ALTO WG K. Gao
Internet-Draft Sichuan University
Intended status: Standards Track Y. Lee
Expires: January 23, 2020 Huawei
S. Randriamasy
Nokia Bell Labs
Y. Yang
Yale University
J. Zhang
Tongji University
July 22, 2019
ALTO Extension: Path Vector
draft-ietf-alto-path-vector-08
Abstract
This document defines an ALTO extension that allows a resource to
provide not only preferences of network paths but also correlations
of network paths, including aggregations of network components and
their properties on the paths between different PIDs or endpoints.
The extended information can be used to improve the robustness and
performance for applications in some new usage scenarios, such as
high-speed data transfers and traffic optimization using in-network
storage and computation. This document introduces abstract network
element (ANE) as an abstraction for aggregations of network
components. It extends the base protocol and the Unified Property
extension to enable the capability of encoding such information in a
"path vector", i.e., an array of ANEs that are traversed by traffic
from a source to a destination.
Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on January 23, 2020.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Shared Risk Resource Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Capacity Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3. In-Network Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. Abstract Network Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3. Protocol Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.1. Path Vector Cost Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.2. Property Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.3. Multipart/Related Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Basic Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1. ANE Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2. Path Vector Cost Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.1. Cost Metric: ane-path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.2. Cost Mode: array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3. ANE Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3.1. Entity Domain Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3.2. Domain-Specific Entity Identifier . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3.3. Hierarchy and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.4. New Resource-Specific Entity Domain Exports . . . . . . . 16
5.4.1. ANE Domain of Cost Map Resource . . . . . . . . . . . 16
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5.4.2. ANE Domain of Endpoint Cost Resource . . . . . . . . 16
5.5. ANE Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5.1. ANE Property: Maximum Reservable Bandwidth . . . . . 16
5.5.2. ANE Property: Persistent Entity . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.6. Part Resource ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Service Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1. Multipart Filtered Cost Map for Path Vector . . . . . . . 17
6.1.1. Media Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1.2. HTTP Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1.3. Accept Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1.4. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1.5. Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.1.6. Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2. Multipart Endpoint Cost Service for Path Vector . . . . . 20
6.2.1. Media Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2.2. HTTP Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2.3. Accept Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2.4. Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2.5. Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.2.6. Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.1. Example: Information Resource Directory . . . . . . . . . 22
7.2. Example: Multipart Filtered Cost Map . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.3. Example: Multipart Endpoint Cost Resource . . . . . . . . 26
7.4. Example: Incremental Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8. Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.1. Compatibility with Legacy ALTO Clients/Servers . . . . . 29
8.2. Compatibility with Multi-Cost Extension . . . . . . . . . 29
8.3. Compatibility with Incremental Update . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.4. Compatibility with Cost Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9. General Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.1. Provide Calendar for Property Map . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.2. Constraint Tests for General Cost Types . . . . . . . . . 30
9.3. General Multipart Resources Query . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
11.1. ALTO Cost Mode Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
11.2. ALTO Entity Domain Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
11.3. ALTO Entity Property Type Registry . . . . . . . . . . . 32
11.4. ALTO Resource Entity Domain Export Registries . . . . . 32
11.4.1. costmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11.4.2. endpointcost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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1. Introduction
The ALTO protocol is aimed to provide applications with knowledge of
the underlying network topologies from the point of views of ISPs.
The base protocol [RFC7285] defines cost maps and endpoint cost
services that expose the preferences of network paths for a set of
source and destination pairs.
While the preferences of network paths are already sufficient for a
wide range of applications, new application traffic patterns and new
network technologies are emerging that are well beyond the domain for
which existing ALTO maps are engineered, including but not limited
to:
Very-high-speed data transfers: Applications, such as Content
Distribution Network (CDN) overlays, geo-distributed data centers
and large-scale data analytics, are foundations of many Internet
services today and have very large traffic between a source and a
destination. Thus, the interference between traffic of different
source and destination pairs cannot be omitted, which cannot be
provided by or inferred from existing ALTO base protocol and
extensions.
In-network storage and computation: Emerging networking technologies
such as network function virtualization and mobile edge computing
provide storage and computation inside the network. Applications
can leverage these resources to further improve their performance,
for example, using in-network caching to reduce latency and
bandwidth from a given source to multiple clients. However,
existing ALTO extensions provide no map resources to discover
available in-network services, nor any information to help ALTO
clients determine how to effectively and efficiently use these
services.
This document specifies a new extension to incorporate these newly
emerged scenarios into the ALTO framework. The essence of this
extension is that an ALTO server exposes correlations of network
paths in additional to preferences of network paths.
The correlations of network paths are represented by path vectors.
Each element in a path vector, which is referred to as an abstract
network element (ANE), is the aggregation of network components on
the path, such as routers, switches, links and clusters of in-network
servers. If an abstract network element appears in multiple network
paths, the traffic along these paths will join at this abstract
network element and are subject to the corresponding resource
constraints.
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The availability of the path correlations by itself can help ALTO
clients conduct better traffic scheduling. For example, an ALTO
client can use the path correlations to conduct more intelligent end-
to-end measurement and identify traffic bottlenecks.
By augmenting these abstract network elements with different
properties, an ALTO server can provide a more fine-grained view of
the network. ALTO clients can use this view to derive information
such as shared risk resource groups, capacity regions and available
in-network cache locations, which can be used to improve the
robustness and performance of the application traffic.
2. Terminology
This document extends the ALTO base protocol [RFC7285] and the
Unified Property Map extension [I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new]. In
additional to the ones defined in these documents, this document also
uses the following additional terms:
o Abstract network element (ANE): An abstract network element is an
abstraction of network components. It can be a link, a
middleboxes, a virtualized network function (VNF), etc., or their
aggregations. In a response, each abstract network element has a
unique ANE identifier.
o Path vector: A path vector is an array of ANE identifiers. It
presents an abstract network path between source/destination
points such as PIDs or endpoints.
o Path vector resource: A path vector resource refers to an ALTO
resource which supports the extension defined in this document.
o
o Path vector response: A path vector response refers to the
multipart/related message returned by a path vector resource. It
consists of a path vector part, i.e., the (endpoint) cost map part
which contains the path vector information, and a property map
part.
3. Use Cases
This section describes typical use cases of the path vector
extension. These use cases provide new usage scenarios of the ALTO
framework.
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3.1. Shared Risk Resource Group
Consider an application which controls 4 end hosts (eh1, eh2, eh3 and
eh4), which are connected by an ISP network with 5 switches (sw1,
sw2, sw3, sw4 and sw5) and 5 links (l1, l2, l3, l4 and l5), as shown
in Figure 1. Assume the end hosts are running data storage services
and some analytics tasks, which requires high data availability. In
order to determine the replica placement, the application must know
how the end hosts will be partitioned if certain network failures
happen.
