Network Working Group G. Bernstein
Internet Draft Grotto Networking
Intended status: Informational Y. Lee
Huawei
October 26, 2008
Expires: April 2009
Information Model for Impaired Optical Path Validation
draft-bernstein-wson-impairment-info-00.txt
Status of this Memo
By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that
any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is
aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she
becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of
BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 26, 2009.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
Abstract
This document provides an information model for the optical
impairment characteristics of optical network elements for use in
path computation and optical path validation. This model is based on
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
ITU-T defined optical network element characteristics as given in
ITU-T recommendation G.680 and related specifications. This model is
intentionally compatible with a previous impairment free optical
information model used in optical path computations and wavelength
assignment.
Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119].
Table of Contents
1. Introduction...................................................2
2. Optical Impairment Information Model...........................3
2.1. Network Element Wide Parameters...........................3
2.2. Per Port Parameters.......................................4
2.3. Port to Port Parameters...................................4
3. Encoding Considerations........................................5
4. Usage of Parameters in Optical Path Validation.................5
5. Security Considerations........................................5
6. IANA Considerations............................................6
7. Conclusions....................................................6
8. Acknowledgments................................................6
APPENDIX A: Optical Parameters....................................7
A.1. Parameters for NEs without optical amplifiers.............7
A.2. Additional parameters for NEs with optical amplifiers.....9
9. References....................................................11
9.1. Normative References.....................................11
9.2. Informative References...................................11
Author's Addresses...............................................12
Intellectual Property Statement..................................12
Disclaimer of Validity...........................................13
1. Introduction
Impairments in optical networks can be accounted for in a number of
ways as discussed in reference [Imp-Frame]. This document provides an
information model for path validation in optical networks utilizing
approximate computations. The definitions, characteristics and usage
of the optical parameters that form this model are based on ITU-T
recommendation G.680 [G.680]. This impairment related model is
intentionally compatible with the impairment free model of reference
[RWA-Info]. Although this document focuses on the optical impairment
parameters from a control plane point of view, Appendix A provides a
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
list of optical parameters and their definition from ITU-T G.680 and
related documents.
2. Optical Impairment Information Model
The definitions of optical impairment parameters of network elements
and examples of their use can be found in [G.680] and related
documents (also see Appendix A). From an information modeling and
control plane perspective, one basic aspect of a given parameter is
the scope of its applicability within a network element. In
particular we need to know which parameters will (a) apply to the
network element as a whole, (b) can vary on a per port basis for a
network element, and (c)can vary based on ingress to egress port
pairs.
2.1. Network Element Wide Parameters
Based on the definitions in [G.680] and related documents we have the
following parameters apply to the network element as a whole. At most
one of these parameters is required per network element.
1. Channel frequency range (GHz, Max, Min)
2. Channel insertion loss deviation (dB, Max)
3. Ripple (dB, Max)
4. Channel chromatic dispersion (ps/nm, Max, Min)
5. Differential group delay (ps, Max)
6. Polarization dependent loss (dB, Max)
7. Reflectance (passive component) (dB, Max)
8. Reconfigure time/Switching time (ms, Max, Min)
9. Channel uniformity (dB, Max)
10.Channel addition/removal (steady-state) gain response (dB, Max,
Min)
11.Transient duration (ms, Max)
12.Transient gain increase (dB, Max)
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
13.Transient gain reduction (dB, Max)
14.Multichannel gain-change difference (inter-channel gain-change
difference) (dB, Max)
15.Multichannel gain tilt (inter-channel gain-change ratio)(dB, Max)
2.2. Per Port Parameters
The following optical parameters may exhibit per port dependence,
hence may be specified a most once for each port of the network
element.
1. Total input power range (dBm, Max, Min)
2. Channel input power range (dBm, Max, Min)
3. Channel output power range (dBm, Max, Min)
4. Input reflectance (dB, Max) (with amplifiers)
5. Output reflectance (dB, Max) (with amplifiers)
6. Maximum reflectance tolerable at input (dB, Min)
7. Maximum reflectance tolerable at output (dB, Min)
8. Maximum total output power (dBm, Max)
2.3. Port to Port Parameters
The following optical parameters may exhibit a port-to-port
dependence and hence may be specified at most once for each
ingress/egress port pair of the network element.
