INTERNET-DRAFT ISDN MIB October 1995
ISDN Management Information Base
draft-ietf-isdnmib-snmp-isdn-mib-01.txt
Fri Oct 6 11:53:57 MET 1995
Guenter Roeck
Conware GmbH
roeck@conware.de
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft. Internet-Drafts are working
documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and
its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working
documents as Internet-Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material
or to cite them other than as a "work in progress".
To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the
"1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow
Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe),
munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or
ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast).
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1. Introduction
This draft defines an experimental portion of the Management Information
Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet
community. In particular, it defines a minimal set of managed objects
for SNMP-based management of ISDN interfaces. ISDN interfaces are
supported on a variety of equipment (for data and voice) including
terminal adapters, bridges, hosts, and routers. The set of objects will
be consistent with the SNMP framework and existing SNMP standards.
This document is a product of the ISDN MIB working group within the
Internet Engineering Task Force. Comments are solicited and should be
addressed to the working group's mailing list at isdn-mib@combinet.com
and/or the author.
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2. The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework
The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework consists of four major
components. They are:
o RFC 1442 [1] which defines the SMI, the mechanisms used for
describing and naming objects for the purpose of management.
o STD 17, RFC 1213 [2] defines MIB-II, the core set of managed
objects for the Internet suite of protocols.
o RFC 1445 [3] which defines the administrative and other
architectural aspects of the framework.
o RFC 1448 [4] which defines the protocol used for network access to
managed objects.
The Framework permits new objects to be defined for the purpose of
experimentation and evaluation.
2.1. Object Definitions
Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed the
Management Information Base or MIB. Objects in the MIB are defined
using the subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) defined in the
SMI. In particular, each object type is named by an OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
an administratively assigned name. The object type together with an
object instance serves to uniquely identify a specific instantiation of
the object. For human convenience, we often use a textual string,
termed the descriptor, to refer to the object type.
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3. Overview
3.1. Structure of MIB
For managing ISDN interfaces, the following information is necessary:
o Information for managing physical interfaces. In case of ISDN
primary rate, this will usually be T1 or E1 lines, being managed in
the Trunk MIB. For Basic Rate lines, physical interfaces will be
managed by this MIB.
o Information for managing signalling channels, usually referred to
as D channels.
o Information for managing bearer channels, usually referred to as B
channels.
Within this document, this information has been structured into three
groups, which will be described in the following chapters.
In order to manage connections over ISDN lines, the management of
neighbors and call history information is required as well. This
information will be defined in the Dial Control MIB.
The purpose for splitting the required information in two MIBs is to be
able to use parts of this information for non-ISDN interfaces as well.
In particular, the Dial Control MIB might also be used for other types
of interfaces.
3.1.1. General Description
This MIB controls signalling channels as well as B channels and physical
Basic Rate interfaces. It consists of three groups.
o The isdnMibBasicRateGroup is used to provide information regarding
physical Basic Rate interfaces.
o The isdnMibSignallingGroup is used to control ISDN signalling
channels. It consists of two tables, the isdnSignallingTable for
configuration information and the isdnSignallingStatsTable for
statistics information.
o The isdnBearerGroup is used to control bearer channels, usually
referred to as B channels. It supports configuration parameters as
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well as statistical information related to B channels.
3.2. Relationship to RFC 1573
RFC 1573, the Interface MIB Evolution, requires that any MIB module
which is an adjunct of the Interface MIB, clarify specific areas within
the Interface MIB. These areas were intentionally left vague in RFC
1573 to avoid over constraining the MIB module, thereby precluding
management of certain media-types.
Section 3.3 of RFC 1573 enumerates several areas which a media-specific
MIB module must clarify. Each of these areas is addressed in a
following subsection. The implementor is referred to RFC 1573 in order
to understand the general intent of these areas.
3.2.1. Layering Model
An ISDN interface usually consists of a signalling channel (D channel)
and a number of bearer channels (B channels), all of which will be
layered on top of a physical interface.
This is accomplished in this MIB by creating a logical interface
(ifEntry) for each of the D channels and a logical interface (ifEntry)
for each of the B channels. These are then correlated to each other and
to the physical interface using the ifStack table of RFC 1573.
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The basic model, therefore, looks something like this:
| | | | | | <== interface to upper
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ layers, to be handled
| D | | B | | B | by Dial Control MIB
|channel| |channel| .... |channel| and ifStack table
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+
| | | | | | <== attachment to physical
+--+ +--------+ +------------+ +----+ interfaces, to be provided
| physical interface | by ifStack table
| (S0/Uk0 or T1/E1) |
+-----------------------------------+
Mapping of B/D channels to physical interfaces
IfEntries are maintained for D channels and for each B channel. The D
channel's interface ifType is one of the ISDN interface types; the B
channel ifType is isdn(63). The ifType for physical interfaces is the
matching IANA ifType, usually T1 or E1 for physical Primary Rate
interfaces and >>to be assigned<< for physical Basic Rate interfaces.
The ifStackTable is used to map B and D channels to physical interfaces.
Conceivably, X.25 or Frame Relay interface MIBs could then be layered on
the D channel.
