Delay-Tolerant Networking                                   E.J. Birrane
Internet-Draft                                                  E. Annis
Intended status: Informational                               S.E. Heiner
Expires: 7 September 2022       Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
                                                              March 2022


                      DTN Management Architecture
                        draft-ietf-dtn-dtnma-00

Abstract

   This document describes a management architecture suitable for
   deployment in the Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) architecture.  The
   DTN environment is characterized by a lack of end-to-end connectivity
   and communications delays that are both long-lives and unpredictable.
   A DTN Management Architecture (DTNMA) is needed that can operate
   without human- or system-in-the-loop synchronous interactivity and
   without reliance on transport-layer sessions.

   Within a DTNMA, nodes must provide both eventual data exchange and
   in-time local protection.  This can be accomplished with the use of
   autonomous and asynchronous configuration and reporting.  Despite the
   significant challenges to data transport, nodes must exhibit behavior
   that is both determinable and autonomous while maintaining as much
   compatibility with non-challenged-network operations concepts as
   possible.

   The DTNMA is supported by two types of asynchronous behavior.  First,
   the DTNMA does not presuppose any synchronized transport behavior
   between managed and managing devices.  Second, the DTNMA does not
   support any query-response semantics.  In this way, the DTNMA allows
   for operation in extremely challenging conditions, to include over
   uni-directional links and cases where delays/disruptions prevent
   operation over traditional transport layers.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.






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   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     1.2.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.3.  Organization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   3.  Motivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.1.  Constrained and Challenged Networks . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  Current Approaches and Their Limitations  . . . . . . . .  10
       3.2.1.  Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) . . . . . .  11
       3.2.2.  YANG Data Model and NETCONF, RESTCONF, and
               CORECONF  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       3.2.3.  Future of Autonomous and Autonomic Network Management
               Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       3.2.4.  Takeaways from Existing Network Management
               Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   4.  Desirable Properties of an DTNMA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.1.  Asynchronous, Dynamic, and Highly Logical Architecture  .  15
     4.2.  Model-derived and Hierarchically Organized Definition of
           Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.3.  Intelligent Push of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     4.4.  Minimize Message Size Not Node Processing . . . . . . . .  16
     4.5.  Absolute Data Identification  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     4.6.  Custom Data Definition  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     4.7.  Autonomous Operation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
   5.  Services Provided by an DTNMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18



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     5.1.  Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
     5.2.  Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.3.  Autonomous Parameterized Procedure Calls  . . . . . . . .  20
     5.4.  Authorized Administration, accounting, and error
           control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.  DTNMA Roles and Responsibilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     6.1.  Agent Responsibilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     6.2.  Manager Responsibilities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   7.  Logical Data Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     7.1.  Data Representations: Constants, Externally Defined Data,
           and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     7.2.  Data Collections: Reports and Tables  . . . . . . . . . .  25
       7.2.1.  Report Templates and Reports  . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
       7.2.2.  Table Templates and Tables  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     7.3.  Command Execution: Controls and Macros  . . . . . . . . .  27
     7.4.  Autonomy: Time and State-Based Rules  . . . . . . . . . .  28
       7.4.1.  State-Based Rule (SBR)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
       7.4.2.  Time-Based Rule (TBR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     7.5.  Calculations: Expressions, Literals, and Operators  . . .  29
   8.  System Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     8.1.  Control and Data Flows  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     8.2.  Control Flow by Role  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       8.2.1.  Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
       8.2.2.  Serialized Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
       8.2.3.  Challenged, DTN Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       8.2.4.  Consolidated Message Management . . . . . . . . . . .  33
       8.2.5.  Multiplexed Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       8.2.6.  Data Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   11. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40

1.  Introduction

   The Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) Management Architecture (DTNMA)
   is designed to provide configuration, monitoring, and local control
   of application services on a managed device operating within a
   challenged network.

   The unique properties of a challenged network are as defined in
   [RFC7228] and include cases where an end-to-end transport path may
   not be feasible at any moment in time and delivery delays may prevent
   timely communications between a network operator and a managed
   device.  These delays may be caused by long signal propagations or
   frequent link disruptions (as described in [RFC4838]) or by non-
   environmental factors such as quality-of-service prioritizations and
   service-level agreements.



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   The DTNMA must operate in the most restrictive environments, to
   include the following.

   *  Managed devices that are only accessible via a uni-directional
      link, or via a link whose duration is shorter than a single round-
      trip propagation time.

   *  Links that may be significantly constrained by capacity or
      reliability, but at (predictable or unpredictable) times may offer
      significant throughput.

   *  Multi-hop challenged networks that interconnect two or more
      unchallenged networks such that managed and managing devices exist
      in different networks.

   *  Networks unable to support session-based transport.  For example,
      when propagation delays exceed the Maximum Segment Lifetime (MSL)
      of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

   In these and related scenarios, managed devices need to operate with
   local autonomy because managing devices may not be available within
   operationally-relevant timeframes.  Managing devices deliver
   instruction sets that govern the local, autonomous behavior of the
   managed device.  These behaviors include (but are not limited to)
   collecting performance data, state, and error conditions, and
   applying pre-determined responses to pre-determined events.  The goal
   is asynchronous and autonomous communication between the device being
   managed and the manager, at times never expecting a reply, and with
   knowledge that commands and queries may be delivered much later than
   the initial request.

   The DTNMA can leverage transport, network, and security solutions
   designed for challenged networks but is not bound to any single such
   protocol or protocol implementation.  However the DTNMA is designed
   to be usable in all environments in which the Bundle Protocol (BPv7)
   [RFC9171] may be deployed.

1.1.  Scope

   This document describes the motivation, services, desirable
   properties, roles/responsibilities, logical data model, and system
   model that form the DTNMA.  These descriptions comprise a concept of
   operations for management in challenged networks

   This document is not a normative standardization of a physical data
   model or any individual protocol.  Instead, it serves as informative
   guidance to authors and users of such models and protocols.




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   The DTNMA is independent of transport and network layers.  It does
   not, for example, require the use of BP, TCP, or UDP.  Similarly, it
   does not pre-suppose the use of IPv4 or IPv6.

   The DTNMA is not bound to a particular security solution and does not
   presume that transport layers can exchange messages in a timely
   manner.  It is assumed that any network using this architecture
   supports services such as naming, addressing, routing, and security
   that are required to communicate DTNMA messages as would be the case
   with any other messages in the network.

   While possible that a challenged network may interface with an
   unchallenged network, this document does not specifically address
   compatibility with other management approaches.

1.2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

1.3.  Organization

   The remainder of this document is organized into the following seven
   sections, described as follows.

   *  Terminology - This section identifies those terms critical to
      understanding DTNMA concepts.  Whenever possible, these terms
      align in both word selection and meaning with their analogs from
      other management protocols.

   *  Motivation - This section provides an overall motivation for this
      work, to include explaining why this approach is a useful
      alternative to existing network management approaches.

   *  Desirable Properties - This section identifies the properties that
      guide the definition of the system and logical models that
      comprise the DTNMA.

   *  Services Provided - This section identifies and defines the DTNMA
      services provided to network and mission operators.

   *  Roles and Responsibilities - This section identifies roles in the
      DTNMA and their associated responsibilities.  It provides the
      context for discussing how services are provided for both managed
      and managing devices.





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   *  Logical Data Model - This section describes the kinds of data,
      procedures, autonomy, and associated hierarchical structure
      inherent to the DTNMA.

   *  System Model - This section describes data flows amongst various
      defined DTNMA roles.  These flows capture how the DTNMA system
      works to manage devices across a challenged network.

2.  Terminology

   *  Actor - A software service running on either managed or managing
      devices for the purpose of implementing management protocols
      between such devices.  Actors may implement the "Manager" role,
      "Agent" role, or both.

   *  Agent Role (or Agent) - A role associated with a managed device,
      responsible for reporting performance data, accepting/performing
      controls, error handling and validation, and executing any
      autonomous behaviors.  DTNMA Agents exchange information with
      DTNMA Managers operating either on the same device or on a remote
      managing device.

   *  DTN Management - Management that does not depend on stateful
      connections or real time delivery of management messages.  Such
      management allows for asynchronous commanding to autonomous
      managers running on managed devices.  This management is designed
      to run in any environment conformant to the DTN architecture and/
      or in any environment deploying a BPv7 network.

   *  Externally Defined Data (EDD) - Information made available to a
      DTNMA Agent by a managed device, but not computed directly by the
      DTNMA Agent itself.

