Network Working Group Fernando Agraz
Internet Draft UPC
Category: Informational Yabin Ye
Huawei
Expires: January 4, 2011 July 5, 2010
OSPF Extensions in Support of Impairment Aware Routing and Wavelength
Assignment in Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs)
draft-agraz-ccamp-wson-impairment-ospf-00.txt
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Abstract
This document provides OSPF extensions to support Generalized Multi-
Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and Path Computation Element (PCE)
control of Impairment Aware Routing and Wavelength Assignment in
Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs).
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................................2
2. OSPF-TE Extensions..........................................2
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2.1. The Link PLI TLV........................................2
2.2. The Node PLI TLV........................................5
2.3. The sub-TLVs...........................................7
2.3.1. Link ID sub-TLV....................................7
2.3.2. Local Interface IP sub-TLV.........................7
2.3.3. Remote Interface IP sub-TLV........................8
2.3.4. Component Impairment sub-TLV.......................9
2.3.5. The Impairment Parameters.........................11
3. Security Considerations.....................................14
4. IANA Considerations........................................14
5. Acknowledgments............................................14
6. References.................................................15
6.1. Normative References...................................15
6.2. Informative References.................................15
7. Authors' Addresses.........................................15
1. Introduction
[Imp-Frame] provides a framework for applying GMPLS and the Path
Computation Element architecture to the control of WSONs to address
the Impairment Aware RWA problem. This document defines extensions to
the OSPF routing protocol to distribute physical layer impairments
(PLI) information which will be used in the path computation process
for GMPLS or PCE control case.
The protocol extensions is implemented and emulated in the "Dynamic
Impairment Constraint Networking for Transparent Mesh Optical
Networks" (DICONET) project which is funded by European commission
through the 7th Framework programme. The intent of this document is
to show the result of DICONET project and provide an input related to
OSPF extensions for CCAMP in IETF.
2. OSPF-TE Extensions
Two top-TLVs are defined to describe PLI, the Link PLI TLV and the
Node PLI TLV, each of which is composed of several sub-TLVs. Note
that each PLI LSA instance can only contain one top-TLV.
2.1. The Link PLI TLV
The Link PLI TLV describes the physical layer impairments related to
the link. Each link in the network may have its own Link PLI TLV and
it will be flooded into the network. It is stored in the database of
each node as a composition of the PLI LSA. The Link PLI TLV is
composed of Link ID sub-TLV, Local Interface IP sub-TLV, Remote
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Interface IP sub-TLV and Component Impairment sub-TLV, as shown in
Figure 1.
Link ID Sub-TLV must appear exactly once in the Top-TLV and must be
the first Sub-TLV in the Top-TLV. Local interface IP address Sub-TLV
must appear exactly once in the Top-TLV and must be the second Sub-
TLV in the Top-TLV. Remote interface IP address Sub-TLV must appear
exactly once in the Top-TLV and must be the third Sub-TLV in the Top-
TLV. If the link passes through more than one component, there would
be more than one Component Sub-TLV, which is ordered.
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Y---------------------------------------------------------------Y
| +-----------------------------------+ |
| |PLI LSA Hearder | |
| +-----------------------------------+ |
| Y----------------------------------------------------------Y |
| | TOP TLV (Link PLI TLV, type = 2) | |
| | +-----------------------------------+ | |
| | |Link ID sub-TL | | |
| | +-----------------------------------+ | |
| | |Local interface IP sub-TL | | |
| | +-----------------------------------+ | |
| | |Remote interface IP sub-TL | | |
| | +-----------------------------------+ | |
| | Y-----------------------------------------------------Y | |
| | | Componet Impairment sub-TLV | | |
| | | +-----------------------------------+ | | |
| | | |Component ID | | | |
| | | +-----------------------------------+ | | |
| | | Y----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | | Wavelength unrelated Impairment sub-sub-TLV | | | |
| | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Parameter sub-sub-sub-TL | | | | |
| | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Other Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | Y----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | | Wavelength related Impairment sub-sub-TLV | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Wavelength # | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Parameter sub-sub-sub-TL | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Other Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | | Wavelength related Impairment sub-sub-TLV | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Wavelength # | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Parameter sub-sub-sub-TL | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Other Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | +------------------------------------------------+ | | |
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| | | |Other Wavelength_related Impairment sub-sub-TLVs| | | |
| | | +------------------------------------------------+ | | |
| | Y-----------------------------------------------------Y | |
| | +--------------------------------------+ | |
| | |Other Component sub-TL | | |
| | +--------------------------------------+ | |
| Y----------------------------------------------------------Y |
Y---------------------------------------------------------------Y
Figure 1. The composition of Link PLI TLV
2.2. The Node PLI TLV
The Node PLI TLV describes the physical layer impairments related to
the node. Each node in the network may have its own Node PLI TLV and
it will be flooded into the network. It is also stored in the
database of each node as a composition of the PLI LSA. The Node PLI
TLV is composed of Node IP sub-TLV and Component Impairment sub-TLV,
as shown in Figure 2.
