6TiSCH MR. Palattella, Ed.
Internet-Draft SnT/Univ. of Luxembourg
Intended status: Informational P. Thubert
Expires: May 5, 2016 cisco
T. Watteyne
Linear Technology / Dust Networks
Q. Wang
Univ. of Sci. and Tech. Beijing
November 2, 2015
Terminology in IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e
draft-ietf-6tisch-terminology-06
Abstract
6TiSCH proposes an architecture for an IPv6 multi-link subnet that is
composed of a high speed powered backbone and a number of
IEEE802.15.4e TSCH wireless networks attached and synchronized by
backbone routers. This document extends existing terminology
documents available for Low-power and Lossy Networks to provide
additional terminology elements.
Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
2119 [RFC2119].
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 5, 2016.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3. External Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. Introduction
The IEEE802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) has evolved with
IEEE802.15.4e which provides in particular the Time Slotted Channel
Hopping (TSCH) mode for industrial-type applications. It provides
deterministic capabilities to the point that a packet that pertains
to a certain flow crosses the network from node to node following a
very precise schedule, like a train leaves intermediate stations at
precise times along its path.
This document provides additional terminology elements to cover terms
that are new to the context of TSCH wireless networks and other
deterministic networks.
2. Terminology
The draft extends [I-D.ietf-roll-terminology] and use terms from RFC
6550 [RFC6550] and RFC 6552 [RFC6552], which are all included here by
reference.
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The draft does not reuse terms from IEEE802.15.4e such as "path" or
"link" which bear a meaning that is quite different from classical
IETF parlance.
This document adds the following terms:
6TiSCH: IPv6 over the Timeslotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of
IEEE802.15.4e. It defines (i)the 6top sublayer; (ii) a
set of protocols for setting up a TSCH schedule with a
centralized and/or distributed approach, for managing the
allocation of resources; and (iii) the architecture to
bind them together, for use in IPv6 TSCH based networks.
6F: IPv6 Forwarding. One of the three forwarding models
supported by 6TiSCH. Packets are routed at layer 3,
where Quality of Service (QoS) and Active Queue
Management (e.g., Random Early Detection, RED, [RFC2309])
operations are expected to prioritize flows with
differentiated services.
6top: The "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer" (6top) is the next
highest layer of the IEEE802.15.4e TSCH medium access
control layer. It implements and terminates the "6top
Protocol" (6P), and contains a "6top Scheduling Function"
(SF). It is defined in [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
6top Data Convey Model: Model describing how the 6top adaptation
layer feeds the data flow coming from upper layers into
TSCH. It is composed by an I-MUX module, a MUX module, a
set of priority queues, and a PDU (Payload Data Unit).
See [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
SF: The "6top Scheduling Function" (SF) is the policy inside
the "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer" (6top) which decides when
to add/remove cells. It is defined in
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
SFID: The "6top Scheduling Function Identifier" (SFID) is a
4-bit field identifying a SF. It is defined in
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
6P: The "6top Protocol" (6P) allows neighbor nodes to
communicate to add/delete cells to one another in their
TSCH schedule. It is defined in
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
6P Transaction: Part of the "6top Protocol" (6P), the action of two
neighbors exchanging a 6P request message and the
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corresponding 6P response message. It is defined in
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
ARO: [RFC6775] defines a number of new Neighbor Discovery
options including the Address Registration Option (ARO).
ASN: Absolute Slot Number, the total number of timeslots that
has elapsed since the PAN coordinator has started the
TSCH network. It is incremented by one at each timeslot.
It is wide enough to not roll over in practice. See
[IEEE802154e].
Blacklist of Frequencies: Simply defined Blacklist in [IEEE802154e],
it is the set of frequencies among the 16 available ones,
which should not be used for communication.
BBR: Backbone Router. In the 6TiSCH architecture, it is an
LBR and also a IPv6 ND-efficiency-aware Router (NEAR)
[I-D.chakrabarti-nordmark-6man-efficient-nd]. It
performs ND proxy operations between registered devices
and classical ND devices that are located over the
backbone.
