upstream CDN and CSP and request routing
      interface between Upstream CDN and Downstream CDN since these two
      interfaces may not be the same

6.4.  CDNI Metadata Interface

   The CDNI Metadata Interface [I-D.ietf-cdni-metadata] describes the
   CDNI metadata distribution in order to enable content acquisition and
   delivery.  For URI Signing, additional CDNI metadata objects are
   specified.  In general, an Empty set means "all".  These are the CDNI
   metadata objects used for URI Signing.

   The UriSigning Metadata object contains information to enable URI
   signing and validation by a dCDN.  The UriSigning properties are
   defined below.

      Property: enforce

         Description: URI Signing enforcement flag.  Specifically, this
         flag indicates if the access to content is subject to URI
         Signing.  URI Signing requires the Downstream CDN to ensure
         that the URI must be signed and validated before content



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         delivery.  Otherwise, Downstream CDN does not perform
         validation regardless if URI is signed or not.

         Type: Boolean

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  If a UriSigning object is present in
         the metadata for a piece of content (even if the object is
         empty), then URI signing should be enforced.  If no UriSigning
         object is present in the metadata for a piece of content, then
         the URI signature should not be validated.

      Property: key-id

         Description: Designated key identifier used for URI Signing
         computation when the Signed URI does not contain the Key ID
         information element.

         Type: String

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  A Key ID is not essential for all
         implementations of URI signing.

      Property: key-id-set

         Description: Allowable Key ID set that the Signed URI's Key ID
         information element can reference.

         Type: List of Strings

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is to allow any Key ID.

      Property: hash-function

         Description: Designated hash function used for URI Signing
         computation when the Signed URI does not contain the Hash
         Function information element.

         Type: String (limited to the hash function strings in the
         registry defined by the IANA Considerations (Section 8)
         section)

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is SHA-256.

      Property: hash-function-set

         Description: Allowable Hash Function set that the Signed URI's
         Hash Function information element can reference.




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         Type: List of Strings

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is to allow any hash
         function.

      Property: digital-signature-algorithm

         Description: Designated digital signature function used for URI
         Signing computation when the Signed URI does not contain the
         Digital Signature Algorithm information element.

         Type: String (limited to the digital signature algorithm
         strings in the registry defined by the IANA Considerations
         (Section 8) section).

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is EC-DSA.

      Property: digital-signature-algorithm-set

         Description: Allowable digital signature function set that the
         Signed URI's Digital Signature Algorithm information element
         can reference.

         Type: List of Strings

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is to allow any DSA.

      Property: version

         Description: Designated version used for URI Signing
         computation when the Signed URI does not contain the VER
         attribute.

         Type: Integer

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is 1.

      Property: version-set

         Description: Allowable version set that the Signed URI's VER
         attribute can reference.

         Type: List of Integers

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is to allow any version.

      Property: package-attribute




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         Description: Overwrite the default name for the URL Signing
         Package Attribute.

         Type: String

         Mandatory-to-Specify: No.  Default is "URISigningPackage".

   Note that the Key ID information element is not needed if only one
   key is provided by the CSP or the Upstream CDN for the content item
   or set of content items covered by the CDNI Metadata object.  In the
   case of asymmetric keys, it's easy for any entity to sign the URI for
   content with a private key and provide the public key in the Signed
   URI.  This just confirms that the URI Signer authorized the delivery.
   But it's necessary for the URI Signer to be the content owner.  So,
   the CDNI Metadata interface or configuration MUST provide the
   allowable Key ID set to authorize the Key ID information element
   embedded in the Signed URI.

6.5.  CDNI Logging Interface

   For URI Signing, the Downstream CDN reports that enforcement of the
   access control was applied to the request for content delivery.  When
   the request is denied due to enforcement of URI Signing, the reason
   is logged.

   The following CDNI Logging field for URI Signing SHOULD be supported
   in the HTTP Request Logging Record as specified in CDNI Logging
   Interface [I-D.ietf-cdni-logging].

   o  s-uri-signing (mandatory):

      *  format: 3DIGIT

      *  field value: this characterises the uri signing validation
         performed by the Surrogate on the request.  The allowed values
         are:

         +  "0" : no uri signature validation performed

         +  "1" : uri signature validation performed and validated

         +  "2" : uri signature validation performed and rejected

      *  occurrence: there MUST be zero or exactly one instance of this
         field.

   o  s-uri-signing-deny-reason (optional):




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      *  format: QSTRING

      *  field value: the rejection reason when uri signature performed
         by the Surrogate on the request.  Examples:

         +  "invalid client IP address"

         +  "expired signed URI"

         +  "incorrect URI signature"

      *  occurrence: there MUST be zero or exactly one instance of this
         field.