   *  Variables (VARs) - Typed information that is computed by a DTNMA
      Agent, typically as a function of EDD values and/or other
      Variables.

   *  Constants (CONST) - A Constant represents a typed, immutable value
      that is referred to by a semantic name.  Constants are used in
      situations where substituting a name for a fixed value provides
      useful semantic information.  For example, using the named
      constant PI rather than the literal value 3.14159.

   *  Controls (CTRLs) - Procedures run by a DTNMA Actor to change the
      behavior, configuration, or state of an application or protocol
      being managed within a DTN.  Controls may also be used to request
      data from an Agent and define the rules associated with generation
      and delivery.



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   *  Literals (LITs) - A Literal represents a typed value without a
      semantic name.  Literals are used in cases where adding a semantic
      name to a fixed value provides no useful semantic information.
      For example, the number 4 is a Literal value.

   *  Macros (MACROs) - A named, ordered collection of Controls and/or
      other Macros.

   *  Manager Role (or Manager) - A role associated with a managing
      device responsible for configuring the behavior of, and eventually
      receiving information from, DTNMA Agents.  DTNMA Managers interact
      with one or more DTNMA Agents located on the same device and/or on
      remote devices in the network.

   *  Operator (OP) - The enumeration and specification of a
      mathematical function used to calculate variable values and
      construct expressions to evaluate DTNMA Agent state.

   *  Report (RPT) - A typed, ordered collection of data values gathered
      by one or more DTNMA Agents and provided to one or more DTNMA
      Managers.  Reports only contain typed data values and the identity
      of the Report Template (RPTT) to which they conform.

   *  Report Template (RPTT) - A named, typed, ordered collection of
      data types that represent the schema of a Report.  This template
      is generated by a DTNMA Manager and communicated to one or more
      other DTNMA Managers and DTNMA Agents.

   *  Rule - A unit of autonomous specification that provides a
      stimulus-response relationship between time or state on an DTNMA
      Agent and the actions or operations to be run as a result of that
      time or state.  A Rule might trigger actions such as updating a
      Variable, producing a Report or a Table, and running a Control.

   *  State-Based Rule (SBR) - Any Rule triggered by the calculable
      internal state of the DTNMA Agent.

   *  Synchronous Management - Management that assumes messages will be
      delivered and acted upon in real or near-real-time.  Synchronous
      management often involves immediate replies of acknowledgment or
      error status.  Synchronous management is often bound to underlying
      transport protocols and network protocols to ensure reliability or
      source and sender identification.








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   *  Table (TBL) - A typed collection of data values organized in a
      tabular way in which columns represent homogeneous types of data
      and rows represent unique sets of data values conforming to column
      types.  Tables only contain typed data values and the identity of
      the Table Template (TBLT) to which they conform.

   *  Table Template (TBLT) - A named, typed, ordered collection of
      columns that comprise the structure for representing tabular data
      values.  This template forms the structure of a table (TBL).

   *  Time-Based Rule (TBR) - A time-based rule is a specialization, and
      simplification, of a state-based rule in which the rule stimulus
      is triggered by relative or absolute time on an Agent.

3.  Motivation

   Early work into the rationale and motivation for specialized
   management for the DTN architecture was captured in [BIRRANE1],
   [BIRRANE2], and [BIRRANE3].  Some of the properties and feasibility
   of a management system were adopted from prototyping work done in
   accordance with the DTN Research Group within the IRTF as documented
   in [I-D.irtf-dtnrg-dtnmp].

   The unique nature of challenged networks requires new network
   capabilities to deliver expected network functions.  For example, the
   unique constraints of the DTN achitecture required the development of
   BPv7 for transport functions and the Bundle Protocol Security
   Extensions (BPSec) [RFC9172].  Similarly, new management capabilities
   are needed to operate in these new environments and when using these
   new transport and security mechanisms.

   This section discusses the characteristics of challenged networks and
   how they may violate the assumptions made by non-DTNMA network
   management approaches.

3.1.  Constrained and Challenged Networks

   Constrained networks are defined as those where "some of the
   characteristics pretty much taken for granted with link layers in
   common use in the Internet at the time of writing are not
   attainable."  ([RFC7228]).  This somewhat information definition
   captures a variety of potential issues relating to physical,
   technical, or regulatory constraints to message transmission.
   Examples of these networks include nodes that regularly reboot or are
   otherwise turned off for long periods of time, that transmit at low
   or asynchornous bitrates, and that may have very low computational
   resources.




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   Separately, challenged network is defined as one that "has serious
   trouble maintaining what an application would today expect of the
   end-to-end IP model" ([RFC7228]).  This includes cases where there is
   never simultaneous end-to-end connectivity, when such connectivity is
   interrupted at planned or unplanned intervals, or when delays exceed
   those that could be accommodated by IP-based transport.  Links in
   such networks are often unavailable due to attenuations, propagation
   delays, mobility, occultation, and other limitations imposed by
   energy and mass considerations.

   These networks exhibit the following properties that impact the way
   in which the function of network management is considered.

   *  No end-to-end path is guaranteed to exist at any given time
      between any two nodes.

   *  Round-trip communications between any two nodes within any given
      time window may be impossible.

   *  Latencies on the order of seconds, hours, or days must be
      tolerated.

   *  Links may be uni-directional.

   *  Bi-directional links may have asymmetric data rates.

   *  Dependence on external infrastructure, software, systems, or
      processes such as Domain Name Service (DNS) or Certificate
      authorities (CAs) cannot be guaranteed.

   Finally, it is noted that "all challenged networks are constrained
   networks ... but not all constrained networks are challenged networks
   ...  Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) has been designed to cope with
   challenged networks" ([RFC7228]).

   Challenged networks differ from other kinds of constrained networks,
   in part, in the way in which the topology and, otherwise, roles and
   responsibilities of the network may evolve over time.  From the time
   at which data is generated to the time at which the data is
   delivered, the topology of the network and the roles assigned to
   various nodes, devices, and actors, may have changed.  In certain
   circumstances, the physical node receiving messages for a given
   logical destination may also have changed.

   When this topological change impacts the transport of messages, then
   transports must wait for the incremental connectivity necessary to
   advance messages along their expected route.  Therefore, these
   networks cannot guarantee that there exist timely data exchange



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   between managing and managed devices.  For example, the Bundle
   Protocol transport protocol for use in DTNs implements this type of
   store-and-forward operation.

   When topological change impacts the semantic roles and
   responsibilities of nodes in the network, then local configuration
   and autonomy at nodes must be present to determine time-variant
   changes.  For example, the BPSec protocol does not encode security
   destinations and, instead, requires nodes in a network to identify as
   verifiers or acceptors when receiving secured messages.

   When applied to network management, the semantic roles of Agent and
   Manager may also change with the changing topology of the network.
   Individual nodes must implement desirable behavior without reliance
   on a single oracle of configuration or other coordinating function
   such as an operator-in-the-loop or various supporting infrastructure.
   This implies that there MUST NOT be a defined relationship between a
   particular manager and agent in a network.  This includes allowing
   more than one manager per agent, allowing "control from" and
   "reporting to" managers be independent of one another, and allowing
   the logical role of a manager to be physically shared among assets
   and change over time"

3.2.  Current Approaches and Their Limitations

   Network management solutions are prevalent in both local-area and
   wide-area networks.  Their capabilities range from simple
   configuration and report generation to complex modeling of a device's
   settings, state, and behavior.  While all of these approaches are
   useful in the domains for which they have been built, they are not
   all equally functional when placed in a challenged network.

   Solutions that push and pull large sets of data between managers and
   agents might fail to operate in a challenged environment as a
   function of tansmit power, bitrates, and the ability of the network
   to store and forward large data volumes over long periods of time.

   Newer network management approaches are exploring the application of
   autonomy for management, in part to reduce overall data volumes and
   the need to maintain state between a manager and an agent.  However,
   these focus more on well resourced, unchallenged networks where
   devices self-configure, self-heal, and self-optimize with other nodes
   in their vicinity.

   This section describes some of the well known standardized protocols
   for network management as well as various proposed solutions.  It
   aims to differentiate their purpose with the needs of challenged
   network management solutions.



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3.2.1.  Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

   Early network management tools for unchallenged networks provided
   mechanisms for communicating locally-collected data from devices to
   operators and managing applications, typically using a "pull"
   mechanism where data must be explicitly requested by a Manager to be
   produced and transmitted by an Agent.

