Thing-to-Thing Research Group                                  K. Hartke
Internet-Draft                                                  Ericsson
Intended status: Experimental                           November 4, 2019
Expires: May 7, 2020


   Publish/Subscribe over the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)
       using the Constrained RESTful Application Language (CoRAL)
                   draft-hartke-t2trg-coral-pubsub-00

Abstract

   This document explores how the Constrained RESTful Application
   Language (CoRAL) might be used for enabling publish/subscribe-style
   communication over the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which
   allows CoAP nodes with long breaks in connectivity and/or up-time to
   exchange data via a publish/subscribe broker.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 7, 2020.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of




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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Preamble  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.1.  Brokers and Topics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     2.2.  Publish and Subscribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.3.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.  Topics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Topic Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.1.  Configuration Properties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.1.2.  Status Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.1.3.  Topic Configuration Representation  . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.2.  Topic Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.2.1.  Topic List Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       3.2.2.  Filter Query Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.3.  Interactions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.3.1.  Getting All Topics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.3.2.  Getting Topics by Properties  . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       3.3.3.  Creating a Topic  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       3.3.4.  Reading the Configuration of a Topic  . . . . . . . .   8
       3.3.5.  Updating the Configuration of a Topic . . . . . . . .   9
       3.3.6.  Deleting a Topic  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  Publish/Subscribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.1.  Topic Lifecycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.2.  Rate Limiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     4.3.  Interactions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.3.1.  Publishing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       4.3.2.  Subscribing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       4.3.3.  Unsubscribing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15

1.  Preamble

   This document explores how CoAP Publish/Subscribe Broker
   [I-D.ietf-core-coap-pubsub] might look like if based on CoRAL
   [I-D.ietf-core-coral].  The exploration is done in the style of a
   self-contained specification rather than a description of changes.





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2.  Introduction

   Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) realize the Representational
   State Transfer (REST) architectural style [REST] in a suitable form
   for constrained nodes (e.g., 8-bit microcontrollers with limited RAM
   and ROM) and constrained networks [RFC7228].  CoRE technologies like
   the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [RFC7252] are aimed at
   machine-to-machine (M2M) applications like smart energy and building
   automation.

   An important class of constrained nodes are devices that are intended
   to run for years on a small battery or by scavenging energy from
   their environment.  These nodes have limited reachability, since they
   spend most of their time in a sleeping state with no network
   connectivity.  Another important class of nodes are devices with
   limited reachability due to middle-boxes like Network Address
   Translators (NATs) and firewalls.

   For these nodes, the client/server-oriented architecture of REST can
   be challenging when interactions are not initiated by the devices
   themselves.  A publish/subscribe-oriented architecture where nodes
   are separated by a broker and data is exchanged via topics might fit
   these nodes better.

   This document applies the idea of a "Publish/Subscribe Broker" to
   Constrained RESTful Environments.  The broker enables store-and-
   forward data exchange between nodes, thereby facilitating the
   communication of nodes with limited reachability, providing simple
   many-to-many communication, and easing integration with other
   publish/subscribe systems.

2.1.  Brokers and Topics

   In this specification, publishing and subscribing is facilitated by a
   CoAP server, called the "publish/subscribe broker" (see Figure 1).
   Publishers and subscribers are CoAP clients that interact with this
   broker using a RESTful API.














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          CoAP                     CoAP                      CoAP
         Clients                  Server                   Clients
       ___________              __________    observe   ____________
      |           |  publish   |          | .--------- |            |
      | Publisher | ---------> |          | |--------> | Subscriber |
      |___________|            |          | '--------> |____________|
            .                  |          |                   .
            .                  |  Broker  |                   .
       ___________             |          |   observe   ____________
      |           |  publish   |          | .--------- |            |
      | Publisher | ---------> |          | |--------> | Subscriber |
      |___________|            |__________| '--------> |____________|

                   Figure 1: Publish/Subscribe over CoAP

   Data is forwarded from publishers to subscribers via "topics" at the
   broker.  This way, both publishers and subscribers do not need to
   have any knowledge each other; they just have to share the topic
   they're publishing and subscribing to.

   Topics have to be created and configured before any data can be
   published.  These are managed by the broker.  Clients may propose new
   topics to be created; however, it is up to the broker to choose if
   and how a topic is created.  The broker also decides the URI of each
   topic.

   The creation, configuration, and discovery of topics at a broker is
   specified in Section 3.

2.2.  Publish and Subscribe

   A simple publish/subscribe mechanism can be implemented over CoAP by
   having publishers submit their data in PUT requests to a broker-
   managed resource and letting subscribers observing this resource
   [RFC7641].

