Network Working Group                                       D. Farinacci
Internet-Draft                                                 V. Fuller
Intended status: Experimental                                    D. Oran
Expires: January 18, 2008                                       D. Meyer
                                                           cisco Systems
                                                           July 17, 2007


                 Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)
                      draft-farinacci-lisp-02.txt

Status of this Memo

   By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 18, 2008.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).












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Abstract

   This draft describes a simple, incremental, network-based protocol to
   implement separation of Internet addresses into Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs).  This mechanism requires no
   changes to host stacks and no major changes to existing database
   infrastructures.  The proposed protocol can be implemented in a
   relatively small number of routers.

   This proposal was stimulated by the problem statement effort at the
   Amsterdam IAB Routing and Addressing Workshop (RAWS), which took
   place in October 2006.


Table of Contents

   1.  Requirements Notation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Definition of Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Basic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  Tunneling Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
     5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
     6.1.  Control-Plane Packet Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
       6.1.1.  Map-Request Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
       6.1.2.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message  . . . . . . . . . 19
       6.1.3.  Map-Reply Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
       6.1.4.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message  . . . . . . . . . . 22
     6.2.  Routing Locator Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
     6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
   7.  Router Performance Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   8.  Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
     8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
     8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers  . . . . . . . . . . 29
   9.  Multicast Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   10. Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   11. Prototype Plans and Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
   12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
     12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   Appendix A.  Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 38




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1.  Requirements Notation

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].














































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2.  Introduction

   Many years of discussion about the current IP routing and addressing
   architecture have noted that its use of a single numbering space (the
   "IP address") for both host transport session identification and
   network routing creates scaling issues (see [CHIAPPA] and [RFC1498]).
   A number of scaling benefits would be realized by separating the
   current IP address into separate spaces for Endpoint Identifiers
   (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs); among them are:

   1.  Reduction of routing table size in the "default-free zone" (DFZ).
       Use of a separate numbering space for RLOCs will allow them to be
       assigned topologically (in today's Internet, RLOCs would be
       assigned by providers at client network attachment points),
       greatly improving aggregation and reducing the number of
       globally-visible, routable prefixes.

   2.  Easing of renumbering burden when clients change providers.
       Because host EIDs are numbered from a separate, non-provider-
       assigned and non-topologically-bound space, they do not need to
       be renumbered when a client site changes its attachment points to
       the network.

   3.  Mobility with session survivability.  Because session state is
       associated with a persistent host EID, it should be possible for
       a host (or a collection of hosts) to move to a different point in
       the network topology (whether by changing providers or by
       physically moving) without disruption of connectivity.

   4.  Traffic engineering capabilities that can be performed by network
       elements and do not depend on injecting additional state into the
       routing system.  This will fall out of the mechanism that is used
       to implement the EID/RLOC split (see Section 4).

   This draft describes protocol mechanisms to achieve the desired
   functional separation.  For flexibility, the document decouples the
   mechanism used for forwarding packets from that used to determine EID
   to RLOC mappings.  This work is in response to and intended to
   address the problem statement that came out of the RAWS effort
   [RAWS].

   This draft focuses on a router-based solution.  Building the solution
   into the network should facilitate incremental deployment of the
   technology on the Internet.  Note that while the detailed protocol
   specification and examples in this document assume IP version 4
   (IPv4), there is nothing in the design that precludes use of the same
   techniques and mechanisms for IPv6.  It should be possible for IPv4
   packets to use IPv6 RLOCs and for IPv6 EIDs to be mapped to IPv4



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   RLOCs.

   Related work on host-based solutions is described in Shim6 [SHIM6]
   and HIP [RFC4423].  Related work on other router-based solutons is
   described in GSE [GSE].  This draft attempts to not compete or
   overlap with such solutions and the proposed protocol changes are
   expected to complement a host-based mechanism when Traffic
   Engineering functionality is desired.

   Some of the design goals of this proposal include:

   1.  Minimize required changes to Internet infrastructure.

   2.  Require no hardware or software changes to end-systems (hosts).

   3.  Be incrementally deployable.

   4.  Require no router hardware changes.

   5.  Minimize router software changes.

   6.  Avoid or minimize packet loss when EID-to-RLOC mappings need to
       be performed.

   There are 4 variants of LISP, which differ along a spectrum of strong
   to weak dependence on the topological nature and possible need for
   routability of EIDs.  The variants are:

   LISP 1:  where EIDs are routable through the RLOC topology for
      bootstrapping EID-to-RLOC mappings.  [LISP1]

   LISP 1.5:  where EIDs are routable for bootstrapping EID-to-RLOC
      mappings; such routing is via a separate topology.

   LISP 2:  where EIDS are not routable and EID-to-RLOC mappings are
      implemented within the DNS.  [LISP2]

   LISP 3:  where non-routable EIDs are used as lookup keys for a new
      EID-to-RLOC mapping database.  Use of Distributed Hash Tables
      [DHTs] to implement such a database would be an area to explore.
      Other examples of new mapping database services are [CONS],
      [NERD], and [APT].

   This document will focus on LISP 1 and LISP 1.5, both of which rely
   on a router-based distributed cache and database for EID-to-RLOC
   mappings.  The LISP 2 and LISP 3 mechanisms, which require separate
   EID-to-RLOC infrastructure, will be documented in additional drafts.




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3.  Definition of Terms

   Provider Independent (PI) Addresses:   an address block assigned from
      a pool that is not associated with any service provider and is
      therefore not topologically-aggregatable in the routing system.

   Provider Assigned (PA) Addresses:   a block of IP addresses that are
      assigned to a site by each service provider to which a site
      connects.  Typically, each block is sub-block of a service
      provider CIDR block and is aggregated into the larger block before
      being advertised into the global Internet.  Traditionally, IP
      multihoming has been implemented by each multi-homed site
      acquiring its own, globally-visible prefix.  LISP uses only
      topologically-assigned and aggregatable address blocks for RLOCs,
      eliminating this demonstrably non-scalable practice.

   Routing Locator (RLOC):   the IPv4 or IPv6 address of an egress
      tunnel router (ETR).  It is the output of a EID-to-RLOC mapping
      lookup.  An EID maps to one or more RLOCs.  Typically, RLOCs are
      numbered from topologically-aggregatable blocks that are assigned
      to a site at each point to which it attaches to the global
      Internet; where the topology is defined by the connectivity of
      provider networks, RLOCs can be thought of as PA addresses.
      Multiple RLOCs can be assigned to the same ETR device or to
      multiple ETR devices at a site.

   Endpoint ID (EID):   a 32- or 128-bit value used in the source and
      destination address fields of the first (most inner) LISP header
      of a packet.  The host obtains a destination EID the same way it
      obtains an destination address today, for example through a DNS
      lookup or SIP exchange.  The source EID is obtained via existing
      mechanisms used to set a hosts "local" IP address.  LISP uses PI
      blocks for EIDs; such EIDs MUST NOT be used as LISP RLOCs.  Note
      that EID blocks may be assigned in a hierarchical manner,
      independent of the network topology, to facilitate scaling of the
      mapping database.  In addition, an EID block assigned to a site
      may have site-local structure (subnetting) for routing within the
      site; this structure is not visible to the global routing system.

   EID-prefix:   A power-of-2 block of EIDs which are allocated to a
      site by an address allocation authority.  EID-prefixes are
      associated with a set of RLOC addresses which make up a "database
      mapping".  EID-prefix allocations can be broken up into smaller
      blocks when an RLOC set is to be associated with the smaller EID-
      prefix.






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   End-system:   is an IPv4 or IPv6 device that originates packets with
      a single IPv4 or IPv6 header.  The end-system supplies an EID
      value for the destination address field of the IP header when
      communicating globally (i.e. outside of it's routing domain).  An
      end-system can be a host computer, a switch or router device, or
      any network appliance.  An iPhone.

   Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR):   a router which accepts an IP packet
      with a single IP header (more precisely, an IP packet that does
      not contain a LISP header).  The router treats this "inner" IP
      destination address as an EID and performs an EID-to-RLOC mapping
      lookup.  The router then prepends an "outer" IP header with one of
      its globally-routable RLOCs in the source address field and the
      result of the mapping lookup in the destination address field.
      Note that this destination RLOC may be an intermediate, proxy
      device that has better knowledge of the EID-to-RLOC mapping
      closest to the destination EID.  In general, an ITR receives IP
      packets from site end-systems on one side and sends LISP-
      encapsulated IP packets toward the Internet on the other side.

      Specifically, when a service provider prepends a LISP header for
      Traffic Engineering purposes, the router that does this is also
      regarded as an ITR.  The outer RLOC the ISP ITR uses can be based
      on the outer destination address (the originating ITR's supplied
      RLOC) or the inner destination address (the originating hosts
      supplied EID).

   TE-ITR:   is an ITR that is deployed in a service provider network
      that prepends an additional LISP header for Traffic Engineering
      purposes.

   Egress Tunnel Router (ETR):   a router that accepts an IP packet
      where destination address in the "outer" IP header is one of its
      own RLOCs.  The router strips the "outer" header and forwards the
      packet based on the next IP header found.  In general, an ETR
      receives LISP-encapsulated IP packets from the Internet on one
      side and sends decapsulated IP packets to site end-systems on the
      other side.  ETR functionality does not have to be limited to a
      router device.  A server host can be the endpoint of a LISP tunnel
      as well.

   TE-ETR:   is an ETR that is deployed in a service provider network
      that strips an outer LISP header for Traffic Engineering purposes.

   EID-to-RLOC Cache:   a short-lived, on-demand database in an ITR that
      stores, tracks, and is responsible for timing-out and otherwise
      validating EID-to-RLOC mappings.  This cache is distinct from the
      "database", the cache is dynamic, local, and relatively small



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      while and the database is distributed, relatively static, and much
      global in scope.

   EID-to-RLOC Database:   a globally, distributed database that
      contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC mappings.  Each potential
      ETR typically contains a small piece of the database: the EID-to-
      RLOC mappings for the EID prefixes "behind" the router.  These map
      to one of the router's own, globally-visible, IP addresses.

   Recursive Tunneling:   when a packet has more than one LISP IP
      header.  Additional layers of tunneling may be employed to
      implement traffic engineering or other re-routing as needed.  When
      this is done, an additional "outer" LISP header is added and the
      original RLOCs are preserved in the "inner" header.

   Reencapsulating Tunnels:   when a packet has no more than one LISP IP
      header (two IP headers total) and when it needs to be diverted to
      new RLOC, an ETR can decapsulate the packet (remove the LISP
      header) and prepend a new tunnel header, with new RLOC, on to the
      packet.  Doing this allows a packet to be re-routed by the re-
      encapsulating router without adding the overhead of additional
      tunnel headers.

   LISP Header:   a term used in this document to refer to the outer
      IPv4 or IPv6 header, a UDP header, and a LISP header, an ITR
      prepends or an ETR strips.

























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4.  Basic Overview

   One key concept of LISP is that end-systems (hosts) operate the same
   way they do today.  The IP addresses that hosts use for tracking
   sockets, connections, and for sending and receiving packets do not
   change.  In LISP terminology, these IP addresses are called Endpoint
   Identifiers (EIDs).

   Routers continue to forward packets based on IP destination
   addresses.  These addresses are referred to as Routing Locators
   (RLOCs).  Most routers along a path between two hosts will not
   change; they continue to perform routing/forwarding lookups on
   addresses (RLOCs) in the IP header.

   This design introduces "Tunnel Routers", which prepend LISP headers
   on host-originated packets and strip them prior to final delivery to
   their destination.  The IP addresses in this "outer header" are
   RLOCs.  During end-to-end packet exchange between two Internet hosts,
   an ITR prepends a new LISP header to each packet and an egress tunnel
   router strips the new header.  The ITR performs EID-to-RLOC lookups
   to determine the routing path to the the ETR, which has the RLOC as
   one of its IP addresses.

   Some basic rules governing LISP are:

   o  End-systems (hosts) only know about EIDs.

   o  EIDs are always IP addresses assigned to hosts.

   o  Routers mostly deal with Routing Locator addresses.  See details
      later in Section 4.1 to clarify what is meant by "mostly".

   o  RLOCs are always IP addresses assigned to routers; preferably,
      topologically-oriented addresses from provider CIDR blocks.

   o  Routers can use their RLOCs as EIDs but can also be assigned EIDs
      when performing host functions.  Those EIDs MUST NOT be used as
      RLOCs.  When EIDs are used the routeability of them is scoped to
      within the site.  A hybrid use of this, for example is when a
      router runs the BGP protocol where iBGP peerings may use EIDs and
      eBGP peerings may use RLOCs.

   o  EIDs are not expected to be usable for global end-to-end
      communication in the absence of an EID-to-RLOC mapping operation.
      They are expected to be used locally for intra-site communication.

   o  EID prefixes are likely to be hierarchically assigned in a manner
      which is optimized for administrative convenience and to



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      facilitate scaling of the EID-to-RLOC mapping database.  The
      hierarchy is based on a address alocation hierarchy which is not
      dependent on the network toplogy.

   o  EIDs may also be structured (subnetted) in a manner suitable for
      local routing within an autonomous system.

   An additional LISP header may be pre-pended to packets by a transit
   router (i.e.  TE-ITR) when re-routing of the end-to-end path for a
   packet is desired.  An obvious instance of this would be an ISP
   router that needs to perform traffic engineering for packets in flow
   through its network.  In such a situation, termed Recursive
   Tunneling, an ISP transit acts as an additional ingress tunnel router
   and the RLOC it uses for the new prepended header would be either an
   TE-ETR within the ISP (along intra-ISP traffic engineered path) or in
   an TE-ETR within another ISP (an inter-ISP traffic engineered path,
   where an agreement to build such a path exists).

   Tunnel Routers can be placed fairly flexibly in a multi-AS topology.
   For example, the ITR for a particular end-to-end packet exchange
   might be the first-hop or default router within a site for the source
   host.  Similarly, the egress tunnel router might be the last-hop
   router directly-connected to the destination host.  Another example,
   perhaps for a VPN service out-sourced to an ISP by a site, the ITR
   could be the site's border router at the service provider attachment
   point.  Mixing and matching of site-operated, ISP-operated, and other
   tunnel routers is allowed for maximum flexibility.  See Section 8 for
   more details.

4.1.  Packet Flow Sequence

   This section provides an example of the unicast packet flow with the
   following parameters:

   o  Source host "host1.abc.com" is sending a packet to
      "host2.xyz.com".

   o  Each site is multi-homed, so each tunnel router has an address
      (RLOC) assigned from each of the site's attached service provider
      address blocks.

   o  The ITR and ETR are directly connected to the source and
      destination, respectively.