7.  URI Signing Message Flow

   URI Signing supports both HTTP-based and DNS-based request routing.
   HMAC [RFC2104] defines a hash-based message authentication code
   allowing two parties that share a symmetric key or asymmetric keys to
   establish the integrity and authenticity of a set of information
   (e.g. a message) through a cryptographic hash function.

7.1.  HTTP Redirection

   For HTTP-based request routing, HMAC is applied to a set of
   information that is unique to a given end user content request using
   key information that is specific to a pair of adjacent CDNI hops
   (e.g.  between the CSP and the Authoritative CDN, between the
   Authoritative CDN and a Downstream CDN).  This allows a CDNI hop to
   ascertain the authenticity of a given request received from a
   previous CDNI hop.

   The URI signing scheme described below is based on the following
   steps (assuming HTTP redirection, iterative request routing and a CDN
   path with two CDNs).  Note that Authoritative CDN and Upstream CDN
   are used exchangeably.

        End-User           dCDN                 uCDN                 CSP
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |            1.CDNI FCI interface used to |                    |
        |         advertise URI Signing capability|                    |
        |                    |------------------->|                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |              2.Provides information to validate URI signature|
        |                    |                    |<-------------------|
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |        3.CDNI Metadata interface used to|                    |
        |           provide URI Signing attributes|                    |



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        |                    |<-------------------|                    |
        |4.Authorization request                  |                    |
        |------------------------------------------------------------->|
        |                    |                    |  [Apply distribution
        |                    |                    |   policy]          |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |                    |             (ALT: Authorization decision)
        |5.Request is denied |                    |      <Negative>    |
        |<-------------------------------------------------------------|
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |6.CSP provides signed URI                |      <Positive>    |
        |<-------------------------------------------------------------|
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |7.Content request   |                    |                    |
        |---------------------------------------->| [Validate URI      |
        |                    |                    |  signature]        |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |                    |    (ALT: Validation result)             |
        |8.Request is denied |          <Negative>|                    |
        |<----------------------------------------|                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |9.Re-sign URI and redirect to  <Positive>|                    |
        |  dCDN (newly signed URI)                |                    |
        |<----------------------------------------|                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |10.Content request  |                    |                    |
        |------------------->| [Validate URI      |                    |
        |                    |  signature]        |                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |    (ALT: Validation result)             |                    |
        |11.Request is denied| <Negative>         |                    |
        |<-------------------|                    |                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |12.Content delivery | <Positive>         |                    |
        |<-------------------|                    |                    |
        :                    :                    :                    :
        :   (Later in time)  :                    :                    :
        |13.CDNI Logging interface to include URI Signing information  |
        |                    |------------------->|                    |

           Figure 3: HTTP-based Request Routing with URI Signing

   1.   Using the CDNI Footprint & Capabilities Advertisement interface,
        the Downstream CDN advertises its capabilities including URI
        Signing support to the Authoritative CDN.

   2.   CSP provides to the Authoritative CDN the information needed to
        validate URI signatures from that CSP.  For example, this



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        information may include a hashing function, algorithm, and a key
        value.

   3.   Using the CDNI Metadata interface, the Authoritative CDN
        communicates to a Downstream CDN the information needed to
        validate URI signatures from the Authoritative CDN for the given
        CSP.  For example, this information may include the URI query
        string parameter name for the URI Signing Package Attribute, a
        hashing algorithm and/or a key corresponding to the trust
        relationship between the Authoritative CDN and the Downstream
        CDN.

   4.   When a UA requests a piece of protected content from the CSP,
        the CSP makes a specific authorization decision for this unique
        request based on its arbitrary distribution policy

   5.   If the authorization decision is negative, the CSP rejects the
        request.

   6.   If the authorization decision is positive, the CSP computes a
        Signed URI that is based on unique parameters of that request
        and conveys it to the end user as the URI to use to request the
        content.

   7.   On receipt of the corresponding content request, the
        authoritative CDN validates the URI Signature in the URI using
        the information provided by the CSP.

   8.   If the validation is negative, the authoritative CDN rejects the
        request

   9.   If the validation is positive, the authoritative CDN computes a
        Signed URI that is based on unique parameters of that request
        and provides to the end user as the URI to use to further
        request the content from the Downstream CDN

   10.  On receipt of the corresponding content request, the Downstream
        CDN validates the URI Signature in the Signed URI using the
        information provided by the Authoritative CDN in the CDNI
        Metadata

   11.  If the validation is negative, the Downstream CDN rejects the
        request and sends an error code (e.g. 403) in the HTTP response.

