Network Working Group CY. Lee Internet-Draft A. Farrel (Old Dog Consulting) Intended Status: Standards Track S. De Cnodder (Alcatel) Updates: RFC3209 and RFC3473 November 2006 Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE draft-ietf-ccamp-rsvp-te-exclude-route-06.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract The RSVP-TE specification, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels" (RFC 3209) and GMPLS extensions to RSVP-TE, "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions" (RFC 3473) allow abstract nodes and resources to be explicitly included in a path setup, but not to be explicitly excluded. In some networks where precise explicit paths are not computed at the head end it may be useful to specify and signal abstract nodes and resources that are to be explicitly excluded from routes. These exclusions may apply to the whole path, or to parts of a path between two abstract nodes specified in an explicit path. How Shared Risk Link Groups (SLRGs) can be excluded is also specified in this document. This document specifies ways to communicate route exclusions during path setup using RSVP-TE. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 1]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 Requirements notation The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Scope of Exclude Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Relationship to MPLS TE MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Shared Risk Link Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1 SRLG Subobject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. Exclude Route List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1 Exclude Route Object (XRO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.1 IPv4 prefix Subobject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.2 IPv6 Prefix Subobject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1.3 Unnumbered Interface ID Subobject . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.4 Autonomous System Number Subobject . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.5 SRLG Subobject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2 Processing Rules for the Exclude Route Object (XRO) . . . 11 4. Explicit Exclusion Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.1 Explicit Exclusion Route Subobject (EXRS) . . . . . . . . 13 4.2 Processing Rules for the Explicit Exclusion Route Subobject (EXRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5. Processing of XRO together with EXRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6. Minimum compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8.1 New ERO Subobject Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8.2 New RSVP-TE Class Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8.3 New Error Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 10.2 Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 11. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Apendix A. Aplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 2]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 1. Introduction The RSVP-TE specification [RFC3209] and GMPLS extensions [RFC3473] allow abstract nodes and resources to be explicitly included in a path setup, using the Explicit Route Object (ERO). In some systems it may be useful to specify and signal abstract nodes and resources that are to be explicitly excluded from routes. This may be because loose hops or abstract nodes need to be prevented from selecting a route through a specific resource. This is a special case of distributed path calculation in the network. For example, route exclusion could be used in the case where two non-overlapping Label Switched Paths (LSPs) are required. In this case, one option might be to set up one path and collect its route using route recording, and then to exclude the routers on that first path from the setup for the second path. Another option might be to set up two parallel backbones, dual home the provider edge (PE) routers to both backbones, and then exclude the local router on backbone A the first time that you set up an LSP (to a particular distant PE), and exclude the local router on backbone B the second time that you set up an LSP. Two types of exclusions are required: 1. Exclusion of certain abstract nodes or resources on the whole path. This set of abstract nodes is referred to as the Exclude Route list. 2. Exclusion of certain abstract nodes or resources between a specific pair of abstract nodes present in an ERO. Such specific exclusions are referred to as Explicit Exclusion Route. To convey these constructs within the signaling protocol, a new RSVP object and a new ERO subobject are introduced respectively. - A new RSVP-TE object is introduced to convey the Exclude Route list. This object is the Exclude Route Object (XRO). - The second type of exclusion is achieved through a modification to the existing ERO. A new ERO subobject type the Explicit Exclusion Route Subobject (EXRS) is introduced to indicate an exclusion between a pair of included abstract nodes. The knowledge of SRLGs, as defined in [RFC4216], may be used to compute diverse paths that can be used for protection. In systems where it is useful to signal exclusions, it may be useful to signal SRLGs to indicate groups of resources that should be excluded on the whole path or between two abstract nodes specified in an explicit path. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 3]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 This document introduces a subobject to indicate an SRLG to be signaled in either of the two exclusion methods described above. This document does not assume or preclude any other usage for this subobject. This subobject might also be appropriate for use within an Explicit Route object (ERO) or Record Route object (RRO), but this is outside the scope of this document. 