   Client host1.abc.com wants to communicate with server host2.xyz.com:






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   1.  host1.abc.com wants to open a TCP connection to host2.xyz.com.
       It does a DNS lookup on host2.xyz.com.  An A record is returned.
       This address is used as the destination EID and the locally-
       assigned address of host1.abc.com is used as the source EID.  An
       IP packet is built using the EIDs in the IP header and sent to
       the default router.

   2.  The default router is configured as an ITR.  It prepends a LISP
       header to the packet, with one of its RLOCs as the source IP
       address and uses the destination EID from the original packet
       header as the destination IP address.  Subsequent packets
       continue to behave the same way until a mapping is learned.

   3.  In LISP 1, the packet is routed through the Internet as it is
       today.  In LISP 1.5, the packet is routed on a different topology
       which may have EID prefixes distributed and advertised in an
       aggregatable fashion.  In either case, the packet arrives at the
       ETR.  The router is configured to "punt" the packet to the
       router's control-plane processor.  See Section 7 for more
       details.

   4.  The LISP header is stripped so that the packet can be forwarded
       by the router control-plane.  The router looks up the destination
       EID in the router's EID-to-RLOC database (not the cache, but the
       configured data structure of RLOCs).  An EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply
       message is originated by the egress router and is addressed to
       the source RLOC from the LISP header of the original packet (this
       is the ITR).  The source RLOC in the IP header of the UDP message
       is one of the ETR's RLOCs (one of the RLOCs that is embedded in
       the UDP payload).

   5.  The ITR receives the UDP message, parses the message (to check
       for format validity) and stores the EID-to-RLOC information from
       the packet.  This information is put in the ITR's EID-to-RLOC
       mapping cache (this is the on-demand cache, the cache where
       entries time out due to inactivity).

   6.  Subsequent packets from host1.abc.com to host2.xyz.com will have
       a LISP header prepended with the RLOCs learned from the ETR.

   7.  The egress tunnel receives these packets directly (since the
       destination address is one of its assigned IP addresses), strips
       the LISP header and delivers the packets to the attached
       destination host.

   In order to eliminate the need for a mapping lookup in the reverse
   direction, the ETR gleans RLOC information from the LISP header.
   Both ITR and the ETR may also influence the decision the other makes



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   in selecting an RLOC.  See Section 6 for more details.


















































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5.  Tunneling Details

   This section describes the LISP Data Message which defines the
   tunneling header used to encapsulate IPv4 and IPv6 packets which
   contain EID addresses.  Even though the following formats illustrate
   IPv4-in-IPv4 and IPv6-in-IPv6 encapsulations, the other 2
   combinations are supported as well.

5.1.  LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format



        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
OH     |  Time to Live | Protocol =3D 17 |         Header Checksum       =
|
  \    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   \   |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4342      =
  |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / | Type  |  Locator Reach Bits   |        Nonce ...              |
 LISP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                          ... Nonce                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IH     |  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
  \    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   \   |                           Source EID                          |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                         Destination EID                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


5.2.  LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format





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       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        | Next Header=3D17|   Hop Limit   =
|
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
 O     +                                                               +
 u     |                                                               |
 t     +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
 e     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
 H     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 d     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
  \    +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port =3D xxxx      |       Dest Port =3D 4342      =
  |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Type=3D1 |  Locator Reach Bits   |        Nonce ...              =
|
 LISP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                          ... Nonce                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        |  Next Header  |   Hop Limit   |
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
 I     +                                                               +
 n     |                                                               |
 n     +                          Source EID                           +
 e     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
 H     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 d     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
  \    +                        Destination EID                        +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |



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       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


5.3.  Tunnel Header Field Descriptions

   IH Header:  is the inner header, preserved from the datagram received
      from the originating host.  The source and destination IP
      addresses are EIDs.

   OH Header:  is the outer header prepended by an ITR.  The address
      fields contain RLOCs obtained from the ingress router's EID-to-
      RLOC cache.  The IP protocol number is "UDP (17)" from [RFC0768].

   UDP Header:  contains a random source port allocated by the ITR when
      encapsulating a packet.  The destination port MUST be set to the
      well-known IANA assigned port value 4342.  The UDP checksum field
      MUST be transmitted as 0 and not ignore by the ETR.

   UDP Length:  field contains the original packet's length.  For an
      IPv4 encapsulated packet, the inner header Total Length is copied.
      For an IPv6 encapsualted packet, the inner header Payload Length
      plus the size of the IPv6 header (40 bytes) is copied.

   LISP Type:  set to 1 to encode a LISP Data Message.

   LISP Nonce:  is an ITR randomly generated 6-byte value which tests
      return routability of an ETR echoing back the none in a Map-Reply
      message.

   LISP Locator Reach Bits:  in the LISP header are set by an ITR to
      indicate to an ETR the reachability of the Locators in the source
      site.  Each RLOC in a Map-Reply is assigned an ordinal value from
      0 to n-1 (when there are n RLOCs in a mapping entry).  The Locator
      Reach Bits are number from 0 to n-1 from the right significant bit
      of the 12-bit field.  When a bit is set to 1, the ITR is
      indicating to the ETR the RLOC associated with the bit ordinal is
      reachable.  See Section 6.3 for details on how an ITR can
      determine other site ITRs are reachable.

   When doing Recursive Tunneling:

   o  The OH header Time to Live field MUST be copied from the IH header
      Time to Live field.

   o  The OH header Type of Service field SHOULD be copied from the IH
      header Type of Service field.

   When doing Re-encapsulated Tunneling:



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   o  The new OH header Time to Live field SHOULD be copied from the
      stripped OH header Time to Live field.

   o  The new OH header Type of Service field SHOULD be copied from the
      stripped OH header Type of Service field.

   Copying the TTL serves two purposes.  First it preserves the distance
   the host intended the packet to travel.  And more importantly, it
   provides for suppression of looping packets in the event there is a
   loop of concatenated tunnels due to misconfiguration.









































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6.  EID-to-RLOC Mapping

6.1.  Control-Plane Packet Format

   When LISP 1 or LISP 1.5 are used, new UDP packet types encode the
   EID-to-RLOC mappings:


        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |  Time to Live | Protocol =3D 17 |         Header Checksum       =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Payload Length        | Next Header=3D17|   Hop Limit   =
|
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +



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       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   The LISP UDP-based messages are the Map-Request and Map-Reply
   messages.  These message formats are also used by LISP-CONS [CONS]
   but are sent over TCP connections instead.  However, this
   specification is the authoritative source for message format
   definitions for the Map-Request and Map-Reply messages.

6.1.1.  Map-Request Message Format



       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Type  |  Locator Reach Bits   |         Checksum              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Nonce ...                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          ... Nonce            | Record count  |A|  Reserved   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |           ITR-AFI             |            CAR-AFI            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Originating ITR RLOC Address                |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Originating CAR EID-Prefix                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Rec -> | EID mask-len  |    EID-AFI    |         EID-prefix ...        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                      Path Vector  List                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:







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   Type:  2 (Map-Request)

   Locator Reach Bits:  Refer to Section 5.3.

   Checksum:  A complement of the 1-complements sum of the LISP packet.
      The checksum MUST be computed and the UDP checksum MUST be set to
      0.

   Nonce:  A 6-byte random value created by the sender of the Map-
      Request.

   Record count:  The number of records in this request message.  A
      record comprises of what is labeled 'Rec" above and occurs the
      number of times equal to Record count.

   A: This is an authoritative bit, which is set to 0 for UDP-based Map-
      Requests sent by an ITR.  See [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Requests.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   ITR-AFI:  Address family of the "Originating ITR RLOC Address" field.

   CAR-AFI:  Address family of the "Originating CAR EID-Prefix" field.

   Originating ITR RLOC Address:  Set to 0 for UDP-based messages.  See
      [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Requests.

   Originating CAR EID-Prefix:  Set to 0 for UDP-based messages by an
      ITR.  See [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Requests.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   EID-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC2434]

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.

   Path Vector List:  See [CONS] for details.  This field is not used in
      UDP Map-Requests.

6.1.2.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message

   A Map-Request contains one or more EIDs encoded in prefix format with
   a Locator count of 0.  The EID-prefix MUST NOT be more specific than
   a cache entry stored from a previously-received Map-Reply.

   A Map-Request is sent from an ITR when it wants to test an RLOC for
   reachability.  This is performed by using the RLOC as the destination



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   address for Map-Request message with a randomly allocated source UDP
   port number and the well-known destination port number 4342.  A
   successful Map-Reply updates the cached set of RLOCs associated with
   the EID prefix range.

   Map-Requests MUST be rate-limited.  It is recommended that a Map-
   Request for the same EID-prefix be sent no more than once per second.

6.1.3.  Map-Reply Message Format



       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Type  |  Locator Reach Bits   |         Checksum              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Nonce ...                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          ... Nonce            | Record count  |   Reserved    |
+----> +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      |                          Record  TTL                          |
|      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      | Locator count | EID mask-len  |A|        Reserved             |
|      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
R      |           ITR-AFI             |            EID-AFI            |
e      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
c      |                   Originating ITR RLOC Address                |
o      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
r      |                          EID-prefix                           |
d      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|     /|    Priority   |    Weight     |    Unused     |    Loc-AFI    |
|  Loc +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|     \|                             Locator                           |
+--->  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                        Path Vector List                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   Packet field descriptions:

   Type:  3 (Map-Reply)

   Locator Reach Bits:  Refer to Section 5.3.

   Checksum:  A complement of the 1-complements sum of the LISP packet.
      The checksum MUST be computed and the UDP checksum MUST be set to
      0.





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   Nonce:  A 6-byte value set in a data probe packet or a Map-Request
      that is echoed here in the Map-Reply.

   Record count:  The number of records in this reply message.  A record
      comprises of what is labeled 'Record' above and occurs the number
      of times equal to Record count.

   Reserved:  Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

   Record TTL:  The time in minutes the recipient of the Map-Reply will
      store the mapping.  If the TTL is 0, the entry should be removed
      from the cache immediately.  If the value is 0xffffffff, the
      recipient can decide locally how long to store the mapping.

   Locator count:  The number of Locator entries.  A locator entry
      comprises what is labeled above as 'Loc'.

   EID mask-len:  Mask length for EID prefix.

   A: The Authoritative bit, when sent by a UDP-based message is always
      set by the ETR.  See [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Replies.

   ITR-AFI:  Address family of the "Originating ITR RLOC Address" field.

   EID-AFI:  Address family of EID-prefix according to [RFC2434].

   Originating ITR RLOC Address:  Set to 0 for UDP-based messages.  See
      [CONS] for TCP-based Map-Replies.

   EID-prefix:  4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
      address-family.

   Priority:  each RLOC is assigned a priority.  Lower values are more
      preferable.  When multiple RLOCs have the same priority, they are
      used in a load-split fashion.  A value of 255 means the RLOC MUST
      NOT be used.

   Weight:  when priorities are the same for multiple RLOCs, the weight
      indicates how to balance traffic between them.  Weight is encoded
      as a percentage of total packets that match the mapping entry.  If
      a non-zero weight value is used for any RLOC, then all RLOCs must
      use a non-zero weight value and then the sum of all weight values
      MUST equal 100.  What did the 3rd grader say after Steve Jobs gave
      an iPhone demo to the class?  If a zero value is used for any RLOC
      weight, then all weights MUST be zero and the receiver of the Map-
      Reply will decide how to load-split traffic.





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   Locator:  an IPv4 or IPv6 address (as encoded by the 'Loc-AFI' field)
      assigned to an ETR or router acting as a proxy replier for the
      EID-prefix.  Note that the destination RLOC address MAY be an
      anycast address if the tunnel egress point may be via more than
      one physical device.  A souce RLOC can be an anycast address as
      well.  The source or destination RLOC MUST NOT be the broadcast
      address (255.255.255.255 or any subnet broadcast address known to
      the router), and MUST NOT be a link-local multicast address.  The
      source RLOC MUST NOT be a multicast address.  The destination RLOC
      SHOULD be a multicast address if it is being mapped from a
      multicast destination EID.

   Path Vector List:  See [CONS] for details.  This field is not used in
      UDP Map-Replies.

6.1.4.  EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message

   When a data packet triggers a Map-Reply to be sent, the RLOCs
   associated with the EID-prefix matched by the EID in the original
   packet destination IP address field will be returned.  The RLOCs in
   the Map-Reply are the globally-routable IP addresses of the ETR but
   are not necessarily reachable; separate testing of reachability is
   required.

   Note that a Map-Reply may contain different EID-prefix granularity
   (prefix + length) than the Map-Request which triggers it.  This might
   occur if a Map-Request were for a prefix that had been returned by an
   earlier Map-Reply.  In such a case, the requester updates its cache
   with the new prefix information and granularity.  For example, a
   requester with two cached EID-prefixes that are covered by a Map-
   Reply containing one, less-specific prefix, replaces the entry with
   the less-specific EID-prefix.  Note that the reverse, replacement of
   one less-specific prefix with multiple more-specific prefixes, can
   also occur but not by removing the less-specific prefix rather by
   adding the more-specific prefixes which during a lookup will override
   the less-specific prefix.

   Replies SHOULD be sent for an EID-prefix no more often than once per
   second to the same requesting router.  For scalability, it is
   expected that aggregation of EID addresses into EID-prefixes will
   allow one Map-Reply to satisfy a mapping for the EID addresses in the
   prefix range thereby reducing the number of Map-Request messages.

   The addresses for a Data message or Map-Request message are swapped
   and used for sending the Map-Reply.  The UDP source and destination
   ports are swapped as well.  That is, the source port in the UDP
   header for the Map-Reply is set to the well-known UDP port number
   4342.



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6.2.  Routing Locator Selection

   Both client-side and server-side may need control over the selection
   of RLOCs for conversations between them.  This control is achieved by
   manipulating the Priority and Weight fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply
   messages.  Alternatively, RLOC information may be gleaned from
   received tunneled packets or EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.

