Network Working Group F. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft Boeing Research & Technology
Intended status: Informational June 24, 2019
Expires: December 26, 2019
A Unified Stateful/Stateless Configuration Service for IPv6
draft-templin-6man-dhcpv6-ndopt-08.txt
Abstract
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (IPv6ND) specifies a control message set for
nodes to discover neighbors, routers, prefixes and other services on
the link. It also supports a manner of StateLess Address
AutoConfiguration (SLAAC), while the Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) specifies a separate stateful service.
This document presents IPv6ND extensions for providing a unified
stateful/stateless configuration service.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on December 26, 2019.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. DHCPv6 Options in IPv6 ND Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. The DHCPv6 Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. DHCPv6 Option Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. PIO Options in RS Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. The PIO Option in RS Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2. PIO Option Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4. Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Embedded Prefix Assertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Embedded Prefix Assertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Embedded Prefix Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4. Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Out-of-Band Network Login Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1. Out-of-Band Network Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. Out-of-Band Network Login Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4. Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix A. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (IPv6ND) [RFC4861] specifies a control
message set for nodes to discover neighbors, routers, prefixes and
other services on the link. It also supports a manner of StateLess
Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC). The Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) specifies a separate service for
delegation of prefixes, addresses and any other stateful information
[RFC8415]. This document presents IPv6ND extensions for providing a
unified stateful/stateless configuration service.
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If the network can provide such a unified service, multi-message
procedures can be condensed into a single and concise message
exchange. This would ease network management as well as simplify
host and router operations. It would further accommodate both
stateless and stateful services in a way that combines the best
aspects of both. The operating model is based on harnessing the IPv6
ND Router Solicitation (RS) / Router Advertisement (RA) functions to
provide all configuration information in a single message exchange.
When a node first comes onto a link, it sends an RS to elicit an RA
from one or more routers for the link. If the node also needs to
acquire stateful information it then sends a DHCPv6 Solicit message
to elicit a Reply message from a DHCPv6 server. This two round-trip
message exchange can add delay as well as waste critical link
bandwidth on low-end links (e.g., 6LoWPAN, satellite communications,
aeronautical wireless, etc.). While it is possible to start both
round trip exchanges at the same time, this would still result in
twice as many channel access transactions as necessary. Moreover,
the multicast nature of these messages could disturb other nodes on
the link, e.g., resulting in an unnecessary wakeup from sleep mode.
This document proposes methods for combining all stateless and
stateful configuration operations into a single, unified exchange
based on IPv6ND messaging extensions. It notes that stateful
exchanges should include:
o an explicit request for stateful information
o the identity of the requesting node
o a transaction identification that the requesting node can use to
match replies with their corresponding requests
o any security parameters necessary for the requesting node to
establish its authorization to receive stateful information
The first method is through definition of a new IPv6ND option called
the "DHCPv6 Option" that combines the IPv6ND router discovery and
DHCPv6 stateful processes into a single message exchange. Nodes
include the DHCPv6 option in RS messages to solicit an RA message
with a DHCPv6 option in return. This allows the IPv6ND and DHCPv6
functions to work together to supply the client with all needed
configuration information in a minimum number of messages.
The second method proposes the inclusion of Prefix Information
Options (PIOs) in RS messages for the purpose of soliciting stateful
information. [I-D.naveen-slaac-prefix-management] discusses the
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maintenance and management functions required for supporting the
operation.
The third method entails the encoding of a prefix in the IPv6 link-
local source address of the RS message. If the node is pre-
configured with the prefix that it will solicit from the network, and
if the network has a way of accepting the node's prefix assertion
without the threat of spoofing, the network can then delegate the
prefix and establish the necessary routing information.
The fourth method uses out-of-band messaging for the node to request
stateful information outside of the scope of IPv6ND messaging. The
out-of-band messaging could entail some sort of network login process
(e.g., through Layer-2 (L2) messaging, etc.).
The following sections present considerations for nodes that employ
these approaches.
2. DHCPv6 Options in IPv6 ND Messages
The first method entails the inclusion of DHCPv6 messages within
IPv6ND RS and RA messages, as discussed in the following sections.