   However, the case may not always be simple: As described in RFC 7641,
   notifications are sent on a best-effort basis: Subscribers should be
   notified of as many state changes as possible; however, when a
   publisher publishes faster than subscribers can be notified,
   subscribers might not see every publication.  If this is not desired,
   an alternative mechanism needs to be be used.  Such alternatives are
   supported, but their specification is out of this document's scope.

   The simple publish/subscribe mechanism is specified in Section 4.






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2.3.  Notational Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Topics

   The configuration side of a "publish/subscribe broker" consists of a
   collection of topics.  These topics as well as the collection itself
   are exposed by a CoAP server as resources (see Figure 2).

                         ___
                 Topic  /   \
            Collection  \___/
                            \
                             \____________________
                              \___    \___        \___
                              /   \   /   \  ...  /   \  Topics
                              \___/   \___/       \___/

             Figure 2: Resources of a Publish-Subscribe Broker

3.1.  Topic Configuration

   Each topic has a topic configuration.  A CoAP client can create a new
   topic by submitting an initial configuration for the topic.  It can
   also read and update the configuration of existing topics and delete
   them when they are no longer needed.

   The configuration of a topic itself consists of a set of properties.
   These fall into one of two categories: configuration properties and
   status properties.  Configuration properties can be set by a client
   and describe the desired configuration of a topic.  Status properties
   are read-only, managed by the server, and provide information about
   the actual status of a topic.

   When a client submits a configuration to create a new topic or update
   an existing topic, it can only submit configuration properties.  When
   a server returns the configuration of a topic, it returns both the
   configuration properties and the status properties of the topic.

   Every property has a type and a value.  The type takes the form of an
   IRI [RFC3987].  This IRI serves only as an identifier; it must not be
   dereferenced by clients.  The value can be either a Boolean value, an




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   integer, a floating-point number, a date/time value, a byte string, a
   text string, or a resource reference in the form of a URI [RFC3986].

3.1.1.  Configuration Properties

   The following configuration properties are defined:

   TODO.

3.1.2.  Status Properties

   The following status properties are defined:

   TODO.

3.1.3.  Topic Configuration Representation

   A topic configuration is represented as a CoRAL document
   [I-D.ietf-core-coral] containing the configuration properties and
   status properties of the topic as top-level elements.

   Each property is represented as a link where the link relation type
   is the property type and the link target is the property value.

3.2.  Topic Discovery

   Topics can be discovered by a client on the basis of configuration
   properties and status properties.  For example, a client could fetch
   a list of all topics that have a property of type "foo" or that have
   a property of type "bar" with the value 42.  Alternatively, topics
   can also be discovered simply by getting the full list of all topics.

3.2.1.  Topic List Representation

   A list of topics is represented as a CoRAL document
   [I-D.ietf-core-coral] containing the topics in the list as top-level
   elements.

   Each topic is represented as a link where the link relation type is
   <http://coreapps.org/pubsub#item> and the link target is the topic
   URI.  This link can optionally contain (a subset of) the
   configuration properties and status properties of the topic as nested
   elements.

   Each property is represented in the same way as in Section 3.1.3.






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3.2.2.  Filter Query Representation

   TODO.

3.3.  Interactions

3.3.1.  Getting All Topics

   A client can list a collection of topics by making a GET request to
   the collection URI.

   On success, the server returns a 2.05 (Content) response with a
   representation of the list of all topics (see Section 3.2.1) in the
   collection.

   Example:

   => 0.01 GET
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: topics

   <= 2.05 Content
      Content-Format: 65536

      item </pubsub/topics/1>
      item </pubsub/topics/2>
      item </pubsub/topics/3>

3.3.2.  Getting Topics by Properties

   A client can filter a collection of topics by submitting the
   representation of a topic filter (see Section 3.2.2) in a FETCH
   request to the topic collection URI.

   On success, the server returns a 2.05 (Content) response with a
   representation of a list of topics in the collection (see
   Section 3.2.1) that match the filter.

   Example:

   => 0.05 FETCH
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: topics
      Content-Format: TODO

      TODO

   <= 2.05 Content



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      Content-Format: 65536

      item </pubsub/topics/1>
      item </pubsub/topics/2>
      item </pubsub/topics/3>

3.3.3.  Creating a Topic

   A client can add a new topic to a collection of topics by submitting
   a representation of the initial topic configuration (see
   Section 3.1.3) in a POST request to the topic collection URI.

   If client just wants all the default configuration properties, it can
   simply submit an empty CoRAL document.