Mapping of B channels to upper interface layers will usually be done
using the Dial Control MIB. For example, mapping on top of B channels
might look as follows:
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+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Network Layer Protocol |
+------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +------+
| | | | | | | | | | <== appears active
+-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+
| PPP | | PPP | | F/R | | PPP | | F/R |
| for | | for | | for | | for | | for | ifEntry with
|Nbr 1| |Nbr 2| |switch |Nbr 3| |switch shadow
| | | | | A | | | | B | NeighborEntry
+-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+ +-+
| | | | <== some actually are
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+
| B | | B | | B | | B | | B |
|channel| |channel| |channel| |channel| |channel|
+--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+ +--+
| | | | | | | | | |
+------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +-------+ +------+
| Basic/Primary Rate Interface |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
Mapping of IP interfaces to Called Neighbors to B Channels
In this model, ifEntries are maintained for each neighbor. Each
neighbor is required to have an associated ifEntry. This interface can
be of any kind, e.g. PPP or LAPB.
3.2.2. ifTestTable
The ifTestTable is not supported by this MIB.
3.2.3. ifRcvAddressTable
The ifRcvAddressTable is not supported by this MIB.
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3.2.4. ifEntry
3.2.4.1. ifEntry for a Basic Rate hardware interface
The ifGeneralGroup of RFC 1573 is being supported for Basic Rate
hardware interfaces.
ifTable Comments
============== ===========================================
ifIndex Each ISDN Basic Rate hardware interface is
represented by an ifEntry.
ifDescr Textual port description.
ifType An IANA value to be assigned.
ifSpeed The overall bandwidth of this interface.
ifPhysAddress Return zero.
ifAdminStatus The desired administrative status of the
ISDN interface.
ifOperStatus The current operational status of this
interface. If the operational status is dormant(5),
the interface is in standby mode, i.e. connnected
to the network, but without call activity.
If the operational status is down(2), the hardware
has detected that there is no level 1 connection
to the switch.
ifLastChange Refer to RFC 1573.
ifLinkUpDownTrapEnable
Refer to RFC 1573.
ifConnectorPresent
Refer to RFC 1573.
ifHighSpeed Return zero.
ifName Refer to RFC 1573.
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3.2.4.2. ifEntry for a D channel (signalling channel)
The ifEntry for a D channel supports the ifGeneralGroup and the
ifPacketGroup of RFC 1573.
ifTable Comments
============== ===========================================
ifIndex Each ISDN D channel is represented by an ifEntry.
ifDescr Textual port description.
ifType The IANA value of basicISDN(20) or primaryISDN(21),
depending on the media type.
ifSpeed The bandwidth of this D channel. Usually, this will
be the value of 16000 for basic rate interfaces or
64000 for primary rate interfaces.
ifPhysAddress The ISDN address assigned to this signalling
interface. This is a copy of isdnSigTblCalledAddress.
ifAdminStatus The desired administrative status of the
ISDN interface.
ifOperStatus The current operational status of the ISDN
UNI (User Network Interface) interface. If the
operational status is dormant(5), the D channel
is in standby mode (see [5], Annex F, D channel
backup procedures).
ifLastChange Refer to RFC 1573.
ifLinkUpDownTrapEnable
Refer to RFC 1573.
ifConnectorPresent
Refer to RFC 1573.
ifHighSpeed Return zero.
ifName Refer to RFC 1573.
ifMtu The size of the largest frame which can be
sent/received on this D Channel,
specified in octets.
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ifInOctets The total number of octets received on this
D channel.
ifInUcastPkts The number of frames received on this D channel
whose address is not TEI=127.
ifInNUcastPkts Deprecated. Return the number of frames
received on this D channel which is
targeted TEI=127.
ifInDiscards The total number of received frames which have been
discarded.
The possible reasons are: buffer shortage.
ifInErrors The number of inbound frames that contained
errors preventing them from being deliverable
to LAPD.
ifInUnknownProtos The number of frames with this interface's TEI,
but unknown SAPI.
ifOutOctets The total number of octets transmitted on this
D channel.
ifOutUcastPkts The number of frames transmitted on this
D channel whose address is not TEI=127.
ifOutNUcastPkts Deprecated. Return the number of frames
transmitted on this D channel which
have TEI=127.
ifOutDiscards The total number of outbound frames which
were discarded. Possible reasons are:
buffer shortage.
ifOutErrors The number of frames which could not be
transmitted due to errors.
ifOutQlen Deprecated. Return zero.
ifSpecific Deprecated. Return {0 0}.
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3.2.4.3. ifEntry for a B channel (bearer channel)
The ifEntry for a B channel supports the ifGeneralGroup and the
ifPacketGroup of RFC 1573.
ifTable Comments
============== ===========================================
ifIndex Each ISDN B channel is represented by an ifEntry.
ifDescr Textual port description.
ifType The IANA value of isdn(63).
ifSpeed The bandwidth of this B channel.
Usually, this will be the value
of 56000 or 64000. For ISDN leased lines
(or eventually hyperchannels),
this will be the total capacity
of this interface.
ifPhysAddress The ISDN address assigned to this port.
This is a copy of isdnBearerCalledAddress.
ifAdminStatus The desired administrative status of the
ISDN port.
ifOperStatus The current operational status of the ISDN
port. Note that dormant(5) is explicitely being
used as defined in RFC 1573.
ifLastChange Refer to RFC 1573.
ifLinkUpDownTrapEnable
Refer to RFC 1573.
ifConnectorPresent
Refer to RFC 1573.
ifHighSpeed Return zero.
ifName Refer to RFC 1573.
ifMtu The size of the largest frame which can be
sent/received on this B Channel,
specified in octets.