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Y---------------------------------------------------------------Y
| +-----------------------------------+ |
| |PLI LSA Hearder | |
| +-----------------------------------+ |
| Y----------------------------------------------------------Y |
| | TOP TLV (Node PLI TLV, type = 1) | |
| | +-----------------------------------+ | |
| | |Node IP sub-TLV | | |
| | +-----------------------------------+ | |
| | Y-----------------------------------------------------Y | |
| | | Component Impairment sub-TLV | | |
| | | +-----------------------------------+ | | |
| | | |Component ID | | | |
| | | +-----------------------------------+ | | |
| | | Y----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | | Wavelength unrelated Impairment sub-sub-TLV | | | |
| | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Other Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +-----------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | Y----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | | Wavelength related Impairment sub-sub-TLV | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Wavelength # | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Other Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | | Wavelength related Impairment sub-sub-TLV | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Wavelength # | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | | |Other Parameter sub-sub-sub-TLV | | | | |
| | | | +------------------------------------+ | | | |
| | | Y-----------------------------------------------Y | | |
| | | +------------------------------------------------+ | | |
| | | |Other Wavelength_related Impairment sub-sub-TLVs| | | |
| | | +------------------------------------------------+ | | |
| | Y-----------------------------------------------------Y | |
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| | +--------------------------------------+ | |
| | |Other Component sub-TLV | | |
| | +--------------------------------------+ | |
| Y----------------------------------------------------------Y |
Y---------------------------------------------------------------Y
Figure 2. The composition of Node PLI TLV
Node IP Sub-TLV must appear exactly once in the Top-TLV and must be
the first Sub-TLV in the Top-TLV. Currently there is only one
Component impairment sub-TLV (describing the impairment information
of a Physical node) will be included.
2.3. The sub-TLVs
There are five kinds of sub-TLVs:
2.3.1. Link ID sub-TLV
The Link ID sub-TLV is the composition of the Link PLI TLV, as shown
in Figure 3.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Sub-TLV Type (link ID sub TLV) | Sub TLV length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link Id |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3. Link ID sub-TLV Format
The link ID is the same format as defined in RFC3630, where:
Sub-TLV type = 2
Sub-TLV length = 4
Link ID = remote router (node) IP address
2.3.2. Local Interface IP sub-TLV
The Local Interface IP sub-TLV is the composition of the Link PLI TLV,
as shown in Figure 4.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sub-TLV Type | Sub TLV length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Local interface IP address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4. Local Interface IP sub-TLV Format
The Local interface IP sub-TLV is the same format as defined in
RFC3630, where:
Sub-TLV type = 3
Sub-TLV length = 4
Local interface IP address = the IP address of local interface of the
link
2.3.3. Remote Interface IP sub-TLV
The Remote Interface IP sub-TLV is the composition of the Link PLI
TLV, as shown in Figure 5
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sub-TLV Type | Sub TLV length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Remote interface IP address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5. Remote Interface IP sub-TLV Format