2.1. The DHCPv6 Option
The DHCPv6 option is a new IPv6ND option that simply embeds a
standard DHCPv6 message per section 6 of [RFC8415], beginning with
the 'msg-type' followed by the 'transaction-id' and all DHCPv6
'options'. The format of the option is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = TBD | Length | Pad | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| msg-type | transaction-id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. options .
. (variable) ...................
| . Padding (0-7) .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: IPv6 ND DHCPv6 Option Format
In this format, 'Type' and 'Length' are exactly as defined in
Section 4.6 of [RFC4861], 'Pad' is a 3-bit integer that encodes the
padding length, 'Reserved' is included for alignment and future use,
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and the rest of the option is formatted as specified in Section 6 of
[RFC8415] except with trailing null padding added as necessary for 8
octet alignment. The length of the full DHCPv6 message is determined
by ((('Length' * 8) - 4) - 'Pad'), for a maximum message length of
2036 octets.
The 'Reserved' field MUST be set to 0 on transmission and ignored on
reception. Future specifications MAY define new uses for these bits.
2.2. DHCPv6 Option Usage
When a node first comes onto the link, it creates an RS message
containing a DHCPv6 option that embeds a DHCPv6 Solicit message. The
Solicit may include a Rapid Commit option if a two-message exchange
(i.e., instead of four) is required. The RS message may also include
a Nonce option to provide an extended transaction identifier
[RFC3971]. The node then sends the RS message either to the unicast
address of a specific router on the link, or to the all-routers
multicast address.
When a router receives an RS message with a DHCPv6 option, if it does
not recognize the option and/or does not employ a DHCPv6 relay agent
or server, it returns an RA message as normal with any stateless
configuration information and without including a DHCPv6 option. By
receiving the RA message with no DHCPv6 option, the node can
determine that the router does not recognize the option and/or does
not support a DHCPv6 relay/server function. In this way, no harm
will have come from the node including the DHCPv6 option in the RS,
and the function is fully backwards compatible.
When a router receives an RS message with a DHCPv6 option, if it
recognizes the option and employs a DHCPv6 relay agent or server, it
extracts the encapsulated DHCPv6 message and forwards it to the relay
agent or server. When the DHCPv6 message reaches a DHCPv6 server,
the server processes the DHCPv6 Solicit message and prepares either
an Advertise (four message) or Reply (two message) DHCPv6 message
containing any delegated addresses, prefixes and/or any other
information the server is configured to send. The server then
returns the Advertise/Reply message to the router.
When the router receives the DHCPv6 Advertise/Reply message, it
creates a Router Advertisement (RA) message that includes any
autoconfiguration information necessary for the link and also embeds
the DHCPv6 message in a DHCPv6 option within the body of the RA.
(The RA also echos the Nonce value if a Nonce was included in the RS
message.) The router then returns the RA as a unicast message
response to the node that sent the RS.
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In a two message exchange, the stateless/stateful exchange is
completed when the node receives the RA. In a four message exchange,
the requesting node can Decline any stateful information it does not
wish to accept and/or send unicast Request options in subsequent RSes
to get RA messages with Reply options back from the router or routers
of its choosing.
At any time after the initial RS/RA exchange, the node may need to
issue DHCPv6 Renew, Release or Rebind messages to manage address/
prefix lifetimes. In that case, the node prepares a DHCPv6 message
option and inserts it in an RS message which it then sends via
unicast to the router. The router in turn processes the message the
same as for DHCPv6 Solicit/Reply.
At any time after the initial RS/RA exchange, the DHCPv6 server may
need to issue a DHCPv6 Reconfigure message. In that case, when the
router receives the DHCPv6 Reconfigure message it prepares a unicast
RA message with a DHCPv6 option that encodes the Reconfigure and
sends the RA as an unsolicited unicast message to the node. The node
then follows the DHCPv6 client procedures for processing and
responding to Reconfigure messages.
At any time after the initial RS/RA exchange, the router can initiate
an unsolicited RA/Reply, e.g., to cause the node to update its
configuration information quickly. In this method, the router sends
a synthesized DHCPv6 Renew or Information-request message that
induces the server to return a DHCPv6 Reply. The message includes
the same DHCPv6 transaction-id and IPv6 ND Nonce values that the
router had echoed in its initial Reply. The server then wraps the
Reply message in the body of an RA message, and sends the unsolicited
RA/Reply. When the node receives the unsolicited RA/Reply message,
it matches the transaction-id and Nonce values with the initial RA/
Reply it had received from the router. If the identification
information matches, the node processes the message and initiates a
new RS/RA exchange if necessary; otherwise it drops the message.