Broadcast Cell: A scheduled cell used for broadcast transmission.
Bundle: A group of equivalent scheduled cells, i.e. cells
identified by different [slotOffset, channelOffset],
which are scheduled for a same purpose, with the same
neighbor, with the same flags, and the same slotframe.
The size of the bundle refers to the number of cells it
contains. Given the length of the slotframe, the size of
the bundle translates directly into bandwidth. A bundle
represents a half-duplex link between nodes, one
transmitter and one or more receivers, with a bandwidth
that amount to the sum of the cells in the bundle. A
bundle is globally identified by (source MAC, destination
MAC, TrackID). At Layer 3 a pair of bundles forms a
link. By usining a well-known constant, NULLT, as
TrackId for a L3 link, the IP link between adjacent nodes
A and B comprises 2 bundles: (macA, macB, NULLT) and
(macB, macA, NULLT). At L2 a pair of bundles forms a
switching state. Considered a segment A-B-C along a
track, there are two bundles in node B, one incoming =
(macA, macB, trackId) and one outgoing = (macB, macC,
trackId).
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Cell: A single element in the TSCH schedule, identified by a
slotOffset, a channelOffset, a slotframeHandle. A cell
can be scheduled or unscheduled.
Centralized Cell Reservation: A reservation of a cell done by a
centralized entity (e.g., a PCE) in the network.
Centralized Track Reservation: A reservation of a track done by a
centralized entity (e.g., a PCE) in the network.
ChannelOffset: Identifies a row in the TSCH schedule. The number of
available channelOffsets is equal to the number of
available frequencies. The channelOffset translates into
a frequency when the communication takes place, resulting
in channel hopping, as detailed in [RFC7554].
Channel Distribution/Usage (CDU) matrix: : Matrix of cells (i,j)
representing the spectrum (channel) distribution among
the different nodes in the 6TiSCH network. The CDU
matrix has width in timeslots, equal to the period of the
network scheduling operation, and height equal to the
number of available channels. Every cell (i,j) in the
CDU, identified by (slotOffset, channelOffset), belongs
to a specific chunk. It has to be noticed that such a
matrix which includes all the cells grouped in chunks,
belonging to different slotframes, is different from the
TSCH schedule.
Chunk: A well-known list of cells, distributed in time and
frequency, within a CDU matrix; a chunk represents a
portion of a CDU matrix. The partition of the CDU in
chunks is globally known by all the nodes in the network
to support the appropriation process, which is a
negotiation between nodes within an interference domain.
A node that manages to appropriate a chunk gets to decide
which transmissions will occur over the cells in the
chunk within its interference domain (i.e., a parent node
will decide when the cells within the appropriated chunk
are used and by which node, among its children.
Communication Paradigm: It is Associated with the Information Model
[RFC3444] of the state that is exchanged, and indicates:
the location of that state (e.g., centralized vs.
distributed, RESTful, etc.), the numbers of parties
(e.g., point to point, P2P, vs. point to multi-point,
P2MP) and the relationship between parties (e.g., master/
slave vs. peers) at a high level of protocol abstraction.
Layer 5 client/server REST is a typical communication
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paradigm, but industrial protocols also use publish/
subscribe which is P2MP and source/sink which is multi-
point to multi-point (MP2MP) and primarily used for
alarms and alerts at the application layer. At layer 3,
basic flooding, P2P synchronization and path-marking
(RSVP-like) are commonly used paradigms, whereas at layer
2, master/slave polling and peer-to-peer forwarding are
classical examples.
DAR/DAC: [RFC6775] defines the Duplicate Address Request (DAR) and
Duplicate Address Confirmation (DAC) options to turn the
multicast Duplicate Address Detection protocol into a
unicast-based multi-hop process between routers and the
backbone router.
Dedicated Cell: A cell that is reserved for a given node to transmit
to a specific neighbor.