   The defacto example of this architecture is the Simple Network
   Management Protocol (SNMP) [RFC3416].  SNMP utilizes a request/
   response model to set and retrieve data values such as host
   identifiers, link utilizations, error rates, and counters between
   application software on Agents and Managers.  Data may be directly
   sampled or consolidated into representative statistics.
   Additionally, SNMP supports a model for unidirectional push
   notification messages, called traps, based on predefined triggering
   events.

   SNMP Managers can query Agents for status information, send new
   configurations, and be informed when specific events have occurred.
   Traps and queryable data are defined in a data model known as Managed
   Information Bases (MIBs) which define the information for a
   particular data standard, protocol, device, or application.

   While there is a large installation base for SNMP there are several
   aspects of the protocol that make it inappropriate for use in a
   challenged network.  SNMP relies on sessions with low round-trip
   latency to support its "pull" model.  Complex management can be
   achieved but only through craftful orchestration using a series of
   real-time, end-to-end manager-generated query-and-response logic not
   possible in challenged networks.

   The SNMP trap model provides some Agent-side processing, however the
   processing has low fidelity and traps are typically "fire and
   forget."  Adaptive modifications to SNMP to support challenged
   networks and more complex application-level management, would alter
   the basic function of the protocol (data models, control flows, and
   syntax) so as to be functionally incompatible with existing SNMP
   installations.  Therefore, this approach is not suitable for use in
   challenged networks.

3.2.2.  YANG Data Model and NETCONF, RESTCONF, and CORECONF









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3.2.2.1.  The YANG Data Model

   Yet Another Next Generation (YANG) [RFC6020] is a data modeling
   language used to model configuration and state data of managed
   devices and applications.  The YANG model defines a schema for
   organizing and accessing a device's configuration or operational
   information.  Once a model is developed, it is loaded to both the
   client and server, and serves as a contract between the two.  A YANG
   model can be complex, describing many containers of managed elements,
   each providing methods of device configuration or reporting of
   operational state.

   YANG allows for the definition of parameterized of Remote Procedure
   Calls (RPCs) to be executed on managed nodes as well as the
   definition of push notifications within the model.  The RPCs provide
   a means to execute commands on a device generating an expected,
   structured response.  However, the RPC execution is strictly limited
   to those issued by the client.  Commands are executed immediately and
   sequentially as they are received by the server, and there is no
   method to autonomously execute RPCs triggered by specific events or
   conditions.

   YANG defines the schema for data to be accessed by network management
   protocols such as NETCONF [RFC6241], RESTCONF [RFC8040], or CORECONF
   [I-D.ietf-core-comi].  These protocols provide the mechanisms to
   install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of network devices.

3.2.2.2.  YANG-Based Management Protocols

   NETCONF is a stateful, XML-based protocol that provides a RPC syntax
   to retrieve, edit, copy, or delete any data nodes or exposed
   functionality on the server.  It requires that underlying transport
   protocols support long-lived, reliable, low-latency, sequenced data
   delivery sessions.  NETCONF connections are required to provide
   authentication, data integrity, confidentiality, and replay
   protection through secure transport protocols such as SSH or TLS.  No
   data is transferred without first establishing a bi-directional
   NETCONF session.

   NETCONF provides the ability to udpate and fetch many data elements
   simultaneously using verbose XML files which are not easily
   compressed.

   RESTCONF is a stateless RESTful protocol based on HTTP that uses JSON
   encoding to GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, or DELETE data nodes within YANG
   modules.  It requires secure transport such as TLS.





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   RESTCONF configures or retrieves individual data elements or
   containers within YANG data models passing JSON over REST.  However,
   large configuration changes of many data elements or collection of
   information depends greatly on synchronous communication.

   CORECONF is also stateless and built atop the Constrained Application
   Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252] which defines the messaging construct
   developed to operate specifically on constrained devices and networks
   by limiting message size and fragmentation.  CORECONF defines the
   security requirements of either DTLS or OSCORE.  COAP provides the
   ability to achieve store and forward operation similar to DTN,
   however it operates strictly at the application layer and requires
   specification of pre-determined proxies and moments of bi-directional
   communication.

   CORECONF leverages the Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)
   [RFC8949] of YANG modules [I-D.ietf-core-yang-cbor] and provides
   further compressibility through the use of YANG Schema Item
   iDentifiers (SIDs) [I-D.ietf-core-sid].  While this offers various
   reductions in encoded size, it is still dependent on underlying
   transport networks and the organization of the YANG schema.

3.2.2.3.  Limitations of YANG-Based Approaches

   YANG notifications are promising for challenged network management,
   defined as both subscriptions to YANG notifications [RFC8639] and
   YANG PUSH notifications [RFC8641].  In this model, the client may
   subscribe to delivery of specific containers or data nodes defined in
   the model, either on a periodic or "on change" basis.  The
   notification events can be filtered according to XPATH or subpath
   filtering as described in [RFC8639] Section 2.2.  However generation
   events from the model are still captured and filtering only limits
   the amount of information sent to the receiver.  Regardless, when a
   subscription to a notification element has been formed, those events
   will be streamed continuously until the session fails or the
   subscription is canceled.  What is possibly the most limiting feature
   of YANG PUSH for challenged DTN, is the inability to trigger the
   generation of notifications based on external stimuli.

   While the YANG model provides great flexibility for configuring a
   homogeneous network of devices, it becomes a burden in challenged
   networks where concise encoding is necessary.  The YANG schema allows
   the developer of the model great flexibility in the organization of
   data.  The YANG schema supports a broad range of data types noted in
   [RFC6991].  All the data nodes within a YANG model are referenced by
   verbose string based path of the module, sub-module, container, and
   any data nodes such as lists, leaf-lists, or leafs, without explicit
   hierarchical organization based on data or object type.  Recent



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   efforts for compressibility using CBOR and SIDs to address YANG data
   nodes through integer identifiers, however these lack any formal
   hierarchical structure.  All mapping of SIDs to YANG modules and data
   nodes is preformed manually which limits the portability of models
   and further increases the size of any encoding scheme.

3.2.3.  Future of Autonomous and Autonomic Network Management Solutions

   The future of network operations require more autonomous behavior
   including self-configuration, self-management, self-healing, and
   self-optimization.  One approach to this is coined Autonomic
   Networking [RFC7575] and includes many recent efforts describe
   Autonomic architecture and protocols [RFC8993].  Challenged networks
   as described need similar degrees of autonomy however lack the
   ability to depend on complex coordination between nodes and both
   centralized and distributed supporting infrastructure.  Policy-based
   management is another approach that has been around for quite some
   time, involving business and operations support systems that monitor
   and manage devices and networks in real-time.  These systems leverage
   various existing network management protocols such as YANG Service
   module classification types [RFC8199] describe abstract services and
   support configuration of service level agreements.  These then enact
   additional control over devices using network element modules.  This
   approach is quite comprehensive but requires sufficient supporting
   infrastructure and synchronous access.

3.2.4.  Takeaways from Existing Network Management Protocols

   While the various protocols described above are quite useful and well
   deployed for various applications, they simply do not meet the
   various requirements for challenged networks.  However, that does not
   mean various features from each do not contribute to the design of
   DTNMA.  The concept of a data model for describing network
   configuration elements has long been useful for various protocols and
   ensures compliance between managers and managed devices.  It provides
   error checking and bounds on operation which is necessary when
   controlling mission critical devices.  The SNMP MIBs provide a well
   organized, hierarchical OIDs which support great compressibility
   needed by challenged DTNs.  YANG, NETCONF, and RESTCONF support
   notifications much needed by DTN network management, however provide
   limited features for describing autonomous execution and behavior.
   The CORECONF provides CBOR encoding and concise reference via SIDS
   however without any hierarchical structure or authoritative planning
   to allocation, this will become too verbose and prove limiting in the
   future.  the sections below describe desirable features of an DTNMA.






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4.  Desirable Properties of an DTNMA

   This section describes those design properties that are desirable
   when defining an architecture that must operate across challenged
   links in a network.  These properties ensure that network management
   capabilities are retained even as delays and disruptions in the
   network scale.  Ultimately, these properties are the driving design
   principles for the DTNMA.

4.1.  Asynchronous, Dynamic, and Highly Logical Architecture

   An DTNMA built to support DTN must be agnostic of the underlying
   physical topology, transport protocols, security solutions, and
   supporting infrastructure.  The DTNMA shall be limited to only the
   network management protocols, message structure, and information
   content, including but not limited to the type of objects to manage
   and the expected behavior and interaction upon access or execution of
   those objects.  There shall be no prescribed association between
   between a manager and an agent other than those defined in the
   responsibilities associated with each in this document.  There should
   be no limitation to the number of managers that can control an agent,
   the number of managers that an agent should report to, or any
   requirement that a manager and agent relationship implies a pair.