   The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing RLOCs and
   the controls that are available:

   o  Server-side returns one RLOC.  Client-side can only use one RLOC.
      Server-side has complete control of the selection.

   o  Server-side returns a list of RLOC where a subset of the list has
      the same best priority.  Client can only use the subset list
      according to the weighting assigned by the server-side.  In this
      case, the server-side controls both the subset list and load-
      splitting across its members.  The client-side can use RLOCs
      outside of the subset list if it determines that the subset list
      is unreachable (unless RLOCs are set to a Priority of 255).  Some
      sharing of control exists: the server-side determines the
      destination RLOC list and load distribution while the client-side
      has the option of using alternatives to this list if RLOCs in the
      list are unreachable.

   o  Server-side sets weight of 0 for the RLOC subset list.  In this
      case, the client-side can choose how the traffic load is spread
      across the subset list.  Control is shared by the server-side
      determining the list and the client determining load distribution.
      Again, the client can use alternative RLOCs if the server-provided
      list of RLOCs are unreachable.

   o  Either side (more likely on the server-side ETR) decides not to
      send an Map-Request.  For example, if the server-side ETR does not
      send Map-Requests, it gleans RLOCs from the client-side ITR,
      giving the client-side ITR responsibility for bidirectional RLOC
      reachability and preferability.  Server-side ETR gleaning of the
      client-side ITR RLOC is done by caching the inner header source
      EID and the outer header source RLOC of received packets.  The
      client-side ITR controls how traffic is returned and can alternate
      using an outer header source RLOC, which then can be added to the
      list the server-side ETR uses to return traffic.  Since no
      Priority or Weights are provided using this method, the server-
      side ETR must assume each client-side ITR RLOC uses the same best
      Priority with a Weight of zero.  In addition, since EID-prefix
      encoding cannot be conveyed in data packets, the EID-to-RLOC cache
      on tunnel routers can grow to be very large.



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   RLOCs that appear in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply messages are considered
   reachable.  The Map-Reply and the database mapping service does not
   provide any reachability status for Locators.  This is done outside
   of the mapping service.  See next section for details.

6.3.  Routing Locator Reachability

   There are 4 methods for determining when a Locator is either
   reachable or has become unreachable:

   1.  Locator reachability is determined by an ETR by examining the
       Loc-Reach-Bits from a LISP header of a Data Message which is
       provided by an ITR when an ITR encapsulates data.

   2.  Locator unreachability is determined by an ITR by receiving ICMP
       Network or Host Unreachable messages.

   3.  ETR unreachability is determined when a host sends an ICMP Port
       Unreachable message.

   4.  Locator reachability is determined by receiving a Map-Reply
       message from a ETR's Locator address in response to a previously
       sent Map-Request.

   When determining Locator reachability by examining the Loc-Reach-Bits
   from the LISP Data Message, an ETR will receive up to date status
   from the ITR closest to the Locators at the source site.  The ITRs at
   the source site can determine reachability when running their IGP at
   the site.  When the ITRs are deployed on CE routers, typically a
   default route is injected into the site's IGP from each of the ITRs.
   If an ITR goes down, the CE-PE link goes down, or the PE router goes
   down, the CE router withdraws the default route.  This allows the
   other ITRs at the site to determine one of the Locators has gone
   unreachable.

   The Locators listed in a Map-Reply are numbered with ordinals 0 to
   n-1.  The Loc-Reach-Bits in a LISP Data Message are numbered from 0
   to n-1 starting with the least signfiicant bit numbered as 0.  So,
   for example, if the ITR with locator listed as the 3rd Locator
   position in the Map-Reply goes down, all other ITRs at the site will
   have the 3rd bit from the right cleared (the bit that corresponds to
   ordinal 2).

   When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it will look for a change in the
   Loc-Reach-Bits value.  When a bit goes from 1 to 0, the ETR will
   refrain from encapsulating packets to the Locator that has just gone
   unreachable.  It can start using the Locator again when the bit that
   corresponds to the Locator goes from 0 to 1.



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   When ITRs at the site are not deployed in CE routers, the IGP can
   still be used to determine the reachability of Locators provided they
   are injected a stub links into the IGP.  This is typically done when
   a /32 address is configured on a loopback interface.

   When ITRs receive ICMP Network or Host Unreachable messages as a
   method to determine unreachability, they will refrain from using
   Locators which are described in Locator lists of Map-Replies.
   However, using this approach is unreliable because many network
   operators turn off generation of ICMP Unreachable messages.

   Optionally, an ITR can send a Map-Request to a Locator and if a Map-
   Reply is returned, reachability of the Locator has been achieved.
   Obviously, sending such probes increases the number of control
   messages originated by tunnel routers for active flows, so Locators
   are assumed to be reachable when they are advertised.

   This assumption does create a dependency: Locator unreachability is
   detected by the receipt of ICMP Host Unreachable messages.  When an
   Locator has been determined unreachable, it is not used for active
   traffic; this is the same as if it were listed in a Map-Reply with
   priority 255.

   The ITR can later test the reachability of the unreachable Locator by
   sending periodic Requests.  Both Requests and Replies MUST be rate-
   limited.  Locator reachability testing is never done with data
   packets since that increases the risk of packet loss for end-to-end
   sessions.























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7.  Router Performance Considerations

   LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.  By
   doing tunnel header prepending [RFC1955] and stripping instead of re-
   writing addresses, existing hardware could support the forwarding
   model with little or no modification.  Where modifications are
   required, they should be limited to re-programming existing hardware
   rather than requiring expensive design changes to hard-coded
   algorithms in silicon.

   A few implementation techniques can be used to incrementally
   implement LISP:

   o  When a tunnel encapsulated packet is received by an ETR, the outer
      destination address may not be the address of the router.  This
      makes it challenging for the control-plane to get packets from the
      hardware.  This may be mitigated by creating special FIB entries
      for the EID-prefixes of EIDs served by the ETR (those for which
      the router provides an RLOC translation).  These FIB entries are
      marked with a flag indicating that control-plane processing should
      be performed.  The forwarding logic of testing for particular IP
      protocol number value is not necessary.  No changes to existing,
      deployed hardware should be needed to support this.

   o  On an ITR, prepending a new IP header is as simple as adding more
      bytes to a MAC rewrite string and prepending the string as part of
      the outgoing encapsulation procedure.  Many routers that support
      GRE tunneling [RFC3056] or 6to4 tunneling [RFC2784] can already
      support this action.

   o  When a received packet's outer destination address contains an EID
      which is not intended to be forwarded on the routable topology
      (i.e.  LISP 1.5), the source address of a data packet or the
      router interface with which the source is associated (the
      interface from which it was received) can be associated with a VRF
      (Virtual Routing/Forwarding), in which a different (i.e. non-
      congruent) topology can be used to find EID-to-RLOC mappings.














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8.  Deployment Scenarios

   This section will explore how and where ingress and ETRs can be
   deployed and will discuss the pros and cons of each deployment
   scenario.  There are two basic deployment tradeoffs to consider:
   centralized versus distributed caches and flat, recursive, or re-
   encapsulating tunneling.

   When deciding on centralized versus distributed caching, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Are the tunnel routers spread out so that the caches are spread
      across all the memories of each router?

   o  Should management "touch points" be minimized by choosing few
      tunnel routers, just enough for redundancy?

   o  In general, using more ITRs doesn't increase management load,
      since caches are built and stored dynamically.  On the other hand,
      more ETRs does require more management since EID-prefix-to-RLOC
      mappings need to be explicitly configured.

   When deciding on flat, recursive, or re-encapsulation tunneling, the
   following issues should be considered:

   o  Flat tunneling implements a single tunnel between source site and
      destination site.  This generally offers better paths between
      sources and destinations with a single tunnel path.

   o  Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again further
      encapsulated in another tunnel, either to implement VPNs or to
      perform Traffic Engineering.  When doing VPN-based tunneling, the
      site has some control since the site is prepending a new tunnel
      header.  In the case of TE-based tunneling, the site may have
      control if it is prepending a new tunnel header, but if the site's
      ISP is doing the TE, then the site has no control.  Recursive
      tunneling generally will result in suboptimal paths but at the
      benefit of steering traffic to resource available parts of the
      network.

   o  The technique of re-encapsulation ensures that packets only
      require one tunnel header.  So if a packet needs to be rerouted,
      it is first decapsulated by the ETR and then re-encapsulated with
      a new tunnel header using a new RLOC.

   The next sub-sections will describe where tunnel routers can reside
   in the network.




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8.1.  First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers

   By locating tunnel routers close to hosts, the EID-prefix set is at
   the granularity of an IP subnet.  So at the expense of more EID-
   prefix-to-RLOC sets for the site, the caches in each tunnel router
   can remain relatively small.  But caches always depend on the number
   of non-aggregated EID destination flows active through these tunnel
   routers.

   With more tunnel routers doing encapsulation, the increase in control
   traffic grows as well: since the EID-granularity is greater, more
   Map-Requests and replies are traveling between more routers.

   The advantage of placing the caches and databases at these stub
   routers is that the products deployed in this part of the network
   have better price-memory ratios then their core router counterparts.
   Memory is typically less expensive in these devices and fewer routes
   are stored (only IGP routes).  These devices tend to have excess
   capacity, both for forwarding and routing state.

   LISP functionality can also be deployed in edge switches.  These
   devices generally have layer-2 ports facing hosts and layer-3 ports
   facing the Internet.  Spare capacity is also often available in these
   devices as well.

8.2.  Border/Edge Tunnel Routers

   Using customer-edge (CE) routers for tunnel endpoints allows the EID
   space associated with a site to be reachable via a small set of RLOCs
   assigned to the CE routers for that site.

   This offers the opposite benefit of the first-hop/last-hop tunnel
   router scenario: the number of mapping entries and network management
   touch points are reduced, allowing better scaling.

   One disadvantage is that less of the network's resources are used to
   reach host endpoints thereby centralizing the point-of-failure domain
   and creating network choke points at the CE router.

   Note that more than one CE router at a site can be configured with
   the same IP address.  In this case an RLOC is an anycast address.
   This allows resilency between the CE routers.  That is, if a CE
   router fails, traffic is automatically routed to the other routers
   using the same anycast address.  However, this comes with the
   disadvantage where the site cannot control the entrance point when
   the anycast route is advertised out from all border routers.





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8.3.  ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers

   Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers gives an ISP control
   over the location of the egress tunnel endpoints.  That is, the ISP
   can decide if the tunnel endpoints are in the destination site (in
   either CE routers or last-hop routers within a site) or at other PE
   edges.  The advantage of this case is that two or more tunnel headers
   can be avoided.  By having the PE be the first router on the path to
   encapsulate, it can choose a TE path first, and the ETR can
   decapsulate and re-encapsulate for a tunnel to the destination end
   site.

   An obvious disadvantage is that the end site has no control over
   where its packets flow or the RLOCs used.

   As mentioned in earlier sections a combination of these scenarios is
   possible at the expense of extra packet header overhead, if both site
   and provider want control, then recursive or re-encapsulating tunnels
   are used.
































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9.  Multicast Considerations

   A multicast group address, as defined in the original Internet
   architecture is an identifier of a grouping of topologically
   independent receiver host locations.  The address encoding itself
   does not determine the location of the receiver(s).  The multicast
   routing protocol, and the network-based state the protocol creates,
   determines where the receivers are located.

   In the context of LISP, a multicast group address is both an EID and
   a Routing Locator.  Therefore, no specific semantic or action needs
   to be taken for a destination address, as it would appear in an IP
   header.  Therefore, a group address that appears in an inner IP
   header built by a source host will be used as the destination EID.
   And the outer IP header (the destination Routing Locator address),
   prepended by a LISP router, will use the same group address as the
   destination Routing Locator.

   Having said that, only the source EID and source Routing Locator
   needs to be dealt with.  Therefore, an ITR merely needs to put its
   own IP address in the source Routing Locator field when prepending
   the outer IP header.  This source Routing Locator address, like any
   other Routing Locator address MUST be globally routable.

   Therefore, an EID-to-RLOC mapping does not need to be performed by an
   ITR when a received data packet is a multicast data packet or when
   processing a source-specific Join (either by IGMPv3 or PIM).  But the
   source Routing Locator is decided by the multicast routing protocol
   in a receiver site.  That is, an EID to Routing Locator translation
   is done at control-time.

   Another approach is to have the ITR not encapsulate a multicast
   packet and allow the the host built packet to flow into the core even
   if the source address is allocated out of the EID namespace.  If the
   RPF-Vector TLV [RPFV] is used by PIM in the core, then core routers
   can RPF to the ITR (the Locator address which is injected into core
   routing) rather than the host source address (the EID address which
   is not injected into core routing).













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10.  Security Considerations

   We believe that most of the security mechanisms will be part of the
   mapping database service when using control-plane procedures for
   obtaining EID-to-RLOC mappings.  For data-plane triggered mappings,
   as described in this specification, protection is provided against
   ETR spoofing by using Return- Routeability mechanisms evidenced by
   the use of a 6-byte Nonce field in the LISP encapsulation header.
   The nonce, coupled with the ITR accepting only solicited Map-Replies
   goes a long way towards providing decent authentication.

   LISP does not rely on a PKI infrastructure or a more heavy weight
   authentication system.  These systems challenge the scalability of
   LISP which was a primary design goal.

   DoS attack prevention will depend on implementations rate- limiting
   of Map-Requests and Map-Replies to the control-plane as well as rate-
   limiting the number of data triggered Map-Replies.

































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11.  Prototype Plans and Status

   The operator community has requested that the IETF take a practical
   approach to solving the scaling problems associated with global
   routing state growth.  This document offers a simple solution which
   is intended for use in a pilot program to gain experience in working
   on this problem.

   The authors hope that publishing this specification will allow the
   rapid implementation of multiple vendor prototypes and deployment on
   a small scale.  Doing this will help the community:

   o  Decide whether a new EID-to-RLOC mapping database infrastructure
      is needed or if a simple, UDP-based, data-triggered approach is
      flexible and robust enough.

   o  Experiment with provider-independent assignment of EIDs while at
      the same time decreasing the size of DFZ routing tables through
      the use of topologically-aligned, provider-based RLOCs.

   o  Determine whether multiple levels of tunneling can be used by ISPs
      to achieve their Traffic Engineering goals while simultaneously
      removing the more specific routes currently injected into the
      global routing system for this purpose.

   o  Experiment with mobility to determine if both acceptable
      convergence and session survivability properties can be scalably
      implemented to support both individual device roaming and site
      service provider changes.

   Here are a rough set of milestones:

   1.  Stabilize this draft by Summer 2007 Chicago IETF.

   2.  Start implementations to report on by Summer 2007 Chicago IETF.

   3.  Start pilot deployment between summer and fall IETFs.  Report on
       deployment at Fall 2007 Vancouver IETF.

   4.  Achieve multi-vendor interoperability by Fall 2007 Vancouver
       IETF.

   5.  Consider prototyping other database lookup schemes, be it DNS,
       DHTs, CONS, NERD, or other mechanisms by Fall 2007 IETF.

   As of this writing the following accomplishments have been achieved:





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   1.  A unit tested software switching implementation has been
       completed for both IPv4 and IPv6 encapsulations for LISP 1 and
       LISP 1.5 functionality.

   2.  Dave Meyer, Vince Fuller, and Darrel Lewis are testing the
       implementation this summer.

   3.  An implementation of LISP-CONS is under way.

   Please contact authors if interested in doing an implementation and
   want to interoperability test with our implementation.








































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12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0768]  Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
              August 1980.

   [RFC1498]  Saltzer, J., "On the Naming and Binding of Network
              Destinations", RFC 1498, August 1993.