+-----------------+
------------->| |<---------
/ ---------->| ALTO Client |<------ \
/ / +-----------------+ \ \
| | ^ | |
| | | | |
| | v | |
| | +-----------------+ | |
| | ..........| |...... | |
| | . | ALTO Server | . | |
| | . +-----------------+ . | |
| | . . | |
| v . +-----+ +-----+ . v |
| eh1 --| |- l3. -| |-- eh3 |
| . | sw1 | \..l1 ../ | sw4 | . |
| . +-----+ \ +-----+ / +-----+ . |
| . --| |-- | . |
| . | sw3 | l5..| . |
| . --| |-- | . |
| . +-----+ / +-----+ \ +-----+ . |
| . | | /..l2 l4..\ | | . |
-->eh2 --| sw2 |- -| sw5 |-- eh4<--
. +-----+ +-----+ .
...................................
Figure 1: Topology for the Shared Risk Resource Group and the
Capacity Region Use Cases
For that purpose, the application uses an ALTO client, which
communicates with an ALTO server provided by the ISP network. Since
the Endpoint Cost Service with only scalar cost values cannot provide
essential information for the application, thus, both the client and
the server have the path vector extension enabled.
Assume the ISP uses shortest path routing. For simplicity, consider
the data availability on eh4. The network components on the paths
from all other end hosts to eh4 are as follows:
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eh1->eh4: sw1, l1, sw3, l4, sw5
eh2->eh4: sw2, l2, sw3, l4, sw5
eh3->eh4: sw4, l5, sw5
These network components can be categorized into 5 categories:
1. Failure will only disconnect eh1 to eh4: sw1, l1.
2. Failure will only disconnect eh2 to eh4: sw2, l2.
3. Failure will only disconnect eh3 to eh4: sw4, l5.
4. Failure will only disconnect eh1 and eh2 to eh4: sw3, l4.
5. Failure will disconnect eh1, eh2 and eh3 to eh4: sw5.
The ALTO server can then aggregate sw1 and l1 as an abstract network
element, ane1. By applying the aggregation to the categories, the
response may be as follows:
eh1->eh4: ane1, ane4, ane5
eh2->eh4: ane2, ane4, ane5
eh3->eh4: ane3, ane5
Thus, the application can still derive the potential network
partitions for all possible network failures without knowing the
exact network topology, which protects the privacy of the ISP.
3.2. Capacity Region
This use case uses the same topology and application settings as in
Section 3.1 as shown in Figure 1. Assume the capacity of each link
is 10 Gbps, except l5 whose capacity is 5 Gbps . Assume the
application is running a map-reduce task, where the optimal traffic
scheduling is usually referred to the co-flow scheduling problem.
Consider a simplified co-flow scheduling problem, e.g., the first
stage of a map-reduce task which needs to transfer data from two data
nodes (eh1 and eh3) to the mappers (eh2 and eh4). In order to
optimize the job completion time, the application needs to determine
the bottleneck of the transfers.
If the ALTO server encodes the routing cost as bandwidth of the path,
the client will obtain the following information:
eh1->eh2: 10 Gbps,
eh1->eh4: 10 Gbps,
eh3->eh2: 10 Gbps,
eh3->eh4: 5 Gbps.
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However, it does not provide sufficient information to determine the
bottleneck. With the path vector extension, the ALTO server will
first return the correlations of network paths between eh1, eh3 and
eh2, eh4, as follows:
eh1->eh2: ane1 (l1), ane2 (l2),
eh1->eh4: ane1 (l1), ane4 (l4),
eh3->eh2: ane3 (l3), ane2 (l2),
eh3->eh3: ane5 (l5).
Meanwhile, the ALTO server can also return the capacity of each ANE:
ane1.capacity = 10 Gbps,
ane2.capacity = 10 Gbps,
ane3.capacity = 10 Gbps,
ane4.capacity = 10 Gbps,
ane5.capacity = 5 Gbps.
With the correlation of network paths and the link capacity property,
the client is able to derive the capacity region of data transfer
rates. Let x1 denote the transfer rate of eh1->eh2, x2 denote the
rate of eh1->eh4, x3 denote the rate of eh3->eh2, and x4 denote the
rate of eh3->eh4. The application can derive the following
information from the responses:
eh1->eh2 eh1->eh4 eh3->eh2 eh3->eh4 capaity
ane1 1 1 0 0 | 10 Gbps
ane2 1 0 1 0 | 10 Gbps
ane3 0 0 1 0 | 10 Gbps
ane4 0 1 0 0 | 10 Gbps
ane5 0 0 0 1 | 5 Gbps
Specifically, the coefficient matrix on the left hand side is the
transposition of the matrix directly derived from the path vector
part, and the right-hand-side vector is directly derived from the
property map part. Thus, the bandwidth constraints of the data
transfers are as follows:
x1 + x2 <= 10 Gbps (ane1),
x1 + x3 <= 10 Gbps (ane2),
x2 + x3 <= 10 Gbps (ane3),
x2 <= 10 Gbps (ane4),
x4 <= 5 Gbps (ane5).
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3.3. In-Network Caching
Consider an application which controls 3 end hosts (eh1, eh2 and
eh3), which are connected by an ISP network and the Internet, as
shown in Figure 2. Assume two clients at end hosts eh2 and eh3 are
downloading the same data from a data server at eh1. Meanwhile, the
network provider offers an in-network caching service at the gateway.
+-------------+
------->| |<-----------------------
/ ----->| ALTO Client |<------- \
/ / +-------------+ | \
/ / v |
/ / +-------------+ |
/ / ........................| ALTO Server |...... |
/ / . +-------------+ . |
/ / . +---------+ . |
| | . -+ Caching | . |
| | . / | Proxy | . |
| |S .+-------+ / +---------+ . |
| -->eh1--| sub |_ | . |
| .| net 1 | \ +------+ +----------+. |
| .+-------+ ---| | | |. v C2
| . | Gate +---------+ Internet |--eh3
| C1 .+-------+ --| way | | |.
----->eh2--| sub |__/ +------+ +----------+.
.| net 2 | .
.+-------+ .
.............................................
Figure 2: Topology for the In-Network Caching Use Case.
With the path vector extension enabled, the ALTO server can expose
two types of information
Without the traffic correlation information, the ALTO client cannot
know whether or how the traffic goes through the proxy. For example,
if subnet1 and subnet2 are directly connected and the traffic from
eh1 to eh2 bypasses the gateway, the in-network cache can only be
used for traffic from C2 to S and is less effective.