4.2.  Model-derived and Hierarchically Organized Definition of
      Information

   A means to define a shared contract between agent and manager has
   long been an approach to network management solutions.  A model is a
   schema that defines this contract and defines all sources of
   information that can be retrieved, configured, or executed, as well
   as the various functions for parameterization, filtering, or event
   driven behavior.  A model gives way to concise representation of
   information, intelligent suffixing, and patterning.  The DTNMA model
   shall be designed with a limited set of object and data types to
   allow and be organized hierarchally to provide for highly
   compressible and concise encoding.  This allows the agents and
   managers to infer context with limited link utilization necessary in
   DTN.

4.3.  Intelligent Push of Information

   Pull management mechanisms require that a Manager send a query to an
   Agent and then wait for the response to that query.  This practice
   implies a control-session between entities and increases the overall
   message traffic in the network.  Challenged networks cannot guarantee
   that the round-trip data-exchange will occur in a timely fashion.  In
   extreme cases, networks may be comprised of solely uni-directional



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   links which drastically increases the amount of time needed for a
   round-trip data exchange.  Therefore, pull mechanisms must be avoided
   in favor of push mechanisms.

   Push mechanisms, in this context, refer to the ability of Agents to
   leverage rule-based criteria to determine when and what information
   should be sent to managers.  This could be based solely off logic
   applied to existing VARs or EDDs, based off operations applied to
   data elements, or triggered as a function of relative time.  Such
   mechanisms do not require round-trip communications as Managers do
   not request each reporting instance; Managers need only request once,
   in advance, that information be produced in accordance with a
   predetermined schedule or in response to a predefined state on the
   Agent.  In this way information is "pushed" from Agents to Managers
   and the push is "intelligent" because it is based on some internal
   evaluation performed by the Agent.

4.4.  Minimize Message Size Not Node Processing

   Protocol designers must balance message size versus message
   processing time at sending and receiving nodes.  Verbose
   representations of data simplify node processing whereas compact
   representations require additional activities to generate/parse the
   compacted message.  There is no asynchronous management advantage to
   minimizing node processing time in a challenged network.  However,
   there is a significant advantage to smaller message sizes in such
   networks.  Compact messages require smaller periods of viable
   transmission for communication, incur less re-transmission cost, and
   consume less resources when persistently stored en-route in the
   network.  A DTN Management Protocol (DTNMP) should minimize PDUs
   whenever practical, to include packing and unpacking binary data,
   variable-length fields, and pre-configured data definitions.

4.5.  Absolute Data Identification

   Elements within the management system must be uniquely identifiable
   so that they can be individually manipulated.  Identification schemes
   that are relative to system configuration make data exchange between
   Agents and Managers difficult as system configurations may change
   faster than nodes can communicate.

   Consider the following common technique for approximating an
   associative array lookup.  A manager wishing to do an associative
   lookup for some key K1 will (1) query a list of array keys from the
   agent, (2) find the key that matches K1 and infer the index of K1
   from the returned key list, and (3) query the discovered index on the
   agent to retrieve the desired data.




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   Ignoring the inefficiency of two pull requests, this mechanism fails
   when the Agent changes its key-index mapping between the first and
   second query.  Rather than constructing an artificial mapping from K1
   to an index, an AMP must provide an absolute mechanism to lookup the
   value K1 without an abstraction between the Agent and Manager.

4.6.  Custom Data Definition

   Custom definition of new data from existing data (such as through
   data fusion, averaging, sampling, or other mechanisms) provides the
   ability to communicate desired information in as compact a form as
   possible.  Specifically, an Agent should not be required to transmit
   a large data set for a Manager that only wishes to calculate a
   smaller, inferred data set.  These new defined data elements could be
   calculated and used both as parameters for local stimulus-response
   rules-based criteria or simply serve to populate custom reports and
   tables.  Since the identification of custom data sets is likely to
   occur in the context of a specific network deployment, AMPs must
   provide a mechanism for their definition.

   Aggregation of controls and custom formatting of reports and tables
   are equally important.  Custom reporting provides the flexibility
   allowing the manager to define the desired format of all information
   to be sent over the challenged network from the agents, serving to
   both save link capacity and increase the value of returned
   information.  Aggregation of controls allows a manager to specify a
   set of controls to execute, specifying both the order and criteria of
   execution.  This aggregate set of controls can be sent as a single
   command rather than a series of sequential operands.  In this case it
   is additionally possible to use outputs of one command to serve as an
   input to the next at the agent.

4.7.  Autonomous Operation

   DTNMA network functions must be achievable using only knowledge local
   to the Agent.  Rather than directly controlling an Agent, a Manager
   configures an engine of the Agent to take its own action under the
   appropriate conditions in accordance with the Agent's notion of local
   state and time.

   Such an engine may be used for simple automation of predefined tasks
   or to support semi-autonomous behavior in determining when to run
   tasks and how to configure or parameterize tasks when they are run.
   Wholly autonomous operations MAY be supported where required.
   Generally, autonomous operations should provide the following
   benefits.





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   *  Distributed Operation - The concept of pre-configuration allows
      the Agent to operate without regular contact with Managers in the
      system.  The initial configuration (and periodic update) of the
      system remains difficult in a challenged network, but an initial
      synchronization on stimuli and responses drastically reduces needs
      for centralized operations.

   *  Deterministic Behavior - Such behavior is necessary in critical
      operational systems where the actions of a platform must be well
      understood even in the absence of an operator in the loop.
      Depending on the types of stimuli and responses, these systems may
      be considered to be maintaining simple automation or semi-
      autonomous behavior.  In either case, this preserves the ability
      of a frequently-out-of-contact Manager to predict the state of an
      Agent with more reliability than cases where Agents implement
      independent and fully autonomous systems.

   *  Engine-Based Behavior - Several operational systems are unable to
      deploy "mobile code" based solutions due to network bandwidth,
      memory or processor loading, or security concerns.  Engine-based
      approaches provide configurable behavior without incurring these
      types of concerns associated with mobile code.

   *  Intelligent authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA), and
      error checking - A means of autonomous AAA, error checking, and
      validation of data and controls will be be required in all cases
      where agents or managers are disconnected from the rest of the
      network.  In addition, there is a need to handle conflicts
      including messages that arrive out of order, or at the same time
      from different managers whose controls would otherwise conflict.
      The need to perform these operations still exists however they
      will need to be performed with context provided with controls sent
      or in accordance with pre-defined behavior and policy.

5.  Services Provided by an DTNMA

   The DTNMA provides a method of configuring DTNMA Agents with local,
   autonomous management functions, such as rule-based execution of
   procedures and generation of reports, to achieve expected behavior
   when managed devices exist over a challenged network.  It further
   allows for dynamic instantiation and population of Variables and
   reports through local operations defined by the manager, as well as
   custom formatting of tables and reports to be sent back.  This gives
   the DTNMA significant flexibility to operate over challenged
   networks, both providing new degrees of freedom over existing
   configuration based data models used in synchronous networks and
   allowing for more concise formatting over constrained networks.  This
   architecture makes very few assumptions on the nature of the network



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   and allow for continuous operation through periods of connectivity
   and lack of connectivity.  The DTNMA deviates from synchronous
   management approaches because it never requires periods of bi-
   directional connectivity, and provides the manager flexibility to
   describe agent behavior that was unpredicted at the time of the data
   model creation.

   This section identifies the services that an DTNMA would provide for
   management of challenged network resources.  These services include
   configuration, reporting, autonomous parameterized control, and
   administration.

5.1.  Configuration

   Configuration services update Agent data associated with managed
   applications and protocols.  Some configuration data might be defined
   in the context of an application or protocol, such that any network
   using that application or protocol would understand that data.  Other
   configuration data may be defined tactically for use in a specific
   network deployment and not available to other networks even if they
   use the same applications or protocols.

   With no guarantee of round-trip data exchange, Agents cannot rely on
   remote Managers to correct erroneous or stale configurations from
   harming the flow of data through a challenged network.

   Examples of configuration service behavior include the following.

   *  Creating a new datum as a function of other well-known data:

      C = A + B.

   *  Creating a new report as a unique, ordered collection of known
      data:

      RPT = {A, B, C}.

   *  Storing predefined, parameterized responses to potential future
      conditions:

      IF (X > 3) THEN RUN CMD(PARM).