   12.  If the validation is positive, the Downstream CDN serves the
        request and delivers the content.





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   13.  At a later time, Downstream CDN reports logging events that
        includes URI signing information.

   With HTTP-based request routing, URI Signing matches well the general
   chain of trust model of CDNI both with symmetric key and asymmetric
   keys because the key information only need to be specific to a pair
   of adjacent CDNI hops.

7.2.  DNS Redirection

   For DNS-based request routing, the CSP and Authoritative CDN must
   agree on a trust model appropriate to the security requirements of
   the CSP's particular content.  Use of asymmetric public/private keys
   allows for unlimited distribution of the public key to Downstream
   CDNs.  However, if a shared secret key is preferred, then the CSP may
   want to restrict the distribution of the key to a (possibly empty)
   subset of trusted Downstream CDNs.  Authorized Delivery CDNs need to
   obtain the key information to validate the Signed UR, which is
   computed by the CSP based on its distribution policy.

   The URI signing scheme described below is based on the following
   steps (assuming iterative DNS request routing and a CDN path with two
   CDNs).  Note that Authoritative CDN and Upstream CDN are used
   exchangeably.

        End-User            dCDN                 uCDN                CSP
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |            1.CDNI FCI interface used to |                    |
        |         advertise URI Signing capability|                    |
        |                    |------------------->|                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |              2.Provides information to validate URI signature|
        |                    |                    |<-------------------|
        |        3.CDNI Metadata interface used to|                    |
        |           provide URI Signing attributes|                    |
        |                    |<-------------------|                    |
        |4.Authorization request                  |                    |
        |------------------------------------------------------------->|
        |                    |                    |  [Apply distribution
        |                    |                    |   policy]          |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |                    |             (ALT: Authorization decision)
        |5.Request is denied |                    |      <Negative>    |
        |<-------------------------------------------------------------|
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |6.Provides signed URI                    |      <Positive>    |
        |<-------------------------------------------------------------|
        |                    |                    |                    |



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        |7.DNS request       |                    |                    |
        |---------------------------------------->|                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |8.Redirect DNS to dCDN                   |                    |
        |<----------------------------------------|                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |9.DNS request       |                    |                    |
        |------------------->|                    |                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |10.IP address of Surrogate               |                    |
        |<-------------------|                    |                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |11.Content request  |                    |                    |
        |------------------->| [Validate URI      |                    |
        |                    |  signature]        |                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |    (ALT: Validation result)             |                    |
        |12.Request is denied| <Negative>         |                    |
        |<-------------------|                    |                    |
        |                    |                    |                    |
        |13.Content delivery | <Positive>         |                    |
        |<-------------------|                    |                    |
        :                    :                    :                    :
        :   (Later in time)  :                    :                    :
        |14.CDNI Logging interface to report URI Signing information   |
        |                    |------------------->|                    |

           Figure 4: DNS-based Request Routing with URI Signing

   1.   Using the CDNI Footprint & Capabilities Advertisement interface,
        the Downstream CDN advertises its capabilities including URI
        Signing support to the Authoritative CDN.

   2.   CSP provides to the Authoritative CDN the information needed to
        validate cryptographic signatures from that CSP.  For example,
        this information may include a hash function, algorithm, and a
        key.

   3.   Using the CDNI Metadata interface, the Authoritative CDN
        communicates to a Downstream CDN the information needed to
        validate cryptographic signatures from the CSP (e.g. the URI
        query string parameter name for the URI Signing Package
        Attribute).  In the case of symmetric key, the Authoritative CDN
        checks if the Downstream CDN is allowed by CSP to obtain the
        shared secret key.






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   4.   When a UA requests a piece of protected content from the CSP,
        the CSP makes a specific authorization decision for this unique
        request based on its arbitrary distribution policy.

   5.   If the authorization decision is negative, the CSP rejects the
        request

   6.   If the authorization decision is positive, the CSP computes a
        cryptographic signature that is based on unique parameters of
        that request and includes it in the URI provided to the end user
        to request the content.

   7.   End user sends DNS request to the authoritative CDN.

   8.   On receipt of the DNS request, the authoritative CDN redirects
        the request to the Downstream CDN.

   9.   End user sends DNS request to the Downstream CDN.

   10.  On receipt of the DNS request, the Downstream CDN responds with
        IP address of one of its Surrogates.

   11.  On receipt of the corresponding content request, the Downstream
        CDN validates the cryptographic signature in the URI using the
        information provided by the Authoritative CDN in the CDNI
        Metadata

   12.  If the validation is negative, the Downstream CDN rejects the
        request and sends an error code (e.g. 403) in the HTTP response.