4. Overview
This section gives a top-down overview of approaches adopted by the
path vector extension, with discussions to fully explore the design
space. It is assumed that readers are familiar with both the base
protocol [RFC7285] and the Unified Property Map extension
[I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new].
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4.1. Workflow
The workflow of the base ALTO protocol consists of one round of
communication: An ALTO client sends a request to an ALTO server, and
the ALTO server returns a response, as shown in Figure 3. Each
response contains only one type of ALTO resources, e.g., network
maps, cost maps, or property maps.
+-------------+ +-------------+
| ALTO Client | | ALTO Server |
+-------------+ +-------------+
| Request |
|--------------------------------------->|
| |
| Response |
|<---------------------------------------|
| |
. . .
. . .
. . .
| PV Request |
|--------------------------------------->|
| |
| PV Response (Cost Map Part) |
|<---------------------------------------|
| |
| PV Response (Property Map Part) |
|<---------------------------------------|
| |
Figure 3: Information Exchange Process of the base ALTO Protocol and
the Path Vector Extension
The path vector extension, on the other hand, CAN be decomposed to
two types of information resources. First, path vectors, which
represent the correlations of network paths for all <source,
destination> pairs in the requst, CAN be encoded as an (endpoint)
cost map with an extended cost type. Second, properties associated
with the ANEs CAN be encoded as a property map.
Instead of making two consecutive queries, however, the path vector
extension adopts a workflow which also consists of only one round of
communication, based on the following reasons:
1. ANE Computation Flexibility. For better scalability, flexibility
and privacy, Abstract Network Elements MAY be constructed on
demand, and potentially based on the properties (See Section 4.2
for more details). If sources and destinations are not in the
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same request as the properties, an ALTO server either CANNOT
construct ANEs on-demand, or MUST wait until both requests are
received.
2. Server Scalability. As ANEs are constructed on demand, mappings
of each ANE to its underlying network devices and resources CAN
be different in different queries. In order to respond to the
second request correctly, an ALTO server MUST store the mapping
of each path vector request until the client fully retrieves the
property information, which CAN substantially harm the server
scalability and potentially lead to Denial-of-Service attacks.
Thus, the path vector extension encapsulates all essential
information in one request, and returns both path vectors and
properties associated with the ANEs in a single response. See
Section 4.3 for more details.
4.2. Abstract Network Element
A key design in the path vector extension is abstract network
element. Abstract network elements can be statically generated, for
example, based on geo-locations, OSPF areas, or simply the raw
network topology. They CAN also be generated dynamically, based on a
client's request. This on-demand ANE generation allows for better
scalability, flexibility and privacy enhancement.
Consider an extreme case where the client only queries the bandwidth
between one source and one destination in the topology shown in
Figure 4. Without knowing in prior the desired property, an ALTO
server MAY need to include all network components on the paths for
high accuracy. However, with the prior knowledge that the client
only asks for the bandwidth information, an ALTO server CAN either 1)
selectively pick the link with the smallest available bandwidth, or
2) dynamically generate a new ANE whose available bandwidth is the
smallest value of the links' on the path. Thus, an ALTO server can
provide accurate information with very little leak of its internal
network topology. ANEs MAY also be constructed based on algebraic
aggregations, please see [TON2019] for more details.
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
eh1 --| sw1 |--| sw2 |--...--| swN |-- eh2
+-----+ +-----+ +-----+
Figure 4: Topology for Dynamic ANE Example.
An ANE is uniquely identified by an ANE identifier (see Section 5.1)
in the same response. However, since ANEs CAN be generated
dynamically, an ALTO client MUST NOT assume that ANEs with the same
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identifier but from different queries refer to the same aggregation
of network components. This approach simplifies the management of
ANE identifiers at ALTO servers, and increases the difficulty to
infer the real network topology with cross queries. It is
RECOMMENDED that the identifiers of statically generated ANEs be
anonymized in the path vector response, for example, by shuffling the
ANEs and shrinking their identifier space to [1, N], where N is the
number of ANEs etc.
4.3. Protocol Extensions
Section 4.1 has well articulated the reasons to complete the
information exchange in a single round of communication. This
section introduces the three major extended components to the base
ALTO protocol and the Unified Property Map extension, as shown in
Table 1.
+------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+
| Component | IRD | Request | Response |
+------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+
| Path Vector Cost Type | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Property Negotiation | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Multipart Message | Yes | No | Yes |
+------------------------+-------+----------+-----------+
Table 1: Extended Components and Where They Apply.
4.3.1. Path Vector Cost Type
Existing cost modes defined in [RFC7285] allow only scalar cost
values. However, the path vector extension MUST convey vector format
information. To fulfill this requirement, this document defines a
new cost mode named "array", which indicates that the cost value MUST
be interpreted as an array of JSONValue. This document also
introduces a new cost metric "ane-path" to convey an array of ANE
identifiers.
The combination of the "array" cost mode and the "ane-path" cost
metric also complies best with the ALTO base protocol, where cost
mode specifies the interpretation of a cost value, and cost metric
conveys the meaning.
4.3.2. Property Negotiation
Similar to cost types, an ALTO server MAY only support a given set of
ANE properties in a path vector information resource. Meanwhile, an
ALTO client MAY only require a subset of the available properties.
Thus, a property negotiation process is required.
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This document uses a similar approach as the negotiation process of
cost types: the available properties for a given resource are
announced in the Information Resource Directory and more
specifically, in a new capability called "ane-properties"; the
selected properties SHOULD be specified in a new filter called "ane-
properties" in the request body; the response MUST return and only
return the selected properties for the ANEs in the response, if
applicable.
4.3.3. Multipart/Related Message
Path vectors and the property map containing the ANEs are two
different types of objects, but they need to be encoded in one
message. One approach is to define a new media type to contain both
objects, but this violates modular design.
This document uses standard-conforming usage of "multipart/related"
media type defined in [RFC2387] to elegantly combine the objects.
Path vectors are encoded as a cost map or an endpoint cost map, and
the property map is encoded as a Unified Propert Map. They are
encapsulated as parts of a multipart message. The modular
composition allows ALTO servers and clients to reuse the data models
of the existing information resources. Specifically, this document
addresses the following practical issues using "multipart/related".
4.3.3.1. Identifying the Media Type of the Root Object
ALTO uses media type to indicate the type of an entry in the
Information Resource Directory (IRD) (e.g., "application/alto-
costmap+json" for cost map and "application/alto-endpointcost+json"
for endpoint cost map). Simply putting "multipart/related" as the
media type, however, makes it impossible for an ALTO client to
identify the type of service provided by related entries.