1.1 Scope of Exclude Routes This document does not preclude a route exclusion from listing arbitrary nodes or network elements to avoid. The intent is, however, to indicate only the minimal number of subobjects to be explicitly avoided. For instance it may be necessary to signal only the SRLGs (or Shared Risk Groups) to avoid. That is, the route exclusion is not intended to define the actual route by listing all of the choices to exclude at each hop, but rather to constrain the normal route selection process where loose hops or abstract nodes are to be expanded by listing certain elements to be avoided. It is envisaged that most of the conventional inclusion subobjects are specified in the signaled ERO only for the area where they are pertinent. The number of subobjects to be avoided, specified in the signaled XRO may be constant throughout the whole path setup, or the subobjects to be avoided may be removed from the XRO as they become irrelevant in the subsequent hops of the path setup. For example, consider an LSP that traverses multiple computation domains. A computation domain may be an area in the administrative or IGP sense, or may be an arbitrary division of the network for active management and path computational purposes. Let the primary path be (Ingress, A1, A2, AB1, B1, B2, BC1, C1, C2, Egress) where: - Xn denotes a node in domain X, and - XYn denotes a node on the border of domain X and domain Y. Note that Ingress is a node in domain A, and Egress is a node in domain C. This is shown in Figure 1 where the domains correspond with areas. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 4]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 area A area B area C <-------------------> <----------------> <------------------> Ingress-----A1----A2----AB1----B1----B2----BC1----C1----C2----Egress ^ \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | \ / | A3----------A4--AB2--B3--------B4--BC2--C3----------C4 | ^ ^ | | | | | | | | ERO: (C3-strict, C4-strict, | | Egress-strict) | | XRO: Not needed | | | ERO: (B3-strict, B4-strict, BC2-strict, Egress-loose) | XRO: (BC1, C1, C2) | ERO: (A3-strict, A4-strict, AB2-strict, Egress-loose) XRO: (AB1, B1, B2, BC1, C1, C2, Egress) Figure 1 : Domains Corresponding to IGP Areas Consider the establishment of a node-diverse protection path in the example above. The protection path must avoid all nodes on the primary path. The exclusions for area A are handled during Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) computation at Ingress, so the ERO and XRO signaled at Ingress could be (A3-strict, A4-strict, AB2- strict, Egress-loose) and (AB1, B1, B2, BC1, C1, C2) respectively. At AB2 the ERO and XRO could be (B3-strict, B4-strict, BC2-strict, Egress-loose) and (BC1, C1, C2) respectively. At BC2 the ERO could be (C3-strict, C4-strict, Egress-strict) and an XRO is not needed from BC2 onwards. In general, consideration SHOULD be given (as with explicit route) to the size of signaled data and the impact on the signaling protocol. 1.2 Relationship to MPLS TE MIB [RFC3812] defines managed objects for managing and modeling MPLS- based traffic engineering. Included in [RFC3812] is a means to configure explicit routes for use on specific LSPs. This configuration allows the exclusion of certain resources. In systems where the full explicit path is not computed at the ingress (or at a path computation site for use at the ingress) it may be necessary to signal those exclusions. This document offers a means of doing this signaling. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 5]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 2. Shared Risk Link Groups The identifier of a SRLG is defined as a 32 bit quantity in [RFC4202]. An SRLG subobject is introduced such that it can be used in the exclusion methods as described in the following sections. This document does not assume or preclude any other usage for this subobject. This subobject might also be appropriate for use within Explicit Route object (ERO) or Record Route object (RRO), but this is outside the scope of this document. 2.1 SRLG Subobject The new SRLG subobject is defined by this document as follows. Its format is modeled on the ERO subobjects defined in [RFC3209]. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |L| Type | Length | SRLG Id (4 bytes) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | SRLG Id (continued) | Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ L The L bit is an attribute of the subobject. The L bit is set if the subobject represents a loose hop in the explicit route. If the bit is not set, the subobject represents a strict hop in the explicit route. For exclusions (as used by XRO and EXRS defined in this document), the L bit SHOULD be set to zero and ignored. Type The type of the subobject (XX) -- RFC Editor. Please replace XX with the value define by IANA and -- remove this note. Length The Length contains the total length of the subobject in bytes, including the Type and Length fields. The Length is always 8. SRLG Id The 32 bit identifier of the SRLG. Reserved This field is reserved. It SHOULD be set to zero on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 6]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 3. Exclude Route List The exclude route identifies a list of abstract nodes that should not be traversed along the path of the LSP being established. It is RECOMMENDED to limit size of the exclude route list to a value local to the node originating the exclude route list. 3.1 Exclude Route Object (XRO) Abstract nodes to be excluded from the path are specified via the EXCLUDE_ROUTE object (XRO). Currently one C_Type is defined, