Network Working Group M. Duerst
Internet-Draft W3C/Keio University
Expires: December 23, 2002 June 24, 2002
Internationalized Domain Names in URIs
draft-duerst-idn-uri-00
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document proposes to upgrade the definition of URIs (RFC 2396)
[RFC2396] to work consistently with internationalized domain names.
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Table of Contents
1. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Changes from draft-ietf-idn-uri--01 to draft-duerst-idn-uri-00 3
1.2 Changes from draft-ietf-idn-uri--00 to draft-ietf-idn-uri-01 . 3
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. URI syntax changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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1. Change Log
1.1 Changes from draft-ietf-idn-uri--01 to draft-duerst-idn-uri-00
Changed to only change URIs; IRI syntax updated directly in IRI
draft.
Removed syntax restriction on %hh in the US-ASCII part, but made
clear that restrictions to domain names apply.
Made clear that escaped domain names in URIs should only be an
intermediate representation.
1.2 Changes from draft-ietf-idn-uri--00 to draft-ietf-idn-uri-01
Changed requirement for URI/IRI resolvers from MUST to SHOULD
Changed IRI syntax slightly (ichar -> idchar, based on changes in
[IRI])
Various wording changes
2. Introduction
Internet domain names serve to identify hosts and services on the
Internet in a convenient way. The IETF IDN working group [IDNWG] has
been working on extending the character repertoire usable in domain
names beyond a subset of US-ASCII.
One of the most important places where domain names appear are
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs, [RFC2396], as modified by
[RFC2732]). However, in the current definition of the generic URI
syntax, the restrictions on domain names are 'hard-coded'. In
Section 2, this document relaxes these restrictions by updating the
syntax, and defines how internationalized domain names are encoded in
URIs.
The syntax in this document is defined for consistency. Uniformity
of syntax is a very important principle of URIs. In practice,
escaped domanin names should be used as rarely as possible. Wherever
possible, the actual characters in Internationalized Domain Names
should be preserved as long as possible by using IRIs [IRI] rather
than URIs, and only converting to URIs and then to ACE-encoded domain
names (or directly to ACE-encoding without even using URIs) when
resolving the IRI. Also, this document does in no way exclude the
use of ACE encoding directly in an URI domain name part. ACE
encoding may be used directly in an URI domain name part if it is
considered necessary for interoperability.
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3. URI syntax changes
The syntax of URIs [RFC2396] currently contains the following rules
relevant to domain names:
hostname = *( domainlabel "." ) toplabel [ "." ]
domainlabel = alphanum | alphanum *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
toplabel = alpha | alpha *( alphanum | "-" ) alphanum
The later two rules are changed as follows:
domainlabel = anchar | anchar *( anchar | "-" ) anchar
toplabel = achar | achar *( anchar | "-" ) anchar
and the following rules are added:
anchar = alphanum | escaped
achar = alpha | escaped
Characters outside the repertoire are encoded by first encoding the
characters in UTF-8 [RFC 2279], resulting in a sequence of octets,
and then escaping these octets according to the rules defined in
[RFC2396].
Using UTF-8 assures that this encoding interoperates with IRIs [IRI].
It is also aligned with the recommendations in [RFC2277] and
[RFC2718], and is consistent with the URN syntax [RFC2141] as well as
recent URL scheme definitions that define encodings of non-ASCII
characters based on UTF-8 (e.g., IMAP URLs [RFC2192] and POP URLs
[RFC2384]).
The above syntax rules permit for domain names that are neither
permitted as US-ASCII only domain names nor as internationalized
domain names. However, such syntax should never be used, and must
always be rejected by resolvers. For US-ASCII only domain names, the
syntax rules in [RFC2396] are relevant. For example, http://
www.w%33.org is legal, because the corresponding 'w3' is a legal
'domainlabel' according to [RFC2396]. However, http://
%2a.example.org is illegal because the corresponding '*' is not a
legal 'domainlabel' according to [RFC2396]. For domain names
containing non-ASCII characters, the legal domain names are those for
which the ToASCII operation ([IDNA], [Nameprep]; using the unescaped
UTF-8 values as input) is successful.
For consistency in comparison operations and for interoperability
with older software, the following should be noted: 1) US-ASCII
characters in domain names should never be escaped. 2) Because of
the principle of syntax uniformity for URIs, it is always more
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prudent to take into account the possibility that US-ASCII characters
are escaped.
The work of the IDN WG includes some procedures for name preparation
[Nameprep]. Before encoding an internationalized domain name in an
URI, this preparation step SHOULD be applied. However, the URI
resolver MUST also apply any steps required by [IDNA] as part of
domain name resolution.
4. Security considerations
The security considerations of [RFC2396] and those applying to
internationalized domain names apply. There may be an increased
potential to smuggle escaped US-ASCII-based domain names across
firewalls, although because of the uniform syntax principle for URIs,
such a potential is already existing.
References
[IDNWG] "IETF Internationalized Domain Name (idn) Working Group".
[IRI] Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource
Identifiers (IRI)", draft-duerst-iri-00 (work in
progress), April 2002.
[ISO10646] International Organization for Standardization,
"Information Technology - Universal Multiple-Octet Coded
Character Set (UCS) - Part 1: Architecture and Basic
Multilingual Plane", ISO Standard 10646-1, October 2000.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2141] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997.
[RFC2192] Newman, C., "IMAP URL Scheme", RFC 2192, September 1997.
[RFC2277] Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and
Languages", BCP 18, RFC 2277, January 1998.
[RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", RFC 2279, January 1998.
[RFC2384] Gellens, R., "POP URL Scheme", RFC 2384, August 1998.
[RFC2396] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396,
August 1998.
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[RFC2640] Curtin, B., "Internationalization of the File Transfer
Protocol", RFC 2640, July 1999.
[RFC2718] Masinter, L., Alvestrand, H., Zigmond, D. and R. Petke,
"Guidelines for new URL Schemes", RFC 2718, November
1999.
[RFC2732] Hinden, R., Carpenter, B. and L. Masinter, "Format for
Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's", RFC 2732, December
1999.
[IDNA] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P. and A. Costello,
"Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)",
draft-ietf-idn-idna-09.txt (work in progress), May 2002,
<http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-idn-idna-
09.txt>.
[Nameprep] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep
Profile for Internationalized Domain Names", draft-ietf-
idn-nameprep-10.txt (work in progress), May 2002, <http:/
/www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-idn-nameprep-
10.txt>.
Author's Address
Martin Duerst
W3C/Keio University
5322 Endo
Fujisawa 252-8520
Japan
Phone: +81 466 49 1170
Fax: +81 466 49 1171
EMail: duerst@w3.org
URI: http://www.w3.org/People/D%C3%BCrst/
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