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5.2.  Reporting

   Reporting services populate report templates with values collected or
   computed by an Agent.  The resultant reports are sent to one or more
   Managers by the Agent.  The term "reporting" is used in place of the
   term "monitoring", as monitoring implies a timeliness and regularity
   that cannot be guaranteed by a challenged network.  Reports sent by
   an Agent provide best-effort information to receiving Managers.

   Since a Manager is not actively "monitoring" an Agent, the Agent must
   make its own determination on when to send what Reports based on its
   own local time and state information.  Agents should produce Reports
   of varying fidelity and with varying frequency based on thresholds
   and other information set as part of configuration services.

   Examples of reporting service behavior include the following.

   *  Generate Report R1 every hour (time-based production).

   *  Generate Report R2 when X > 3 (state-based production).

5.3.  Autonomous Parameterized Procedure Calls

   Similar to an RPC call, some mechanism MUST exist which allows a
   procedure to be run on an Agent in order to affect its behavior or
   otherwise change its internal state.  Since there is no guarantee
   that a Manager will be in contact with an Agent at any given time,
   the decisions of whether and when a procedure should be run MUST be
   made locally and autonomously by the Agent.  Two types of automation
   triggers are identified in the DTNMA: triggers based on the internal
   state of the Agent and triggers based on an Agent's notion of time.
   As such, the autonomous execution of procedures can be viewed as a
   stimulus-response system, where the stimulus is the positive
   evaluation of a state or time based predicate and the response is the
   function to be executed.

   The autonomous nature of procedure execution by an Agent implies that
   the full suite of information necessary to run a procedure may not be
   known by a Manager in advance.  To address this situation, a
   parameterization mechanism MUST be available so that required data
   can be provided at the time of execution on the Agent rather than at
   the time of definition/configuration by the Manager.

   Autonomous, parameterized procedure calls provide a powerful
   mechanism for Managers to "manage" an Agent asynchronously during
   periods of no communication by pre-configuring responses to events
   that may be encountered by the Agent at a future time.




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   Examples of potential behavior include the following.

   *  Updating local routing information based on instantaneous link
      analysis.

   *  Managing storage on the device to enforce quotas.

   *  Applying or modifying local security policy.

5.4.  Authorized Administration, accounting, and error control

   Administration services enforce the potentially complex mapping of
   auhorization to configuration, reporting, and control services
   amongst Agents and Managers in the network.  Fine-grained access
   control can specify which Managers may apply which services to which
   Agents.  This is particularly beneficial in networks that either deal
   with multiple administrative entities or overlay networks that cross
   administrative boundaries.  Whitelists, blacklists, key-based
   infrastructures, or other schemes may be used for this purpose.

   Other administrative services may place practical restrictions on the
   overall number of items that can be kept in a system.  This includes
   items such as the number of rows kept by an Agent for a given table
   template or number of entries for a given report template.

   Examples of administration service behavior include the following.

   *  Agent A1 only Sends reports for Protocol P1 to Manager M1.

   *  Agent A2 only accepts a configurations for Application Y from
      Managers M2 and M3.

   *  Agent A3 accepts services from any Manager providing the proper
      authentication token.

   Note that the administrative enforcement of access control is
   different from security services provided by the networking stack
   carrying such messages.

6.  DTNMA Roles and Responsibilities

   By definition, Agents reside on managed devices and Managers reside
   on managing devices.  There is however no pre-supposed architecture
   that connects managers and agents and therefore a single device could
   assume both roles.  This section describes the responsibilities
   associated with each role and how these roles participate in network
   management.




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6.1.  Agent Responsibilities

   Manager Mapping
           Agents must receive messages from managers that govern
           application control, reporting, and autonomous behavior.
           Agents must maintain a list of managers which have delivered
           control messages along with a list of "report to" managers.
           The list of requested reports must be mapped to one or more
           managers.

   Application Support
           Agents MUST collect all data, execute all controls, populate
           all reports and run operations required by each application
           which the Agent manages.  Agents MUST report supported
           applications by their data model so that Managers in a
           network understands what information is understood by what
           Agent.

   Local Data Collection
           Agents MUST collect from local firmware (or other on-board
           mechanisms) and report all data defined for the management of
           applications for which they have been configured.  Agents
           must further use this information in the computation of
           variable expressions and rules-based autonomy.

   Autonomous Control
           Agents MUST determine, as previously prescribed by a manager,
           whether a procedure should be invoked.

   Autonomous Reporting
           Agents MUST determine, without real-time Manager
           intervention, whether and when to populate and transmit a
           given report or table targeted to one or more Managers in the
           network.

   Custom Data Definition
           Agents MUST provide mechanisms for operators in the network
           to use configuration services to create customized data
           definitions in the context of a specific network or network
           use-case.  Agents MUST allow for the creation, listing, and
           removal of such definitions in accordance with whatever
           security models are deployed within the particular network.

           Where applicable, Agents MUST verify the validity of these
           definitions when they are configured and respond in a way
           consistent with the logging/error-handling policies of the
           Agent and the network.




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   Consolidate Messages
           Agents SHOULD produce as few messages as possible when
           sending information.  For example, rather than sending
           multiple messages, each with one report to a Manager, an
           Agent SHOULD prefer to send a single message containing
           multiple reports.

   Error Checking and State Control
           Agents should perform error checking and validation of
           incoming manager messages as well as internally computed
           values.  This includes but is not limited to validating the
           syntax of messages and controls according to the data model,
           preventing circular references in custom defined data, and
           verifying maximum nesting levels or table lengths have not
           been exceeded.  This also includes control of internal agent
           operations and state.  Finally there must be a means to
           handle conflicts such as messages that arrive out of order or
           messages from more than one authorized manager.

   Authorized Administration and Accounting
           The Agent shall provide authorized administration and
           accounting to restrict execution of controls, custom data
           definition, and reporting to only those authorized nodes.
           Both nominal and exception events shall be logged where
           applicable.

6.2.  Manager Responsibilities

   Agent Capabilities Mapping
           Managers must maintain a list of supported models and managed
           applications.  Managers MUST understand what applications are
           managed by the various Agents with which they communicate and
           maintain a list of those managed agents.  Managers should not
           attempt to request, invoke, or refer to application
           information for applications not managed by an Agent.  Agents
           must further maintain a list of all agents that are reporting
           to this manager.

   Agent Messaging
           Managers must generate and transmit control messages destined
           for agents.  This includes all the control types,
           configuration, and parameterization described in the logical
           data model.

   Data Collection
           Managers MUST receive information from Agents asynchronously
           upon the configuration and production of reports by the local
           and other external managers, collecting responses from Agents



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           over time.  Managers MAY try to detect conditions where Agent
           information has not been received within operationally
           relevant time spans and react in accordance with network
           policy.

   Custom Data Definitions
           Managers should provide the ability to define custom data
           definitions.  Any custom definitions MUST be transmitted to
           appropriate Agents and these definitions MUST be remembered
           to interpret the reporting of these custom values from Agents
           in the future.

   Data Fusion
           Managers MAY support the fusion of data from multiple Agents
           with the purpose of transmitting fused data results to other
           Managers within the network.  Managers MAY receive fused
           reports from other Managers pursuant to appropriate security
           and administrative configurations.

   Error Checking and State Control
           Managers should perform error checking and validation of
           incoming agent messages as well as internally configured
           controls for agents.  This includes but is not limited to
           validating the syntax of messages and controls according to
           the data model, preventing circular references in custom
           defined data, and verifying maximum nesting levels or table
           lengths have not been exceeded.  This also includes control
           of internal manager operations and state.

   Authorized Administration and Accounting
           The Manager shall provide authorized administration and
           accounting and send controls to only those agents for which
           it is authorized.  It shall additionally validate incoming
           agent reports according to any defined restrictions.  Both
           nominal and exception events shall be logged where
           applicable.

7.  Logical Data Model

   The DTNMA logical data model captures the types of information that
   should be collected and exchanged to implement necessary roles and
   responsibilities.  The data model presented in this section does not
   presuppose a specific mapping to a physical data model or encoding
   technique; it is included to provide a way to logically reason about
   the types of data that should be exchanged in a DTN managed network.

   The elements of the DTNMA logical data model are described as
   follows.



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7.1.  Data Representations: Constants, Externally Defined Data, and
      Variables

   There are three fundamental representations of data in the DTNMA: (1)
   data whose values do not change as a function of time or state, (2)
   data whose values change as determined by sampling/calculation
   external to the network management system, and (3) data whose values
   are calculated internal to the network management system.