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ifInOctets The total number of octets received on this
B channel.
ifInUcastPkts The number of frames received on this B channel.
ifInNUcastPkts Deprecated. Return zero.
ifInDiscards The total number of received frames discards.
The possible reasons are: buffer shortage.
ifInErrors The number of inbound frames that contained
errors preventing them from being deliverable
to a higher-layer protocol.
ifInUnknownProtos The number of inbound frames with unknown
upper layers.
ifOutOctets The total number of octets transmitted on this
B channel.
ifOutUcastPkts The number of frames transmitted on this
B channel.
ifOutNUcastPkts Deprecated. Return zero.
ifOutDiscards The total number of outbound frames which
were discarded. Possible reasons are:
buffer shortage.
ifOutErrors The number of frames which could not be
transmitted due to errors.
ifOutQlen Deprecated. Return zero.
ifSpecific Deprecated. Return {0 0}.
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3.3. ISDN interface specific information
3.3.1. ISDN leased lines
ISDN leased lines on Basic Rate interfaces can be specified by setting
the value of isdnBasicTblConnectionType to one of the leased line types.
There will be no signalling table entry for leased lines, since there is
no signalling channel available. Thus, only B channel interfaces will
exist in this case.
For Primary Rate interfaces, a leased line does not have any ISDN
specifics. Therefore, Primary Rate leased lines will entirely be handled
by the according MIB for this kind of interfaces, i.e. the Trunk MIB for
E1/T1 interfaces. No ISDN ifEntries will exist in this case.
3.3.2. Hyperchannels
The switch protocol in use will define if hyperchannels are being
supported, and the actual support will be implementation dependent.
Hyperchannel connections itself will be requested by the interface user,
e.g. by the neighbor connection handling procedures.
In the ISDN MIB, the isdnBearerStatsMultirate object of
isdnBearerStatsTable can be used to check if hyperchannels are being
used for an active call.
3.3.3. D channel backup and NFAS trunks
D channel backup is defined in [5], Annex F. It describes non-
associated signalling and its use and functionality is basically
identical to NFAS trunks.
Non Facility Accociated Signalling (NFAS) basically means that a D
channel on a PRI interface is used to manage calls on other PRI trunks.
This is required in North America for H11 channels, since all 24 time
slots are being used for bearer channels.
According to [5], Annex F, the D channel backup feature can be provided
on a subscription basis and is network dependent. The D channel backup
procedure is described in detail in [5].
In case of D channel backup or NFAS trunks, the isdnSigTblPhysInterface
object defines the physical interface the D channel resides on. Using
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the ifStack table, the active D channel is layered on top of all
physical interfaces being managed by this D channel.
In case of D channel backup, inactive D channels will have an
operational status of dormant(5).
3.3.4. X.25 data transfer in D channel
Transfer of X.25 data over D channels can be handled by attaching an
X.25 interface to a D channel using the ifStack table of RFC 1573.
3.3.5. SPID handling
Service Profile IDentifiers (SPID) are defined for BRI interfaces only,
and being used in North America. SPIDs are required for DMS-100 and NI-
1, and are optional for 5ESS. A switch can define up to 8 SPIDs per BRI.
Usually, each B channel has one SPID assigned. It is normally built from
the party number (calling address for outgoing calls) with a number of
digits prepended and appended. Since each network appears to be
different, both the calling address and the SPID have to be stored.
The SPID identifies the particular services that have been provisioned
for a terminal. If there are two B channels on a BRI, there can be two
SPIDs, one for each of the two B channels.
The SPID gets registered with the switch after link establishment.
There is one data link for each SPID. As part of terminal registration,
an EID (Endpoint IDentifier) is defined by the switch. On incoming
calls, the switch may provide the EID, a called party number, or both,
depending on the ISDN code implemented in the switch.
The EID has two bytes: USID (User Service IDentifier) and TID (Terminal
IDentifier). These are later used by some of the software versions
running on the switch side (e.g. compliant with NI-1, 5ESS custom) to
broadcast SETUP messages with these included, so the correct endpoint
would accept the call. Other switch software versions identify the
endpoint with the Called Party Number.
In the ISDN MIB, the SPID can be entered using the isdnBearerIfSpid
object of isdnBearerTable. The isdnBearerCallingAddress, already being
used to specify the calling number, cannot be used for this purpose,
since both may differ and be required in parallel.
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3.3.6. Closed User Groups
Closed User Groups (CUG), as defined in [5], chapter 4.6.1, are being
supported for circuit mode calls at least by ETSI and 1TR6. In this
networks, an ISDN address can have one or more CUG numbers assigned. To
such addresses, only calls from attached Closed User Groups will be
accepted by the network.
Thus, Closed User Groups are a parameter for neighbor entries and will
thus be defined in the Dial Control MIB. A neighbor entry attached to a
Closed User Group will have to point to an ISDN interface which belongs
to the Closed User group in question.
3.3.7. Provision of point-to-point line topology
In the ISDN standards, there are two different meanings for the term
"point-to-point".
In ISDN standards, the term point-to-point will usually be used for data
link connections, i.e. layer 2 connections, where each layer 2
connection from the TE to the network is a single point-to-point
connection. Multiple connections of this kind may exist on one physical
(layer 1) connection, however, and in case of Basic Rate interfaces
there may be several TE's connected to one physical line to the network.
