Network Working Group                                        D. Benjamin
Internet-Draft                                                    Google
Updates: draft-ietf-tls-tls13 (if                          June 14, 2018
         approved)
Intended status: Informational
Expires: December 16, 2018


                         Universal PSKs for TLS
                  draft-davidben-tls-universal-psk-00

Abstract

   This document describes universal PSKs (Pre-Shared Keys) for TLS.
   Universal PSKs abstract the TLS 1.3 requirement that each PSK can
   only be used with a single hash function.  This allows PSKs to be
   provisioned without depending on details of the TLS negotiation,
   which may change as TLS evolves.  Additionally, this document
   describes a compatibility profile for using TLS 1.3 with PSKs
   provisioned for the TLS 1.2 PSK mechanism.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on December 16, 2018.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
   carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect



Benjamin                Expires December 16, 2018               [Page 1]


Internet-Draft           Universal PSKs for TLS                June 2018


   to this document.  Code Components extracted from this document must
   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Universal PSKs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Compatibility with TLS 1.2 PSKs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   7.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7

1.  Introduction

   TLS 1.3 [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13] provides a PSK mechanism to authenticate
   connections with symmetric keys provisioned externally to TLS.
   However, unlike the analogous mechanism in earlier versions of TLS
   [RFC4279], TLS 1.3 PSKs must be constrained to a single hash
   function.

   While this constraint simplifies the analysis and does not hinder the
   resumption use case, it is cumbersome for external PSKs.  It ties the
   PSK provisioning process to details of TLS.  The application protocol
   configuring TLS is usually abstracted from TLS's details.  In some
   cases, the underlying TLS implementation may even be updated without
   changes to the calling application.

   Additionally, applications using TLS with PSKs typically require some
   PSK be negotiated, so parameter selection must follow the hash
   constraint.  In contrast, applications using resumption typically
   allow the session to be declined in favor of a full handshake, so
   parameter selection may complete independently of this constraint.
   Switching the order of the selections for external PSKs adds
   implementation complexity and complicates analysis of the server's
   configuration.

   This document resolves these issues by adding an extra key derivation
   step to reuse the same secret for all TLS 1.3 KDF hashes, including
   hashes to be defined in the future.







Benjamin                Expires December 16, 2018               [Page 2]


Internet-Draft           Universal PSKs for TLS                June 2018


1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.  Universal PSKs

   A universal PSK consists of the following:

   o  An identity.  This is a public opaque byte string.

   o  A secret.  This is a secret opaque byte string.

   o  A KDF hash function for use with HKDF [RFC5869].  Unless otherwise
      specified, this is SHA-256 [SHS].

   In this section's diagrams, "0" refers to a string of zero bytes with
   length matching the KDF hash.  Derive-Secret refers to the
   corresponding function defined in TLS 1.3, using the KDF hash.

   A universal PSK is advertised in TLS 1.3 by including the identity
   and index in the "pre_shared_key" extension of the ClientHello and
   ServerHello, respectively.  The binder value is computed as in TLS
   1.3, however, the binder key is derived with the universal PSK's
   secret and KDF hash as follows:

       extracted = HKDF-Extract(universal_psk, 0)
       binder_key = Derive-Secret(extracted, "univ binder", identity)

   Unlike other PSKs, a universal PSK may be negotiated with any cipher
   suite, including those using a different KDF hash than the PSK.  When
   negotiated, the universal PSK's secret is used to derive a hash-
   specific TLS 1.3 PSK as follows:

   If the negotiated cipher suite uses a SHA-256 KDF hash, the PSK is
   derived as follows:

       extracted = HKDF-Extract(universal_psk, 0)
       psk = Derive-Secret(extracted, "sha256 psk", identity)

   If the negotiated cipher suite uses a SHA-384 KDF hash, the PSK is
   derived as follows:

       extracted = HKDF-Extract(universal_psk, 0)
       psk = Derive-Secret(extracted, "sha384 psk", identity)





Benjamin                Expires December 16, 2018               [Page 3]


Internet-Draft           Universal PSKs for TLS                June 2018


   These PSKs are used in the key schedule as specified in TLS 1.3,
   except that they are not used to derive the "binder_key" value,
   already derived above.

   Future KDF hash algorithms added to TLS 1.3 MUST specify how to
   compute the derived PSK from a universal PSK.  Future versions of TLS
   MUST specify how to negotiate a universal PSK and how to use it when
   negotiated.  Note, however, all versions of TLS using the
   "pre_shared_key" extension to negotiate PSKs MUST use the same binder
   derivation, while the derived PSKs SHOULD be version-specific.

   Universal PSKs are not defined for use with 0-RTT. 0-RTT requires
   specifying many negotiated TLS parameters, which is not compatible
   with the goals of this specification.  However, a client MAY choose
   to offer a universal PSK alongside a resumption-based or other 0-RTT-
   compatible PSK.  The universal PSK is then analogous to the full
   handshake option when resumption is declined.

   Note that whether a PSK is a universal PSK is not explicitly
   negotiated in TLS.  It is provisioned alongside the secret itself
   when the PSK is pre-shared.  This would typically be specified in the
   application protocol.