1. Insertion loss (dB, Max, Min)
2. Isolation, adjacent channel (dB, Min)
3. Isolation, non-adjacent channel (dB, Min)
4. Channel extinction (dB, Min)
5. Channel signal-spontaneous noise figure (dB, Max)
6. Channel gain (dB, Max, Min)
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
3. Encoding Considerations
The units for the various parameters include GHz, dB, dBm, ms, ps,
and ps/nm. These are typically expressed as floating point numbers.
Due to the measurement limitations inherent in these parameters
single precision floating point, e.g., 32 bit IEEE floating point,
numbers should be sufficient.
For realistic optical network elements the per port and port-to-port
parameters typically only assume a few values. For example, the
channel gain of a ROADM is usually specified in terms of input to
drop, add to output, and input to output. This implies that many port
and port-to-port parameters could be efficiently specified, stored
and transported by making use of the Link Set Sub-TLV and
Connectivity Matrix Sub-TLV of reference [Encode].
4. Usage of Parameters in Optical Path Validation
Given an optical path and the optical characteristics of each network
element along the path we then need to use these characteristics to
validate the path. We envisage that these parameters will be made
available via some mechanism to the entity in which optical path
validation takes place. Refer to [Imp-Frame] for architectural
options in which impairment validation for an optical path is
defined.
Section 9 and 10 of G.680 gives techniques and formulas for use in
calculating the impact of a cascade of network elements. These range
from relatively simple bounds on the sum of uncompensated chromatic
dispersion (residual dispersion) to more elaborate formulas for
overall optical signal to noise ration (OSNR) computations based on
multiple parameters including noise factor.
To further aid understanding and use of these optical parameters
Appendix I of [G.680] furnishes example parameter values for
different network element types and appendix II provides examples of
computations involving the cascades of network elements along a path.
5. Security Considerations
This document defines an information model for impairments in optical
networks. If such a model is put into use within a network it will by
its nature contain details of the physical characteristics of an
optical network. Such information would need to be protected from
intentional or unintentional disclosure.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
6. IANA Considerations
This draft does not currently require any consideration from IANA.
7. Conclusions
The state of standardization of optical device characteristics has
matured from when initial IETF work concerning optical impairments
was investigated in [RFC4054]. Relatively recent ITU-T
recommendations provide a standardized based of optical
characteristic definitions and parameters that control plane
technologies such as GMPLS and PCE can make use of in performing
optical path validation. The enclosed information model shows how
readily such ITU-T optical work can be utilized within the control
plane.
8. Acknowledgments
This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
APPENDIX A: Optical Parameters
The following provides an annotated list of optical characteristics
from ITU-T recommendation G.680 [G.680] for use in optical path
impairment computations. For each parameter we specify the units to
be used, whether minimum or maximum values are used, and whether the
parameters applies to the optical network element as a whole, on a
per port basis or on a port-to-port pair basis.
Not all these parameters will apply to all devices. The main
differentiation in G.680 comes from those network elements that
include or do not include optical amplifiers.
A.1. Parameters for NEs without optical amplifiers
Channel frequency range (GHz, Max, Min): [G.671] The frequency range
within which a DWDM device is required to operate with a specified
performance. For a particular nominal channel central frequency,
fnomi, this frequency range is from fimin = (fnomi - dfmax) to fimax
= (fnomi + dfmax), where dfmax is the maximum channel central
frequency deviation. Nominal channel central frequency and maximum
channel central frequency deviation are defined in ITU-T Rec. G.692.
Insertion loss (dB, Port-Port, Max, Min):[G.671] It is the reduction
in optical power between an input and output port of a WDM device in
decibels (dB).