   [RFC1955]  Hinden, R., "New Scheme for Internet Routing and
              Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG", RFC 1955, June 1996.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2434]  Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
              IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
              October 1998.

   [RFC2784]  Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
              Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
              March 2000.

   [RFC3056]  Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
              via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.

   [RFC4423]  Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, "Host Identity Protocol
              (HIP) Architecture", RFC 4423, May 2006.

12.2.  Informative References

   [APT]      Jen, D., Meisel, M., Massey, D., Wang, L., Zhang, B., and
              L. Zhang, "APT: A Practical Transit Mapping Service",
              draft-jen-apt-00.txt (work in progress), July 2007.

   [CHIAPPA]  Chiappa, J., "Endpoints and Endpoint names: A Proposed
              Enhancement to the Internet Architecture", Internet-
              Draft http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc/tech/endpoints.txt,
              1999.

   [CONS]     Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, "LISP-CONS: A
              Content distribution Overlay Network  Service for LISP",
              draft-meyer-lisp-cons-01.txt (work in progress),
              July 2007.

   [DHTs]     Ratnasamy, S., Shenker, S., and I. Stoica, "Routing
              Algorithms for DHTs: Some Open Questions", PDF



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              file http://www.cs.rice.edu/Conferences/IPTPS02/174.pdf.

   [GSE]      "GSE - An Alternate Addressing Architecture for  IPv6",
              draft-ietf-ipngwg-gseaddr-00.txt (work in progress), 1997.

   [LISP1]    Farinacci, D., Oran, D., Fuller, V., and J. Schiller,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP1) [Routable  ID
              Version]",
              Slide-set http://www.dinof.net/~dino/ietf/lisp1.ppt,
              October 2006.

   [LISP2]    Farinacci, D., Oran, D., Fuller, V., and J. Schiller,
              "Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP2) [DNS-based
              Version]",
              Slide-set http://www.dinof.net/~dino/ietf/lisp2.ppt,
              November 2006.

   [NERD]     Lear, E., "NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database",
              draft-lear-lisp-nerd-01.txt (work in progress), June 2007.

   [RAWS]     Meyer, D., Zhang, L., and K. Fall, "Report from the IAB
              Workshop on Routing and  Addressing",
              draft-iab-raws-report-02.txt (work in progress),
              April 2007.

   [RPFV]     Wijnands, IJ., Boers, A., and E. Rosen, "The RPF Vector
              TLV", draft-ietf-pim-rpf-vector-03.txt (work in progress),
              October 2006.

   [SHIM6]    Nordmark, E. and M. Bagnulo, "Level 3 multihoming shim
              protocol", draft-ietf-shim6-proto-06.txt (work in
              progress), October 2006.



















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Appendix A.  Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge many people who have
   contributed discussion and ideas to the making of this proposal.
   They include Jason Schiller, Lixia Zhang, Dorian Kim, Peter
   Schoenmaker, Darrel Lewis, Vijay Gill, Geoff Huston, David Conrad,
   Ron Bonica, Ted Seely, Mark Townsley, Chris Morrow, Brian Weis, Dave
   McGrew, Peter Lothberg, Dave Thaler, Scott Brim, Eliot Lear, Shane
   Amante, Ved Kafle, and Olivier Bonaventure.

   In particular, we would like to thank Dave Meyer for his clever
   suggestion for the name "LISP". ;-)







































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Authors' Addresses

   Dino Farinacci
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: dino@cisco.com


   Vince Fuller
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: vaf@cisco.com


   Dave Oran
   cisco Systems
   7 Ladyslipper Lane
   Acton, MA
   USA

   Email: oran@cisco.com


   Dave Meyer
   cisco Systems
   170 Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA
   USA

   Email: dmm@cisco.com















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Full Copyright Statement

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   The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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Acknowledgment

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF
   Administrative Support Activity (IASA).





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<tr><td class="header">Network Working Group</td><td class="header">D. Farinacci</td></tr>
<tr><td class="header">Internet-Draft</td><td class="header">V. Fuller</td></tr>
<tr><td class="header">Intended status: Experimental</td><td class="header">D. Oran</td></tr>
<tr><td class="header">Expires: January 18, 2008</td><td class="header">D. Meyer</td></tr>
<tr><td class="header">&nbsp;</td><td class="header">cisco Systems</td></tr>
<tr><td class="header">&nbsp;</td><td class="header">July 17, 2007</td></tr>
</table></td></tr></table>
<h1><br />Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)<br />draft-farinacci-lisp-02.txt</h1>

<h3>Status of this Memo</h3>
<p>
By submitting this Internet-Draft,
each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which
he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed,
and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed,
in accordance with Section&nbsp;6 of BCP&nbsp;79.</p>
<p>
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.
Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as
Internet-Drafts.</p>
<p>
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite
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<p>
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
<a href='http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt'>http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt</a>.</p>
<p>
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<a href='http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html'>http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html</a>.</p>
<p>
This Internet-Draft will expire on January 18, 2008.</p>

<h3>Copyright Notice</h3>
<p>
Copyright &copy; The IETF Trust (2007).</p>

<h3>Abstract</h3>

<p>This draft describes a simple, incremental, network-based
            protocol to implement separation of Internet addresses into
            Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs). This
            mechanism requires no changes to
            host stacks and no major changes to existing database
            infrastructures. The proposed
            protocol can be implemented in a relatively small number of
            routers.
</p>
<p>This proposal was stimulated by the problem statement effort at
            the Amsterdam IAB Routing and Addressing Workshop (RAWS), which
            took place in October 2006.
</p><a name="toc"></a><br /><hr />
<h3>Table of Contents</h3>
<p class="toc">
<a href="#anchor1">1.</a>&nbsp;
Requirements Notation<br />
<a href="#anchor2">2.</a>&nbsp;
Introduction<br />
<a href="#anchor3">3.</a>&nbsp;
Definition of Terms<br />
<a href="#OVERVIEW">4.</a>&nbsp;
Basic Overview<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#MOSTLY">4.1.</a>&nbsp;
Packet Flow Sequence<br />
<a href="#anchor4">5.</a>&nbsp;
Tunneling Details<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor5">5.1.</a>&nbsp;
LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor6">5.2.</a>&nbsp;
LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#LRB">5.3.</a>&nbsp;
Tunnel Header Field Descriptions<br />
<a href="#mapping">6.</a>&nbsp;
EID-to-RLOC Mapping<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor7">6.1.</a>&nbsp;
Control-Plane Packet Format<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor8">6.1.1.</a>&nbsp;
Map-Request Message Format<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor9">6.1.2.</a>&nbsp;
EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor10">6.1.3.</a>&nbsp;
Map-Reply Message Format<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor11">6.1.4.</a>&nbsp;
EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor12">6.2.</a>&nbsp;
Routing Locator Selection<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#loc-reach">6.3.</a>&nbsp;
Routing Locator Reachability<br />
<a href="#PUNT">7.</a>&nbsp;
Router Performance Considerations<br />
<a href="#DEPLOYMENT">8.</a>&nbsp;
Deployment Scenarios<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor13">8.1.</a>&nbsp;
First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor14">8.2.</a>&nbsp;
Border/Edge Tunnel Routers<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#anchor15">8.3.</a>&nbsp;
ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers<br />
<a href="#anchor16">9.</a>&nbsp;
Multicast Considerations<br />
<a href="#anchor17">10.</a>&nbsp;
Security Considerations<br />
<a href="#anchor18">11.</a>&nbsp;
Prototype Plans and Status<br />
<a href="#rfc.references1">12.</a>&nbsp;
References<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.references1">12.1.</a>&nbsp;
Normative References<br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#rfc.references2">12.2.</a>&nbsp;
Informative References<br />
<a href="#anchor21">Appendix&nbsp;A.</a>&nbsp;
Acknowledgments<br />
<a href="#rfc.authors">&#167;</a>&nbsp;
Authors' Addresses<br />
<a href="#rfc.copyright">&#167;</a>&nbsp;
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements<br />
</p>
<br clear="all" />

<a name="anchor1"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.1"></a><h3>1.&nbsp;
Requirements Notation</h3>

<p>The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL",
            "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY",
            and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as
            described in <a class='info' href='#RFC2119'>[RFC2119]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Bradner, S., &ldquo;Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels,&rdquo; March&nbsp;1997.</span><span>)</span></a>.
</p>
<a name="anchor2"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.2"></a><h3>2.&nbsp;
Introduction</h3>

<p>Many years of discussion about the current IP routing and
            addressing architecture have noted that its use of a single
            numbering space (the &quot;IP address&quot;) for both host
            transport session identification and network routing creates
            scaling issues (see <a class='info' href='#CHIAPPA'>[CHIAPPA]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Chiappa, J., &ldquo;Endpoints and Endpoint names: A Proposed                     Enhancement to the Internet Architecture,&rdquo; 1999.</span><span>)</span></a> and
            <a class='info' href='#RFC1498'>[RFC1498]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Saltzer, J., &ldquo;On the Naming and Binding of Network Destinations,&rdquo; August&nbsp;1993.</span><span>)</span></a>). A number of scaling
            benefits would be realized by separating the current IP address
            into separate spaces for Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) and Routing
            Locators (RLOCs); among them are:
</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote class="text"><dl>
<dt>1.</dt>
<dd>Reduction of routing table
                size in the &quot;default-free zone&quot; (DFZ). Use
                of a separate numbering space for RLOCs will allow
                them to be assigned topologically (in today's
                Internet, RLOCs would be assigned by providers at
                client network attachment points), greatly improving
                aggregation and reducing the number of
                globally-visible, routable prefixes.
</dd>
<dt>2.</dt>
<dd>Easing of renumbering burden when clients change
                providers. Because host EIDs are numbered from a separate,
                non-provider-assigned and non-topologically-bound space, they
                do not need to be renumbered when a client site changes its
                attachment points to the network.
</dd>
<dt>3.</dt>
<dd>Mobility with session survivability. Because session state
                is associated with a persistent host EID, it should be
                possible
                for a host (or a collection of hosts) to move to a different
                point in the network topology (whether by changing providers
                or by physically moving) without disruption of connectivity.

</dd>
<dt>4.</dt>
<dd>Traffic engineering capabilities that can be performed by
                network elements and do not depend on injecting additional
                state into the routing system. This will fall out of the
                mechanism that is used to implement the EID/RLOC split (see
                <a class='info' href='#OVERVIEW'>Section&nbsp;4<span> (</span><span class='info'>Basic Overview</span><span>)</span></a>).
</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>This draft describes protocol mechanisms to achieve the
            desired functional separation. For flexibility, the
            document decouples the mechanism used for forwarding packets from
            that used to determine EID to RLOC mappings. This work is in
            response to and intended to address the problem statement that
            came out of the RAWS effort <a class='info' href='#RAWS'>[RAWS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Meyer, D., Zhang, L., and K. Fall, &ldquo;Report from the IAB Workshop on Routing and                  Addressing,&rdquo; April&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a>.
</p>
<p>This draft focuses on a router-based solution. Building the
            solution into the network should facilitate incremental deployment
            of the technology on the Internet. Note that while the detailed
            protocol specification and examples in this document assume
            IP version 4 (IPv4), there is nothing in the design that precludes
            use of the same techniques and mechanisms for IPv6. It should
            be possible for IPv4 packets to use IPv6 RLOCs and for IPv6 EIDs
            to be mapped to IPv4 RLOCs.
</p>
<p>Related work on host-based solutions is described in
            Shim6 <a class='info' href='#SHIM6'>[SHIM6]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Nordmark, E. and M. Bagnulo, &ldquo;Level 3 multihoming shim protocol,&rdquo; October&nbsp;2006.</span><span>)</span></a> and HIP <a class='info' href='#RFC4423'>[RFC4423]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, &ldquo;Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Architecture,&rdquo; May&nbsp;2006.</span><span>)</span></a>.
            Related work on other router-based solutons is described in GSE
            <a class='info' href='#GSE'>[GSE]<span> (</span><span class='info'>, &ldquo;GSE - An Alternate Addressing Architecture for                      IPv6,&rdquo; 1997.</span><span>)</span></a>.
            This draft attempts to not compete or
            overlap with such solutions and the proposed protocol changes
            are expected to complement a host-based mechanism when Traffic
            Engineering functionality is desired.
</p>
<p>Some of the design goals of this proposal include:
</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote class="text"><dl>
<dt>1.</dt>
<dd>Minimize required changes to Internet infrastructure.
</dd>
<dt>2.</dt>
<dd>Require no hardware or software changes to end-systems
                (hosts).
</dd>
<dt>3.</dt>
<dd>Be incrementally deployable.
</dd>
<dt>4.</dt>
<dd>Require no router hardware changes.
</dd>
<dt>5.</dt>
<dd>Minimize router software changes.
</dd>
<dt>6.</dt>
<dd>Avoid or minimize packet loss when EID-to-RLOC mappings
                need to be performed.
</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>There are 4 variants of LISP, which differ along a spectrum of
            strong to weak dependence on the topological nature and possible
            need for routability of EIDs. The variants are:
</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote class="text"><dl>
<dt>LISP 1:</dt>
<dd>
                    where EIDs are routable through the RLOC topology for
                    bootstrapping EID-to-RLOC mappings.
                    <a class='info' href='#LISP1'>[LISP1]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Oran, D., Fuller, V., and J. Schiller, &ldquo;Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP1) [Routable                    ID Version],&rdquo; October&nbsp;2006.</span><span>)</span></a>
</dd>
<dt>LISP 1.5:</dt>
<dd>
                    where EIDs are routable for bootstrapping EID-to-RLOC
                    mappings; such routing is via a separate topology.
</dd>
<dt>LISP 2:</dt>
<dd>
                    where EIDS are not routable and EID-to-RLOC mappings are
                    implemented within the DNS. <a class='info' href='#LISP2'>[LISP2]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Oran, D., Fuller, V., and J. Schiller, &ldquo;Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP2) [DNS-based               Version],&rdquo; November&nbsp;2006.</span><span>)</span></a>
</dd>
<dt>LISP 3:</dt>
<dd>
                    where non-routable EIDs are used as lookup keys for a new
                    EID-to-RLOC mapping database. Use of Distributed
                    Hash Tables <a class='info' href='#DHTs'>[DHTs]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Ratnasamy, S., Shenker, S., and I. Stoica, &ldquo;Routing Algorithms for DHTs: Some Open Questions,&rdquo; .</span><span>)</span></a> to implement such a
                    database would be an area to explore. Other examples of
                    new mapping database services are <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a>,
                    <a class='info' href='#NERD'>[NERD]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Lear, E., &ldquo;NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a>, and <a class='info' href='#APT'>[APT]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Jen, D., Meisel, M., Massey, D., Wang, L., Zhang, B., and L. Zhang, &ldquo;APT: A Practical Transit Mapping Service,&rdquo; July&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a>.