   Data whose values do not change as a function of time or state are
   defined as Constants (CONST).  CONST values are strongly typed, named
   values that cannot be modified once they have been defined.

   Data sampled/calculated external to the network management system are
   defined as Externally Defined Data" (EDD).  EDD values represent the
   most useful information in the management system as they are provided
   by the applications or protocols being managed on the Agent.  It is
   RECOMMENDED that EDD values be strongly typed to avoid issues with
   interpreting the data value.  It is also RECOMMENDED that the
   timeliness/staleness of the data value be considered when using the
   data in the context of autonomous action on the Agent.

   Data that is calculated internal to the network management system is
   defined as a Variable (VAR).  VARs allow the creation of new data
   values for use in the network management system.  New value
   definitions are useful for storing user-defined information, storing
   the results of complex calculations for easier re-use, and providing
   a mechanism for combining information from multiple external sources.
   It is RECOMMENDED that VARs be strongly typed to avoid issues with
   interpreting the data value.  In cases where a VAR definition relies
   on other VAR definitions, mechanisms to prevent circular references
   MUST be included in any actual data model or implementation.

7.2.  Data Collections: Reports and Tables

   Individual data values may be exchanged amongst Agents and Managers
   in the DTNMA.  However, data are typically most useful to a Manager
   when received as part of a set of information.  Ordered collections
   of data values can be produced by Agents and sent to Managers as a
   way of efficiently communicating Agent status.  Within the DTNMA, the
   structure of the ordered collection is treated separately from the
   values that populate such a structure.

   The DTNMA provides two ways of defining collections of data: reports
   and tables.  Reports are ordered sets of data values, whereas Tables
   are special types of reports whose entries have a regular, tabular
   structure.




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7.2.1.  Report Templates and Reports

   The typed, ordered structure of a data collection is defined as a
   Report Template (RPTT).  A particular set of data values provided in
   compliance with such a template is called a Report (RPT).

   Separating the structure and content of a report reduces the overall
   size of RPTs in cases where reporting structures are well known and
   unchanging.  RPTTs can be synchronized between an Agent and a Manager
   so that RPTs themselves do not incur the overhead of carrying self-
   describing data.  RPTTs may include EDD values, VARs, and also other
   RPTTs.  In cases where a RPTT includes another RPTTs, mechanisms to
   prevent circular references MUST be included in any actual data model
   or implementation.

   Protocols and applications managed in the DTNMA may define common
   RPTTs.  Additionally, users within a network may define their own
   RPTTs that are useful in the context of a particular deployment.

   Unlike tables, reports do not exploit assumptions on the underlying
   structure of their data.  Therefore, unlike tables, operators can
   define new reports at any time as part of the runtime configuration
   of the network.

7.2.2.  Table Templates and Tables

   Tables optimize the communication of multiple sets of data in
   situations where each data set has the same syntactic structure and
   with the same semantic meaning.  Unlike reports, the regularity of
   tabular data representations allow for the addition of new rows
   without changing the structure of the table.  Attempting to add a new
   data set at the end of a report would require alterations to the
   report template.

   The typed, ordered structure of a table is defined as a
   Table Template (TBLT).  A particular instance of values populating
   the table template is called a Table (TBL).

   TBLTs describes the "columns" that define the table schema.  A TBL
   represents the instance of a specific TBLT that holds actual data
   values.  These data values represent the "rows" of the table.

   The prescriptive nature of the TBLT allows for the possibility of
   advanced filtering which may reduce traffic between Agents and
   Managers.  However, the unique structure of each TBLT along may make
   them difficult or impossible to change dynamically in a network.





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7.3.  Command Execution: Controls and Macros

   Low-latency, high-availability approaches to network management use
   mechanisms such as (or similar to) RPCs to cause some action to be
   performed on an Agent.  The DTNMA enables similar capabilities
   without requiring that the Manager be in the processing loop of the
   Agent.  Command execution in the DTNMA happens through the use of
   controls and macros.

   A Control (CTRL) represents a parameterized, predefined procedure
   that can be run on an Agent.  While conceptually similar to a "remote
   procedure call", CTRLs differ in that they do not provide numeric
   return codes.  The concept of a return code when running a procedure
   implies a synchronous relationship between the caller of the
   procedure and the procedure being called, which is disallowed in an
   DTN management system.  Instead, CTRLs may create reports which
   describe the status and other summarizations of their operation, and
   these reports may be sent to the Manager(s) calling the CTRL.

   Parameters can be provided when running a command from a Manager,
   pre-configured as part of a response to a time-based or state-based
   rule on the Agent, or auto-generated as needed on the Agent.  The
   success or failure of a control MAY be inferred by reports generated
   for that purpose.

   NOTE: The DTNMA term control is derived in part from the concept of
   Command and Control (C2) where control implies the operational
   instructions that must be undertaken to implement (or maintain) a
   commanded objective.  A DTN management function controls an Agent to
   allow it to fulfill its commanded purpose in a variety of operational
   scenarios.  For example, attempting to maintain a safe internal
   thermal environment for a spacecraft is considered "thermal control"
   (not "thermal commanding") even though thermal control involves
   "commanding" heaters, louvers, radiators, and other temperature-
   affecting components.  That said, CTRLs should be developed for
   specific autonomous and deterministic behavior where possible.  Some
   controls may be designed to set configuration parameters or load
   complex policies, but there should be no assumption that it will be
   executed in real time.

   Often, a series of controls must be executed in sequence to achieve a
   particular outcome.  A Macro (MACRO) represents an ordered collection
   of controls (or other macros).  In cases where a MACRO includes
   another MACRO, mechanisms to prevent circular references and maximum
   nesting levels MUST be included in any actual data model or
   implementation.





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7.4.  Autonomy: Time and State-Based Rules

   The DTNMA data model contains EDDs and VARs that capture the state of
   applications on an Agent.  The model also contains controls and
   macros to perform actions on an Agent.  A mechanism is needed to
   relate these two capabilities: to perform an action on the Agent
   autonomously in response to the state of the Agent.  This mechanism
   in the DTNMA is the "rule" and can be activated based on Agent
   internal state (state-based rule) or based on the Agent's notion of
   relative time (time-based rule).

7.4.1.  State-Based Rule (SBR)

   State-Based Rules (SBRs) perform actions based on the Agent's
   internal state, as identified by EDD and VAR values.  An SBR
   represents a stimulus-response pairing in the following form: IF
   predicate THEN response The predicate is a logical expression that
   evaluates to true if the rule stimulus is present and evaluates to
   false otherwise.  The response may be any control or macro known to
   the Agent.

   An example of an SBR could be to initiate a thermal control self
   check if some internal temperature is greater than a threshold: IF
   (current_temp > maximum_temp) THEN thermal_control_self_check

   Rules may construct their stimuli from the full set of values known
   to the network management system.  Similarly, responses may be
   constructed from the full set of controls and macros that can be run
   on the Agent.  By allowing rules to evaluate the variety of all known
   data and run the variety of all known controls, multiple applications
   can be monitored and managed by one Agent instance.

7.4.2.  Time-Based Rule (TBR)

   Time-Based Rules (TBR) perform actions based on the Agent's notion of
   the passage of time.  A possible TBR construct would be to perform
   some action at 1Hz on the Agent.

   A TBR is a specialization of an SBR as the Agent's notion of time is
   a type of Agent state.  For example, a TBR to perform an action every
   24 hours could be expressed using some type of predicate of the form:
   IF (((current_time - base_time) % 24_hours) == 0) THEN ...  However,
   time-based events are popular enough that special semantics for
   expressing them would likely significantly reduce the computations
   necessary to represent time functions in a SBR.






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7.5.  Calculations: Expressions, Literals, and Operators

   Actions such as computing a VAR value or describing a rule predicate
   require some mechanism for calculating the value of mathematical
   expressions.  In addition to the aforementioned DTNMA logical data
   objects, Literals, Operators, and Expressions are used to perform
   these calculations.

   A Literal (LIT) represents a strongly typed datum whose identity is
   equivalent to its value.  An example of a LIT value is "4" - its
   identifier (4) is the same as its value (4).  Literals differ from
   constants in that constants have an identifier separate from their
   value.  For example, the constant PI may refer to a value of 3.14.
   However, the literal 3.14159 always refers to the value 3.14159.