To address this issue, this document uses the "type" parameter to
indicate the root object of a multipart/related message. For a cost
map resource, the "media-type" in the IRD entry MUST be "multipart/
related" with the parameter "type=application/alto-costmap+json"; for
an Endpoint Cost Service, the parameter MUST be "type=application/
alto-endpointcost+json".
4.3.3.2. References to Part Messages
The ALTO SSE extension (see [I-D.ietf-alto-incr-update-sse]) uses
"client-id" to demultiplex push updates. However, "client-id" is
provided for each request, which introduces ambiguity when applying
SSE to a path vector resource.
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To address this issue, an ALTO server MUST assign a unique identifier
to each part of the "multipart/related" response message. This
identifier, referred to as a Part Resource ID (See Section 5.6 for
details), MUST be present in the part message's "Resource-Id" header.
The MIME part header MUST also contain the "Content-Type" header,
whose value is the media type of the part (e.g., "application/alto-
costmap+json", "application/alto-endpointcost+json", or "application/
alto-propmap+json").
If an ALTO server provides incremental updates for this path vector
resource, it MUST generate incremental updates for each part
separately. The client-id MUST have the following format:
pv-client-id '.' part-resource-id
where pv-client-id is the client-id assigned to the path vector
request, and part-resource-id is the "Resource-Id" header value of
the part. The media-type MUST match the "Content-Type" of the part.
The same problem happens inside the part messages as well. The two
parts MUST contain a version tag, which SHOULD contain a unique
Resource ID. This document requires the resource-id in a Version Tag
to have the following format:
pv-resource-id '.' part-resource-id
where pv-resource-id is the resource ID of the path vector resource
in the IRD entry, and the part-resource-id has the same value as the
"Resource-Id" header of the part.
4.3.3.3. Order of Part Messages
According to RFC 2387 [RFC2387], the path vector part, whose media
type is the same as the "type" parameter of the multipart response
message, is the root object. Thus, it is the element the application
processes first. Even though the "start" parameter allows it to be
placed anywhere in the part sequence, it is RECOMMENDED that the
parts arrive in the same order as they are processed, i.e., the path
vector part is always put as the first part, followed by the property
map part. It is also RECOMMENDED that when doing so, an ALTO server
SHOULD NOT set the "start" parameter, which implies the first part is
the root object.
5. Basic Data Types
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5.1. ANE Identifier
An ANE identifier is encoded as a JSON string. The string MUST be no
more than 64 characters, and it MUST NOT contain characters other
than US-ASCII alphanumeric characters (U+0030-U+0039, U+0041-U+005A,
and U+0061-U+007A), the hyphen ("-", U+002D), the colon (":",
U+003A), the at sign ("@", code point U+0040), the low line ("_",
U+005F), or the "." separator (U+002E). The "." separator is
reserved for future use and MUST NOT be used unless specifically
indicated in this document, or an extension document.
The type ANEIdentifier is used in this document to indicate a string
of this format.
5.2. Path Vector Cost Type
This document defines a new cost type, which is referred to as the
"path vector" cost type. An ALTO server MUST offer this cost type if
it supports the path vector extension.
5.2.1. Cost Metric: ane-path
This cost metric conveys an array of ANE identifiers, where each
identifier uniquely represents an ANE traversed by traffic from a
source to a destination.
5.2.2. Cost Mode: array
This cost mode indicates that every cost value in a cost map or an
endpoint cost map MUST be interpreted as a JSON array object.
Note that this cost mode only requires the cost value to be a JSON
array of JSONValue. However, an ALTO server that enables this
extension MUST return a JSON array of ANEIdentifier (Section 5.1)
when the cost metric is "ane-path".
5.3. ANE Domain
This document specifies a new ALTO entity domain called "ane" in
addition to the ones in [I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new]. The ANE
domain associates property values with the ANEs in a network. The
entity in ANE domain is often used in the path vector by cost maps or
endpoint cost resources. Accordingly, the ANE domain always depends
on a cost map or an endpoint cost map.
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5.3.1. Entity Domain Type
ane
5.3.2. Domain-Specific Entity Identifier
The entity identifier of ANE domain uses the same encoding as
ANEIdentifier (Section 5.1).
5.3.3. Hierarchy and Inheritance
There is no hierarchy or inheritance for properties associated with
ANEs.
5.4. New Resource-Specific Entity Domain Exports
5.4.1. ANE Domain of Cost Map Resource
If an ALTO cost map resource supports "ane-path" cost metric, it can
export an "ane" typed entity domain defined by the union of all sets
of ANE names, where each set of ANE names are an "ane-path" metric
cost value in this ALTO cost map resource.
5.4.2. ANE Domain of Endpoint Cost Resource
If an ALTO endpoint cost resource supports "ane-path" cost metric, it
can export an "ane" typed entity domain defined by the union of all
sets of ANE names, where each set of ANE names are an "ane-path"
metric cost value in this ALTO endpoint cost resource.
5.5. ANE Properties
5.5.1. ANE Property: Maximum Reservable Bandwidth
The maximum reservable bandwidth property conveys the maximum
bandwidth that can be reserved for traffic from a source to a
destination and is indicated by the property name "maxresbw". The
value MUST be encoded as a numerical cost value as defined in
Section 6.1.2.1 of [RFC7285] and the unit is bit per second.
If this property is requested but is missing for a given ANE, it MUST
be interpreted as that the ANE does not support bandwidth reservation
but have sufficiently large bandwidth for all traffic that traverses
it.
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5.5.2. ANE Property: Persistent Entity
The persistent entity property conveys the physical or logical
network entities (e.g., links, in-network caching service) that are
contained by an abstract network element. It is indicated by the
property name "persistent-entity". The value is encoded as a JSON
array of entity identifiers ([I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new]).
These entity identifiers are persistent so that a client CAN further
query their properties for future use.
If this property is requested but is missing for a given ANE, it MUST
be interpreted as that no such entities exist in this ANE.
5.6. Part Resource ID
A Part Resource ID is encoded as a JSON string with the same format
as that of the Resource ID (Section 10.2 of [RFC7285]).
WARNING: Even though the client-id assigned to a path vector request
and the Part Resource ID MAY contain up to 64 characters by their own
definition. Their concatenation (see Section 4.3.3.2) MUST also
conform to the same length constraint. The same requirement applies
to the resource ID of the path vector resource, too. Thus, it is
RECOMMENDED to limit the length of resource ID and client ID related
to a path vector resource to 31 characters.
6. Service Extensions
6.1. Multipart Filtered Cost Map for Path Vector
This document introduces a new ALTO resource called multipart
filtered cost map resource, which allows an ALTO server to provide
other ALTO resources associated to the cost map resource in the same
response.