   On success, the server returns a 2.01 (Created) response indicating
   the topic URI of the new topic.

   Example:

   => 0.02 POST
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: topics
      Content-Format: 65536

      foo "xyz"
      bar 42

   <= 2.01 Created
      Location-Path: pubsub
      Location-Path: topics
      Location-Path: 1234

3.3.4.  Reading the Configuration of a Topic

   A client can read the configuration of a topic by making a GET
   request to the topic URI.

   On success, the server returns a 2.05 (Content) response with a
   representation of the topic configuration (see Section 3.1.3).

   Example:

   => 0.01 GET
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: topics
      Uri-Path: 1234




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   <= 2.05 Content
      Content-Format: 65536
      Max-Age: 300

      foo "xyz"
      bar 42

3.3.5.  Updating the Configuration of a Topic

   A client can update the configuration of a topic by submitting the
   representation of the updated topic configuration (see Section 3.1.3)
   in a PUT request to the topic URI.  Any existing properties in the
   configuration are replaced by this update.

   On success, the server returns a 2.04 (Updated) response.

   Example:

   => 0.03 PUT
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: topics
      Uri-Path: 1234
      Content-Format: 65536

      foo "abc"

   <= 2.04 Updated

3.3.6.  Deleting a Topic

   A client can delete a topic by making a DELETE request on the topic
   URI.

   On success, the server returns a 2.02 (Deleted) response.

   Any subscribers to the topic are automatically unsubscribed.

   Example:

   => 0.04 DELETE
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: topics
      Uri-Path: 1234

   <= 2.02 Deleted






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4.  Publish/Subscribe

   Unless a topic is configured to use a different mechanism, publish/
   subscribe is performed as follows: A publisher publishes to a topic
   by submitting the data in a PUT request to a broker-managed "topic
   data resource".  This causes a change to the state of that resources.
   Any subscriber observing the resource [RFC7641] at that time receives
   a notification about the change to the resource state.

                       ___
               Topic  /   \
          Collection  \___/
                          \
                           \___________________________
                            \          \               \
                             \ ......   \ ......        \ ......
                            : \___  :  : \___  :       : \___  :
                     Topic  : /   \ :  : /   \ :       : /   \ :
             Configuration  : \___/ :  : \___/ :       : \___/ :
                            :  _|_  :  :  _|_  :  ...  :  _|_  :
                     Topic  : /   \ :  : /   \ :       : /   \ :
                      Data  : \___/ :  : \___/ :       : \___/ :
                            :.......:  :.......:       :.......:

             Figure 3: Resources of a Publish-Subscribe Broker

   The topic data resource (which is different from the resource holding
   the topic configuration) does not exist until some initial data has
   been published to it.  Before initial data has been published, the
   topic data resource yields a 4.04 (Not Found) response.  If such a
   "half created" topic is undesired, the creator of the topic can
   simply immediately publish some initial placeholder data to make the
   topic "fully created".

   All URIs for configuration and data resources are broker-generated.
   There does not need to be any URI pattern dependence between the URI
   where the data exists and the URI of the topic configuration.  Topic
   configuration and data resources might even be hosted on different
   servers.

4.1.  Topic Lifecycle

   When a topic is newly created, it is first placed by the server into
   the HALF CREATED state (see Figure 4).  In this state, a client can
   read and update the configuration of the topic and delete the topic.
   A publisher can publish to the topic data resource.  However, a
   subscriber cannot yet observe the topic data resource.




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                     HALF                       FULLY
                   CREATED                     CREATED
                     ___                         ___     Publish/
      ----------->  |   |  ------------------>  |   |  ------------.
         Create     |___|        Publish        |___|  <-----------'
                          \                   /          Subscribe
                     | ^   \       ___       /   | ^
               Read/ | |    '-->  |   |  <--'    | | Read/
              Update | |  Delete  |___|  Delete  | | Update
                     '-'                         '-'
                                 DELETED

                      Figure 4: Lifecycle of a Topic

   After a publisher publishes to the topic for the first time, the
   topic is placed into the FULLY CREATED state.  In this state, a
   client can read and update the configuration of the topic and delete
   the topic; a publisher can publish to the topic data resource; and a
   subscriber can observe the topic data resource.

   When a client deletes a topic, the topic is placed into the DELETED
   state and shortly after removed from the server.  In this state, all
   subscribers are removed from the list of observers of the topic data
   resource and no further interactions with the topic are possible.

4.2.  Rate Limiting

   The server hosting a data resource may have to handle a potentially
   very large number of publishers and subscribers at the same time.
   This means the server can easily become overwhelmed if it receives
   too many publications in a short period of time.