Channel insertion loss deviation (dB, Max):[G.671] This is the
maximum variation of insertion loss at any frequency within the
channel frequency range (DWDM devices) or channel wavelength range
(CWDM and WWDM devices).
Ripple (dB, Max): [G.671] For WDM devices and tuneable filters, the
peak-to-peak difference in insertion loss within a channel frequency
(or wavelength) range.
Channel chromatic dispersion (ps/nm, Max, Min): [G.650.1] Change of
the group delay of a light pulse for a unit fibre length caused by a
unit wavelength change.
Differential group delay (ps, Max): [G.671] Polarization Mode
Dispersion (PMD) is usually described in terms of a Differential
Group Delay (DGD), which is the time difference between the principal
States of Polarization (SOPs) of an optical signal at a particular
wavelength and time.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
Polarization dependent loss (dB, Max): [G.671] Maximum variation of
insertion loss due to a variation of the state of polarization (SOP)
over all SOPs.
Reflectance (dB, Max): [G.671] The ratio of reflected power Pr to
incident power, Pi at a given port of a passive component, for given
conditions of spectral composition, polarization and geometrical
distribution.
Isolation, adjacent channel (dB, Min, Port-Port): [G.671] The
adjacent channel isolation (of a WDM device) is defined to be equal
to the unidirectional (far-end) isolation of that device with the
restriction that x, the isolation wavelength number, is restricted to
the channels immediately adjacent to the (channel) wavelength number
associated with port o.
Isolation, non-adjacent channel (dB, Min, Port-Port): [G.671] The
non-adjacent channel isolation (of a WDM device) is defined to be
equal to the unidirectional (far-end) isolation of that device with
the restriction that x, the isolation wavelength number, is
restricted to each of the channels not immediately adjacent to the
(channel) wavelength number associated with port o.
Note: [G.671] In a WDM device able to separate k wavelengths (w1, w2,
... , wk) radiation coming from one input port into k output ports,
each one nominally passing radiation at one specific wavelength only.
The unidirectional (far-end) isolation is a measure of the part of
the optical power at each wavelength exiting from the port at
wavelengths different from the nominal wavelength relative to the
power at the nominal wavelength.
Channel extinction (dB, Min, Port-Port): [G.671] Within the operating
wavelength range, the difference (in dB) between the maximum
insertion loss for the non-extinguished (non-blocked) channels and
the minimum insertion loss for the extinguished (blocked) channels.
Reconfigure time (ms, Max, Min): [G.680] The reconfigure time (of an
ROADM) is the elapsed time measured from the earliest point that the
actuation energy is applied to reconfigure the ONE to the time when
the channel insertion loss for all wanted channels has settled to
within 0.5 dB of its final steady state value and all other
parameters of the device (e.g., isolation and channel extinction)are
within the allowed limits.
Switching time (for PXC) (ms, Max, Min): [G.671] The elapsed time it
takes the switch to turn path io on or off from a particular initial
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
state, measured from the time the actuation energy is applied or
removed.
Channel uniformity (dB, Max): [G.671] The difference (in dB) between
the powers of the channel with the most power (in dBm) and the
channel with the least power (in dBm). This applies to a multichannel
signal across the operating wavelength range.
A.2. Additional parameters for NEs with optical amplifiers
Total input power range (dBm, Max, Min, Port): [G.661] The range of
optical power levels at the input for which the corresponding output
signal optical power lies in the specified output power range, where
the OA performance is ensured.
Channel input power range (dBm, Max, Min, Port): see above.
Channel output power range (dBm, Max, Min, Port): [G.661] The range
of optical power levels at the output of the OA for which the
corresponding input signal power lies in the specified input power
range, where the OA performance is ensured.
Channel signal-spontaneous noise figure (dB, Max, Port-Port) [G.661]
The signal-spontaneous beat noise contribution to the noise figure,
expressed in dB.
Input reflectance (dB, Max, Port): [G.661] The maximum fraction of
incident optical power, at the operating wavelength and over all
states of input light polarization, reflected by the OA from the
input port, under nominal specified operating conditions, expressed
in dB.