</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>This document will focus on LISP 1 and LISP 1.5, both of which
            rely on a router-based distributed cache and database for
            EID-to-RLOC mappings. The LISP 2 and LISP 3 mechanisms, which
            require separate EID-to-RLOC infrastructure, will be documented
            in additional drafts.
</p>
<a name="anchor3"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.3"></a><h3>3.&nbsp;
Definition of Terms</h3>

<p></p>
<blockquote class="text"><dl>
<dt>Provider Independent (PI) Addresses: </dt>
<dd> an
                address block assigned from a pool that is not associated
                with any service provider and is therefore not
                topologically-aggregatable in the routing system.

</dd>
<dt>Provider Assigned (PA) Addresses: </dt>
<dd> a block
                of IP addresses that are assigned to a site by each service
                provider to which a site connects. Typically, each block is
                sub-block of a service provider CIDR block and is aggregated
                into the larger block before being advertised into the global
                Internet. Traditionally, IP multihoming has been implemented
                by each multi-homed site acquiring its own, globally-visible
                prefix. LISP uses only topologically-assigned and aggregatable
                 address
                blocks for RLOCs, eliminating this demonstrably non-scalable
                practice.

</dd>
<dt>Routing Locator (RLOC): </dt>
<dd> the IPv4 or
                IPv6 address of an
                egress tunnel router (ETR). It is the output of a EID-to-RLOC
                mapping lookup. An EID maps to one or more RLOCs. Typically,
                RLOCs are numbered from topologically-aggregatable blocks that
                are assigned to a site at each point to which it attaches to
                the global Internet; where the topology is defined by the
                connectivity of provider networks, RLOCs can be thought of as
                PA addresses. Multiple RLOCs can be assigned to the same ETR
                device or to multiple ETR devices at a site.
</dd>
<dt>Endpoint ID (EID): </dt>
<dd> a 32- or 128-bit value
                used in the source and destination address fields
                of the first (most inner) LISP header of a packet. The host
                obtains a destination EID the same way it obtains an
                destination address today, for example through a DNS lookup
                or SIP exchange. The source EID is
                obtained via existing mechanisms used to set a hosts "local"
                IP address. LISP uses PI blocks for EIDs; such EIDs MUST NOT
                be used as LISP RLOCs. Note that EID blocks may be assigned
                in a hierarchical manner, independent of the network topology,
                to facilitate scaling of the mapping database. In addition,
                an EID
                block assigned to a site may have site-local structure
                (subnetting) for routing within the site; this structure is
                not visible to the global routing system.

</dd>
<dt>EID-prefix: </dt>
<dd>A power-of-2 block of EIDs which
                are allocated to a site by an address allocation authority.
                EID-prefixes are associated with a set of RLOC addresses
                which make up a "database mapping". EID-prefix allocations
                can be broken up into smaller blocks when an RLOC set is
                to be associated with the smaller EID-prefix.
</dd>
<dt>End-system: </dt>
<dd> is an IPv4 or IPv6 device that
                originates packets with a single IPv4 or IPv6 header. The
                end-system supplies an
                EID value for the destination address field of the IP header
                when communicating globally (i.e. outside of it's routing
                domain). An end-system can be a host computer, a switch or
                router device, or any network appliance. An iPhone.

</dd>
<dt>Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR): </dt>
<dd> a router which
                accepts an IP packet with a single IP header (more precisely,
                an IP packet that does not contain a LISP header). The
                router treats this "inner" IP destination address as an EID
                and performs an EID-to-RLOC mapping lookup. The router
                then prepends an "outer" IP header with one of its
                globally-routable RLOCs in the source address field and the
                result of the mapping lookup in the destination address field.
                Note
                that this destination RLOC may be an intermediate, proxy
                device that has better knowledge of the EID-to-RLOC mapping
                closest to the destination EID. In general, an ITR receives
                IP packets from site end-systems on one side and sends
                LISP-encapsulated IP packets toward the Internet on the other
                side.
</dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd>Specifically, when a service provider prepends a LISP
                header
                for Traffic Engineering purposes, the router that does this
                is also regarded as an ITR. The outer RLOC the ISP ITR uses
                can be based on the outer destination address (the originating
                ITR's supplied RLOC) or the inner destination address (the
                originating hosts supplied EID).

</dd>
<dt>TE-ITR: </dt>
<dd>is an ITR that is deployed in a
                service provider network that prepends an additional LISP
                header for Traffic Engineering purposes.

</dd>
<dt>Egress Tunnel Router (ETR): </dt>
<dd> a router that
                accepts an IP packet where destination address in the "outer"
                IP header is one of its own RLOCs. The router strips the
                "outer" header and forwards the packet based on the next IP
                header found. In general, an ETR receives LISP-encapsulated
                IP packets from the Internet on one side and sends decapsulated
                IP packets to site end-systems on the other side. ETR
                functionality does not have to be limited to a router device.
                A server host can be the endpoint of a LISP tunnel as well.

</dd>
<dt>TE-ETR: </dt>
<dd>is an ETR that is deployed in a
                service provider network that strips an outer LISP header for
                Traffic Engineering purposes.

</dd>
<dt>EID-to-RLOC Cache: </dt>
<dd> a short-lived,
                on-demand database in an ITR that
                stores, tracks, and is responsible for timing-out and
                otherwise validating EID-to-RLOC mappings. This cache is
                distinct from the &quot;database&quot;, the cache is
                dynamic, local, and relatively small while and the database
                is distributed, relatively static, and much global in scope.

</dd>
<dt>EID-to-RLOC Database: </dt>
<dd> a globally, distributed
                database that contains all known EID-prefix to RLOC mappings.
                Each potential ETR typically contains a small
                piece of the database: the EID-to-RLOC mappings for the EID
                prefixes "behind" the router. These map to one of the
                router's own, globally-visible, IP addresses.
</dd>
<dt>Recursive Tunneling: </dt>
<dd>when a packet has more
                than one LISP IP header. Additional layers of tunneling may
                be employed to implement traffic engineering or other
                re-routing as needed. When this is done, an additional
                "outer" LISP header is added and the original RLOCs are
                preserved in the "inner" header.

</dd>
<dt>Reencapsulating Tunnels: </dt>
<dd>when a packet has no
                more than one LISP IP header (two IP headers total) and when
                it needs to be diverted to new RLOC, an ETR
                can decapsulate the packet (remove the LISP header) and
                prepend a new tunnel header, with new RLOC, on to the
                packet. Doing this allows a packet to be re-routed by the
                re-encapsulating router without adding the overhead of
                additional tunnel headers.

</dd>
<dt>LISP Header: </dt>
<dd>a term used in this document to
                refer to the outer IPv4 or IPv6 header, a UDP header, and
                a LISP header, an ITR prepends or an ETR strips.
</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<a name="OVERVIEW"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.4"></a><h3>4.&nbsp;
Basic Overview</h3>

<p>One key concept of LISP is that end-systems (hosts) operate
            the same way they do today. The IP addresses that
            hosts use for tracking sockets, connections, and for
            sending and receiving packets do not change. In LISP terminology,
            these IP addresses are called Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs).
</p>
<p>Routers continue to forward packets based on IP destination
            addresses. These addresses are referred to as Routing Locators
            (RLOCs). Most routers along a path between two hosts will not
            change; they continue to perform routing/forwarding lookups
            on addresses (RLOCs) in the IP header.
</p>
<p>This design introduces &quot;Tunnel Routers&quot;, which prepend
            LISP headers on host-originated packets and strip them prior to
            final delivery to their destination. The IP addresses in this
            &quot;outer header&quot; are RLOCs. During end-to-end packet
            exchange between two Internet hosts, an ITR
            prepends a new LISP header to each packet and an egress tunnel
            router strips the new header. The ITR performs
            EID-to-RLOC lookups to determine the routing path to the the
            ETR, which has the RLOC as one of its IP
            addresses.
</p>
<p>Some basic rules governing LISP are:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>End-systems (hosts) only know about EIDs.
</li>
<li>EIDs are always IP addresses assigned to hosts.
</li>
<li>Routers mostly deal with Routing Locator addresses. See
                details
                later in  <a class='info' href='#MOSTLY'>Section&nbsp;4.1<span> (</span><span class='info'>Packet Flow Sequence</span><span>)</span></a> to clarify what is meant
                by &quot;mostly&quot;.
</li>
<li>RLOCs are always IP addresses assigned to routers;
                preferably, topologically-oriented addresses from provider
                CIDR blocks.
</li>
<li>Routers can use their RLOCs as EIDs but can also be assigned
                EIDs when performing host functions. Those EIDs MUST NOT be
                used as RLOCs. When EIDs are used the routeability of them
                is scoped to within the site. A hybrid use of this, for
                example is when a router runs the BGP protocol where iBGP
                peerings may use EIDs and eBGP peerings may use RLOCs.
</li>
<li>EIDs are not expected to be usable for global end-to-end
                communication in the absence of an EID-to-RLOC mapping
                operation. They are expected to be used locally for
                intra-site communication.
</li>
<li>EID prefixes are likely to be hierarchically assigned in
                a manner which is optimized for administrative convenience
                and to facilitate scaling of the EID-to-RLOC mapping
                database. The hierarchy is based on a address alocation
                hierarchy which is not dependent on the network toplogy.
</li>
<li>EIDs may also be structured (subnetted) in a manner
                suitable for local routing within an autonomous system.
</li>
</ul>

<p>An additional LISP header may be pre-pended to packets by a
            transit router (i.e. TE-ITR) when re-routing of the end-to-end
            path for a
            packet is desired. An obvious instance of this would be an ISP
            router that needs to perform traffic engineering for packets in
            flow through its network. In such a situation, termed Recursive
            Tunneling, an ISP transit acts as an additional ingress tunnel
            router and the RLOC it uses for the new prepended header would be
            either an TE-ETR within the ISP (along intra-ISP
            traffic engineered path) or in an TE-ETR within
            another ISP (an inter-ISP traffic engineered path, where an
            agreement to build such a path exists).
</p>
<p>Tunnel Routers can be placed fairly flexibly in a multi-AS
            topology. For example, the ITR for a particular
            end-to-end packet exchange might be the first-hop or default router
            within a site for the source host. Similarly, the egress tunnel
            router might be the last-hop router directly-connected to the
            destination host. Another example, perhaps for a VPN service
            out-sourced to an ISP by a site, the ITR could
            be the site&#039;s border router at the service provider
            attachment point. Mixing and matching of site-operated,
            ISP-operated, and other tunnel routers is allowed for maximum
            flexibility.
            See <a class='info' href='#DEPLOYMENT'>Section&nbsp;8<span> (</span><span class='info'>Deployment Scenarios</span><span>)</span></a> for more details.
</p>
<a name="MOSTLY"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.4.1"></a><h3>4.1.&nbsp;
Packet Flow Sequence</h3>

<p>This section provides an example of the
                unicast packet flow with the following parameters:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>Source host &quot;host1.abc.com&quot; is sending a packet
                to &quot;host2.xyz.com&quot;.
</li>
<li>Each site is multi-homed, so each tunnel router has an
                address (RLOC) assigned
                from each of the site&#039;s attached service provider
                address blocks.
</li>
<li>The ITR and ETR are directly connected to the source and
                destination, respectively.
</li>
</ul>

<p>Client host1.abc.com wants to communicate with server
                host2.xyz.com:
</p>
<p></p>
<ol class="text">
<li>host1.abc.com wants to open a TCP connection to
                host2.xyz.com. It does a DNS
                lookup on host2.xyz.com. An A record is returned. This
                address is used as the
                destination EID and the locally-assigned address of
                host1.abc.com is  used as the
                source EID. An IP packet is built using the EIDs in the IP
                header  and sent to the default router.
</li>
<li>The default router is configured as an ITR. It prepends
                a LISP header to the packet, with one of its
                RLOCs as the source IP address and uses the destination EID
                from the original packet header as the destination IP
                address. Subsequent packets continue to behave the same way
                until a mapping is learned.
</li>
<li>In LISP 1, the packet is routed through the Internet as it
                is today. In
                LISP 1.5, the packet is routed on a different topology which
                may have EID prefixes
                distributed and advertised in an aggregatable fashion. In
                either case, the
                packet arrives at the ETR. The router is
                configured to "punt"
                the packet to the router's control-plane processor. See
                <a class='info' href='#PUNT'>Section&nbsp;7<span> (</span><span class='info'>Router Performance Considerations</span><span>)</span></a> for more details.
</li>
<li>The LISP header is stripped so that the packet can be
                forwarded by the router control-plane. The router looks up
                the destination EID in the router&#039;s EID-to-RLOC
                database (not the cache, but the configured data structure
                of RLOCs). An EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply message is originated by
                the egress router and is
                addressed to the source RLOC from the LISP header of the
                original packet (this is the ITR). The source
                RLOC in the IP header of the UDP message is one of the
                ETR&#039;s RLOCs (one of the RLOCs that is embedded
                in the UDP payload).
</li>
<li>The ITR receives the UDP message,
                parses the message (to check for format validity) and stores
                the EID-to-RLOC information from the packet. This information
                is put in
                the ITR&#039;s EID-to-RLOC mapping cache
                (this is the
                on-demand cache, the cache where entries time out due to
                inactivity).
</li>
<li>Subsequent packets from host1.abc.com to host2.xyz.com will
                have a LISP header prepended with the RLOCs learned from the
                ETR.
</li>
<li>The egress tunnel receives these packets directly (since
                the destination address is one of its assigned IP addresses),
                strips the LISP header and delivers the packets to the
                attached destination host.
</li>
</ol>

<p>In order to eliminate the need for a mapping lookup in
                the reverse direction, the ETR gleans RLOC
                information from the LISP header. Both ITR
                and the ETR may also influence the decision
                the other makes in selecting an RLOC. See
                <a class='info' href='#mapping'>Section&nbsp;6<span> (</span><span class='info'>EID-to-RLOC Mapping</span><span>)</span></a> for more details.
</p>
<a name="anchor4"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.5"></a><h3>5.&nbsp;
Tunneling Details</h3>

<p>This section describes the LISP Data Message which defines the
        tunneling header used to encapsulate IPv4 and IPv6 packets which
        contain EID addresses. Even though the following formats illustrate
        IPv4-in-IPv4 and IPv6-in-IPv6 encapsulations, the other 2 combinations
        are supported as well.
</p>
<a name="anchor5"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.5.1"></a><h3>5.1.&nbsp;
LISP IPv4-in-IPv4 Header Format</h3>

<p>
</p><div style='display: table; width: 0; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: auto'><pre>