The Remote interface IP sub-TLV is the same format as defined in
RFC3630, where:
Sub-TLV type = 4
Sub-TLV length = 4
Remote interface IP address = the IP address of remote interface of
the link. If the remote interface IP is unknown, this field will fill
with 0
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2.3.4. Component Impairment sub-TLV
The Component impairments sub-TLV is the composition of both the Link
PLI TLV and the Node PLI TLV, as shown in Figure 6.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|1|1|0|Rvd |S| Component Type| Sub-TLV length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Component ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Values |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6. Component impairments sub-TLV Format
The Component Sub-TLV is used to describe all the impairment
parameters of one component located on the link identified by Link ID
and Local/Remote interface IP address in the Link PLI TLV or describe
all the impairment parameters of one component located in the node
identified by Node IP address in the Node PLI TLV. For the Link PLI
TLV, if the link passes through more than one component, there will
be more than one Component Sub-TLV. For the Node PLI TLV, there is
only one component (Physical node) currently. But for the
extensibility of the protocol, more than one component sub-TLV is
allowed:
Rvd = Reserved
S = the status of the component:
0 = unavailable
1 = available
Component Type:
For the Link PLI TLV:
0 = Transmitter
1 = Fiber
2 = DCM
3 = Attenuator
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4 = Receiver
5 = Amplifier
For the Node PLI TLV:
8 = Physical node
Sub-TLV length = the total length of the Component ID filed and Value
field in Byte (variable)
The first line (first 4 Bytes) after the header is the Component ID
Values: [Wavelength_unrelated Impairment Sub-sub-TLV,
Wavelength_related Impairment Sub-sub-TLV, Wavelength_related
Impairment Sub-sub-TLV, ...]
1. Wavelength_unrelated Impairment Sub-sub-TLV:
All the common impairment parameters unrelated to wavelength will
be put here. If no common impairment parameters, this Sub-sub-TLV
is not needed.
The Wavelength_unrelated Impairment Sub-sub-TLV is defined as
shown in Figure 7:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Wavelength unrelated Sub-sub-TLV | Sub-TLV length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Values |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7. Wavelength_unrelated Impairment Sub-sub-TLV Format
The Wavelength_unrelated Sub-sub-TLV (=1):
(1) Sub-sub-TLV type = 1
(2) Sub-sub-TLV length = the total length of the Value field in
Byte (variable)
(3) Value :: Parameter Sub-sub-sub-TLV [, Parameter Sub-sub-sub-
TLV, ...]
2. Wavelength_related Impairment Sub-sub-TLV:
Typically, if there are N wavelengths in the link or node, then N
Wavelength_related Impairment Sub-sub-TLVs should be contained. It's
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recommended to order the N Wavelength_related Impairment Sub-sub-TLVs
by the wavelength (from low to high). If no wavelength_related
impairment parameters, this Sub-sub-TLV is not needed. The
Wavelength_related Impairment Sub-sub-TLV is defined as shown in
Figure 8:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Wavelength related Sub-sub-TLV | Sub-TLV length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Values |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8. Wavelength_related Impairment Sub-sub-TLV Format
The Wavelength_related Sub-sub-TLV (=2):
(1) impairment sub-sub-TLV type = 2
(2) Sub-sub-TLV length = the total length of the Value field in
Byte (variable)
(3) Value :: Wavelength, Parameter Sub-sub-sub-TLV [, Parameter
Sub-sub-sub-TLV, ...]