The second meaning of "point-to-point" refers to the line topology, i.e.
to layer 1 connections. For Primary Rate interfaces, the layer 1
connection will always be of the point-to-point type. For Basic Rate
interfaces, layer 1 point-to-point connections do exist in several
countries, usually being used for connecting PBX systems to the network.
The second meaning (layer 1 connections) is what will be referred to as
"point-to-point" connection throughout this document.
The isdnSignallingTable object isdnSigTblLineTopology can be used to
select the line topology. In case of Primary Rate interfaces, this
object will always have a value of pointToPoint(1).
3.3.8. Speech and audio bearer capability information elements
The objects speech(1), audio_31() and audio_7(), as being used in
isdnBearerStatsInfoType, refer to the Speech, 3.1 kHz Audio and old 7
kHz Audio (now Multi-use) bearer capabilities for ISDN, as defined in
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[5], chapter 4.5.5, octet 3 of bearer capability information element.
These capabilities are signaling artifices that allow networks to do
certain things with the call. It is up to the network to decide what to
do.
The Speech Bearer Capability means that speech is being carried over the
channel, as in two people talking. This would be POTS-type speech. The
network may compress this, encrypt it or whatever it wants with it as
long as it delivers POTS quality speech to the other end. In other
words, a modem is not guaranteed to work over this connection.
The 3.1 kHz Audio capability indicates that the network carries the 3.1
kHz bandwidth across the network. This would (theoretically) allow
modem signals to be carried across the network. In the US, the network
automatically enters a capability of 3.1 kHz Audio on calls coming into
the ISDN from a POTS network. This capability restricts the network
from messing with the data channel in a way that would corrupt the 3.1
kHz VoiceBand data.
7 kHz Audio was meant to signal the use of a higher quality audio
connection (e.g., music from radio). It got changed to Multi-Use
capability to allow it to be used for videoconferencing with fall back
to audio or something like that.
In some cases, the Speech or 3.1 kHz Bearer Capability provides a 56
kbit/s data path through the network. Therefore, some people are
setting up calls with the Speech or 3.1 kHz BC and transmitting 56
kbit/s data over the connection. This is usually to take advantage of
favorable tariffs for Speech as opposed to Data.
On the incoming side, the equipment is usually configured to ignore the
Bearer Capability and either answer all Speech calls as 56 kbit/s data
or to use one Directory Number for real speech and another for data.
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4. Definitions
ISDN-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
IMPORTS
MODULE-IDENTITY,
OBJECT-TYPE,
Counter32,
Integer32
FROM SNMPv2-SMI
DisplayString,
TruthValue,
TimeStamp,
TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
FROM SNMPv2-TC
MODULE-COMPLIANCE,
OBJECT-GROUP
FROM SNMPv2-CONF
ifIndex,
InterfaceIndex
FROM IF-MIB
transmission
FROM RFC1213-MIB;
isdnMib MODULE-IDENTITY
LAST-UPDATED "9510061157Z"
ORGANIZATION "IETF ISDN MIB Working Group"
CONTACT-INFO
" Guenter Roeck
Postal: Conware GmbH
Killisfeldstrasse 64
76227 Karlsruhe
Germany
Tel: +49 721 9495 0
E-mail: roeck@conware.de"
DESCRIPTION
"The MIB module to describe the
management of ISDN interfaces."
::= { transmission 20 }
-- The ISDN hardware interface (BRI or PRI) will be represented
-- by a media specific ifEntry.
--
-- For basic rate lines, the media specifics for the physical interface
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-- will be defined in the physical interface group of the ISDN MIB.
-- The ifType for physical basic rate interfaces will be tbd(xxx).
--
-- For primary rate, the media specifics will be defined in the Trunk MIB.
-- The ifType will be one of E1 or T1, depending on the line type.
-- Each signalling channel, also called D channel, will be represented
-- by an entry in the isdnSignallingTable.
-- This will have an ifType value of basicISDN(20)
-- or primaryISDN(21), refer to RFC 1213.
-- Each B channel will also be represented as an entry
-- in the ifTable. The B channels will have an ifType value
-- of isdn(63).
-- This model will be used while defining objects and tables
-- for management.
-- The ISDN MIB will allow sub-layers. For example, the data transfer
-- over a B channel may take place with PPP encapsulation. While the
-- ISDN MIB will describe the D and B channels, a media specific MIB for
-- PPP can be used on a layered basis. This will be as per RFC 1573.
-- Textual conventions
IsdnSignallingProtocol ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This data type is used as the syntax of the
isdnSigTblSignallingProtocol object in the
definition of ISDN-MIB's isdnSignallingTable.
The definition of this textual convention with the
addition of newly assigned values is published
periodically by the IANA, in either the Assigned
Numbers RFC, or some derivative of it specific to
Internet Network Management number assignments. (The
latest arrangements can be obtained by contacting the
IANA.)
Requests for new values should be made to IANA via
email (iana@isi.edu)."