6.1.1. Media Type
The media type of the multipart filtered cost map resource is
"multipart/related;type=application/alto-costmap+json".
6.1.2. HTTP Method
The multipart filtered cost map is requested using the HTTP POST
method.
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6.1.3. Accept Input Parameters
The input parameters of the multipart filtered cost map are supplied
in the body of an HTTP POST request. This document extends the input
parameters to a filtered cost map with a data format indicated by the
media type "application/alto-costmapfilter+json", which is a JSON
object of type PVReqFilteredCostMap, where:
object {
[PropertyName ane-properties<0..*>;]
} PVReqFilteredCostMap : ReqFilteredCostMap;
with fields:
ane-properties: A list of properties that are associated with the
ANEs. Each property in this list MUST match one of the supported
ANE properties indicated in the resource's "ane-properties"
capability. If the field is NOT present, it MUST be interpreted
as an empty list, indicating that the ALTO server MUST NOT return
any property in the unified property part.
6.1.4. Capabilities
The multipart filtered cost map resource extends the capabilities
defined in Section 11.3.2.4 of [RFC7285]. The capabilities are
defined by a JSON object of type PVFilteredCostMapCapabilities:
object {
[PropertyName ane-properties<0..*>;]
} PVFilteredCostMapCapabilities : FilteredCostMapCapabilities;
with fields:
cost-type-names: The "cost-type-names" field MUST only include the
path vector cost type, unless explicitly documented by a future
extension. This also implies that the path vector cost type MUST
be defined in the "cost-types" of the Information Resource
Directory's "meta" field.
ane-properties: Defines a list of ANE properties that can be
returned. If the field is NOT present, it MUST be interpreted as
an empty list, indicating the ALTO server CANNOT provide any ANE
property.
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6.1.5. Uses
The resource ID of the network map based on which the PIDs in the
returned cost map will be defined. If this resource supports
"persistent-entities", it MUST also include ALL the resources that
exposes the entities that MAY appear in the response.
6.1.6. Response
The response MUST indicate an error, using ALTO protocol error
handling, as defined in Section 8.5 of [RFC7285], if the request is
invalid.
The "Content-Type" header of the response MUST be "multipart/related"
as defined by [RFC2387] with the following parameters:
type: The type parameter MUST be "application/alto-costmap+json".
Note that [RFC2387] permits both parameters with and without the
double quotes.
start: The start parameter MUST be a quoted string where the quoted
part has the same value as the "Resource-ID" header in the first
part.
boundary: The boundary parameter is as defined in [RFC2387].
The body of the response consists of two parts.
The first part MUST include "Resource-Id" and "Content-Type" in its
header. The value of "Resource-Id" MUST has the format of a Part
Resource ID. The "Content-Type" MUST be "application/alto-
costmap+json".
The body of the first part MUST be a JSON object with the same format
as defined in Section 11.2.3.6 of [RFC7285]. The JSON object MUST
include the "vtag" field in the "meta" field, which provides the
version tag of the returned cost map. The resource ID of the version
tag MUST follow the format in Section 4.3.3.2. The "meta" field MUST
also include the "dependent-vtags" field, whose value is a single-
element array to indicate the version tag of the network map used,
where the network map is specified in the "uses" attribute of the
multipart filtered cost map resource in IRD.
The second part MUST also include "Resource-Id" and "Content-Type" in
its header. The value of "Resource-Id" has the format of a Part
Resource ID. The "Content-Type" MUST be "application/alto-
propmap+json".
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The body of the second part MUST be a JSON object with the same
format as defined in Section 4.6 of
[I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new]. The JSON object MUST include the
"dependent-vtags" field in the "meta" field. The value of the
"dependent-vtags" field MUST be an array of VersionTag objects as
defined by Section 10.3 of [RFC7285]. The "vtag" of the first part
MUST be included in the "dependent-vtags". If "persistent-entities"
is requested, the version tags of the dependent resources that MAY
expose the entities in the response MUST also be included. The
PropertyMapData has one member for each ANE identifier that appears
in the first part, where the EntityProps has one member for each
property requested by the client if applicable.
6.2. Multipart Endpoint Cost Service for Path Vector
This document introduces a new ALTO resource called multipart
endpoint cost resource, which allows an ALTO server to provide other
ALTO resources associated to the endpoint cost resource in the same
response.
6.2.1. Media Type
The media type of the multipart endpoint cost resource is
"multipart/related;type=application/alto-endpointcost+json".
6.2.2. HTTP Method
The multipart endpoint cost resource is requested using the HTTP POST
method.
6.2.3. Accept Input Parameters
The input parameters of the multipart endpoint cost resource are
supplied in the body of an HTTP POST request. This document extends
the input parameters to an endpoint cost map with a data format
indicated by the media type "application/alto-
endpointcostparams+json", which is a JSON object of type
PVEndpointCostParams, where
object {
[PropertyName ane-properties<0..*>;]
} PVReqEndpointcost : ReqEndpointcost;
with fields:
ane-properties: This document defines the "ane-properties" in
PVReqEndpointcost as the same as in PVReqFilteredCostMap. See
Section 6.1.3.
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6.2.4. Capabilities
The capabilities of the multipart endpoint cost resource are defined
by a JSON object of type PVEndpointcostCapabilities, which is defined
as the same as PVFilteredCostMapCapabilities. See Section 6.1.4.
6.2.5. Uses
If a multipart endpoint cost resource supports "persistent-entities",
the "uses" field in its IRD entry MUST include ALL the resources
which exposes the entities that MAY appear in the response.
6.2.6. Response
The response MUST indicate an error, using ALTO protocol error
handling, as defined in Section 8.5 of [RFC7285], if the request is
invalid.
The "Content-Type" header of the response MUST be "multipart/related"
as defined by [RFC2387] with the following parameters:
type: The type parameter MUST be "application/alto-
endpointcost+json".
start: The start parameter MUST be a quoted string where the quoted
part has the same value as the "Resource-ID" header in the first
part.
boundary: The boundary parameter is as defined in [RFC2387].
The body consists of two parts:
The first part MUST include "Resource-Id" and "Content-Type" in its
header. The value of "Resource-Id" MUST has the format of a Part
Resource ID. The "Content-Type" MUST be "application/alto-
endpointcost+json".
The body of the first part MUST be a JSON object with the same format
as defined in Section 11.5.1.6 of [RFC7285]. The JSON object MUST
include the "vtag" field in the "meta" field, which provides the
version tag of the returned endpoint cost map. The resource ID of
the version tag MUST follow the format in Section 4.3.3.2.
The second part MUST also include "Resource-Id" and "Content-Type" in
its header. The value of "Resource-Id" MUST has the format of a Part
Resource ID. The "Content-Type" MUST be "application/alto-
propmap+json".