Deterministic Network: A Deterministic Network supports traffic
flows with communication patterns that are known a
priori. Thus, routing paths and communication schedules
can be computed in advance, in a fashion similar to a
railway system, to avoid losses due to packet collisions,
and to perform global optimizations across multiple
flows. A deterministic network can allocates the
required resources (buffers, processors, medium access)
along the multi-hop routing path at the precise moment
the resources are needed.
Distributed Cell Reservation: A reservation of a cell done by one or
more in-network entities (typically a connection
endpoint).
Distributed Track Reservation: A reservation of a track done by one
or more in-network entities (typically a connection
endpoint).
EARO: [I-D.thubert-6lo-rfc6775-update-reqs] extends the ARO
option to include some additional fields necessary to
distinguish duplicate addresses from nodes that have
moved networks when there are mulitple LLNs linked over a
backbone.
EB: Enhanced Beacon frame used by a node to announce the
presence of the network. It contains useful information
(see [IEEE802154e] for details) that allow a new node to
synhronize and join the network.
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FF: 6LoWPAN Fragment Forwarding. It is one of the three
forwarding models supported by 6TiSCH. The 6LoWPAN
Fragment is used as a label for switching at the 6LoWPAN
sublayer, as defined in
[I-D.thubert-roll-forwarding-frags].
GMPLS: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, a 2.5 layer
service that is used to forward packets based on the
concept of generalized labels.
Hard Cell: A scheduled cell which the 6top sublayer cannot
reallocate. See [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
Hopping Sequence: Ordered sequence of frequencies, identified by a
Hopping_Sequence_ID, used for channel hopping, when
translating the channel offset value into a frequency
(i.e., PHY channel). See [IEEE802154e] and [RFC7554].
IE: Information Elements, a list of Type-Length-Value
containers placed at the end of the MAC header, used to
pass data between layers or devices. A small number of
types are defined by [IEEE802154e], but a range of types
is available for extensions, and thus, is exploitable by
6TiSCH. See [IEEE802154e].
I-MUX module: Inverse-Multiplexer, a classifier that receives
6LoWPAN frames and places them into priority queues. See
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
Interaction Model: It is a particular way of implementing a
communication paradigm. Defined at a lower level of
abstraction, it includes protocol-specific details such
as a particular method (e.g., a REST GET) and a Data
Model for the state to be exchanged.
Interference Domain: The Interference Domain of a given
(transmitter) node A includes all the nodes in its
neighbourhood that can generate interference at its
receiver B, when transmitting on the same channel (i.e.,
using the same frequency).
JCE: The Join Coordination Entity (JCE) is a central entity
like the Path Computation Element (PCE), that may assist
in several aspects of the join protocol, such as
authentication, authorization, and configuration.
JA: The Join Assistant (JA) is a one-hop neighbor of a
joining node that may facilitate it to become meaningful
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part of the network (e.g., by serving as a local
connectivity point to the remainder of the network).
Join Protocol: The protocol which secures initial communication
between a joining node and the JCE.
LBR: Low-power Lossy Network (LLN) Border Router. It is an
LLN device, usually powered, that acts as a Border Router
to the outside within the 6TiSCH architecture.
Link: A communication facility or medium over which nodes can
communicate at the link layer, i.e., the layer
immediately below IP. Thus, the IETF parlance for the
term "Link" is adopted, as opposed to the IEEE802.15.4e
terminology. In the context of the 6TiSCH architecture,
which applies to Low Power Lossy Networks (LLNs), an IPv6
subnet is usually not congruent to a single link and
techniques such as IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Proxying are
used to achieve reachability within the multilink subnet.
A link is distinct from a track. In fact, link local
addresses are not expected to be used over a track for
end to end communication. Finally, from the Layer 3
perspective (where the inner complexities of TSCH
operations are hidden to enable classical IP routing and
forwarding), a single radio interface may be seen as a
number of Links with different capabilities for unicast
or multicast services.
MAC: Medium Access Control.