SYNTAX INTEGER {
other(1), -- none of the following
dss1(2), -- ITU DSS1 (formerly CCITT) Q.931
etsi(3), -- Europe / ETSI ETS300-102
-- plus supplementary services
-- (ETSI 300-xxx)
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-- note that NET3, NET5 define
-- test procedures for ETS300-102
-- and have been replaced by
-- I-CTR 3 and I-CTR 4.
btnr(4), -- U.K. / BTNR (BRI ?) (retired ?)
dass2(5), -- U.K. / DASS2 (PRI)
ess4(6), -- U.S.A. / AT&T 4ESS
ess5(7), -- U.S.A. / AT&T 5ESS
dms100(8), -- U.S.A. / Northern Telecom DMS100
dms250(9), -- U.S.A. / Northern Telecom DMS250
ni1(10), -- U.S.A. / National ISDN 1 (BRI)
ni2(11), -- U.S.A. / National ISDN 2 (BRI, PRI)
ni3(12), -- U.S.A. / next one ?
vn2(13), -- France / VN2
vn3(14), -- France / VN3
vn4(15), -- France / VN4 (ETSI with changes)
vn6(16), -- France / VN6 (ETSI with changes)
-- delta document CSE P 10-21 A
-- test document CSE P 10-20 A
kdd(17), -- Japan / KDD
ins64(18), -- Japan / NTT INS64
ins1500(19), -- Japan / NTT INS1500
itr6(20), -- Germany/ 1TR6 (BRI, PRI)
cornet(21), -- Germany/ Siemens HiCom CORNET
tad2(22), -- ??? / (BRI)
tad30(23), -- ??? / (PRI)
ts013(24), -- Australia / TS013 (formerly TPH 1962, BRI)
ts014(25), -- Australia / TS014 (formerly TPH 1856, PRI)
dpnss(26), -- ???
qsig(27) -- Q.SIG
}
-- Isdn Mib objects definitions
isdnMibObjects OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { isdnMib 1 }
-- ISDN physical interface group
-- This group describes physical basic rate interfaces.
-- Basic rate interfaces can either be dialup lines,
-- supporting B channels as well as having an active signalling
-- channel, or leased line interfaces connecting up to two B channels
-- and one D channel directly to a neighbor.
-- In case of leased line interfaces, there will be no signalling
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-- protocol active and thus be no isdnSignallingTable entry
-- layered on top of the physical interface.
isdnBasicRateGroup OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { isdnMibObjects 1 }
isdnBasicRateTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF IsdnBasicRateTableEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Table containing configuration and operational
parameters for all physical Basic Rate
interfaces on this managed device."
::= { isdnBasicRateGroup 1 }
isdnBasicRateTableEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IsdnBasicRateTableEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry in the ISDN Basic Rate Table."
INDEX { ifIndex }
::= { isdnBasicRateTable 1 }
IsdnBasicRateTableEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
isdnBasicTblIfType INTEGER,
isdnBasicTblConnectionType INTEGER
}
isdnBasicTblIfType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
isdnS0(1),
isdnUk0(2)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The physical interface type."
::= { isdnBasicRateTableEntry 1 }
isdnBasicTblConnectionType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
dialup(1), -- dialup line, with active signalling channel
leased1B(2), -- leased line, 1B channel
leased1B1D(3), -- leased line, 1B+D
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leased2B(4), -- leased line, 2B
leased2B1D(5) -- leased line, 2B+D
}
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The particular connection being handled over this
physical interface."
::= { isdnBasicRateTableEntry 2 }
-- ISDN signalling group
isdnSignallingGroup OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { isdnMibObjects 2 }
-- Assumptions being made:
-- - BRI/PRI definition will be handled in ifTable, thus not
-- be required here.
-- D channel configuration table
-- There is one entry for each D channel (also called signalling
-- channel) in this table.
--
-- D channel backup and NFAS trunks will be handled using the
-- ifStack table.
isdnSignallingTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF IsdnSignallingTableEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"ISDN signalling table containing configuration and
operational parameters for all ISDN signalling
interfaces on this managed device."
::= { isdnSignallingGroup 1 }
isdnSignallingTableEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IsdnSignallingTableEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry in the ISDN Signalling Table."
INDEX { ifIndex }
::= { isdnSignallingTable 1 }
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IsdnSignallingTableEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
isdnSigTblPhysInterface InterfaceIndex,
isdnSigTblSignallingProtocol IsdnSignallingProtocol,
isdnSigTblLineTopology INTEGER,
isdnSigTblCalledAddress DisplayString,
isdnSigTblCallingAddress DisplayString,
isdnSigTblSubAddress DisplayString,
isdnSigTblBchannelCount Integer32,
isdnSigTblOperStatus INTEGER
}
isdnSigTblPhysInterface OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX InterfaceIndex
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"ifIndex value of the physical interface the D channel
resides on. In case of NFAS trunks, this object is required
to define the physical interface the D channel resides on,
since the attached ifEntry will be layered on top of all
interfaces being managed by this signalling channel."
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 1 }
--
-- Editor's note:
-- We decided to have IANA supporting the signalling protocols.
-- Thus, each switch manufacturer or anyone needing a new protocol
-- entry will be responsible for getting a value from IANA.
-- The definition has thereby been moved into a textual convention
-- defined above.
isdnSigTblSignallingProtocol OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IsdnSignallingProtocol
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The particular protocol type supported by the
switch providing access to the ISDN network
to which this signalling interface is connected."
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 2 }
isdnSigTblLineTopology OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
pointToPoint(1),
pointToMultipoint(2)
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}
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The line topology to be used for this interface.
On Primary Rate interfaces, this object must have
a value of pointToPoint(1) and should be read-only."
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 3 }
isdnSigTblCalledAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This object specifies the number being passed by the
switch on incoming call setup messages as 'Called Number
information element'. This can be an EAZ (1TR6), a called
number (DSS1, ETSI) or any other number necessary to
identify a signalling interface. If there is no such number
defined or required, this is a zero length string.