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The body of the second part MUST be a JSON object with the same
format as defined in Section 4.6 of
[I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new]. The JSON object MUST include the
"dependent-vtags" field in the "meta" field. The value of the
"dependent-vtags" field MUST be an array of VersionTag objects as
defined by Section 10.3 of [RFC7285]. The "vtag" of the first part
MUST be included in the "dependent-vtags". If "persistent-entities"
is requested, the version tags of the dependent resources that MAY
expose the entities in the response MUST also be included. The
PropertyMapData has one member for each ANE identifier that appears
in the first part, where the EntityProps has one member for each
property requested by the client if applicable.
7. Examples
This section lists some examples of path vector queries and the
corresponding responses. Some long lines are truncated for better
readability.
7.1. Example: Information Resource Directory
Below is an example of an Information Resource Directory which
enables the path vector extension. Some critical modifications
include:
o The "path-vector" cost type (Section 5.2) is defined in the "cost-
types" of the "meta" field.
o The "cost-map-pv" information resource provides a multipart
filtered cost map resource, which exposes the Maximum Reservable
Bandwidth ("maxresbw") property.
o The "http-proxy-props" information resource provides a filtered
unified property map resource, which exposes the HTTP proxy entity
domain (encoded as "http-proxy") and the "price" property. Note
that HTTP proxy is NOT a valid entity domain yet and is used here
only for demonstration.
o The "endpoint-cost-pv" information resource provides a multipart
endpoint cost resource. It exposes the Maximum Reservable
Bandwidth ("maxresbw") property and the Persistent Entity property
("persistent-entities"). The persistent entities MAY come from
the "http-proxy-props" resource.
o The "update-pv" information resource provides the incremental
update ([I-D.ietf-alto-incr-update-sse]) service for the
"endpoint-cost-pv" resource.
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{
"meta": {
"cost-types": {
"path-vector": {
"cost-mode": "array",
"cost-metric": "ane-path"
}
}
},
"resources": {
"my-default-networkmap": {
"uri" : "http://alto.example.com/networkmap",
"media-type" : "application/alto-networkmap+json"
},
"cost-map-pv": {
"uri": "http://alto.example.com/costmap/pv",
"media-type": "multipart/related;
type=application/alto-costmap+json",
"accepts": "application/alto-costmapfilter+json",
"capabilities": {
"cost-type-names": [ "path-vector" ],
"ane-properties": [ "maxresbw" ]
},
"uses": [ "my-default-networkmap" ]
},
"http-proxy-props": {
"uri": "http://alto.example.com/proxy-props",
"media-type": "application/alto-propmap+json",
"accpets": "application/alto-propmapparams+json",
"capabilities": {
"mappings": {
"http-proxy": [ "price" ]
}
}
},
"endpoint-cost-pv": {
"uri": "http://alto.exmaple.com/endpointcost/pv",
"media-type": "multipart/related;
type=application/alto-endpointcost+json",
"accepts": "application/alto-endpointcostparams+json",
"capabilities": {
"cost-type-names": [ "path-vector" ],
"ane-properties": [ "maxresbw", "persistent-entities" ]
},
"uses": [ "http-proxy-props" ]
},
"update-pv": {
"uri": "http://alto.example.com/updates/pv",
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"media-type": "text/event-stream",
"uses": [ "endpoint-cost-pv" ],
"accepts": "application/alto-updatestreamparams+json",
"capabilities": {
"support-stream-control": true
}
}
}
}
7.2. Example: Multipart Filtered Cost Map
The following examples demonstrate the request to the "cost-map-pv"
resource and the corresponding response.
The request uses the path vector cost type in the "cost-type" field.
The "ane-properties" field is missing, indicating that the client
only requests for the path vector but not the ANE properties.
The response consists of two parts. The first part returns the array
of ANE identifiers for each source and destination pair. There are
three ANEs, where "ane:L001" is shared by traffic from "PID1" to both
"PID2" and "PID3".
The second part returns an empty property map. Note that the ANE
entries are omitted since they have no properties (See Section 3.1 of
[I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new]).
POST /costmap/pv HTTP/1.1
Host: alto.example.com
Accept: multipart/related;type=application/alto-costmap+json,
application/alto-error+json
Content-Length: [TBD]
Content-Type: application/alto-costmapfilter+json
{
"cost-type": {
"cost-mode": "array",
"cost-metric": "ane-path"
},
"pids": {
"srcs": [ "PID1" ],
"dsts": [ "PID2", "PID3" ]
}
}
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: [TBD]
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Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary=example-1;
type=application/alto-costmap+json
--example-1
Resource-Id: costmap
Content-Type: application/alto-costmap+json
{
"meta": {
"vtag": {
"resource-id": "cost-map-pv.costmap",
"tag": "d827f484cb66ce6df6b5077cb8562b0a"
},
"dependent-vtags": [
{
"resource-id": "my-default-networkmap",
"tag": "75ed013b3cb58f896e839582504f6228"
}
],
"cost-type": {
"cost-mode": "array",
"cost-metric": "ane-path"
}
},
"cost-map": {
"PID1": {
"PID2": [ "ane:L001", "ane:L003" ],
"PID3": [ "ane:L001", "ane:L004" ]
}
}
}
--example-1
Resource-Id: propmap
Content-Type: application/alto-propmap+json
{
"meta": {
"dependent-vtags": [
{
"resource-id": "cost-map-pv.costmap",
"tag": "d827f484cb66ce6df6b5077cb8562b0a"
}
]
},
"property-map": {
}
}
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7.3. Example: Multipart Endpoint Cost Resource
The following examples demonstrate the request to the "endpoint-cost-
pv" resource and the corresponding response.
The request uses the path vector cost type in the "cost-type" field,
and queries the Maximum Reservable Bandwidth ANE property and the
Persistent Entity property.
The response consists of two parts. The first part returns the array
of ANE identifiers for each valid source and destination pair.
The second part returns the requested properties of ANEs in the first
part. The "ane:NET001" element contains an HTTP proxy entity, which
can be further used by the client. Since it does not contain a
"maxresbw" property, the client SHOULD assume it does NOT support
bandwidth reservation but will NOT become a traffic bottleneck, as
specified in Section 5.5.1.