MUX Module: Multiplexer, the entity that dequeues frames from
priority queues and associates them to a cell for
transmission. See [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
NEAR: IPv6 ND-efficiency-aware Router, as defined in
[I-D.chakrabarti-nordmark-6man-efficient-nd].
NME: Network Management Entity, the entity in the network
managing cells and other device resources. It may
cooperate with the PCE. It interacts with LLN nodes
through the backbone router.
Operational Network: A IEEE802.15.4e network whose encryption/
authentication keys are determined by some algorithms/
protocols. There may be network-wide group keys, or per-
link keys.
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Operational Network Key: A Link-layer key known by all authorized
nodes, used for multicast messages.
PCE: Path Computation Element, the entity in the network which
is responsible for building and maintaining the TSCH
schedule, when centralized scheduling is used.
QoS: Quality of Service.
(to) Reallocate a Cell: The action operated by the 6top sublayer of
changing the slotOffset and/or channelOffset of a soft
cell.
(to) Schedule a Cell: The action of turning an unscheduled cell into
a scheduled cell.
Scheduled cell: A cell which is assigned a neighbor MAC address
(broadcast address is also possible), and one or more of
the following flags: TX, RX, shared, timeskeeping. A
scheduled cell can be used by the IEEE802.15.4e TSCH
implementation to communicate. A scheduled cell can be
either a hard or a soft cell.
Shared Cell: A cell marked with both the "TX" and "shared" flags.
This cell can be used by more than one transmitter node.
A backoff algorithm is used to resolve contention. See
[RFC7554].
SlotOffset: Identifies a column in the TSCH schedule, i.e., the
number of timeslots since the beginning of the current
iteration of the slotframe.
Slotframe: A MAC-level abstraction that is internal to the node and
contains a series of timeslots of equal length and
priority. It is characterized by a slotframe_ID, and a
slotframe_size. Multiple slotframes can coexist in a
node's schedule, i.e., a node can have multiple
activities scheduled in different slotframes, based on
the priority of its packets/traffic flows. The timeslots
in the Slotframe are indexed by the SlotOffset; the first
timeslot is at SlotOffset 0.
Soft Cell: A scheduled cell which the 6top sublayer can reallocate,
as described in [I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer].
TF: Track Forwarding. It is the simplest and fastest
forwarding model supported by 6TiSCH. It is a GMPLS-like
forwarding model. The incoming bundle (and thus, the
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input cell) characterizes the flow and indicates the
outgoing bundle (and output cell).
Timeslot: A basic communication unit in TSCH which allows a
transmitter node to send a frame to a receiver neighbor,
and that receiver neighbor to optionally send back an
acknowledgment.
Time Source Neighbor: A neighbor that a node uses as its time
reference, and to which it needs to keep its clock
synchronized. A node can have one or more time source
neighbors.
Track: A determined sequence of cells along a multi-hop path.
It is typically the result of a track reservation. The
node that initializes the process for establishing a
track is the owner of the track. The latter assigns a
unique identifier to the track, called TrackID.
TrackID: Unique identifier of a track, assigned by the owner of
the track.
TSCH: Time Slotted Channel Hopping, a medium access mode of the
[IEEE802154e] standard which uses time synchronization to
achieve ultra low-power operation and channel hopping to
enable high reliability.
TSCH Schedule: A matrix of cells, each cell indexed by a slotOffset
and a channelOffset. The TSCH schedule contains all the
scheduled cells from all slotframes and is sufficient to
qualify the communication in the TSCH network. The
"width of the matrix is equal to the number of scheduled
timeslots in all the concurrent active slotframes. The
number of channelOffset values (the "height" of the
matrix) is equal to the number of available frequencies.
Unscheduled Cell: A cell which is not used by the IEEE802.15.4e TSCH
implementation.
3. IANA Considerations
This specification does not require IANA action.
4. Security Considerations
This specification is not found to introduce new security threats.