2.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements
Using the DHCPv6 Option, the message itself includes sub-options to
request stateful information. The DHCPv6 Device Unique IDentifier
(DUID) provides the identity of the requesting node, and the DHCPv6
transaction-id and IPv6 ND Nonce provide a unique identifier for
matching RS and RA messages. Finally, the message can be protected
using SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) [RFC3971].
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2.4. Implementation Considerations
The IPv6ND and DHCPv6 functions are typically implemented in separate
router modules. In that case, the IPv6ND function extracts the
DHCPv6 message from the option included in the RS message and wraps
it in IP/UDP headers with the same addresses and port numbers the
soliciting node would have used had it send an ordinary IP/UDP/DHCPv6
message. The IPv6ND function then acts as a Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay
Agent (LDRA) [RFC6221] to forward the message to the DHCPv6 relay or
server function on-board the router.
The forwarded DHCPv6 message then traverses any additional relays on
the reverse path until it reaches the DHCPv6 server. When the DHCPv6
server processes the message, it delegates any necessary resources
and returns a Reply via the same relay agent path as had occurred on
the reverse path so that the Reply will eventually arrive back at the
IPv6ND function. The IPv6ND function then prepares an RA message
with any autoconfiguration information associated with the link,
embeds the DHCPv6 message body in an IPv6ND DHCPv6 option, and
returns the message via unicast to the node that sent the RS.
In an ideal implementation, the IPv6ND and DHCPv6 functions could be
co-located in the same module on the router. In that way the two
functions would be coupled as though they were in fact a single
unified function without the need for any LDRA processing.
3. PIO Options in RS Messages
The second method entails the inclusion of Prefix Information Options
(PIOs) in IPv6ND RS messages, as discussed in the following sections.
3.1. The PIO Option in RS Messages
This document proposes the inclusion of PIOs in RS messages to
solicit and maintain prefixes that are delegated in subsequent RA
messages. Prefix management is performed as discussed in
[I-D.naveen-slaac-prefix-management] (an alternate prefix management
proposal based on unsolicited advertisements with special flag
settings is found in [I-D.pioxfolks-6man-pio-exclusive-bit]).
3.2. PIO Option Usage
When a node that wishes to request a prefix delegation first comes
onto the link, it creates an RS message containing a PIO. It sets
the Prefix Length to either the length of the prefix it wishes to
receive or '0' (unspecified) if it will defer to the router's
preference. The node then sets the Valid and Preferred Lifetimes to
either its preferred values or '0' (unspecified) if it will defer to
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the router's preference. The node then sets the Prefix to either the
prefix it wishes to receive, or '0' (unspecified) if it will defer to
the router's preference. The node then sends the RS message either
to the unicast address of a specific router on the link, or to the
all-routers multicast address.
When a router receives an RS message with a PIO, if it is not
configured to accept PIOs in RS messages it returns an RA message as
normal and without including a PIO. By receiving the RA message with
no PIO, the node can determine that the router does not recognize the
option and/or does not support an IPv6ND-based prefix delegation
service. In this way, no harm will have come from the node including
the PIO in the RS, and the function is fully backwards compatible.
When a router receives an RS message with a PIO, if it is configured
to accept the option and can provide prefix delegation services it
examines the fields in the message and selects a prefix to delegate
to the node. If the PIO included a specific Prefix, the router
delegates the node's preferred prefix if possible. Otherwise, the
router selects a prefix to delegate to the node with length based on
the node's Prefix Length. The router sets lifetimes matching the
lifetimes requested by the node if possible, or shorter lifetimes if
the node's requested lifetimes are too long. The router finally
prepares a PIO containing this information and inserts it into an RA
message to send back to the source of the RS.
3.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements
Using the PIO in RS messages, the option itself requests stateful
information. The RS message link-layer address can be used as the
identity of the requesting node. The RS message includes a Nonce
option [RFC3971] to provide a transaction identifier for matching RS
and RA messages. Finally, the message can be protected using SEND
the same as for the DHCPv6 option.