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
OH     |  Time to Live | Protocol = 17 |         Header Checksum       |
  \    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   \   |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4342        |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / | Type  |  Locator Reach Bits   |        Nonce ...              |
 LISP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                          ... Nonce                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IH     |  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum       |
  \    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   \   |                           Source EID                          |
    \  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                         Destination EID                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

</pre></div>
<p>
</p>
<a name="anchor6"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.5.2"></a><h3>5.2.&nbsp;
LISP IPv6-in-IPv6 Header Format</h3>

<p>
</p><div style='display: table; width: 0; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: auto'><pre>

       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        | Next Header=17|   Hop Limit   |
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
 O     +                                                               +
 u     |                                                               |
 t     +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
 e     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
 H     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 d     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
  \    +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |       Source Port = xxxx      |       Dest Port = 4342        |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Type=1 |  Locator Reach Bits   |        Nonce ...              |
 LISP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |                          ... Nonce                            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
    /  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   /   |         Payload Length        |  Next Header  |   Hop Limit   |
  /    +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
 I     +                                                               +
 n     |                                                               |
 n     +                          Source EID                           +
 e     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
 H     +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
 d     |                                                               |
 r     +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
  \    +                        Destination EID                        +
   \   |                                                               |
    \  +                                                               +
     \ |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

</pre></div>
<p>
</p>
<a name="LRB"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.5.3"></a><h3>5.3.&nbsp;
Tunnel Header Field Descriptions</h3>

<p></p>
<blockquote class="text"><dl>
<dt>IH Header:</dt>
<dd> is the inner header, preserved from the
            datagram
            received from the originating host. The source and destination
            IP addresses are EIDs.
</dd>
<dt>OH Header:</dt>
<dd> is the outer header prepended by an
            ITR. The address fields contain RLOCs obtained
            from the ingress router's EID-to-RLOC cache. The IP protocol
            number is &quot;UDP (17)&quot; from <a class='info' href='#RFC0768'>[RFC0768]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Postel, J., &ldquo;User Datagram Protocol,&rdquo; August&nbsp;1980.</span><span>)</span></a>.
</dd>
<dt>UDP Header:</dt>
<dd> contains a random source port
            allocated by the ITR when encapsulating a packet. The destination
            port MUST be
            set to the well-known IANA assigned port value 4342. The UDP
            checksum field
            MUST be transmitted as 0 and not ignore by the ETR.
</dd>
<dt>UDP Length:</dt>
<dd> field contains the original packet's
            length.
            For an IPv4 encapsulated packet, the inner header Total Length
            is copied. For an IPv6 encapsualted packet, the inner header
            Payload Length plus the size of the IPv6 header (40 bytes) is
            copied.
</dd>
<dt>LISP Type:</dt>
<dd> set to 1 to encode a LISP Data
            Message.
</dd>
<dt>LISP Nonce:</dt>
<dd> is an ITR randomly
            generated 6-byte value which tests return routability of an ETR
            echoing back the none in a Map-Reply message.
</dd>
<dt>LISP Locator Reach Bits:</dt>
<dd> in the LISP header are
            set by  an ITR
            to indicate to an ETR the reachability of the Locators in the
            source site. Each RLOC in a Map-Reply is assigned an ordinal value
            from 0 to n-1 (when there are n RLOCs in a mapping entry). The
            Locator Reach Bits are number from 0 to n-1 from the right
            significant bit of the 12-bit field. When a bit is set to 1, the
            ITR is indicating to the ETR the RLOC associated with the bit
            ordinal is reachable. See <a class='info' href='#loc-reach'>Section&nbsp;6.3<span> (</span><span class='info'>Routing Locator Reachability</span><span>)</span></a>
            for details on how an ITR can determine other site ITRs are
            reachable.
</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<p>When doing Recursive Tunneling:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>The OH header Time to Live field MUST be copied from the
                IH header Time to Live field.
</li>
<li>The OH header Type of Service
                field SHOULD be copied from the IH header Type of Service
                field.
</li>
</ul>

<p>When doing Re-encapsulated Tunneling:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>The new OH header Time to Live field SHOULD be copied
                from the stripped OH header Time to Live field.
</li>
<li>The new OH header Type of Service field SHOULD be
                copied from the stripped OH header Type of Service field.
</li>
</ul>

<p>Copying the TTL serves two purposes. First it preserves the
            distance the host intended the packet to travel. And more
            importantly, it provides for suppression of looping packets in
            the event there is a loop of concatenated tunnels due to
            misconfiguration.

</p>
<a name="mapping"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.6"></a><h3>6.&nbsp;
EID-to-RLOC Mapping</h3>

<a name="anchor7"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.6.1"></a><h3>6.1.&nbsp;
Control-Plane Packet Format</h3>

<p>When LISP 1 or LISP 1.5 are used, new UDP packet types
            encode the EID-to-RLOC mappings:

</p><div style='display: table; width: 0; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: auto'><pre>

        0                   1                   2                   3
        0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version|  IHL  |Type of Service|          Total Length         |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset    |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |  Time to Live | Protocol = 17 |         Header Checksum       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                    Source Routing Locator                     |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                 Destination Routing Locator                   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |Version| Traffic Class |           Flow Label                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |         Payload Length        | Next Header=17|   Hop Limit   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                     Source Routing Locator                    +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +                  Destination Routing Locator                  +
       |                                                               |
       +                                                               +
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     / |           Source Port         |         Dest Port             |
  UDP  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
     \ |           UDP length          |        UDP Checksum           |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                                                               |
       |                         LISP Message                          |
       |                                                               |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

</pre></div>
<p>
</p>
<p>The LISP UDP-based messages are the Map-Request and
            Map-Reply messages. These message formats are also used by
            LISP-CONS <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> but are sent over TCP
            connections instead. However, this specification is the
            authoritative source for message format definitions for the
            Map-Request and Map-Reply messages.
</p>
<a name="anchor8"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.6.1.1"></a><h3>6.1.1.&nbsp;
Map-Request Message Format</h3>

<p>
</p><div style='display: table; width: 0; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: auto'><pre>

       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Type  |  Locator Reach Bits   |         Checksum              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Nonce ...                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          ... Nonce            | Record count  |A|  Reserved   |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |           ITR-AFI             |            CAR-AFI            |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Originating ITR RLOC Address                |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                   Originating CAR EID-Prefix                  |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Rec -&gt; | EID mask-len  |    EID-AFI    |         EID-prefix ...        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                      Path Vector  List                        |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

</pre></div>
<p>
</p>
<p>Packet field descriptions:
</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote class="text"><dl>
<dt>Type:</dt>
<dd>2 (Map-Request)
</dd>
<dt>Locator Reach Bits:</dt>
<dd>
            Refer to <a class='info' href='#LRB'>Section&nbsp;5.3<span> (</span><span class='info'>Tunnel Header Field Descriptions</span><span>)</span></a>.

</dd>
<dt>Checksum:</dt>
<dd>
            A complement of the 1-complements sum of the LISP packet.
            The checksum MUST be computed and the UDP checksum MUST be set
            to 0.

</dd>
<dt>Nonce:</dt>
<dd>
            A 6-byte random value created by the sender of the Map-Request.

</dd>
<dt>Record count:</dt>
<dd>
            The number of records in this request message.  A record
            comprises of what is labeled 'Rec" above and occurs the number
            of times equal to Record count.

</dd>
<dt>A:</dt>
<dd>
            This is an authoritative bit, which is set to 0 for UDP-based
            Map-Requests sent by an ITR. See <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                 Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> for
            TCP-based Map-Requests.

</dd>
<dt>Reserved:</dt>
<dd>
            Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

</dd>
<dt>ITR-AFI:</dt>
<dd>
            Address family of the "Originating ITR RLOC Address" field.

</dd>
<dt>CAR-AFI:</dt>
<dd>
            Address family of the "Originating CAR EID-Prefix" field.

</dd>
<dt>Originating ITR RLOC Address:</dt>
<dd>
            Set to 0 for UDP-based messages. See <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                     Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> for
            TCP-based Map-Requests.

</dd>
<dt>Originating CAR EID-Prefix:</dt>
<dd>
            Set to 0 for UDP-based messages by an ITR. See
            <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                  Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> for TCP-based Map-Requests.

</dd>
<dt>EID mask-len:</dt>
<dd>
            Mask length for EID prefix.

</dd>
<dt>EID-AFI:</dt>
<dd>
            Address family of EID-prefix according to <a class='info' href='#RFC2434'>[RFC2434]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, &ldquo;Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs,&rdquo; October&nbsp;1998.</span><span>)</span></a>

</dd>
<dt>EID-prefix:</dt>
<dd>
            4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
            address-family.

</dd>
<dt>Path Vector List:</dt>
<dd>
            See <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                      Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> for details. This field is not used
            in UDP Map-Requests.

</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<a name="anchor9"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.6.1.2"></a><h3>6.1.2.&nbsp;
EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Request Message</h3>

<p>A Map-Request contains one or more EIDs encoded in prefix
                format with a Locator count of 0. The EID-prefix MUST NOT be
                more specific than a cache entry stored from a
                previously-received Map-Reply.
</p>
<p>A Map-Request is sent from an ITR when it
                wants to test an RLOC for reachability. This is performed by
                using the RLOC as the destination address for Map-Request
                message with a randomly allocated source UDP port number and
                the well-known destination port number 4342. A successful
                Map-Reply updates the cached
                set of RLOCs associated with the EID prefix range.
</p>
<p>Map-Requests MUST be rate-limited. It is recommended that
                a Map-Request for the same EID-prefix be sent no more than
                once per second.
</p>
<a name="anchor10"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.6.1.3"></a><h3>6.1.3.&nbsp;
Map-Reply Message Format</h3>

<p>
</p><div style='display: table; width: 0; margin-left: 3em; margin-right: auto'><pre>

       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       | Type  |  Locator Reach Bits   |         Checksum              |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                            Nonce ...                          |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |          ... Nonce            | Record count  |   Reserved    |
+----&gt; +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      |                          Record  TTL                          |
|      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|      | Locator count | EID mask-len  |A|        Reserved             |
|      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
R      |           ITR-AFI             |            EID-AFI            |
e      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
c      |                   Originating ITR RLOC Address                |
o      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
r      |                          EID-prefix                           |
d      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|     /|    Priority   |    Weight     |    Unused     |    Loc-AFI    |
|  Loc +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|     \|                             Locator                           |
+---&gt;  +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
       |                        Path Vector List                       |
       +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

</pre></div>
<p>
</p>
<p>Packet field descriptions:
</p>
<p></p>
<blockquote class="text"><dl>
<dt>Type:</dt>
<dd>3 (Map-Reply)
</dd>
<dt>Locator Reach Bits:</dt>
<dd>
            Refer to <a class='info' href='#LRB'>Section&nbsp;5.3<span> (</span><span class='info'>Tunnel Header Field Descriptions</span><span>)</span></a>.

</dd>
<dt>Checksum:</dt>
<dd>
            A complement of the 1-complements sum of the LISP packet.
            The checksum MUST be computed and the UDP checksum MUST be set
            to 0.

</dd>
<dt>Nonce:</dt>
<dd>
            A 6-byte value set in a data probe packet or a Map-Request that
            is echoed here in the Map-Reply.

</dd>
<dt>Record count:</dt>
<dd>
            The number of records in this reply message.  A record
            comprises of what is labeled &#039;Record&#039; above and
            occurs the number of times equal to Record count.

</dd>
<dt>Reserved:</dt>
<dd>
            Set to 0 on transmission and ignored on receipt.

</dd>
<dt>Record TTL:</dt>
<dd>
            The time in minutes the recipient of the Map-Reply will
            store the mapping.  If the TTL is 0, the entry should be removed
            from the cache immediately.  If the value is 0xffffffff, the
            recipient can decide locally how long to store the mapping.

</dd>
<dt>Locator count:</dt>
<dd>
            The number of Locator entries.  A locator entry comprises what is
            labeled above as &#039;Loc&#039;.

</dd>
<dt>EID mask-len:</dt>
<dd>
            Mask length for EID prefix.

</dd>
<dt>A:</dt>
<dd>
            The Authoritative bit, when sent by a UDP-based message is
            always set by the ETR. See <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network               Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> for
            TCP-based Map-Replies.

</dd>
<dt>ITR-AFI:</dt>
<dd>
            Address family of the "Originating ITR RLOC Address" field.

</dd>
<dt>EID-AFI:</dt>
<dd>
            Address family of EID-prefix according to
            <a class='info' href='#RFC2434'>[RFC2434]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, &ldquo;Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs,&rdquo; October&nbsp;1998.</span><span>)</span></a>.

</dd>
<dt>Originating ITR RLOC Address:</dt>
<dd>
            Set to 0 for UDP-based messages. See <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                     Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> for
            TCP-based Map-Replies.

</dd>
<dt>EID-prefix:</dt>
<dd>
            4 bytes if an IPv4 address-family, 16 bytes if an IPv6
            address-family.

</dd>
<dt>Priority:</dt>
<dd>each RLOC is assigned a priority.
            Lower values are more preferable. When multiple RLOCs
            have the same priority, they are used in a load-split fashion.
            A value of 255 means the RLOC MUST NOT be used.
</dd>
<dt>Weight:</dt>
<dd>when priorities are the same for multiple
            RLOCs, the weight indicates how to balance traffic between them.
            Weight is encoded as a percentage of total packets that match
            the mapping entry. If a non-zero weight value is
            used for any RLOC, then all RLOCs must use a non-zero weight value
            and then the sum of all weight values MUST equal 100.
            What did the 3rd grader say after Steve Jobs gave an iPhone demo
            to the class? If a zero
            value is used for any RLOC weight, then all weights MUST be zero
            and the receiver of the Map-Reply will decide how to load-split
            traffic.
</dd>
<dt>Locator:</dt>
<dd>an IPv4 or IPv6  address (as encoded by
            the &#039;Loc-AFI&#039; field) assigned to an ETR or
            router acting as a proxy replier for the EID-prefix. Note that
            the destination RLOC address MAY be an anycast
            address if the tunnel egress point may be via more than one
            physical device. A souce RLOC can be an anycast address as well.
            The source or destination RLOC MUST NOT be
            the broadcast address (255.255.255.255 or any subnet broadcast
            address known to the router), and MUST NOT be a link-local
            multicast address.
            The source RLOC MUST NOT be a multicast address. The destination
            RLOC SHOULD be a multicast address if it is being mapped from a
            multicast destination EID.
</dd>
<dt>Path Vector List:</dt>
<dd>
            See <a class='info' href='#CONS'>[CONS]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network                      Service for LISP,&rdquo; June&nbsp;2007.</span><span>)</span></a> for details. This field is not used
            in UDP Map-Replies.