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5. Acknowledgments
Thanks to the IoT6 European Project (STREP) of the 7th Framework
Program (Grant 288445).
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2309] Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., Davie, B., Deering,
S., Estrin, D., Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Minshall, G.,
Partridge, C., Peterson, L., Ramakrishnan, K., Shenker,
S., Wroclawski, J., and L. Zhang, "Recommendations on
Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the
Internet", RFC 2309, DOI 10.17487/RFC2309, April 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2309>.
[RFC3444] Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between
Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444, DOI
10.17487/RFC3444, January 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3444>.
[RFC5191] Forsberg, D., Ohba, Y., Ed., Patil, B., Tschofenig, H.,
and A. Yegin, "Protocol for Carrying Authentication for
Network Access (PANA)", RFC 5191, DOI 10.17487/RFC5191,
May 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5191>.
[RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
January 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.
[RFC6550] Winter, T., Ed., Thubert, P., Ed., Brandt, A., Hui, J.,
Kelsey, R., Levis, P., Pister, K., Struik, R., Vasseur,
JP., and R. Alexander, "RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for
Low-Power and Lossy Networks", RFC 6550, DOI 10.17487/
RFC6550, March 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6550>.
[RFC6552] Thubert, P., Ed., "Objective Function Zero for the Routing
Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)", RFC
6552, DOI 10.17487/RFC6552, March 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6552>.
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[RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)", RFC
6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.
[RFC7252] Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and C. Bormann, "The Constrained
Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 7252, DOI 10.17487/
RFC7252, June 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7252>.
[RFC7554] Watteyne, T., Ed., Palattella, M., and L. Grieco, "Using
IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) in the
Internet of Things (IoT): Problem Statement", RFC 7554,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7554, May 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7554>.
6.2. Informative References
[I-D.chakrabarti-nordmark-6man-efficient-nd]
Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., Thubert, P., and M.
Wasserman, "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Optimizations for
Wired and Wireless Networks", draft-chakrabarti-nordmark-
6man-efficient-nd-07 (work in progress), February 2015.
[I-D.ietf-roll-terminology]
Vasseur, J., "Terms used in Routing for Low power And
Lossy Networks", draft-ietf-roll-terminology-13 (work in
progress), October 2013.
[I-D.thubert-6lo-rfc6775-update-reqs]
Thubert, P. and P. Stok, "Requirements for an update to
6LoWPAN ND", draft-thubert-6lo-rfc6775-update-reqs-06
(work in progress), January 2015.
[I-D.thubert-roll-forwarding-frags]
Thubert, P. and J. Hui, "LLN Fragment Forwarding and
Recovery", draft-thubert-roll-forwarding-frags-02 (work in
progress), September 2013.
[I-D.wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer]
Wang, Q. and X. Vilajosana, "6TiSCH Operation Sublayer
(6top)", draft-wang-6tisch-6top-sublayer-02 (work in
progress), October 2015.
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6.3. External Informative References
[IEEE802154e]
IEEE standard for Information Technology, "IEEE std.
802.15.4e, Part. 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area
Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer", April
2012.
Authors' Addresses
Maria Rita Palattella (editor)
University of Luxembourg
Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust
4, rue Alphonse Weicker
Luxembourg L-2721
Luxembourg
Phone: (+352) 46 66 44 5841
Email: maria-rita.palattella@uni.lu
Pascal Thubert
Cisco Systems, Inc
Village d'Entreprises Green Side
400, Avenue de Roumanille
Batiment T3
Biot - Sophia Antipolis 06410
France
Phone: +33 497 23 26 34
Email: pthubert@cisco.com
Thomas Watteyne
Linear Technology / Dust Networks
30695 Huntwood Avenue
Hayward, CA 94544
USA
Phone: +1 (510) 400-2978
Email: twatteyne@linear.com
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Qin Wang
Univ. of Sci. and Tech. Beijing
30 Xueyuan Road
Beijing 100083
China
Phone: +86 (10) 6233 4781
Email: wangqin@ies.ustb.edu.cn
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