It is represented in DisplayString form.
This parameter can be specified on a per-B-channel or
per-D-channel base. If specified here (e.g. on PRI
interfaces), all incoming calls will have to be addressed
to this number.
Called numbers for incoming calls can also be
defined on a per-B-channel base, thus
enabling structured access to B channels. "
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 4 }
isdnSigTblCallingAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The ISDN Address to be assigned to this signalling
interface. More specific, this is the 'Calling Address
information element' as being passed to the switch
in outgoing call setup messages.
It can be an EAZ (1TR6), a called number (DSS1, ETSI)
or any other number necessary to identify a signalling
interface. If there is no such number defined or required,
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or if the called number on incoming calls is identical
to the calling number on outgoing calls, this is a zero
length string. It is represented in DisplayString form.
This parameter can be specified on a per-B-channel or
per-D-channel base. If specified here (e.g. on PRI
interfaces), all outgoig calls will use this number
as 'calling address'.
Calling numbers for outgoing calls can also be
defined on a per-B-channel base, thus
enabling structured access to B channels. "
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 5 }
isdnSigTblSubAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Supplementary information to the ISDN address assigned
to this interface. Usually, this will be the subaddress
as defined in Q.931.
If there is no such number defined or required, this is
a zero length string.
The subaddress will be used for incoming calls as well as
for outgoing calls.
It is represented in DisplayString form."
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 6 }
isdnSigTblBchannelCount OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer32 (1..65535)
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of B channels (bearer channels)
managed by this signalling interface."
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 7 }
isdnSigTblOperStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
inactive (1),
l1_active (2),
l2_active (3),
l3_active (4)
}
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MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The operational status of this signalling interface:
inactive all layers are inactive
l1_active layer 1 is activated,
layer 2 datalink not established
l2_active layer 1 is activated,
layer 2 datalink established,
no layer 3 call activity
l3_active layer 1 is activated,
layer 2 datalink established,
layer 3 engaged in call activity
"
::= { isdnSignallingTableEntry 8 }
-- Signalling channel statistics table
-- There is one entry for each signalling connection
-- in this table.
-- Note that the ifEntry also has some statistics information.
isdnSignallingStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF IsdnSignallingStatsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"ISDN signalling table containing statistics
information for all ISDN signalling interfaces
on this managed device.
Only statistical information which is not being counted
in the ifTable is being defined in this table."
::= { isdnSignallingGroup 2 }
isdnSignallingStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IsdnSignallingStatsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry in the ISDN Signalling statistics Table"
INDEX { ifIndex }
::= { isdnSignallingStatsTable 1 }
IsdnSignallingStatsEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
isdnSigStatsLapdPeerSabme Counter32,
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isdnSigStatsLapdRecvdFrmr Counter32,
isdnSigStatsInCalls Counter32,
isdnSigStatsInConnected Counter32,
isdnSigStatsOutCalls Counter32,
isdnSigStatsOutConnected Counter32,
isdnSigStatsChargedUnits Counter32
}
isdnSigStatsLapdPeerSabme OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of peer SABME frames received on all
data links associated with the D-channel of this
interface. This is the number of peer-initiated
new connections on this interface."
::= { isdnSignallingStatsEntry 1 }
isdnSigStatsLapdRecvdFrmr OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of LAPD FRMR response frames received.
This is the number of framing errors on this
interface."
::= { isdnSignallingStatsEntry 2 }
isdnSigStatsInCalls OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of incoming calls on this interface."
::= { isdnSignallingStatsEntry 3 }
isdnSigStatsInConnected OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of incoming calls on this interface
which were actually connected."
::= { isdnSignallingStatsEntry 4 }
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isdnSigStatsOutCalls OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of outgoing calls on this interface."
::= { isdnSignallingStatsEntry 5 }
isdnSigStatsOutConnected OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of outgoing calls on this interface
which were actually connected."
::= { isdnSignallingStatsEntry 6 }
isdnSigStatsChargedUnits OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of charging units on this interface since system
startup.
Only the charging units applying to the local interface,
i.e. for originated calls or for calls with 'Reverse charging'
being active, will be counted here."
::= { isdnSignallingStatsEntry 7 }
-- The B channel (bearer channel) group
--
-- Note that disconnects can explicitely be handled using the
-- ifStack table. If a connection is to be disconnected,
-- the according ifStack entry has to be removed.
-- More specific, the ifStackTable entry which binds the high-layer
-- ifTable entry (and related dialCtlNbrCfgTable entry) to the
-- B channel ifTable entry (and related isdnBearerTable entry)
-- during an active call has to be removed.
isdnBearerGroup OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { isdnMibObjects 3 }
isdnBearerTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF IsdnBearerEntry
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MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This table defines port specific control data
for ISDN B channels. Each entry in this table
describes one B (bearer) channel."
::= { isdnBearerGroup 1 }
isdnBearerEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IsdnBearerEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Configuration information relating to one port.
A port is a single B channel."
INDEX { ifIndex }
::= { isdnBearerTable 1 }
IsdnBearerEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
isdnBearerCalledAddress DisplayString,
isdnBearerCallingAddress DisplayString,
isdnBearerSubAddress DisplayString,
isdnBearerIfSpid DisplayString,
isdnBearerOperStatus INTEGER
}
isdnBearerCalledAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The ISDN address for incoming calls which is assigned to
this B channel. This can be the EAZ (1TR6), the called number
(DSS1) for incoming calls or any other necessary
specification for other types of switch protocols.