</dd>
</dl></blockquote>

<a name="anchor11"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.6.1.4"></a><h3>6.1.4.&nbsp;
EID-to-RLOC UDP Map-Reply Message</h3>

<p>When a data packet triggers a Map-Reply to be sent, the
                RLOCs associated with the EID-prefix matched by the EID
                in the original packet destination IP address field will be
                returned. The RLOCs in the Map-Reply are the globally-routable
                IP addresses of the ETR but are not
                necessarily reachable; separate testing of reachability is
                required.

</p>
<p>Note that a Map-Reply may contain different EID-prefix
                granularity (prefix + length) than the Map-Request which
                triggers
                it. This might occur if a Map-Request were for a prefix that
                had been returned by an earlier Map-Reply. In such a case, the
                requester updates its cache with the new prefix
                information and granularity. For example, a requester with
                two cached EID-prefixes that are covered by a Map-Reply
                containing
                one, less-specific prefix, replaces the entry with the
                less-specific EID-prefix. Note that the reverse, replacement
                of one less-specific prefix with multiple more-specific
                prefixes, can also occur but not by removing the
                less-specific prefix rather by adding the more-specific
                prefixes which during a lookup will override the less-specific
                prefix.

</p>
<p>Replies SHOULD be sent for an EID-prefix no more often
                than once per second to the same requesting router. For
                scalability, it is expected that aggregation of EID addresses
                into EID-prefixes will allow one Map-Reply to satisfy a
                mapping for the EID addresses in the prefix range thereby
                reducing the number of Map-Request messages.

</p>
<p>The addresses for a Data message or Map-Request message
                are swapped and used for sending the Map-Reply. The UDP
                source and destination ports are swapped as well. That is,
                the source port in the UDP header for the Map-Reply is set to
                the well-known UDP port number 4342.
</p>
<a name="anchor12"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.6.2"></a><h3>6.2.&nbsp;
Routing Locator Selection</h3>

<p>Both client-side and server-side may need control over
            the selection of RLOCs for conversations between them.
            This control is achieved by manipulating the Priority and Weight
            fields in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply messages. Alternatively,
            RLOC information may be gleaned from received tunneled packets or
            EID-to-RLOC Map-Request messages.
</p>
<p>The following enumerates different scenarios for choosing
            RLOCs and the controls that are available:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>Server-side returns one RLOC. Client-side can only
            use one RLOC. Server-side has complete control of the
            selection.
</li>
<li>Server-side returns a list of RLOC where a subset
            of the list has the same best priority. Client can only use
            the subset list according to the
            weighting assigned by the server-side. In this case, the
            server-side controls both the subset list and load-splitting
            across its members. The client-side can use RLOCs outside
            of the subset list if it determines that the subset
            list is unreachable (unless RLOCs are set to a Priority of 255).
            Some sharing of control exists: the server-side determines
            the destination RLOC list and load distribution while the
            client-side has the option of using alternatives to this list if
            RLOCs in the list are unreachable.
</li>
<li>Server-side sets weight of 0 for the RLOC subset list. In
            this case, the client-side can choose how the traffic load is
            spread across the subset list. Control is shared by the
            server-side determining the list and the client determining
            load distribution. Again, the client can use alternative RLOCs
            if the server-provided list of RLOCs are unreachable.
</li>
<li>Either side (more likely on the server-side ETR) decides not to
            send an Map-Request. For example, if the server-side ETR does not
            send Map-Requests, it gleans RLOCs from the
            client-side ITR, giving the client-side ITR responsibility for
            bidirectional RLOC reachability and preferability.
            Server-side ETR gleaning of the client-side ITR RLOC is done by
            caching
            the inner header source EID and the outer header source RLOC
            of received packets. The client-side ITR controls how traffic is
            returned and can alternate using an outer header source RLOC,
            which then can be added to the list the server-side ETR uses to
            return traffic. Since no Priority or Weights are provided using
            this method, the server-side ETR must assume each client-side
            ITR RLOC
            uses the same best Priority with a Weight
            of zero. In addition, since EID-prefix encoding cannot be conveyed
            in data packets, the EID-to-RLOC cache on tunnel routers
            can grow to be very large.
</li>
</ul>

<p>RLOCs that appear in EID-to-RLOC Map-Reply messages are
            considered reachable. The Map-Reply and the database mapping
            service does not provide any reachability status for Locators.
            This is done outside of the mapping service. See next section
            for details.
</p>
<a name="loc-reach"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.6.3"></a><h3>6.3.&nbsp;
Routing Locator Reachability</h3>

<p>There are 4 methods for determining when a Locator is either
            reachable or has become unreachable:
</p>
<p></p>
<ol class="text">
<li>Locator reachability is determined by an ETR by examining
                the
                Loc-Reach-Bits from a LISP header of a Data Message which is
                provided by an ITR when an ITR encapsulates data.
</li>
<li>Locator unreachability is determined by an ITR by receiving
                ICMP Network or Host Unreachable messages.
</li>
<li>ETR unreachability is determined when a host sends
                an ICMP Port Unreachable message.
</li>
<li>Locator reachability is determined by receiving a Map-Reply
                message from a ETR's Locator address in response to a
                previously sent Map-Request.
</li>
</ol>

<p>When determining Locator reachability by examining the
            Loc-Reach-Bits from the LISP Data Message, an ETR will receive
            up to
            date status from the ITR closest to the Locators at the source
            site. The ITRs at the source site can determine reachability when
            running their IGP at the site. When the ITRs are deployed on CE
            routers, typically a default route is injected into the site's IGP
            from each of the ITRs. If an ITR goes down, the CE-PE link goes
            down, or the PE router goes down, the CE router withdraws the
            default
            route. This allows the other ITRs at the site to determine one
            of the Locators has gone unreachable.
</p>
<p>The Locators listed in a Map-Reply are numbered with ordinals
            0 to n-1. The Loc-Reach-Bits in a LISP Data Message are numbered
            from 0 to n-1 starting with the least signfiicant bit numbered as
            0. So, for example, if the ITR with locator listed as the 3rd
            Locator position in the Map-Reply goes down, all other ITRs at
            the site will have the 3rd bit from the right cleared (the bit
            that corresponds to ordinal 2).
</p>
<p>When an ETR decapsulates a packet, it will look for a change
            in the Loc-Reach-Bits value. When a bit goes from 1 to 0, the
            ETR will refrain from encapsulating packets to the Locator that
            has just gone unreachable. It can start using the Locator again
            when the bit that corresponds to the Locator goes from 0 to 1.
</p>
<p>When ITRs at the site are not deployed in CE routers, the IGP
            can still be used to determine the reachability of Locators
            provided they are injected a stub links into the IGP. This is
            typically done when a /32 address is configured on a loopback
            interface.
</p>
<p>When ITRs receive ICMP Network or Host Unreachable messages as
            a method to determine unreachability, they will refrain from
            using Locators which are described in Locator lists of Map-Replies.
            However, using this approach is unreliable because many network
            operators turn off generation of ICMP Unreachable messages.
</p>
<p>Optionally, an ITR can send a Map-Request to a Locator and if
            a Map-Reply is returned, reachability of the Locator has been
            achieved. Obviously, sending such probes increases the number of
            control messages originated by tunnel routers for active flows, so
            Locators are assumed to be reachable when they are advertised.
</p>
<p>This assumption does create a dependency: Locator unreachability
            is detected by the receipt of ICMP Host Unreachable messages.
            When an Locator has been determined unreachable, it is not used for
            active traffic; this is the same as if it were listed in a
            Map-Reply with priority 255.
</p>
<p>The ITR can later test the reachability of
            the unreachable Locator by sending periodic Requests. Both Requests
            and Replies MUST be rate-limited. Locator reachability testing
            is never done with data packets since that increases the risk
            of packet loss for end-to-end sessions.
</p>
<a name="PUNT"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.7"></a><h3>7.&nbsp;
Router Performance Considerations</h3>

<p>LISP is designed to be very hardware-based forwarding friendly.
            By doing tunnel header prepending <a class='info' href='#RFC1955'>[RFC1955]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Hinden, R., &ldquo;New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG,&rdquo; June&nbsp;1996.</span><span>)</span></a> and
            stripping instead of re-writing addresses, existing hardware could
            support the forwarding model with little or no
            modification. Where modifications are required, they should be
            limited to re-programming existing hardware rather than requiring
            expensive design changes to hard-coded algorithms in silicon.
</p>
<p>A few implementation techniques can be used to incrementally
            implement LISP:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>When a tunnel encapsulated packet is received by an
                ETR, the outer destination address may not
                be the address of the router. This makes it challenging for
                the control-plane to get packets from the hardware. This
                may be mitigated by creating special FIB entries for the
                EID-prefixes of EIDs served by the ETR
                (those for which the router provides an RLOC translation).
                These FIB entries are marked with a flag indicating that
                control-plane processing should be performed. The
                forwarding logic of testing for particular IP protocol
                number value is not necessary. No changes to existing,
                deployed hardware should be needed to support this.
</li>
<li>On an ITR, prepending a new IP header
                is as simple
                as adding more bytes to a MAC rewrite string and prepending
                the string as part of the outgoing encapsulation procedure.
                Many routers that support GRE tunneling
                <a class='info' href='#RFC3056'>[RFC3056]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, &ldquo;Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds,&rdquo; February&nbsp;2001.</span><span>)</span></a> or 6to4 tunneling
                <a class='info' href='#RFC2784'>[RFC2784]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P. Traina, &ldquo;Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE),&rdquo; March&nbsp;2000.</span><span>)</span></a> can already support this action.
</li>
<li>When a received packet's outer destination address
                contains an EID which is not intended to be forwarded on the
                routable topology (i.e. LISP 1.5), the source address of a
                data packet or the router interface with which the source
                is associated (the interface from which it was received)
                can be associated with a VRF (Virtual Routing/Forwarding), in
                which a different (i.e. non-congruent) topology can be used
                to find EID-to-RLOC mappings.
</li>
</ul>

<a name="DEPLOYMENT"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.8"></a><h3>8.&nbsp;
Deployment Scenarios</h3>

<p>This section will explore how and where ingress and
            ETRs
            can be deployed and will discuss the pros and cons of each
            deployment scenario. There are two basic deployment tradeoffs
            to consider: centralized versus distributed caches and flat,
            recursive, or re-encapsulating tunneling.
</p>
<p>When deciding on centralized versus distributed caching,
            the following issues should be considered:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>Are the tunnel routers spread out so that the caches are
                spread across all the memories of each router?
</li>
<li>Should management "touch points" be minimized by choosing
                few tunnel routers, just enough for redundancy?
</li>
<li>In general, using more ITRs doesn't
                increase management load, since caches are built and stored
                dynamically. On the other hand, more ETRs
                does require more management since EID-prefix-to-RLOC
                mappings need to be explicitly configured.
</li>
</ul>

<p>When deciding on flat, recursive, or re-encapsulation
            tunneling, the following issues should be considered:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>Flat tunneling implements a single tunnel between
                source site and destination site. This generally offers
                better paths between sources and destinations with a
                single tunnel path.
</li>
<li>Recursive tunneling is when tunneled traffic is again
                further encapsulated in another tunnel, either to
                implement VPNs or to perform Traffic Engineering. When doing
                VPN-based tunneling, the site has some control since the site
                is prepending a new tunnel header. In the case of TE-based
                tunneling, the site may have control if it is prepending a
                new tunnel header, but if the site's ISP is doing the TE,
                then the site has no control. Recursive tunneling generally
                will result in suboptimal paths but at the benefit of steering
                traffic to resource available parts of the network.
</li>
<li>The technique of re-encapsulation ensures that packets
                only require one tunnel header. So if a
                packet needs to be rerouted, it is first decapsulated
                by the ETR and then re-encapsulated with a
                new tunnel header using a new RLOC.
</li>
</ul>

<p>The next sub-sections will describe where tunnel routers can
            reside in the network.
</p>
<a name="anchor13"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.8.1"></a><h3>8.1.&nbsp;
First-hop/Last-hop Tunnel Routers</h3>

<p>By locating tunnel routers close to hosts, the EID-prefix
                set is at the granularity of an IP subnet. So at the expense
                of more EID-prefix-to-RLOC sets for the site, the caches
                in each tunnel router can remain relatively small. But caches
                always depend on the number of non-aggregated EID destination
                flows active through these tunnel routers.
</p>
<p>With more tunnel routers doing encapsulation, the increase
                in control traffic grows as well: since the EID-granularity
                is greater, more Map-Requests and replies are traveling between
                more routers.
</p>
<p>The advantage of placing the caches and databases at these
                stub routers is that the products deployed in this part of
                the network have better price-memory ratios then their core
                router counterparts. Memory is typically less expensive
                in these devices and fewer routes are stored (only IGP
                routes). These devices tend to have excess capacity, both
                for forwarding and routing state.
</p>
<p>LISP functionality can also be deployed in edge
                switches. These devices generally have layer-2 ports facing
                hosts and layer-3 ports facing the Internet. Spare capacity is
                also often available in these devices as well.
</p>
<a name="anchor14"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.8.2"></a><h3>8.2.&nbsp;
Border/Edge Tunnel Routers</h3>

<p>Using customer-edge (CE) routers for tunnel endpoints
                allows the EID space associated with a site to be
                reachable via a small set of RLOCs assigned to the CE
                routers for that site.
</p>
<p>This offers the opposite benefit of the first-hop/last-hop
                tunnel router scenario: the number of mapping entries
                and network management touch points are reduced, allowing
                better scaling.
</p>
<p>One disadvantage is that less of the network's resources
                are used to reach host endpoints thereby centralizing the
                point-of-failure domain and creating network choke points
                at the CE router.
</p>
<p>Note that more than one CE router at a site can be
                configured with the same IP address. In this case an RLOC is
                an anycast address. This allows resilency between the CE
                routers. That is, if a CE router fails, traffic is
                automatically routed to the other routers using the same
                anycast address. However, this comes with the disadvantage
                where the site cannot control the entrance point when the
                anycast route is advertised out from all border routers.
</p>
<a name="anchor15"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.8.3"></a><h3>8.3.&nbsp;
ISP Provider-Edge (PE) Tunnel Routers</h3>

<p>Use of ISP PE routers as tunnel endpoint routers gives
                an ISP control over the location of the egress tunnel
                endpoints. That is, the ISP can decide if the tunnel
                endpoints are in the destination site (in either
                CE routers or last-hop routers within a site) or at
                other PE edges. The advantage of this case is that two or
                more tunnel headers can be avoided. By having the PE be the
                first router on the path to encapsulate, it can choose a
                TE path first, and the ETR can
                decapsulate and re-encapsulate for a tunnel to the destination
                end site.
</p>
<p>An obvious disadvantage is that the end site
                has no control over where its packets flow or the RLOCs
                used.
</p>
<p>As mentioned in earlier sections a combination of these
                scenarios is possible at the expense of extra packet header
                overhead, if both site and provider want control, then
                recursive or re-encapsulating tunnels are used.