   In this situation, if a client is sending publications too fast, the
   server can return a 4.29 (Too Many Requests) response [RFC8516].  The
   Max-Age option [RFC7252] in this response indicates the number of
   seconds after which the client may retry.

   When a client receives a 4.29 (Too Many Requests) response, it SHOULD
   NOT send any new publication requests to the same topic data resource
   before the time indicated by the Max-Age option has passed.

4.3.  Interactions

4.3.1.  Publishing

   A client can publish data to a topic by submitting it in a PUT
   request to the topic data URI.  The topic data URI is indicated by
   the status property of type <http://coreapps.org/pubsub#data> in the



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   topic configuration.  (Note: The topic data URI is not identical to
   the topic URI!)

   The data MUST be in the content format specified by the configuration
   property of type <http://coreapps.org/pubsub#accept> in the topic
   configuration.

   On success, the server returns a 2.04 (Updated) response.  However,
   when data is published to the topic for the first time, the server
   instead returns a 2.01 (Created) response.

   If the request does not have an acceptable content format, the server
   returns a 4.15 (Unsupported Content Format) response.

   If the client is sending publications too fast, the server returns a
   4.29 (Too Many Requests) response [RFC8516].

   Example:

   => 0.03 PUT
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: data
      Uri-Path: 6578616d706c65
      Content-Format: 112

      [...SenML data...]

   <= 2.04 Updated

4.3.2.  Subscribing

   A client can subscribe to newly published data by observing the topic
   data URI with a GET request that includes the Observe option
   [RFC7641].

   On success, the server returns 2.05 (Content) notifications with the
   data.

   Example:

   => 0.01 GET
      Uri-Path: pubsub
      Uri-Path: data
      Uri-Path: 6578616d706c65
      Observe: 0

   <= 2.05 Content
      Content-Format: 112



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      Observe: 10001
      Max-Age: 15

      [...SenML data...]

   <= 2.05 Content
      Content-Format: 112
      Observe: 10002
      Max-Age: 15

      [...SenML data...]

   <= 2.05 Content
      Content-Format: 112
      Observe: 10003
      Max-Age: 15

      [...SenML data...]

4.3.3.  Unsubscribing

   A client can unsubscribe simply by cancelling the observation as
   described in Section 3.6 of RFC 7641.

5.  Security Considerations

   TODO.

6.  IANA Considerations

   TODO.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-core-coral]
              Hartke, K., "The Constrained RESTful Application Language
              (CoRAL)", draft-ietf-core-coral-01 (work in progress),
              November 2019.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.






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   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

   [RFC3987]  Duerst, M. and M. Suignard, "Internationalized Resource
              Identifiers (IRIs)", RFC 3987, DOI 10.17487/RFC3987,
              January 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3987>.

   [RFC7252]  Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7252, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.

   [RFC7641]  Hartke, K., "Observing Resources in the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7641,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7641, September 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7641>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8516]  Keranen, A., ""Too Many Requests" Response Code for the
              Constrained Application Protocol", RFC 8516,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8516, January 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8516>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-core-coap-pubsub]
              Koster, M., Keranen, A., and J. Jimenez, "Publish-
              Subscribe Broker for the Constrained Application Protocol
              (CoAP)", draft-ietf-core-coap-pubsub-09 (work in
              progress), September 2019.

   [REST]     Fielding, R., "Architectural Styles and the Design of
              Network-based Software Architectures", Ph.D. Dissertation,
              University of California, Irvine, 2000,
              <http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/
              fielding_dissertation.pdf>.

   [RFC7228]  Bormann, C., Ersue, M., and A. Keranen, "Terminology for
              Constrained-Node Networks", RFC 7228,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7228, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7228>.





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Acknowledgements

   This document is based on a proposal for pub/sub broker improvements
   presented at IETF 105 in Montreal by Michael Koster, Ari Keranen, and
   Klaus Hartke.  It borrows text from [I-D.ietf-core-coap-pubsub] by
   Michael Koster, Ari Keranen, and Jaime Jimenez.

   Thanks to Christian Amsuess, Carsten Bormann, Rikard Hoeglund,
   Michael McCool, Francesca Palombini, Ivaylo Petrov, Jim Schaad, Peter
   van der Stok, and Marco Tiloca for helpful comments and discussions
   that have shaped the document.

Author's Address

   Klaus Hartke
   Ericsson
   Torshamnsgatan 23
   Stockholm  SE-16483
   Sweden

   Email: klaus.hartke@ericsson.com






























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