3.  Compatibility with TLS 1.2 PSKs

   Universal PSKs are only defined for use with TLS 1.3 and future
   versions of TLS.  New protocols using TLS and PSKs SHOULD require TLS
   1.3 or later.  However, this may not be possible for existing
   protocols already using PSKs with TLS 1.2.  This section describes a
   compatibility profile for upgrading to TLS 1.3.

   A PSK provisioned for TLS 1.2 and earlier MUST NOT be used either as
   a universal PSK secret or directly as a TLS 1.3 PSK.  This would
   invalidate security analysis of the two protocols individually.
   Instead, these PSKs MAY be used to derive a universal PSK.  The
   identity is the TLS 1.2 PSK's identity.  The secret is derived using
   the TLS 1.2 PRF function described in Section 5 of [RFC5246] with
   SHA-256 as the hash function, as follows:

       universal_psk = PRF(pre_master_secret, "universal psk", "")[:32]

   "pre_master_secret" is specified with the structure below, setting
   "psk" to TLS 1.2 PSK and "other_secret" to a string of all zeroes of
   the same length as the TLS 1.2 PSK.







Benjamin                Expires December 16, 2018               [Page 4]


Internet-Draft           Universal PSKs for TLS                June 2018


       struct {
         opaque other_secret<0..2^16-1>
         opaque psk<0..2^16-1>
       }

   Note this encoding and derivation aligns with the PSK's conversion to
   a premaster secret and then a master secret in [RFC5246].

   Applications using this derivation are necessarily impacted by
   portions of TLS 1.2.  New applications without a TLS 1.2 legacy
   SHOULD NOT use this derivation and instead SHOULD provision universal
   PSKs directly.  Applications using it SHOULD migrate to this state
   after migrating to TLS 1.3.

4.  Security Considerations

   The security analysis for TLS 1.3 relies on each PSK having a single
   use.  Using a TLS 1.3 PSK with two different hashes or with TLS 1.2
   means the same secret is used with different KDF functions,
   invalidating that analysis.  Universal PSKs instead derive
   independent PSKs using different KDF labels, so each derived PSK
   continues to have only a single use.  The PSK identity is
   additionally included in each derivation to give a stronger
   connection between the identity and PSK.

   TLS 1.3's analysis also depends on the KDF and MAC used to compute
   the PSK binder being collision-resistant.  This document uses the
   same derivation as TLS 1.3, but with a different label and initial
   secret, so the collision-resistance properties carry over.

   In [RFC5246], TLS 1.2 PSKs are used in premaster secret to master
   secret derivation.  Section 3 aligns with that derivation, using a
   different label so the secret is derived independently.  Note,
   however, that TLS 1.2 PSKs are not always associated with a single
   hash function, so they depend on stronger assumptions about hash
   functions than TLS 1.3 PSKs.  The compatibility derivation is
   unavoidably dependent on this as well.  It uses SHA-256, but some TLS
   1.2 cipher suites use SHA-384, and earlier versions of TLS use an MD5
   and SHA-1 concatenation.

   Additionally, labels in the TLS 1.2 PRF function are not delimited
   from the seed parameter when concatenated.  The labels in use thus
   must not only be distinct, but also prefix-free.  This document
   registers its new TLS 1.2 label in the TLS Exporter Label registry.
   This registry is required by [RFC5705] to be prefix-free.






Benjamin                Expires December 16, 2018               [Page 5]


Internet-Draft           Universal PSKs for TLS                June 2018


5.  IANA Considerations

   This document updates the note in the TLS Exporter Label registry
   <https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters> to read as follows:

   Note: (1) These entries are reserved and MUST NOT be used for the
   purpose described in RFC 5705, in order to avoid confusion with
   similar, but distinct, use in the referenced document.

   It additionally registers the label "universal psk".  The "Note"
   column is marked with (1).

6.  Acknowledgements

   The author would like to thank Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Matt Caswell,
   Eric Rescorla, and Victor Vasiliev for discussions and feedback which
   led to this design.

7.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-28 (work in progress),
              March 2018.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC4279]  Eronen, P., Ed. and H. Tschofenig, Ed., "Pre-Shared Key
              Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
              RFC 4279, DOI 10.17487/RFC4279, December 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4279>.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

   [RFC5705]  Rescorla, E., "Keying Material Exporters for Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 5705, DOI 10.17487/RFC5705,
              March 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5705>.

   [RFC5869]  Krawczyk, H. and P. Eronen, "HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand
              Key Derivation Function (HKDF)", RFC 5869,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5869, May 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5869>.



Benjamin                Expires December 16, 2018               [Page 6]


Internet-Draft           Universal PSKs for TLS                June 2018


   [SHS]      Dang, Q., "Secure Hash Standard", National Institute of
              Standards and Technology report,
              DOI 10.6028/nist.fips.180-4, July 2015.

Author's Address

   David Benjamin
   Google
   355 Main St
   Cambridge, MA  02142
   USA

   Email: davidben@google.com






































Benjamin                Expires December 16, 2018               [Page 7]