If no address is to be assigned to this interface,
this object will be a zero length string."
::= { isdnBearerEntry 1 }
isdnBearerCallingAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
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"The ISDN address for outgoing calls which is assigned to
this B channel. This can be the EAZ (1TR6), the calling number
(DSS1) for outgoung calls or any other necessary
specification for other types of switch protocols.
If no address is to be assigned to this interface,
or if the address to be assigned is identical to
isdnBearerCalledAddress, this object will be a zero length
string."
::= { isdnBearerEntry 2 }
isdnBearerSubAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The ISDN subaddress assigned to this B channel, according
to Q.931. If no subaddress is being used or defined for
the signalling protocol being used, this can be a zero
length string."
::= { isdnBearerEntry 3 }
isdnBearerIfSpid OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The SPID information required to configure a B channel.
This information has to be defined in addition to
the local number for some switch types.
If this object is not required, it will be a
zero length string."
::= { isdnBearerEntry 4 }
isdnBearerOperStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
idle (1),
connecting (2),
connected (3),
active (4)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The current call control state for this port.
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idle(1): The B channel is idle.
No call or call attempt is going on.
connecting(2): A connection attempt (outgoing call)
is being made on this interface.
connected(3): An incoming call is in the process
of validation.
active(4): A call is active on this interface."
::= { isdnBearerEntry 5 }
isdnBearerStatsTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF IsdnBearerStatsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This table defines port specific statistics and
active call data for ISDN B channels. Each entry
in this table describes one B (bearer) channel."
::= { isdnBearerGroup 2 }
isdnBearerStatsEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX IsdnBearerStatsEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Statistics information relating to one port.
A port is a single B channel."
INDEX { ifIndex }
::= { isdnBearerStatsTable 1 }
IsdnBearerStatsEntry ::=
SEQUENCE {
isdnBearerStatsPeerAddress DisplayString,
isdnBearerStatsPeerSubAddress DisplayString,
isdnBearerStatsCallOrigin INTEGER,
isdnBearerStatsInfoType INTEGER,
isdnBearerStatsMultirate TruthValue,
isdnBearerStatsCallSetupTime TimeStamp,
isdnBearerStatsCallConnectTime TimeStamp,
isdnBearerStatsChargedUnits Integer32
}
isdnBearerStatsPeerAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
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DESCRIPTION
"The ISDN address the current or last call is or was
connected to. If the peer ISDN address is not available,
this object it will have a length of zero."
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 1 }
isdnBearerStatsPeerSubAddress OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The ISDN subaddress the current or last call is or was
connected to. If the peer subaddress is not available,
this object it will have a length of zero."
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 2 }
isdnBearerStatsCallOrigin OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
originate(1),
answer(2),
callback(3)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The call origin for the current or last call. If there was
no call up to now on this interface, this object will have
a value of zero."
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 3 }
isdnBearerStatsInfoType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
speech(1),
unrestrictedDigital(2), -- as defined in [5]
unrestrictedDigital_56(3), -- with 56k rate adaption
restrictedDigital(4),
audio_31(5), -- 3.1 kHz audio
audio_7(6), -- 7 kHz audio
video(7),
packetSwitched(8)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The Information Transfer Capability for the current
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or last call, as defined in [5], chapter 4.5.5,
octet 3 of bearer capability information element,
combined with the User Rate (as defined in octet 5
and 5a to 5d), if rate adaption is being used.
speech(1) refers to a non-data connection, whereas
audio_31(5) and audio_7(6) refer to data mode connections.
Note that [5], chapter 4.5.5, originaly defined audio_7(6)
as '7 kHz audio' and now defines it as 'Unrestricted
digital information with tones/announcements'.
"
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 4 }
isdnBearerStatsMultirate OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TruthValue
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This flag describes if the current or last call used
multirate as defined in [5], chapter 4.5.5.
The actual information transfer rate,
in detail specified in octet 4.1 (rate multiplier),
will be defined in ifSpeed for this interface."
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 5 }
isdnBearerStatsCallSetupTime OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime when the ISDN setup message for the
current or last call was sent or received."
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 6 }
isdnBearerStatsCallConnectTime OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime when the ISDN connect message for the
current or last call was sent or received."
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 7 }
isdnBearerStatsChargedUnits OBJECT-TYPE
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SYNTAX Integer32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of charged units for the current or last
connection. For incoming calls or if charging information
is not supplied by the switch, the value of this object
will be zero."
::= { isdnBearerStatsEntry 8 }
--
-- conformance information
--
isdnMibConformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { isdnMib 2 }
isdnMibCompliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { isdnMibConformance 1 }
isdnMibGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { isdnMibConformance 2 }
-- compliance statements
isdnMibCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The compliance statement for entities which implement
the ISDN MIB. Note that the isdnMibBasicRateGroup
is mandatory only for entities supporting Basic Rate
interfaces."
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS {
isdnMibBasicRateGroup,
isdnMibSignallingGroup,
isdnMibBearerGroup
}
OBJECT isdnBasicTblIfType
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION
"It is conformant to implement this object as read-only."
OBJECT isdnBasicTblConnectionType
MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION
"It is conformant to implement this object as read-only."