3.4. Implementation Considerations
Each router can implement a stateful database management service of
their own choosing, but a functional alternative would be to use the
standard DHCPv6 service as the back-end management service. In this
way, all communications between the router's link to the requesting
node are via RS/RA messaging. But, when the router receives an RS
message with a PIO it can create a synthesized DHCPv6 Solicit message
to send to the DHCPv6 server. This can be done in the same way as
for the approach discussed in Section 2.4. In this way, the node on
the link over which the PIO is advertised only ever sees RS/RA
messages on the front end, and the router gets to use the DHCPv6
service for stateful configuration management on the back end.
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4. Embedded Prefix Assertion
The third method entails a simple RS/RA exchange with no additional
options where the node asserts a prefix by embedding the prefix in
the source address of the RS message. The following sections provide
further details.
4.1. Embedded Prefix Assertion
In this method, the node is pre-provisioned with the prefix it will
use on its downstream networks (e.g., through network management,
manual configuration, etc.). To invoke this method, the node
includes its pre-provisioned prefix in the link-local source address
of its RS message according to the AERO address format
[I-D.templin-6man-aeroaddr]. For example, if the node is pre-
provisioned with the prefix 2001:db8:1000:2000::/64, it creates its
IPv6 link-local source address as fe80::2001:db8:1000:2000.
4.2. Embedded Prefix Usage
When a node that wishes to assert a prefix first comes onto the link,
it statelessly configures an AERO address based on its pre-
provisioned prefix. The node then includes the AERO address as the
source address of a standard RS message. If a router that receives
the RS message has a way of verifying that the node is authorized to
receive the solicited prefix, the router injects the prefix into the
routing system and returns a standard RA message. When the node
receives the RA message, it then has assurance that the proper
routing state has been established.
The node examines the default router lifetime in the RA message as
guidance for when subsequent RS/RA exchanges are necessary, i.e., the
same as for normal IPv6ND. The node sends additional RS messages
before the default router lifetime expires in order to keep the
prefix assertion alive in the network. The RS messages may be sent
either to the all-routers multicast address or to the unicast
address(es) of the router(s) it received previous RAs from.
4.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements
Using embedded prefix assertion, the network must have some way of
determining the node's authority to assert its claimed prefix. This
could be, e.g., through examination of the link-layer source address
of the RS message. The network must also have some way of knowing
the node's claimed prefix length, as the length cannot be conveyed in
the RS message. If necessary, the exchange can also include some
form of transaction identifier, e.g., by including a Nonce option in
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the RS. Finally, the exchange can be protected using SEND the same
as for the previous two methods.
4.4. Implementation Considerations
This method can be conducted using standard RS/RA messages with no
extra options added to either message. It entails an administrative
assignment of the node's AERO address to the upstream interface over
which it will send the RS. When the router receives the standard RS
message, it statelessly derives the node's prefix from the AERO
address and injects the prefix into the routing system. The router
then returns a standard RA message.
When the router returns the RA message, if it is configured to do so
it can include a PIO option as discussed in Section 3.1. The PIO
option includes prefix lifetimes and the prefix length. This
"hybrid" combination of methods two and three could be useful in some
deployment scenarios.
As for the PIO-based service discussed in Section 3.4, DHCPv6 can be
used as the back-end service for stateful configuration management.
5. Out-of-Band Network Login Messaging
The fourth method entails an out-of-band messaging exchange through a
"network login" procedure. During the network login, the requesting
node could have an out-of-band messaging exchange with the network to
set the stage for the router eventually sending an RA message as
discussed in the following sections
5.1. Out-of-Band Network Login
In the out-of-band network login, the node signs into the network
using, e.g., a login/password, a security certificate, etc. The node
authenticates itself to the network, and can optionally have an
iterative exchange to request certain aspects of the node's desired
stateful configuration information. The first-hop router is then
signaled to prepare an RA message to return to the node, i.e., either
through some out-of-band signaling or through the node sending an RS
message.
5.2. Out-of-Band Network Login Usage
When a node first comes onto the link, it engages in a network login
session using some form of out-of-band messaging such as Layer-2 (L2)
messaging. The session entails a security exchange where the node
authenticates itself to the network and proves its authorization to
receive the stateful configuration information. The network then
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signals the router to send an RA message to the node, either
unsolicited or in response to the node's RS message.
5.3. Stateful Provisioning Requirements
Using out-of-band messaging, the node engages in an iterative
exchange where a request for stateful configuration information is
conveyed. The exchange includes an identity for the requesting node
and provides a unique per-message identifier so that the node can
correlate its message requests with the responses it gets back from
the network. Finally, the message exchange itself contains security
parameters for authenticating the requesting node.
5.4. Implementation Considerations
The network login system and routers must be tightly coupled so that
the network login can securely convey the requesting node's identity
to the router.
As for the PIO-based service discussed in Section 3.4, DHCPv6 can be
used as the back-end service for managing the stateful configuration
database.
6. Implementation Status
The approach discussed in Section 2 has been implemented as
extensions to the OpenVPN open source software distribution. The
implementation is available at: http://linkupnetworks.net/aero/AERO-
OpenVPN-2.0.tgz.
7. IANA Considerations
The IANA is instructed to assign an IPv6ND option Type value TBD for
the DHCPv6 option.
The IANA is instructed to create a registry for the DHCPv6 option
"Reserved" field (with no initial assignments) so that future uses of
the field can be coordinated.
8. Security Considerations
Security considerations for IPv6 Neighbor Discovery [RFC4861] and
DHCPv6 [RFC8415] apply to this document.
SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND) [RFC3971] can provide authentication
for IPv6 ND messages with no need for additional securing mechanisms.
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9. Acknowledgements
This work was motivated by discussions on the 6man and v6ops list.
Those individuals who provided encouragement and critical review are
acknowledged.
The following individuals provided useful comments that improved the
document: Mikael Abrahamsson, Fred Baker, Ron Bonica, Yucel Guven,
Naveen Kottapalli, Ole Troan, Bernie Volz.
The following individuals developed IPv6ND and DHCPv6 extensions for
OpenVPN: Kyle Bae, Wayne Benson, Eric Yeh.
This work is aligned with the NASA Safe Autonomous Systems Operation
(SASO) program under NASA contract number NNA16BD84C.
This work is aligned with the FAA as per the SE2025 contract number
DTFAWA-15-D-00030.
This work is aligned with the Boeing Information Technology (BIT)
MobileNet program and the Boeing Research & Technology (BR&T)
enterprise autonomy program.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8415] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.
10.2. Informative References
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[I-D.naveen-slaac-prefix-management]
Kottapalli, N., "IPv6 Stateless Prefix Management", draft-
naveen-slaac-prefix-management-00 (work in progress),
November 2018.
[I-D.pioxfolks-6man-pio-exclusive-bit]
Kline, E. and M. Abrahamsson, "IPv6 Router Advertisement
Prefix Information Option eXclusive Flag", draft-
pioxfolks-6man-pio-exclusive-bit-02 (work in progress),
March 2017.
[I-D.templin-6man-aeroaddr]
Templin, F., "The AERO Address", draft-templin-6man-
aeroaddr-04 (work in progress), December 2018.
[RFC3971] Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
"SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>.
[RFC6221] Miles, D., Ed., Ooghe, S., Dec, W., Krishnan, S., and A.
Kavanagh, "Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent", RFC 6221,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6221, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6221>.
Appendix A. Change Log
<< RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>
Changes from -07 to -08:
o Changed DHCPv6 reference to RFC8415 - deprecates RFC3315 and
RFC3633
o added prefix length to example in Section 4.1.
Changes from -06 to -07:
o Added "unsolicited DHCPv6 Reply" considerations
o Added refeence to new IPv6ND-based PD proposal.
o No longer associate the term "autoconfiguration" with the term
"stateful".
o Added URL for implementation.
Templin Expires December 26, 2019 [Page 13]
Internet-Draft IPv6 ND Extensions for PD June 2019
Author's Address
Fred L. Templin (editor)
Boeing Research & Technology
P.O. Box 3707
Seattle, WA 98124
USA
Email: fltemplin@acm.org
Templin Expires December 26, 2019 [Page 14]