   An Operator (OP) represents a mathematical operation in an
   expression.  OPs should support multiple operands based on the
   operation supported.  A common set of OPs SHOULD be defined for any
   Agent and systems MAY choose to allow individual applications to
   define new OPs to assist in the generation of new VAR values and
   predicates for managing that application.  OPs may be simple binary
   operations such as "A + B" or more complex functions such as sin(A)
   or avg(A,B,C,D).  Additionally, OPs may be typed.  For example,
   addition of integers may be defined separately from addition of real
   numbers.

   An Expression (EXPR) is a combination of operators and operands used
   to construct a numerical value from a series of other elements of the
   DTNMA logical model.  Operands include any DTNMA logical data model
   object that can be interpreted as a value, such as EDD, VAR, CONST,
   and LIT values.  Operators perform some function on operands to
   generate new values.

8.  System Model

   This section describes the notional data flows and control flows that
   illustrate how Managers and Agents within an DTNMA cooperate to
   perform network management services.

8.1.  Control and Data Flows

   The DTNMA identifies three significant data flows: control flows from
   Managers to Agents, reports flows from Agents to Managers, and fusion
   reports from Managers to other Managers.  These data flows are
   illustrated in Figure 1.

   DTNMA Control and Data Flows




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       +---------+       +------------------------+      +---------+
       | Node A  |       |         Node B         |      |  Node C |
       |         |       |                        |      |         |
       |+-------+|       |+-------+      +-------+|      |+-------+|
       ||       ||=====>>||Manager|====>>|       ||====>>||       ||
       ||       ||<<=====||   B   |<<====|Agent B||<<====||       ||
       ||       ||       |+--++---+      +-------+|      ||Manager||
       || Agent ||       +---||-------------------+      ||   C   ||
       ||   A   ||           ||                          ||       ||
       ||       ||<<=========||==========================||       ||
       ||       ||===========++========================>>||       ||
       |+-------+|                                       |+-------+|
       +---------+                                       +---------+

                                  Figure 1

   In this data flow, the Agent on node A receives Controls from
   Managers on nodes B and C, and replies with Report Entries back to
   these Managers.  Similarly, the Agent on node B interacts with the
   local Manager on node B and the remote Manager on node C.  Finally,
   the Manager on node B may fuse Report Entries received from Agents at
   nodes A and B and send these fused Report Entries back to the Manager
   on node C.  From this figure it is clear that there exist many-to-
   many relationships amongst Managers, amongst Agents, and between
   Agents and Managers.  Note that Agents and Managers are roles, not
   necessarily different software applications.  Node A may represent a
   single software application fulfilling only the Agent role, whereas
   node B may have a single software application fulfilling both the
   Agent and Manager roles.  The specifics of how these roles are
   realized is an implementation matter.

8.2.  Control Flow by Role

   This section describes three common configurations of Agents and
   Managers and the flow of messages between them.  These configurations
   involve local and remote management and data fusion.

8.2.1.  Notation

   The notation outlined in Table 1 describes the types of control
   messages exchanged between Agents and Managers.










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      +============+===================================+===========+
      |    Term    |             Definition            |  Example  |
      +============+===================================+===========+
      |    EDD#    |          EDD definition.          |    EDD1   |
      +------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
      |     V#     |        Variable definition.       | V1 = EDD1 |
      |            |                                   |   + V0.   |
      +------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
      | DEF([ACL], | Define ID from expression.  Allow |  DEF([*], |
      |  ID,EXPR)  |  managers in access control list  |  V1, EDD1 |
      |            |     (ACL) to request this ID.     |  + EDD2)  |
      +------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
      | PROD(P,ID) | Produce ID according to predicate |  PROD(1s, |
      |            |  P.  P may be a time period (1s)  |   EDD1)   |
      |            |   or an expression (EDD1 > 10).   |           |
      +------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
      |  RPT(ID)   |     A report identified by ID.    | RPT(EDD1) |
      +------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+

                           Table 1: Terminology

8.2.2.  Serialized Management

   This is a nominal configuration of network management where a Manager
   interacts with a set of Agents.  The control flows for this are
   outlined in Figure 2.

   Serialized Management Control Flow























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         +----------+            +---------+           +---------+
         |  Manager |            | Agent A |           | Agent B |
         +----+-----+            +----+----+           +----+----+
              |                       |                     |
              |-----PROD(1s, EDD1)--->|                     | (1)
              |----------------------------PROD(1s, EDD1)-->|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     | (2)
              |<----------------------------RPT(EDD1)-------|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     |
              |<----------------------------RPT(EDD1)-------|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     |
              |<----------------------------RPT(EDD1)-------|
              |                       |                     |

                                  Figure 2

   In a simple network, a Manager interacts with multiple Agents.

   In this figure, the Manager configures Agents A and B to produce EDD1
   every second in (1).  Upon receiving and configuring this message,
   Agents A and B then build a Report Entry containing EDD1 and send
   those reports back to the Manager in (2).  This behavior then repeats
   this action every 1s without requiring other inputs from the Manager.

8.2.3.  Challenged, DTN Management

   This is a challenged configuration of network management where Agent
   B temporarily looses connectivity between the agent and the Manager.
   Flows in this case are outlined in Figure 3.

   Challenged Management Control Flow














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         +----------+            +---------+           +---------+
         |  Manager |            | Agent A |           | Agent B |
         +----+-----+            +----+----+           +----+----+
              |                       |                     |
              |-----PROD(1s, EDD1)--->|                     | (1)
              |----------------------------PROD(1s, EDD1)-->|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     | (2)
              |<----------------------------RPT(EDD1)-------|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     |
              |<----------------------------RPT(EDD1)-------|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     |
              |<                                   RPT(EDD1)| (3)
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     |
              |<                                   RPT(EDD1)|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     |
              |<----------------RPT(EDD1, EDD1, EDD1)-------| (4)
              |                       |                     |

                                  Figure 3

   In a challenged network, an agent must store and forward reports
   until links are available.

   In this figure, the Manager configures Agents A and B to produce EDD1
   every second in (1).  Upon receiving and configuring this message,
   Agents A and B then build a Report Entry containing EDD1 and send
   those reports back to the Manager in (2).  At step (3) the connection
   between Agent B and Manager is not available.  The agent still
   generates the reports and stores locally using DTN protocols.  At
   step (4) the link has been restored and all stored reports are
   successfully delivered to the manager.

8.2.4.  Consolidated Message Management

   This is a configuration of network management where Agent B has been
   configured to deliver two sets of data and demonstrates the Agent's
   responsibility to consolidate messages for transport.  Flows in this
   case are outlined in Figure 4.



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   Consolidated Management Control Flow


         +----------+            +---------+           +---------+
         |  Manager |            | Agent A |           | Agent B |
         +----+-----+            +----+----+           +----+----+
              |                       |                     |
              |-----PROD(1s, EDD1)--->|                     | (1)
              |----------------------------PROD(1s, EDD1)-->|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     | (2)
              |<----------------------------RPT(EDD1)-------|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |----------------------------PROD(1s, EDD2)-->| (3)
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     | (4)
              |<--------------------------RPT(EDD1,EDD2)----|
              |                       |                     |
              |                       |                     |
              |<-------RPT(EDD1)------|                     |
              |<--------------------------RPT(EDD1,EDD2)----|
              |                       |                     |

                                  Figure 4

   In a challenged network, Agents shall consolidate messages where
   possible.

   In this figure, the Manager configures Agents A and B to produce EDD1
   every second in (1).  Upon receiving and configuring this message,
   Agents A and B then build a Report Entry containing EDD1 and send
   those reports back to the Manager in (2).  At step (3), the manager
   configures Agent B to additionally report EDD2 every second.  At step
   (4) Agent B proceeds to deliver EDD1 and EDD2 in the same report.

8.2.5.  Multiplexed Management

   Networks spanning multiple administrative domains may require
   multiple Managers (for example, one per domain).  When a Manager
   defines custom Reports/Variables to an Agent, that definition may be
   tagged with an Access Control List (ACL) to limit what other Managers
   will be privy to this information.  Managers in such networks should
   synchronize with those other Managers granted access to their custom
   data definitions.  When Agents generate messages, they MUST only send
   messages to Managers according to these ACLs, if present.  The



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   control flows in this scenario are outlined in Figure 5.

