Internet Engineering Task Force Inter-Domain Multicast Routing Working Group
INTERNET-DRAFT                                                     W. Fenner
draft-ietf-idmr-igmp-v2-00.txt                                    Xerox PARC
Obsoletes: Appendix I of RFC1112                             August 24, 1995
                                                            Expires: 1/31/96


             Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2

Status of this Memo

This document is an Internet Draft.   Internet Drafts are working  docu-
ments of the Internet Engineering  Task Force (IETF), its  Areas, and
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Distribution of this document is unlimited.

                                Abstract

     This draft documents IGMPv2, used by IP hosts to report their mul-
     ticast group memberships to routers.  It replaces Appendix I of
     RFC1112.

This document is a product of the Inter-Domain Multicast Routing working
group within the Internet Engineering Task Force.  Comments are soli-
cited and should be addressed to the working group's mailing list at
idmr@cs.ucl.ac.uk and/or the author(s).













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1.  Introduction

The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IP hosts to
report their multicast group memberships to any immediately-neighboring
multicast routers.  This memo describes only the use of IGMP between
hosts and routers(*).  IGMP may also be used between routers, but such
use is not specified here.

Like ICMP, IGMP is a integral part of IP.  It is required to be imple-
mented by all hosts wishing to receive IP multicasts.  IGMP messages are
encapsulated in IP datagrams, with an IP protocol number of 2.  All IGMP
messages described in this document are sent with IP TTL 1.  All IGMP
messages of concern to hosts have the following format:

 0                   1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      Type     | Max Resp Time |           Checksum            |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                         Group Address                         |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


1.1.  Type

     There are three types of IGMP messages of concern to the host-
     router interaction:

      0x11 = Membership Query
      0x16 = Membership Report
      0x17 = Leave Group

     There is an additional type of message, for backwards-compatibility
     with IGMPv1:

      0x12 = Old Membership Report

1.2.  Max Response Time

     The Max Response Time field is meaningful only in a Membership
     Query message, and specifies the maximum allowed report time in
     units of 1/10 second.  In all other messages, it is set to zero by
     the sender and ignored by receivers.
_________________________
  * Routers that are members of  multicast  groups  are
expected to behave as hosts as well as routers, and may
even respond to their own queries.



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1.3.  Checksum

     The checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement
     sum of the 8-octet IGMP message.  For computing the checksum, the
     checksum field is set to zero.

1.4.  Group Address

     In a Membership Query message, the group address field is set to
     zero when sending a General Query (used to learn which groups have
     members on an attached network), and set to the group address being
     queried when sending a Group-Specific Query (used to learn if a
     particular group has any members on an attached network).

     In a Membership Report or Leave Group message, the group address
     field holds the IP multicast group address of the group being
     reported or left.

2.  Informal Protocol Description

Note that defaults for timer values are described later in this docu-
ment.  Timer and counter names appear in square brackets.

Multicast routers use IGMP to learn which groups have members on each of
their attached physical networks.  A multicast router keeps a list of
multicast group memberships for each attached network, and a timer for
each membership.  There are two types of multicast routers: Queriers,
and Non-Queriers.  There is normally only one Querier per physical net-
work.  All multicast routers start up as a Querier.  If a multicast
router hears a Query message from a router with a lower IP address, it
becomes a Non-Querier.  Queriers periodically [Query Interval] send a
General Query on each interface, to solicit membership information.  On
startup, a router should send [Startup Query Count] General Queries
spaced closely together [Startup Query Interval] in order to quickly and
reliably determine membership information.  A General Query is addressed
to the all-systems multicast group (224.0.0.1).

When a host receives a General Query, it sets delay timers for each
group of which it is a member on the interface on which it received the
query.  Each timer is set to a different random value, up to the
requested Max Response Time in the Query packet.  When a host receives a
Group-Specific Query, it sets a delay timer for the group being queried
if it is a member on the interface on which it received the query.  If a
timer for a group is already running, it is reset if and only if the
requested Max Response Time is less than the remaining value of the run-
ning timer.  When a group's timer expires, the host multicasts a Member-
ship Report to the group, with IP TTL of 1.  If the host receives
another host's Report (old or new) while it has a timer running, it



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stops its timer for the specified group and does not send a Report, to
suppress duplicate Reports.

When a router receives a Report, it adds the group being reported to the
list of multicast group memberships on the network on which it received
the Report and sets the timer for the membership to the [Group Member-
ship Timer].  If no Reports are received for a particular group before
this timer has expired, the router assumes that the group has no local
members and that it need not forward remotely-originated multicasts for
that group onto the attached network.

When a host joins a multicast group, it should immediately transmit an
unsolicited Membership Report for that group, in case it is the first
member of that group on the network.  To cover the possibility of the
initial Membership Report being lost or damaged, it is recommended that
it be repeated once or twice after short delays [Unsolicited Report
Interval].  (A simple way to accomplish this is to send the initial
Membership Report and then act as if a Group-Specific Query was received
for that group, and set a timer appropriately).

When a host leaves a multicast group, if it was the last host to reply
to a Query with a Membership Report, it sends a Leave Group message to
the all-routers multicast group (224.0.0.2). (*) If it was not the last
host to reply to a Query, it sends nothing as there must be another
member on the subnet.

When a Querier receives a Leave Group message, it sets its query inter-
val for that group very short [Last Member Query Interval], setting the
group membership timer to some multiple of the query interval [Last
Member Query Repetition] plus the query interval, and starts sending out
Group-Specific queries.  If no Reports are received before the member-
ship timer expires, the routers assume that the group has no local
members, as above.

3.  Compatibility with IGMPv1 Routers

An IGMPv2 host may be placed on a subnet where the Querier router has
not yet been upgraded to IGMPv2.  The following requirements apply:

     The IGMPv1 router will send General Queries with the Max Response
     Time set to 0.  This must be interpreted as a value of 100 (10
     seconds).
_________________________
  * Note that a router should also be prepared  to  ac-
cept  a  Leave  Group  message  sent to the group being
left, as one widely spread IGMPv2  implementation  does
this.



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     The IGMPv1 router expects Old Membership Reports in response to its
     Queries, and will not pay attention to IGMPv2 Membership Reports.
     Therefore, a state variable must be kept for each interface,
     describing whether the multicast Querier on that interface is run-
     ning IGMPv1 or IGMPv2.  This variable must be based upon the last
     time an IGMPv1 Query was heard, *not* on the type of the last Query
     heard, as an IGMPv2 router may restart and send a Query before it
     realizes that it is not the Querier for the subnet.  This state
     variable must be used to decide what type of Membership Reports to
     send for unsolicited Membership Reports as well as Membership
     Reports in response to Queries.

     An IGMPv2 host may optionally suppress Leave Group messages on a
     network where the Querier is using IGMPv1.

     If any IGMPv1 routers are present, the querier must use IGMPv1.
     Since there was no querier election specification in RFC1112, the
     rules followed by the IGMPv1 router may not agree with those in
     this document.  In this case, manual configuration may be neces-
     sary.  Therefore, an IGMPv2 router should have a configuration flag
     to cause it to send IGMPv1 Membership Queries and ignore Leave
     Group messages.  There must also be a flag to tell the new router
     to ignore the IGMPv2 querier election mechanism and to always or
     never be the querier.  Note that this can cause either two queriers
     or no queriers on a subnet, neither of which is desirable.

4.  Compatibility with IGMPv1 Hosts

An IGMPv2 host may be placed on a subnet where there are hosts that have
not yet been upgraded to IGMPv2.  The following requirements apply:

     The host must allow its Membership Report to be suppressed by
     either an Old Membership Report or an IGMPv2 Membership Report.

5.  Host State Diagram

Host behavior is more formally specified by the state transition diagram
below.  A host may be in one of three possible states with respect to
any single IP multicast group on any single network interface:

-    Non-Member state, when the host does not belong to the group on the
     interface.  This is the initial state for all memberships on all
     network interfaces; it requires no storage in the host.

-    Delaying Member state, when the host belongs to the group on the
     interface and has a report delay timer running for that membership.

-    Idle Member state, when the host belongs to the group on the



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     interface and does not have a report delay timer running for that
     membership.

There are five significant events that can cause IGMP state transitions:

-    "join group" occurs when the host decides to join the group on the
     interface.  It may occur only in the Non-Member state.

-    "leave group" occurs when the host decides to leave the group on
     the interface.  It may occur only in the Delaying Member and Idle
     Member states.

-    "query received" occurs when the host receives either a valid Gen-
     eral Membership Query message, or a valid Group-Specific Membership
     Query message.  To be valid, the Query message must be at least 8
     octets long, and have a correct IGMP checksum.  A General Query
     applies to all memberships on the interface from which the Query is
     received.  A Group-Specific Query applies to membership in a single
     group on the interface from which the Query is received.  Queries
     are ignored for memberships in the Non-Member state.

-    "report received" occurs when the host receives a valid IGMP
     Membership Report message or a valid IGMP Old Membership Report
     message.  To be valid, the Report message must be at least 8 octets
     long and have a correct IGMP checksum.  A Membership Report applies
     only to the membership in the group identified by the Membership
     Report, on the interface from which the Membership Report is
     received.  It is ignored for memberships in the Non-Member or Idle
     Member state.

-    "timer expired" occurs when the report delay timer for the group on
     the interface expires.  It may occur only in the Delaying Member
     state.

All other events, such as receiving invalid IGMP messages, or IGMP mes-
sages other than Query or Report, are ignored in all states.

There are seven possible actions that may be taken in response to the
above events:

-    "send report" for the group on the interface.  The type of report
     is determined by the state of the interface.

-    "send leave" for the group on the interface.  If the interface
     state says the Querier is running IGMPv1, this action should be
     skipped.  If the flag saying we were the last host to report is
     cleared, this action should be skipped.




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-    "set flag" that we were the last host to send a report for this
     group.

-    "clear flag" since we were not the last host to send a report for
     this group.

-    "start timer" for the group on the interface, using a random delay
     value up to the Max Response Time in the Query.  If this is an
     unsolicited Report, the timer is to use a random delay value up to
     10 seconds.

-    "reset timer" for the group on the interface to a new value, using
     a random delay value up to the requested response time in the
     Query.

-    "stop timer" for the group on the interface.

In all of the following state diagrams, each state transition arc is
labeled with the event that causes the transition, and, in parentheses,
any actions taken during the transition.  Note that the transition is
always triggered by the event; even if the action is conditional, the
transition still occurs.





























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                              ________________
                             |                |
                             |                |
                             |                |
                             |                |
                   --------->|   Non-Member   |<---------
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |________________|          |
                  |                   |                  |
                  | leave group       | join group       | leave group
                  | (stop timer,      |(send report,     | (send leave if
                  |  send leave if    | set flag,        |  flag set)
                  |  flag set)        | start timer)     |
          ________|________           |          ________|________
         |                 |<---------          |                 |
         |                 |                    |                 |
         |                 |<-------------------|                 |
         |                 |   query received   |                 |
         | Delaying Member |    (start timer)   |   Idle Member   |
    ---->|                 |------------------->|                 |
   |     |                 |   report received  |                 |
   |     |                 |    (stop timer,    |                 |
   |     |                 |     clear flag)    |                 |
   |     |_________________|------------------->|_________________|
   | query received    |        timer expired
   | (reset timer if   |        (send report,
   |  Max Resp Time    |         set flag)
   |  < current timer) |
    -------------------


The all-systems group (address 224.0.0.1) is handled as a special case.
The host starts in Idle Member state for that group on every interface,
never transitions to another state, and never sends a report for that
group.

In addition, a host may be in one of two possible states with respect to
any single network interface:

-    No IGMPv1 Router Present, when the host has not heard an IGMPv1
     style query for the [Old Router Present Timeout].  This is the ini-
     tial state.

-    IGMPv1 Router Present, when the host has heard an IGMPv1 style
     query within the [Old Router Present Timeout].



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There are two events that can cause state transitions:

-    "IGMPv1 query received", when the host receives a query with the
     Max Response Time field set to 0.

-    "timer expires", when the timer set to note the presence of an
     IGMPv1 router expires.

And a single action that can be triggered by an event:

-    "set timer", setting the timer to its maximum value [Old Router
     Present Timeout] and (re)starting it.

                                   ________________
                                  |                |
                                  |                |
                                  |   No IGMPv1    |
                                  |     Router     |
                                  |    Present     |
                                  |                |
                             ---->|                |----
                            |     |                |    |
                            |     |________________|    |
              timer expires |                           | IGMPv1 query received
                            |      ________________     | (set timer)
                            |     |                |    |
                            |     |                |    |
                            |     |                |    |
                             -----|     IGMPv1     |<---
                                  |     Router     |
                                  |    Present     |
                                  |                |
                             ---->|                |----
                            |     |________________|    |
                            |                           |
                            | IGMPv1 query received     |
                            | (set timer)               |
                             ---------------------------


6.  Router State Diagram

Router behavior is more formally specified by the state transition
diagrams below.

A router may be in one of two possible states with respect to any single
attached network:




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-    Querier, when this router is designated to transmit IGMP Membership
     Queries on this network.

-    Non-Querier, when there is another router designated to transmit
     IGMP membership Queries on this network.

The following three events can cause the router to change states:

-    "query timer expired" occurs when the timer set for query transmis-
     sion expires.

-    "query received from a router with a lower IP address" occurs when
     an IGMP Membership Query is received from a router on the same net-
     work with a lower IP address.

-    "other querier present timer expired" occurs when the timer set to
     note the presence of another querier with a lower IP address on the
     network expires.

There are three actions that may be taken in response to the above
events:

-    "start general query timer" for the interface.

-    "start other querier present timer" for the interface.

-    "send general query" on the interface.
























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                                           ------------------------------------
                                   _______|________  gen. query timer expired
|
       ---------                  |                | (send general query,
|
      | Initial |---------------->|                |  set gen. q. timer)
|
       ---------  (send gen. q.,  |                |
|
             set initial gen. q.  |                |<--------------------------
                   timer)         |    Querier     |
                                  |                |
                             -----|                |<---
                            |     |                |    |
                            |     |________________|    |
      query received from a |                           | other querier
      router with a lower   |                           | present timer expired
      IP address            |                           | (send general query,
      (set other querier    |      ________________     |  set gen. q. timer)
       present timer)       |     |                |    |
                            |     |                |    |
                            |     |                |    |
                             ---->|      Non       |----
                                  |    Querier     |
                                  |                |
                                  |                |
                             ---->|                |----
                            |     |________________|    |
                            | query received from a     |
                            | router with a lower IP    |
                            | address                   |
                            | (set other querier        |
                            |  present timer)           |
                             ---------------------------


A router should start in the Initial state on all interfaces, and
immediately move to Querier state.

In addition, to keep track of group which groups have members, a router
may be in one of three possible states with respect to any single IP
multicast group on any single network interface:

-    No Members Present state, when there are no hosts on the network
     which have sent reports for this multicast group.  This is the ini-
     tial state for all groups on the router; it requires no storage in
     the router.

-    Members Present state, when there is a host on the network which
     has sent a report for this multicast group.




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-    Checking Membership state, when the router has received a Leave
     Group message but has not yet heard a Membership Report for the
     multicast group.

There are four significant events that can cause router state transi-
tions:

-    "report received" occurs when the router receives an IGMP Member-
     ship Report (old or new) for the group on the interface.  To be
     valid, the Report message must be at least 8 octets long and must
     have a correct IGMP checksum.

-    "leave received" occurs when the router receives an IGMP Group
     Leave message for the group on the interface.  To be valid, the
     Leave message must be at least 8 octets long and must have a
     correct IGMP checksum.

-    "timer expired" occurs when the timer set for a group membership
     expires.

-    "retransmit timer expired" occurs when the timer set to retransmit
     a group-specific Membership Query expires.

There are five possible actions that may be taken in response to the
above events:

-    "start timer" for the group membership on the interface - also
     resets the timer to its initial value [Group Membership Timer] if
     the timer is currently running.

-    "start retransmit timer" for the group membership on the interface
     [Last Member Query Interval].

-    "send group-specific query" for the group on the interface.

-    "allow forwarding" traffic received for this group onto this inter-
     face.

-    "prevent forwarding" traffic received for this group onto this
     interface.











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The state diagram for a router in Querier state follows:

                              ________________
                             |                |
                             |                |
                timer expired|                |timer expired
         (prevent forwarding)|   No Members   |(prevent forwarding)
                   --------->|    Present     |<---------
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |________________|          |
                  |                   |                  |
                  |                   |report received   |
                  |                   |(allow forwarding,|
                  |                   | start timer)     |
          ________|________           |          ________|________
         |                 |<---------          |                 |
         |                 |  report received   |                 |
         |                 |  (allow forwarding,|                 |
         |                 |   start timer)     |                 |
         | Members Present |<-------------------|     Checking    |
         |                 | leave received     |    Membership   |
         |                 | (start timer*,     |                 |
         |                 |  start rexmt timer,|                 |
         |                 |  send g-s query)   |                 |
    ---->|                 |------------------->|                 |<-------
   |     |_________________|                    |_________________|        |
   | report received |                                   | rexmt timer     |
   | (start timer)   |                                   | expired         |
    -----------------                                    | (send g-s query,|
                                                         |  st rexmt tmr)  |
                                                          -----------------









_________________________
  * When entering the Checking  Membership  state,  the
timer  is  set  to [Last Member Query Interval] * [Last
Membership Query Count], not [Group Membership Timer].




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The state diagram for a router in  Non-Querier  state  is  similar,  but
non-Queriers do not send any messages and are only driven by message re-
ception.

                              ________________
                             |                |
                             |                |
                timer expired|                |timer expired
         (prevent forwarding)|   No Members   |(prevent forwarding)
                   --------->|    Present     |<---------
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |                |          |
                  |          |________________|          |
                  |                   |                  |
                  |                   |report received   |
                  |                   |(allow forwarding,|
                  |                   | start timer)     |
          ________|________           |          ________|________
         |                 |<---------          |                 |
         |                 |  report received   |                 |
         |                 |  (allow forwarding,|                 |
         |                 |   start timer)     |                 |
         | Members Present |<-------------------|     Checking    |
         |                 | g-s query rec'd    |    Membership   |
         |                 | (start timer*)     |                 |
    ---->|                 |------------------->|                 |
   |     |_________________|                    |_________________|
   | report received |
   | (start timer)   |
    -----------------


7.  List of timers and default values

7.1.  Query Interval

The Query Interval is the interval between General Queries sent by the
Querier.  Default: 125 seconds.
_________________________
  * When a non-querier router receives a Group Specific
query  in  the Members Present state, it sets its group
membership timer  to  a  multiple  [Last  Member  Query
Count]  of  the Max Response Time in the Group Specific
query.  It ignores Group Specific queries  received  in
the Checking Membership state.




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7.2.  Group Membership Timer

The Group Membership Timer is the amount of time that must pass before a
multicast router decides there are no more members of a group on a net-
work.  Default: twice the Query Interval plus one Query Response Inter-
val.

7.3.  Query Response Interval

The Max Response Time inserted into the periodic General Queries.
Default: 100 (10 seconds)

7.4.  Startup Query Interval

The Startup Query Interval is the interval between General Queries sent
by a Querier on startup.  Default: 1/4 the Query Interval.

7.5.  Startup Query Count

The Startup Query Count is the number of Queries sent out on startup,
separated by the Startup Query Interval.  Default: 2.

7.6.  Unsolicited Report Interval

The Unsolicited Report Interval is the time between repetitions of a
host's initial report of membership in a group.  Default: 10 seconds.

7.7.  Last Member Query Interval

The Last Member Query Interval is the Max Response Time inserted into
Group-Specific Queries sent in response to Leave Group messages, and is
also the amount of time between Group-Specific Query messages.  Default:
10 (1 second)

7.8.  Last Member Query Count

The Last Member Query Count is the number of Group-Specific Queries sent
before the router assumes there are no local members.  Default: 2.

7.9.  Old Router Present Timeout

The Old Router Present Timeout is how long a host must wait after hear-
ing an Old (IGMPv1) Query before it may send any IGMPv2 messages.
Default: 400 seconds.

8.  Security Considerations

Security issues are not discussed in this memo.



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9.  Appendix I - Changes from IGMPv1

A new IGMP Type was assigned to IGMPv2 Membership Report messages, so a
router may tell the difference between an IGMPv1 and IGMPv2 host report.

A new IGMP Type was created for the IGMPv2 Leave Group message.

The Membership Query message was changed so that a previously unused
field contains a new value, the Max Response Time.

The IGMPv2 spec now specifies a querier election mechanism.  In IGMPv1,
the querier election was left up to the multicast routing protocol, and
different protocols used different mechanisms.  This could result in
more than one querier per network, so the election mechanism has been
standardized in IGMPv2.  However, this means that care must be taken
when an IGMPv2 router is trying to coexist with an IGMPv1 router that
uses a different querier election mechanism.  In particular, it means
that an IGMPv2 router must be able to act as an IGMPv1 router on a par-
ticular network if configured to do so.  The actions required include:

-    Set the Max Response Time field to 0 in all queries.

-    Ignore Leave Group messages.

The IGMPv2 spec relaxed the requirements on validity-checking for
Membership Queries and Membership Reports.  When upgrading an implemen-
tation, be sure to remove any checks that do not belong.
























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Internet Draft       draft-ietf-idmr-igmp-v2-00.txt          August 1995


10.  Author's Address

   William C. Fenner
   Xerox PARC
   3333 Coyote Hill Road
   Palo Alto, CA 94304
   Phone: +1 415 812 4816
   Email: fenner@parc.xerox.com











































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