Output reflectance (dB, Max, Port): [G.661] The fraction of incident
optical power at the operating wavelength reflected by the OA from
the output port, under nominal operating conditions, expressed in dB.
Maximum reflectance tolerable at input (dB, Min, Port): [G.661] The
maximum fraction of power, expressed in dB, exiting the optical input
port of the OA which, when reflected back into the OA, allows the
device to still meet its specifications.
Maximum reflectance tolerable at output (dB, Min, Port): [G.661] The
maximum fraction of power, expressed in dB, exiting the optical
output port of the OA which, when reflected back into the OA, allows
the device to still meet its specifications.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
Maximum total output power (dBm, Max, Port): [G.661] The highest
signal optical power at the output that can be obtained from the OA
under nominal operating conditions.
Channel addition/removal (steady-state) gain response (dB, Max, Min):
[G.661] For a specified multichannel configuration, the steady-state
change in channel gain of any one of the channels due to the
addition/removal of one or more other channels, expressed in dB.
Transient duration (ms, Max): [G.661] The time period from the
addition/removal of a channel to the time when the output power level
of that or another channel reaches and remains within +- N dB from
its steady-state value.
Transient gain increase (dB, Max): [G.661] For a specified
multichannel configuration, the maximum change in channel gain of any
one of the channels due to the addition/removal of one or more other
channels during the transient period after channel addition/removal,
expressed in dB.
Transient gain reduction (dB, Max): see above.
Channel gain (dB, Max, Min, Port-Port): [G.661] Gain for each channel
(at wavelength wj) in a specified multichannel configuration,
expressed in dB.
Multichannel gain-change difference (inter-channel gain-change
difference) (dB, Max): [G.661] For a specified channel allocation,
the difference of change in gain in one channel with respect to the
change in gain of another channel for two specified sets of channel
input powers, expressed in dB.
Multichannel gain tilt (inter-channel gain-change ratio)(dB, Max):
[G.661] The ratio of the changes in gain in each channel to the
change in gain at a reference channel as the input conditions are
varied from one set of input channel powers to a second set of input
channel powers, expressed in dB per dB.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[G.650.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.650.1, Definitions and test methods
for linear, deterministic attributes of single-mode fibre
and cable, June 2004.
[G.661] ITU-T Recommendation G.661, Definition and test methods for
the relevant generic parameters of optical amplifier
devices and subsystems, March 2006.
[G.671] ITU-T Recommendation G.671, Transmission characteristics of
optical components and subsystems, January 2005.
[G.680] ITU-T Recommendation G.680, Physical transfer functions of
optical network elements, July 2007.
[Imp-Frame] G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, D. Li, A Framework for the Control
and Measurement of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks
(WSON) with Impairments, Work in Progress, October 2008.
[RWA-Info] G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, D. Li, W. Imajuku, Routing and
Wavelength Assignment Information Model for Wavelength
Switched Optical Networks, Work in Progress: draft-ietf-
ccamp-rwa-info-00.txt, August 2008.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC4054] Strand, J., Ed., and A. Chiu, Ed., "Impairments and Other
Constraints on Optical Layer Routing", RFC 4054, May 2005.
[Encode] G. Bernstein, Y. Lee, D. Li, W. Imajuku, "Routing and
Wavelength Assignment Information Encoding for Wavelength
Switched Optical Networks" Work in progress: draft-
bernstein-ccamp-wson-encode-00.txt, July 2008.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
Author's Addresses
Greg Bernstein
Grotto Networking
Fremont CA, USA
Phone: (510) 573-2237
Email: gregb@grotto-networking.com
Young Lee (ed.)
Huawei Technologies
1700 Alma Drive, Suite 100
Plano, TX 75075
USA
Phone: (972) 509-5599 (x2240)
Email: ylee@huawei.com
Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Optical Impairment Info Model October 2008
Disclaimer of Validity
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
Acknowledgment
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Bernstein Expires April 26, 2009 [Page 13]