   13.  If the validation is positive, the Downstream CDN serves the
        request and delivers the content.

   14.  At a later time, Downstream CDN reports logging events that
        includes URI signing information.

   With DNS-based request routing, URI Signing matches well the general
   chain of trust model of CDNI when used with asymmetric keys because
   the only key information that need to be distributed across multiple
   CDNI hops including non-adjacent hops is the public key, that is
   generally not confidential.

   With DNS-based request routing, URI Signing does not match well the
   general chain of trust model of CDNI when used with symmetric keys
   because the symmetric key information needs to be distributed across
   multiple CDNI hops including non-adjacent hops.  This raises a
   security concern for applicability of URI Signing with symmetric keys
   in case of DNS-based inter-CDN request routing.



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8.  IANA Considerations

   [Editor's note: (Is there a need to) register default value for URI
   Signing Package Attribute URI query string parameter name (i.e.
   URISigningPackage) to be used for URI Signing?  Need anything from
   IANA?]

   [Editor's note: To do: Convert to proper IANA Registry format]

   This document requests IANA to create three new URI Signing
   registries for the Information Elements and their defined values to
   be used for URI Signing.

   The following Enforcement Information Element names are allocated:

   o  ET (Expiry time)

   o  CIP (Client IP address)

   The following Signature Computation Information Element names are
   allocated:

   o  VER (Version): 1 (Base)

   o  KID (Key ID)

   o  KID_NUM (Numerical Key ID)

   o  HF (Hash Function): "SHA-256"

   o  DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm): "EC-DSA"

   The following URI Signature Information Element names are allocated:

   o  MD (Message Digest for Symmetric Key)

   o  DS (Digital Signature for Asymmetric Keys)

   The IANA is requested to allocate a new entry to the CDNI Logging
   Field Names Registry as specified in CDNI Logging Interface
   [I-D.ietf-cdni-logging] in accordance to the "Specification Required"
   policy [RFC5226]

   o  s-url-signing

   o  s-url-signing-deny-reason





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   The IANA is requested to allocate a new entry to the "CDNI
   GenericMetadata Types" Registry as specified in CDNI Metadata
   Interface [I-D.ietf-cdni-metadata] in accordance to the
   "Specification Required" policy [RFC5226]:

          +------------+---------------+---------+------+------+
          | Type name  | Specification | Version | MTE  | STR  |
          +------------+---------------+---------+------+------+
          | UriSigning | RFCthis       | 1       | true | true |
          +------------+---------------+---------+------+------+

   The IANA is also requested to allocate a new MIME type under the IANA
   MIME Media Type registry for the UriSigning metadata object:

      application/cdni.UriSigning.v1

9.  Security Considerations

   This document describes the concept of URI Signing and how it can be
   used to provide access authorization in the case of interconnected
   CDNs (CDNI).  The primary goal of URI Signing is to make sure that
   only authorized UAs are able to access the content, with a Content
   Service Provider (CSP) being able to authorize every individual
   request.  It should be noted that URI Signing is not a content
   protection scheme; if a CSP wants to protect the content itself,
   other mechanisms, such as DRM, are more appropriate.

   In general, it holds that the level of protection against
   illegitimate access can be increased by including more Enforcement
   Information Elements in the URI.  The current version of this
   document includes elements for enforcing Client IP Address and
   Expiration Time, however this list can be extended with other, more
   complex, attributes that are able to provide some form of protection
   against some of the vulnerabilities highlighted below.

   That said, there are a number of aspects that limit the level of
   security offered by URI signing and that anybody implementing URI
   signing should be aware of.

      Replay attacks: Any (valid) Signed URI can be used to perform
      replay attacks.  The vulnerability to replay attacks can be
      reduced by picking a relatively short window for the Expiration
      Time attribute, although this is limited by the fact that any
      HTTP-based request needs a window of at least a couple of seconds
      to prevent any sudden network issues from preventing legitimate
      UAs access to the content.  One way to reduce exposure to replay
      attacks is to include in the URI a unique one-time access ID.
      Whenever the Downstream CDN receives a request with a given unique



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      access ID, it adds that access ID to the list of 'used' IDs.  In
      the case an illegitimate UA tries to use the same URI through a
      replay attack, the Downstream CDN can deny the request based on
      the already-used access ID.