POST /endpointcost/pv HTTP/1.1
Host: alto.example.com
Accept: multipart/related;
type=application/alto-endpointcost+json,
application/alto-error+json
Content-Length: [TBD]
Content-Type: application/alto-endpointcostparams+json
{
"cost-type": {
"cost-mode": "array",
"cost-metric": "ane-path"
},
"endpoints": {
"srcs": [ "ipv4:192.0.2.2" ],
"dsts": [ "ipv4:192.0.2.89",
"ipv4:203.0.113.45",
"ipv6:2001:db8::10" ]
},
"ane-properties": [ "maxresbw", "persistent-entities" ]
}
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: [TBD]
Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary=example-2;
type=application/alto-endpointcost+json
--example-2
Resource-Id: ecs
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Content-Type: application/alto-endpointcost+json
{
"meta": {
"vtags": {
"resource-id": "endpoint-cost-pv.ecs",
"tag": "bb6bb72eafe8f9bdc4f335c7ed3b10822a391cef"
},
"cost-type": {
"cost-mode": "array",
"cost-metric": "ane-path"
}
},
"endpoint-cost-map": {
"ipv4:192.0.2.2": {
"ipv4:192.0.2.89": [ "ane:NET001", "ane:L002" ],
"ipv4:203.0.113.45": [ "ane:NET001", "ane:L003" ]
}
}
}
--example-2
Resource-Id: propmap
Content-Type: application/alto-propmap+json
{
"meta": {
"dependent-vtags": [
{
"resource-id": "endpoint-cost-pv.ecs",
"tag": "bb6bb72eafe8f9bdc4f335c7ed3b10822a391cef"
},
{
"resource-id": "http-proxy-props",
"tag": "bf3c8c1819d2421c9a95a9d02af557a3"
}
]
},
"property-map": {
"ane:NET001": {
"persistent-entities": [ "http-proxy:192.0.2.1" ]
},
"ane:L002": { "maxresbw": 48000000 },
"ane:L003": { "maxresbw": 35000000 }
}
}
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7.4. Example: Incremental Updates
In this example, an ALTO client subscribes to the incremental update
for the multipart endpoint cost resource "endpoint-cost-pv".
POST /updates/pv HTTP/1.1
Host: alto.example.com
Accept: text/event-stream
Content-Type: application/alto-updatestreamparams+json
Content-Length: [TBD]
{
"add": {
"ecspvsub1": {
"resource-id": "endpoint-cost-pv",
"input": <ecs-input>
}
}
}
Based on the server-side process defined in
[I-D.ietf-alto-incr-update-sse], the ALTO server will send the
"control-uri" first using Server-Sent Event (SSE), followed by the
full response of the multipart message.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Type: text/event-stream
event: application/alto-updatestreamcontrol+json
data: {"control-uri": "http://alto.example.com/updates/streams/1414"}
event: multipart/related;boundary=example-3;
type=application/alto-endpointcost+json,ecspvsub1
data: --example-3
data: Resource-ID: ecsmap
data: Content-Type: application/alto-endpointcost+json
data:
data: <endpoint-cost-map-entry>
data: --example-3
data: Resource-ID: propmap
data: Content-Type: application/alto-propmap+json
data:
data: <property-map-entry>
data: --example-3--
When the contents change, the ALTO server will publish the updates
for each node in this tree separately.
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event: application/merge-patch+json, ecspvsub1.ecsmap
data: <Merge patch for endpoint-cost-map-update>
event: application/merge-patch+json, ecspvsub1.propmap
data: <Merge patch for property-map-update>
8. Compatibility
8.1. Compatibility with Legacy ALTO Clients/Servers
The multipart filtered cost map resource and the multipart endpoint
cost resource has no backward compatibility issue with legacy ALTO
clients and servers. Although these two types of resources reuse the
media types defined in the base ALTO protocol for the accept input
parameters, they have different media types for responses. If the
ALTO server provides these two types of resources, but the ALTO
client does not support them, the ALTO client will ignore the
resources without conducting any incompatibility.
8.2. Compatibility with Multi-Cost Extension
This document does not specify how to integrate the "path-vector"
cost mode with the multi-cost extension [RFC8189]. Although there is
no reason why somebody has to compound the path vectors with other
cost types in a single query, there is no compatible issue doing it
without constraint tests.
8.3. Compatibility with Incremental Update
The extension specified in this document is NOT compatible with the
original incremental update extension
[I-D.ietf-alto-incr-update-sse]. A legacy ALTO client CANNOT
recognize the compound client-id, and a legacy ALTO server MAY use
the same client-id for updates of both parts.
ALTO clients and servers MUST follow the specifications given in this
document to ensure compatibility with the incremental update
extension.
8.4. Compatibility with Cost Calendar
The extension specified in this document is compatible with the Cost
Calendar extension [I-D.ietf-alto-cost-calendar]. When used together
with the Cost Calendar extension, the cost value between a source and
a destination is an array of path vectors, where the k-th path vector
refers to the abstract network paths traversed in the k-th time
interval by traffic from the source to the destination.
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When used with time-varying properties, e.g., maximum reservable
bandwidth (maxresbw), a property of a single entity may also have
different values in different time intervals. In this case, an ANE
with different property values MUST be considered as different ANEs.
The two extensions combined together CAN provide the historical
network correlation information for a set of source and destination
pairs. A network broker or client MAY use this information to derive
other resource requirements such as Time-Block-Maximum Bandwidth,
Bandwidth-Sliding-Window, and Time-Bandwidth-Product (TBP) (See
[SENSE] for details.)
9. General Discussions
9.1. Provide Calendar for Property Map
Fetching the historical network information is useful for many
traffic optimization problem. [I-D.ietf-alto-cost-calendar] already
proposes an ALTO extension called Cost Calendar which provides the
historical cost values using filtered cost map and endpoint cost
service. However, the calendar for only path costs is not enough.
For example, as the properties of ANEs (e.g., available bandwidth and
link delay) are usually the real-time network states, they change
frequently in the real network. It is very helpful to get the
historical value of these properties. Applications may predicate the
network status using these information to better optimize their
performance.
So the coming requirement may be a general calendar service for the
ALTO information resources.
9.2. Constraint Tests for General Cost Types
The constraint test is a simple approach to query the data. It
allows users to filter the query result by specifying some boolean
tests. This approach is already used in the ALTO protocol.
[RFC7285] and [RFC8189] allow ALTO clients to specify the
"constraints" and "or-constraints" tests to better filter the result.
However, the current defined syntax is too simple and can only be
used to test the scalar cost value. For more complex cost types,
like the "array" mode defined in this document, it does not work
well. It will be helpful to propose more general constraint tests to
better perform the query.
In practice, it is too complex to customize a language for the
general-purpose boolean tests, and can be a duplicated work. So it
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may be a good idea to integrate some already defined and widely used
query languages (or their subset) to solve this problem. The
candidates can be XQuery and JSONiq.