</p>
<a name="anchor16"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.9"></a><h3>9.&nbsp;
Multicast Considerations</h3>

<p>A multicast group address, as defined in the original Internet
            architecture is an identifier of a grouping of topologically
            independent receiver host locations. The address encoding itself
            does not determine the location of the receiver(s). The multicast
            routing protocol, and the network-based state the protocol creates,
            determines where the receivers are located.
</p>
<p>In the context of LISP, a multicast group address is both an EID
            and a Routing Locator. Therefore, no specific semantic or action
            needs to
            be taken for a destination address, as it would appear in an IP
            header. Therefore, a group address that appears in an inner IP
            header built by a source host will be used
            as the destination EID. And the outer IP header (the destination
            Routing Locator address), prepended by a LISP router, will use
            the same
            group address as the destination Routing Locator.
</p>
<p>Having said that, only the source EID and source Routing
            Locator needs to
            be dealt with. Therefore, an ITR merely needs
            to put its own IP address in the source Routing Locator field when
            prepending the outer IP header. This source Routing Locator
            address, like
            any other Routing Locator address MUST be globally routable.
</p>
<p>Therefore, an EID-to-RLOC mapping does not need to be
            performed by an ITR when a received data packet is a multicast
            data packet or when processing a source-specific Join (either by
            IGMPv3 or PIM). But the source Routing Locator is decided
            by the multicast routing protocol in a receiver site. That is,
            an EID to Routing Locator translation is done at control-time.
</p>
<p>Another approach is to have the ITR not encapsulate a multicast
            packet and allow the the host built packet to flow into the core
            even if the source address is allocated out of the EID namespace.
            If the RPF-Vector TLV <a class='info' href='#RPFV'>[RPFV]<span> (</span><span class='info'>Wijnands, IJ., Boers, A., and E. Rosen, &ldquo;The RPF Vector TLV,&rdquo; October&nbsp;2006.</span><span>)</span></a> is used by PIM in
            the core, then core routers can RPF to the ITR (the Locator
            address which is injected into core routing) rather than the host
            source address (the EID address which is not injected into core
            routing).
</p>
<a name="anchor17"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.10"></a><h3>10.&nbsp;
Security Considerations</h3>

<p>We believe that most of the security mechanisms will be part
            of the mapping database service when using control-plane
            procedures for obtaining EID-to-RLOC mappings. For data-plane
            triggered mappings, as described in this specification,
            protection is provided against ETR spoofing by using Return-
            Routeability mechanisms evidenced by the use of a 6-byte
            Nonce field in the LISP encapsulation header. The nonce, coupled
            with the ITR accepting only solicited Map-Replies goes a long
            way towards providing decent authentication.
</p>
<p>LISP does not rely on a PKI infrastructure or a more heavy
            weight authentication system.  These systems challenge the
            scalability of LISP which was a primary design goal.
</p>
<p>DoS attack prevention will depend on implementations rate-
            limiting of Map-Requests and Map-Replies to the control-plane
            as well as rate-limiting the number of data triggered
            Map-Replies.
</p>
<a name="anchor18"></a><br /><hr />
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<a name="rfc.section.11"></a><h3>11.&nbsp;
Prototype Plans and Status</h3>

<p>The operator community has requested that the IETF take a
            practical approach to solving the scaling problems associated
            with global routing state growth. This document offers a simple
            solution which is intended for use in a pilot program to gain
            experience in working on this problem.
</p>
<p>The authors hope that publishing this specification will allow
            the rapid implementation of multiple vendor prototypes and
            deployment on a small scale.  Doing this will help the
            community:
</p>
<p></p>
<ul class="text">
<li>Decide whether a new EID-to-RLOC mapping database
                infrastructure is needed or if a simple, UDP-based,
                data-triggered approach is flexible and robust enough.
</li>
<li>Experiment with provider-independent assignment of EIDs
                while at the same time decreasing the size of DFZ routing
                tables through the use of topologically-aligned,
                provider-based RLOCs.
</li>
<li>Determine whether multiple levels of tunneling can be used
                by ISPs to achieve their Traffic Engineering goals while
                simultaneously removing the more specific routes currently
                injected into the global routing system for this purpose.
</li>
<li>Experiment with mobility to determine if both acceptable
                convergence and session survivability properties can be
                scalably implemented to support both individual device
                roaming and site service provider changes.
</li>
</ul>

<p>Here are a rough set of milestones:
</p>
<p></p>
<ol class="text">
<li>Stabilize this draft by Summer 2007 Chicago IETF.
</li>
<li>Start implementations to report on by Summer 2007 Chicago
                IETF.
</li>
<li>Start pilot deployment between summer and fall IETFs.
                Report on deployment at Fall 2007 Vancouver IETF.
</li>
<li> Achieve multi-vendor interoperability by Fall 2007
                Vancouver IETF.
</li>
<li> Consider prototyping other database lookup schemes, be it
                DNS, DHTs, CONS, NERD, or other mechanisms by Fall 2007
                IETF.
</li>
</ol>

<p>As of this writing the following accomplishments have been
            achieved:
</p>
<p></p>
<ol class="text">
<li>A unit tested software switching implementation has been
                completed for both IPv4 and IPv6 encapsulations for LISP 1
                and LISP 1.5 functionality.
</li>
<li>Dave Meyer, Vince Fuller, and Darrel Lewis are testing the
                implementation this summer.
</li>
<li>An implementation of LISP-CONS is under way.

</li>
</ol>

<p>Please contact authors if interested in doing an implementation
            and want to interoperability test with our implementation.
</p>
<a name="rfc.references"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.12"></a><h3>12.&nbsp;
References</h3>

<a name="rfc.references1"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<h3>12.1.&nbsp;Normative References</h3>
<table width="99%" border="0">
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC0768">[RFC0768]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Postel, J., &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc768.txt">User Datagram Protocol</a>,&rdquo; STD&nbsp;6, RFC&nbsp;768, August&nbsp;1980.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC1498">[RFC1498]</a></td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:Saltzer@MIT.EDU">Saltzer, J.</a>, &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1498.txt">On the Naming and Binding of Network Destinations</a>,&rdquo; RFC&nbsp;1498, August&nbsp;1993.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC1955">[RFC1955]</a></td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:hinden@ipsilon.com">Hinden, R.</a>, &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1955.txt">New Scheme for Internet Routing and Addressing (ENCAPS) for IPNG</a>,&rdquo; RFC&nbsp;1955, June&nbsp;1996.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC2119">[RFC2119]</a></td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:sob@harvard.edu">Bradner, S.</a>, &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2119.txt">Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</a>,&rdquo; BCP&nbsp;14, RFC&nbsp;2119, March&nbsp;1997 (<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2119.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="http://xml.resource.org/public/rfc/html/rfc2119.html">HTML</a>, <a href="http://xml.resource.org/public/rfc/xml/rfc2119.xml">XML</a>).</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC2434">[RFC2434]</a></td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:narten@raleigh.ibm.com">Narten, T.</a> and <a href="mailto:Harald@Alvestrand.no">H. Alvestrand</a>, &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2434.txt">Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs</a>,&rdquo; BCP&nbsp;26, RFC&nbsp;2434, October&nbsp;1998 (<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2434.txt">TXT</a>, <a href="http://xml.resource.org/public/rfc/html/rfc2434.html">HTML</a>, <a href="http://xml.resource.org/public/rfc/xml/rfc2434.xml">XML</a>).</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC2784">[RFC2784]</a></td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:dino@procket.com">Farinacci, D.</a>, <a href="mailto:tony1@home.net">Li, T.</a>, <a href="mailto:stan_hanks@enron.net">Hanks, S.</a>, <a href="mailto:dmm@cisco.com">Meyer, D.</a>, and <a href="mailto:pst@juniper.net">P. Traina</a>, &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2784.txt">Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)</a>,&rdquo; RFC&nbsp;2784, March&nbsp;2000.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC3056">[RFC3056]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc3056.txt">Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds</a>,&rdquo; RFC&nbsp;3056, February&nbsp;2001.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RFC4423">[RFC4423]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Moskowitz, R. and P. Nikander, &ldquo;<a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc4423.txt">Host Identity Protocol (HIP) Architecture</a>,&rdquo; RFC&nbsp;4423, May&nbsp;2006.</td></tr>
</table>

<a name="rfc.references2"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<h3>12.2.&nbsp;Informative References</h3>
<table width="99%" border="0">
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="APT">[APT]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Jen, D., Meisel, M., Massey, D., Wang, L., Zhang, B., and L. Zhang, &ldquo;<a href="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-jen-apt-00.txt.txt">APT: A Practical Transit Mapping Service</a>,&rdquo; draft-jen-apt-00.txt (work in progress), July&nbsp;2007.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="CHIAPPA">[CHIAPPA]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Chiappa, J., &ldquo;Endpoints and Endpoint names: A Proposed
                    Enhancement to the Internet Architecture,&rdquo; Internet-Draft&nbsp;http://www.chiappa.net/~jnc/tech/endpoints.txt, 1999.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="CONS">[CONS]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Farinacci, D., Fuller, V., and D. Meyer, &ldquo;<a href="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-meyer-lisp-cons-00.txt.txt">LISP-CONS: A Content distribution Overlay Network
                    Service for LISP</a>,&rdquo; draft-meyer-lisp-cons-00.txt (work in progress), June&nbsp;2007.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="DHTs">[DHTs]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Ratnasamy, S., Shenker, S., and I. Stoica, &ldquo;Routing Algorithms for DHTs: Some Open Questions,&rdquo; PDF file&nbsp;http://www.cs.rice.edu/Conferences/IPTPS02/174.pdf.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="GSE">[GSE]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">&ldquo;<a href="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ipngwg-gseaddr-00.txt.txt">GSE - An Alternate Addressing Architecture for
                    IPv6</a>,&rdquo; draft-ietf-ipngwg-gseaddr-00.txt (work in progress), 1997.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="LISP1">[LISP1]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Farinacci, D., Oran, D., Fuller, V., and J. Schiller, &ldquo;Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP1) [Routable
                    ID Version],&rdquo; Slide-set&nbsp;http://www.dinof.net/~dino/ietf/lisp1.ppt, October&nbsp;2006.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="LISP2">[LISP2]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Farinacci, D., Oran, D., Fuller, V., and J. Schiller, &ldquo;Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP2) [DNS-based
                    Version],&rdquo; Slide-set&nbsp;http://www.dinof.net/~dino/ietf/lisp2.ppt, November&nbsp;2006.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="NERD">[NERD]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Lear, E., &ldquo;<a href="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-lear-lisp-nerd-01.txt.txt">NERD: A Not-so-novel EID to RLOC Database</a>,&rdquo; draft-lear-lisp-nerd-01.txt (work in progress), June&nbsp;2007.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RAWS">[RAWS]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Meyer, D., Zhang, L., and K. Fall, &ldquo;<a href="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-iab-raws-report-02.txt.txt">Report from the IAB Workshop on Routing and
                    Addressing</a>,&rdquo; draft-iab-raws-report-02.txt (work in progress), April&nbsp;2007.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="RPFV">[RPFV]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Wijnands, IJ., Boers, A., and E. Rosen, &ldquo;<a href="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-pim-rpf-vector-03.txt.txt">The RPF Vector TLV</a>,&rdquo; draft-ietf-pim-rpf-vector-03.txt (work in progress), October&nbsp;2006.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text" valign="top"><a name="SHIM6">[SHIM6]</a></td>
<td class="author-text">Nordmark, E. and M. Bagnulo, &ldquo;<a href="http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-shim6-proto-06.txt.txt">Level 3 multihoming shim protocol</a>,&rdquo; draft-ietf-shim6-proto-06.txt (work in progress), October&nbsp;2006.</td></tr>
</table>

<a name="anchor21"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<a name="rfc.section.A"></a><h3>Appendix A.&nbsp;
Acknowledgments</h3>

<p>The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge many people who
            have contributed discussion and ideas to the making of this
            proposal. They include Jason Schiller, Lixia Zhang, Dorian Kim,
            Peter Schoenmaker, Darrel Lewis, Vijay Gill, Geoff
            Huston, David Conrad, Ron Bonica, Ted Seely, Mark Townsley,
            Chris Morrow, Brian Weis, Dave McGrew, Peter Lothberg, Dave
            Thaler, Scott Brim, Eliot Lear, Shane Amante, Ved Kafle, and
            Olivier Bonaventure.
</p>
<p>In particular, we would like to thank Dave Meyer for his
            clever suggestion for the name "LISP". ;-)
</p>
<a name="rfc.authors"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<h3>Authors' Addresses</h3>
<table width="99%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">Dino Farinacci</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">cisco Systems</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">Tasman Drive</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">San Jose, CA  95134</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">USA</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author" align="right">Email:&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:dino@cisco.com">dino@cisco.com</a></td></tr>
<tr cellpadding="3"><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">Vince Fuller</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">cisco Systems</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">Tasman Drive</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">San Jose, CA  95134</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">USA</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author" align="right">Email:&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:vaf@cisco.com">vaf@cisco.com</a></td></tr>
<tr cellpadding="3"><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">Dave Oran</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">cisco Systems</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">7 Ladyslipper Lane</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">Acton, MA</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">USA</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author" align="right">Email:&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:oran@cisco.com">oran@cisco.com</a></td></tr>
<tr cellpadding="3"><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">Dave Meyer</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">cisco Systems</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">170 Tasman Drive</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">San Jose, CA</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author-text">&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text">USA</td></tr>
<tr><td class="author" align="right">Email:&nbsp;</td>
<td class="author-text"><a href="mailto:dmm@cisco.com">dmm@cisco.com</a></td></tr>
</table>
<a name="rfc.copyright"></a><br /><hr />
<table summary="layout" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" class="TOCbug" align="right"><tr><td class="TOCbug"><a href="#toc">&nbsp;TOC&nbsp;</a></td></tr></table>
<h3>Full Copyright Statement</h3>
<p class='copyright'>
Copyright &copy; The IETF Trust (2007).</p>
<p class='copyright'>
This document is subject to the rights,
licenses and restrictions contained in BCP&nbsp;78,
and except as set forth therein,
the authors retain all their rights.</p>
<p class='copyright'>
This document and the information contained herein are provided
on an &ldquo;AS IS&rdquo; basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR,
THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST
AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT
THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.</p>
<h3>Intellectual Property</h3>
<p class='copyright'>
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
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Information on the procedures with respect to
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<p class='copyright'>
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
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Please address the information to the IETF at <a href='mailto:ietf-ipr@ietf.org'>ietf-ipr@ietf.org</a>.</p>
<h3>Acknowledgment</h3>
<p class='copyright'>
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by
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