The first line (4 Bytes) of the Value field represents a Wavelength
with the format that is consistent with [WSON-Label]. One or more
Parameter Sub-sub-sub-TLVs are presented below the Wavelength. Each
Parameter Sub-sub-sub-TLV describes a special impairment parameter of
the component per wavelength
2.3.5. The Impairment Parameters
As mentioned in both the Wavelength_unrelated Sub-sub-TLV and the
Wavelength_related Sub-sub-TLV appears Impairment Parameter Sub-sub-
sub-TLV, s shown in Figure 9:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|1|0|1|Rvd |Parameter Type | Sub-sub-TLV length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Parameter Values |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9. Impairment Parameter Sub-sub-sub-TLV Format
For the Link PLI TLV, the Parameter Types are defined as shown in
Table I:
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Table I. Table of Parameter Types for the Link PLI TLV
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
|Component Type | Parameter Type | Wavelength |
| | | Related? |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 1=BitRate | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 2=Power | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 3=Center wavelength | Related |
| | (for each channel) | |
| 1=Transmitter +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 4=RefWavelength | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 5=Extinction ratio | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 6=Modulation format | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 7=Type of FEC | Related |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 21=fiber type | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 22=fiber length | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 23=Dispersion parameter | Unrelated |
| 1 = Fiber +-----------------------------+--------------+
| or | 24=Dispersion slope | Unrelated |
| 2 = DCM +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 25=Linear attenuation | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 26=Nonlinear parameter | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 27=Effective core area | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 28=PMD | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 29=Insertion Loss | Unrelated |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| 3=Attenuator | 61=Attenuation | Related |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 81=Responsively | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 82=Absolute threshold level | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 83=Thermal noise density | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
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| | 84=power | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 85=inner filter type | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 86=inner filter order | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 87= inner filter Noise | Unrelated |
| |equivalent bandwidth factor | |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| 4=Receiver | 88= inner filter 3-dB | Related |
| | bandwidth | |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 89=inner filter center | Related |
| |wavelength for each channel | |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 90=PMD | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 91=residualCD | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 92=Q value for each channel | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 93=ver for each channel | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 94=Insertion Loss | Unrelated |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| |101=Spontaneous emission | Unrelated |
| | factor | |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| |102=Amplifier Gain | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| 5=Amplifier |103=Insertion Loss | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| |104=in_power | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| |105=out_power | Unrelated |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
For the Node PLI TLV, the Parameter Types are defined as shown in
Table II:
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Table II. Table of Parameter Types for the Node PLI TLV
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
|Component Type | Parameter Type | Wavelength |
| | | Related? |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 161 = inner filter type | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 162 = inner filter order | Unrelated |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 163 = Noise equivalent | Unrelated |
| | bandwidth factor | |
|8=Physical node+-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 164 = 3-dB bandwidth | Related |
| +-----------------------------+--------------+
| | 165 = center wavelength | Related |
| | for each channel | |
+---------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
Note that table I and table II can be updated based on ITU-T
definition related to physical impairments. The TLV format do not
need to be changed when the physical impairments definition updated.
3. Security Considerations
The use of control plane protocols for signaling, routing, and path
computation opens an OTN to security threats through attacks on those
protocols. The data plane technology for an OTN does not introduce
any specific vulnerabilities, and so the control plane may be secured
using the mechanisms defined for the protocols discussed.
For further details of the specific security measures refer to the
documents that define the protocols ([RFC3473], [RFC4203], [RFC4205],
[RFC4204], and [RFC5440]). [GMPLS-SEC] provides an overview of
security vulnerabilities and protection mechanisms for the GMPLS
control plane.
4. IANA Considerations
This document makes not requests for IANA action.
5. Acknowledgments
This work is supported by DICONET project under FP7/2007-2013 - GA
nr 216338
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6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC3630] Katz, D., Kompella, K., and Yeung, D., "Traffic
Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2", RFC 3630,
September 2003
6.2. Informative References
[Imp-Frame] G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, D. Li, G. Martinelli, "A
Framework for the Control and Measurement of Wavelength
Switched Optical Networks (WSON) with Impairments", Work
in Progress, draft-bernstein-ccamp-wson-impairments-
05.txt
[WSON-Label] Tomohiro Otani, Dan Li, "Generalized Labels for Lambda-
Switching Capable Label Switching Routers", Work in
Progress, draft-ietf-ccamp-gmpls-g-694-lambda-labels-
07.txt
7. Authors' Addresses
Fernando Agraz
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
C/Jordi Girona, 1-3 D4-S107,
08034 Barcelona, Spain
Phone: +34 9340107179
Email: agraz@tsc.upc.edu
Yabin Ye
Huawei Technologies Dusseldorf GmbH,
Riesstr. 25,D-3.0G 80992
Munich, Germany
Phone: 0049-891588344078
Email: yabin.ye@huawei.com
8. Contributors
Chava Vijaya Saradhi
CREATE-NET
Via alla Cascata 56/D-38123,
Povo-Trento, Italy
Phone: 0039-0461 408400 - ext. 401
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Email: saradhi.chava@create-net.org
Antonio Francescon
CREATE-NET
Via alla Cascata 56/D-38123,
Povo-Trento, Italy
Phone: 0039-0461 408400 - ext. 605
Email: antonio.francescon@create-net.org
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