OBJECT isdnSigTblLineTopology
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MIN-ACCESS read-only
DESCRIPTION
"It is conformant to implement this object as read-only.
For Primary Rate ISDN interfaces, this object must be
implemented as read-only and has to return the value of
pointToPoint(1)."
::= { isdnMibCompliances 1 }
-- units of conformance
isdnMibBasicRateGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
isdnBasicTblIfType,
isdnBasicTblConnectionType
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A collection of objects required for ISDN basic rate
physical interface configuration and statistics."
::= { isdnMibGroups 1 }
isdnMibSignallingGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
isdnSigTblPhysInterface,
isdnSigTblSignallingProtocol,
isdnSigTblLineTopology,
isdnSigTblCalledAddress,
isdnSigTblCallingAddress,
isdnSigTblSubAddress,
isdnSigTblBchannelCount,
isdnSigTblOperStatus,
isdnSigStatsLapdPeerSabme,
isdnSigStatsLapdRecvdFrmr,
isdnSigStatsInCalls,
isdnSigStatsInConnected,
isdnSigStatsOutCalls,
isdnSigStatsOutConnected,
isdnSigStatsChargedUnits
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A collection of objects required for ISDN signalling
interface configuration and statistics."
::= { isdnMibGroups 2 }
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isdnMibBearerGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
isdnBearerCalledAddress,
isdnBearerCallingAddress,
isdnBearerSubAddress,
isdnBearerIfSpid,
isdnBearerOperStatus,
isdnBearerStatsPeerAddress,
isdnBearerStatsPeerSubAddress,
isdnBearerStatsCallOrigin,
isdnBearerStatsInfoType,
isdnBearerStatsMultirate,
isdnBearerStatsCallSetupTime,
isdnBearerStatsCallConnectTime,
isdnBearerStatsChargedUnits
}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A collection of objects required for ISDN bearer channel
interface control and statistics."
::= { isdnMibGroups 3 }
END
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5. Acknowledgements
This document was produced by the ISDN MIB Working Group. Special
thanks is due to the following persons:
Ed Alcoff
Fred Baker
Bibek A. Das
Ken Grigg
Jeffrey T. Johnson
Glenn Kime
Oliver Korfmacher
Kedar Madineni
Bill Miskovetz
David M. Piscitello
Lisa A. Phifer
Randy Roberts
Hascall H. Sharp
Robert Snyder
Ron Stoughton
James Watt
6. References
[1] Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Structure
of Management Information for version 2 of the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC 1442, SNMP Research,Inc., Hughes
LAN Systems, Dover Beach Consulting, Inc., Carnegie Mellon
University, April 1993.
[2] McCloghrie, K., and M. Rose, Editors, "Management Information Base
for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II", STD 17,
RFC 1213, Hughes LAN Systems, Performance Systems International,
March 1991.
[3] Galvin, J., and K. McCloghrie, "Administrative Model for version 2
of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC 1445,
Trusted Information Systems, Hughes LAN Systems, April 1993.
[4] Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and S. Waldbusser, "Protocol
Operations for version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMPv2)", RFC 1448, SNMP Research,Inc., Hughes LAN Systems, Dover
Beach Consulting, Inc., Carnegie Mellon University, April 1993.
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[5] ITU-T Recommendation "Digital subscriber Signalling System No. 1
(DSS 1) - ISDN user-network interface layer 3 specification for
basic call control", Rec. Q.931(I.451), March 1993
[6] ITU-T Recommendation "Generic procedures for the control of ISDN
supplementary services ISDN user-network interface layer 3
specification", Rec. Q.932(I.452)
[7] ITU-T Recommendation "Digital subscriber Signalling System No. 1
(DSS 1) - Signalling specification for frame-mode basic call
control", Rec. Q.933
7. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
8. Author's Address
Guenter Roeck
Conware GmbH
Killisfeldstrasse 64
76137 Karlsruhe, Germany
Phone: (49) 721 9495-0
Email: roeck@conware.de
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................... 2
2 The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework ......................... 3
2.1 Object Definitions ............................................ 3
3 Overview ........................................................ 4
3.1 Structure of MIB .............................................. 4
3.1.1 General Description ......................................... 4
3.2 Relationship to RFC 1573 ...................................... 5
3.2.1 Layering Model .............................................. 5
3.2.2 ifTestTable ................................................. 7
3.2.3 ifRcvAddressTable ........................................... 7
3.2.4 ifEntry ..................................................... 8
3.2.4.1 ifEntry for a Basic Rate hardware interface ............... 8
3.2.4.2 ifEntry for a D channel (signalling channel) .............. 9
3.2.4.3 ifEntry for a B channel (bearer channel) .................. 11
3.3 ISDN interface specific information ........................... 13
3.3.1 ISDN leased lines ........................................... 13
3.3.2 Hyperchannels ............................................... 13
3.3.3 D channel backup and NFAS trunks ............................ 13
3.3.4 X.25 data transfer in D channel ............................. 14
3.3.5 SPID handling ............................................... 14
3.3.6 Closed User Groups .......................................... 15
3.3.7 Provision of point-to-point line topology ................... 15
3.3.8 Speech and audio bearer capability information elements ..... 15
4 Definitions ..................................................... 17
5 Acknowledgements ................................................ 36
6 References ...................................................... 36
7 Security Considerations ......................................... 37
8 Author's Address ................................................ 37
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