9.3. General Multipart Resources Query
Querying multiple ALTO information resources continuously MAY be a
general requirement. And the coming issues like inefficiency and
inconsistency are also general. There is no standard solving these
issues yet. So we need some approach to make the ALTO client request
the compound ALTO information resources in a single query.
10. Security Considerations
This document is an extension of the base ALTO protocol, so the
Security Considerations [RFC7285] of the base ALTO protocol fully
apply when this extension is provided by an ALTO server.
The path vector extension requires additional considerations on two
security considerations discussed in the base protocol:
confidentiality of ALTO information (Section 15.3 of [RFC7285]) and
availability of ALTO service (Section 15.5 of [RFC7285]).
For confidentiality of ALTO information, a network operator should be
aware of that this extension may introduce a new risk: the path
vector information may make network attacks easier. For example, as
the path vector information may reveal more network internal
structures than the base protocol, an ALTO client may detect the
bottleneck link and start a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)
attack involving minimal flows to conduct the in-network congestion.
To mitigate this risk, the ALTO server should consider protection
mechanisms to reduce information exposure or obfuscate the real
information, in particular, in settings where the network and the
application do not belong to the same trust domain. But the
implementation of path vector extension involving reduction or
obfuscation should guarantees the constraints on the requested
properties are still accurate.
For availability of ALTO service, an ALTO server should be cognizant
that using path vector extension might have a new risk: frequent
requesting for path vectors might conduct intolerable increment of
the server-side storage and break the ALTO server. It is known that
the computation of path vectors is unlikely to be cacheable, in that
the results will depend on the particular requests (e.g., where the
flows are distributed). Hence, the service providing path vectors
may become an entry point for denial-of-service attacks on the
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availability of an ALTO server. To avoid this risk, authenticity and
authorization of this ALTO service may need to be better protected.
11. IANA Considerations
11.1. ALTO Cost Mode Registry
This document specifies a new cost mode "path-vector". However, the
base ALTO protocol does not have a Cost Mode Registry where new cost
mode can be registered. This new cost mode will be registered once
the registry is defined either in a revised version of [RFC7285] or
in another future extension.
11.2. ALTO Entity Domain Registry
As proposed in Section 9.2 of [I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new],
"ALTO Domain Entity Registry" is requested. Besides, a new domain is
to be registered, listed in Table 2.
+-------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Identifier | Entity Address Encoding | Hierarchy & Inheritance |
+-------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| ane | See Section 5.3.2 | None |
+-------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
Table 2: ALTO Entity Domain
11.3. ALTO Entity Property Type Registry
The "ALTO Entity Property Type Registry" is required by the ALTO
Domain "ane", listed in Table 3.
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Identifier | Intended Semantics |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ane:maxresbw | The maximum reservable bandwidth for |
| | the ANE |
| ane:persistent-entities | An array of identifiers of persistent |
| | entities that reside in an ANE |
+-------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
Table 3: ALTO Entity Property Types
11.4. ALTO Resource Entity Domain Export Registries
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11.4.1. costmap
+---------------------+--------------------+
| Entity Domain Type | Export Function |
+---------------------+--------------------+
| ane | See Section 5.4.1 |
+---------------------+--------------------+
Table 4: ALTO Cost Map Entity Domain Export.
11.4.2. endpointcost
+---------------------+--------------------+
| Entity Domain Type | Export Function |
+---------------------+--------------------+
| ane | See Section 5.4.2 |
+---------------------+--------------------+
Table 5: ALTO Endpoint Cost Entity Domain Export.
12. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank discussions with Andreas Voellmy,
Erran Li, Haibin Song, Haizhou Du, Jiayuan Hu, Qiao Xiang, Tianyuan
Liu, Xiao Shi, Xin Wang, and Yan Luo. The authors thank Greg
Bernstein (Grotto Networks), Dawn Chen (Tongji University), Wendy
Roome, and Michael Scharf for their contributions to earlier drafts.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2387] Levinson, E., "The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type",
RFC 2387, DOI 10.17487/RFC2387, August 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2387>.
[RFC7285] Alimi, R., Ed., Penno, R., Ed., Yang, Y., Ed., Kiesel, S.,
Previdi, S., Roome, W., Shalunov, S., and R. Woundy,
"Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Protocol",
RFC 7285, DOI 10.17487/RFC7285, September 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7285>.
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[RFC8189] Randriamasy, S., Roome, W., and N. Schwan, "Multi-Cost
Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO)", RFC 8189,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8189, October 2017, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc8189>.
13.2. Informative References
[I-D.bernstein-alto-topo]
Bernstein, G., Yang, Y., and Y. Lee, "ALTO Topology
Service: Uses Cases, Requirements, and Framework", draft-
bernstein-alto-topo-00 (work in progress), October 2013.
[I-D.ietf-alto-cost-calendar]
Randriamasy, S., Yang, Y., Wu, Q., Lingli, D., and N.
Schwan, "ALTO Cost Calendar", draft-ietf-alto-cost-
calendar-01 (work in progress), February 2017.
[I-D.ietf-alto-incr-update-sse]
Roome, W. and Y. Yang, "ALTO Incremental Updates Using
Server-Sent Events (SSE)", draft-ietf-alto-incr-update-
sse-16 (work in progress), March 2019.
[I-D.ietf-alto-performance-metrics]
Wu, Q., Yang, Y., Lee, Y., Dhody, D., and S. Randriamasy,
"ALTO Performance Cost Metrics", draft-ietf-alto-
performance-metrics-06 (work in progress), November 2018.
[I-D.ietf-alto-unified-props-new]
Roome, W., Randriamasy, S., Yang, Y., and J. Zhang,
"Unified Properties for the ALTO Protocol", draft-ietf-
alto-unified-props-new-07 (work in progress), March 2019.
[SENSE] "Services - SENSE", 2019, <http://sense.es.net/services>.
[TON2019] Gao, K., Xiang, Q., Wang, X., Yang, Y., and J. Bi, "An
objective-driven on-demand network abstraction for
adaptive applications", IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking (TON) 27, no. 2 (2019): 805-818., 2019.
Authors' Addresses
Kai Gao
Sichuan University
Chengdu 610000
China
Email: kaigao@scu.edu.cn
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Young Lee
Huawei
TX
USA
Email: leeyoung@huawei.com
Sabine Randriamasy
Nokia Bell Labs
Route de Villejust
NOZAY 91460
FRANCE
Email: Sabine.Randriamasy@nokia-bell-labs.com
Y. Richard Yang
Yale University
51 Prospect St
New Haven CT
USA
Email: yry@cs.yale.edu
Jingxuan Jensen Zhang
Tongji University
4800 Caoan Road
Shanghai 201804
China
Email: jingxuan.n.zhang@gmail.com
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