      Illegitimate client behind a NAT: In cases where there are
      multiple users behind the same NAT, all users will have the same
      IP address from the point of view of the Downstream CDN.  This
      results in the Downstream CDN not being able to distinguish
      between the different users based on Client IP Address and
      illegitimate users being able to access the content.  One way to
      reduce exposure to this kind of attack is to not only check for
      Client IP but also for other attributes that can be found in the
      HTTP headers.

   The shared key between CSP and Authoritative CDN may be distributed
   to Downstream CDNs - including cascaded CDNs.  Since this key can be
   used to legitimately sign a URL for content access authorization,
   it's important to know the implications of a compromised shared key.

   In the case where asymmetric keys are used, the KID information
   element might contain the URL to the public key.  To prevent
   malicious clients from signing their own URIs and inserting the
   associated public key URL in the KID field, thereby passing URI
   validation, it is important that CDNs check whether the URI conveyed
   in the KID field is in the allowable set of KIDs as listed in the
   CDNI metadata or set via configuration.

10.  Privacy

   The privacy protection concerns described in CDNI Logging Interface
   [I-D.ietf-cdni-logging] apply when the client's IP address (CIP
   attribute) is embedded in the Signed URI.  This means that, when
   anonymization is enabled, the value of the URI Signing Package
   Attribute MUST be removed from the logging record.

11.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank the following people for their
   contributions in reviewing this document and providing feedback:
   Scott Leibrand, Kevin Ma, Ben Niven-Jenkins, Thierry Magnien, Dan
   York, Bhaskar Bhupalam, Matt Caulfield, Samuel Rajakumar, Iuniana
   Oprescu and Leif Hedstrom.  In addition, Matt Caulfield provided
   content for the CDNI Metadata Interface section.







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12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-cdni-logging]
              Faucheur, F., Bertrand, G., Oprescu, I., and R.
              Peterkofsky, "CDNI Logging Interface", draft-ietf-cdni-
              logging-18 (work in progress), March 2015.

   [RFC5226]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
              May 2008.

   [RFC6707]  Niven-Jenkins, B., Le Faucheur, F., and N. Bitar, "Content
              Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI) Problem
              Statement", RFC 6707, September 2012.

12.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-cdni-metadata]
              Niven-Jenkins, B., Murray, R., Caulfield, M., and K. Ma,
              "CDN Interconnection Metadata", draft-ietf-cdni-
              metadata-09 (work in progress), March 2015.

   [I-D.ietf-cdni-redirection]
              Niven-Jenkins, B. and R. Brandenburg, "Request Routing
              Redirection Interface for CDN Interconnection", draft-
              ietf-cdni-redirection-09 (work in progress), April 2015.

   [RFC2104]  Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
              Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February
              1997.

   [RFC3174]  Eastlake, D. and P. Jones, "US Secure Hash Algorithm 1
              (SHA1)", RFC 3174, September 2001.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
              3986, January 2005.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.

   [RFC5952]  Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6
              Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, August 2010.






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   [RFC6983]  van Brandenburg, R., van Deventer, O., Le Faucheur, F.,
              and K. Leung, "Models for HTTP-Adaptive-Streaming-Aware
              Content Distribution Network Interconnection (CDNI)", RFC
              6983, July 2013.

   [RFC7336]  Peterson, L., Davie, B., and R. van Brandenburg,
              "Framework for Content Distribution Network
              Interconnection (CDNI)", RFC 7336, August 2014.

   [RFC7337]  Leung, K. and Y. Lee, "Content Distribution Network
              Interconnection (CDNI) Requirements", RFC 7337, August
              2014.

Authors' Addresses

   Kent Leung
   Cisco Systems
   3625 Cisco Way
   San Jose  95134
   USA

   Phone: +1 408 526 5030
   Email: kleung@cisco.com


   Francois Le Faucheur
   Cisco Systems
   Greenside, 400 Avenue de Roumanille
   Sophia Antipolis  06410
   France

   Phone: +33 4 97 23 26 19
   Email: flefauch@cisco.com


   Ray van Brandenburg
   TNO
   Anna van Buerenplein 1
   Den Haag  2595DC
   the Netherlands

   Phone: +31 88 866 7000
   Email: ray.vanbrandenburg@tno.nl








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   Bill Downey
   Verizon Labs
   60 Sylvan Road
   Waltham, Massachusetts  02451
   USA

   Phone: +1 781 466 2475
   Email: william.s.downey@verizon.com


   Michel Fisher
   Limelight Networks
   222 S Mill Ave
   Tempe, AZ  85281
   USA

   Phone: +1 360 419 5185
   Email: mfisher@llnw.com

































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