   Multiplexed Management Control Flow


        +-----------+            +-------+            +-----------+
        | Manager A |            | Agent |            | Manager B |
        +-----+-----+            +---+---+            +-----+-----+
              |                      |                      |
              |---DEF(A,V1,EDD1*2)-->|<-DEF(B, V2, EDD2*2)--| (1)
              |                      |                      |
              |---PROD(1s, V1)------>|<---PROD(1s, V2)------| (2)
              |                      |                      |
              |<--------RPT(V1)------|                      | (3)
              |                      |--------RPT(V2)------>|
              |<--------RPT(V1)------|                      |
              |                      |--------RPT(V2)------>|
              |                      |                      |
              |                      |<---PROD(1s, V1)------| (4)
              |                      |                      |
              |                      |---ERR(V1 no perm.)-->|
              |                      |                      |
              |--DEF(*,V3,EDD3*3)--->|                      | (5)
              |                      |                      |
              |---PROD(1s, V3)------>|                      | (6)
              |                      |                      |
              |                      |<----PROD(1s, V3)-----|
              |                      |                      |
              |<--------RPT(V3)------|--------RPT(V3)------>| (7)
              |<--------RPT(V1)------|                      |
              |                      |--------RPT(V2)------>|
              |<-------RPT(V3)-------|--------RPT(V3)------>|
              |<-------RPT(V1)-------|                      |
              |                      |--------RPT(V2)------>|

                                  Figure 5

   Complex networks require multiple Managers interfacing with Agents.

   In more complex networks, any Manager may choose to define custom
   Reports and Variables, and Agents may need to accept such definitions
   from multiple Managers.  Variable definitions may include an ACL that
   describes who may query and otherwise understand these definitions.
   In (1), Manager A defines V1 only for A while Manager B defines V2
   only for B.  Managers may, then, request the production of Report
   Entries containing these definitions, as shown in (2).  Agents
   produce different data for different Managers in accordance with
   configured production rules, as shown in (3).  If a Manager requests



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   the production of a custom definition for which the Manager has no
   permissions, a response consistent with the configured logging policy
   on the Agent should be implemented, as shown in (4).  Alternatively,
   as shown in (5), a Manager may define custom data with no access
   restrictions, allowing all other Managers to request and use this
   definition.  This allows all Managers to request the production of
   Report Entries containing this definition, shown in (6) and have all
   Managers receive this and other data going forward, as shown in (7).

8.2.6.  Data Fusion

   Data fusion reduces the number and size of messages in the network
   which can lead to more efficient utilization of networking resources.
   The DTNMA supports fusion of NM reports by co-locating Agents and
   Managers on nodes and offloading fusion activities to the Manager.
   This process is illustrated in Figure 6.

   Data Fusion Control Flow


                  ---------------------------------------
                  |                Actor B              |
                  |                                     |
 +-----------+    |    +-----------+      +---------+   |    +---------+
 | Manager A |    |    | Manager B |      | Agent B |   |    | Agent C |
 +---+-------+    |    +-----+-----+      +----+----+   |    +----+----+
     |            |          |                 |        |         |
     |--------------------DEF(A,V0,EDD1+EDD2)->|        |         | (1)
     |--------------------PROD(EDD1&EDD2,V0)-->|        |         |
     |            |          |                 |        |         |
     |            |          |--PROD(1s,EDD1)->|        |         | (2)
     |            |          |--------------------PROD(1s, EDD2)->|
     |            |          |                 |        |         |
     |            |          |<---RPT(EDD1)----|       |          | (3)
     |            |          |<--------------------RPT(EDD2)------|
     |            |          |                 |        |         |
     |<--------------------RPT(A,V0)-----------|        |         | (4)
     |            |          |                 |        |         |
     |            |          |                 |        |         |
                  |                                     |
                  |                                     |
                  ---------------------------------------

                                Figure 6

   Data fusion occurs amongst Managers in the network.





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   In this example, Manager A requires the production of a Variable V0,
   from node B, as shown in (1).  The Manager role understands what data
   is available from what agents in the subnetwork local to B,
   understanding that EDD1 is available locally and EDD2 is available
   remotely.  Production messages are produced in (2) and data collected
   in (3).  This allows the Manager at node B to fuse the collected
   Report Entries into V0 and return it in (4).  While a trivial
   example, the mechanism of associating fusion with the Manager
   function rather than the Agent function scales with fusion
   complexity, though it is important to reiterate that Agent and
   Manager designations are roles, not individual software components.
   There may be a single software application running on node B
   implementing both Manager B and Agent B roles.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This protocol has no fields registered by IANA.

10.  Security Considerations

   Security within an DTNMA MUST exist in two layers: transport layer
   security and access control.

   Transport-layer security addresses the questions of authentication,
   integrity, and confidentiality associated with the transport of
   messages between and amongst Managers and Agents in the DTNMA.  This
   security is applied before any particular Actor in the system
   receives data and, therefore, is outside of the scope of this
   document.

   Finer grain application security is done via ACLs which are defined
   via configuration messages and implementation specific.

11.  Informative References

   [BIRRANE1] Birrane, E.B. and R.C. Cole, "Management of Disruption-
              Tolerant Networks: A Systems Engineering Approach", 2010.

   [BIRRANE2] Birrane, E.B., Burleigh, S.B., and V.C. Cerf, "Defining
              Tolerance: Impacts of Delay and Disruption when Managing
              Challenged Networks", 2011.

   [BIRRANE3] Birrane, E.B. and H.K. Kruse, "Delay-Tolerant Network
              Management: The Definition and Exchange of Infrastructure
              Information in High Delay Environments", 2011.






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   [I-D.ietf-core-comi]
              Veillette, M., Van der Stok, P., Pelov, A., Bierman, A.,
              and I. Petrov, "CoAP Management Interface (CORECONF)",
              Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-comi-11,
              17 January 2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-
              ietf-core-comi-11.txt>.

   [I-D.ietf-core-sid]
              Veillette, M., Pelov, A., Petrov, I., and C. Bormann,
              "YANG Schema Item iDentifier (YANG SID)", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-sid-16, 24 June
              2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-core-
              sid-16.txt>.

   [I-D.ietf-core-yang-cbor]
              Veillette, M., Petrov, I., Pelov, A., and C. Bormann,
              "CBOR Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-yang-cbor-16, 24
              June 2021, <https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-
              core-yang-cbor-16.txt>.

   [I-D.irtf-dtnrg-dtnmp]
              Birrane, E. and V. Ramachandran, "Delay Tolerant Network
              Management Protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
              draft-irtf-dtnrg-dtnmp-01, 31 December 2014,
              <http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-irtf-dtnrg-
              dtnmp-01.txt>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3416]  Presuhn, R., Ed., "Version 2 of the Protocol Operations
              for the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)",
              STD 62, RFC 3416, DOI 10.17487/RFC3416, December 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3416>.

   [RFC4838]  Cerf, V., Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst,
              R., Scott, K., Fall, K., and H. Weiss, "Delay-Tolerant
              Networking Architecture", RFC 4838, DOI 10.17487/RFC4838,
              April 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4838>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.




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   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.

   [RFC6991]  Schoenwaelder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types",
              RFC 6991, DOI 10.17487/RFC6991, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6991>.

   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7575]  Behringer, M., Pritikin, M., Bjarnason, S., Clemm, A.,
              Carpenter, B., Jiang, S., and L. Ciavaglia, "Autonomic
              Networking: Definitions and Design Goals", RFC 7575,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7575, June 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7575>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8199]  Bogdanovic, D., Claise, B., and C. Moberg, "YANG Module
              Classification", RFC 8199, DOI 10.17487/RFC8199, July
              2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8199>.

   [RFC8639]  Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
              E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications",
              RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8639>.

   [RFC8641]  Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
              for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
              September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.

   [RFC8949]  Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
              Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.





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Internet-Draft                    DTNMA                       March 2022


   [RFC8993]  Behringer, M., Ed., Carpenter, B., Eckert, T., Ciavaglia,
              L., and J. Nobre, "A Reference Model for Autonomic
              Networking", RFC 8993, DOI 10.17487/RFC8993, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8993>.

   [RFC9171]  Burleigh, S., Fall, K., Birrane, E., and , "Bundle
              Protocol Version 7", RFC 9171, DOI 10.17487/RFC9171,
              January 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9171>.

   [RFC9172]  Birrane, E., and K. McKeever, "Bundle Protocol Security
              (BPSec)", RFC 9172, DOI 10.17487/RFC9172, January 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9172>.

Authors' Addresses

   Edward J. Birrane
   Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
   Email: Edward.Birrane@jhuapl.edu


   Emery Annis
   Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
   Email: Emery.Annis@jhuapl.edu


   Sarah E. Heiner
   Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
   Email: Sarah.Heiner@jhuapl.edu























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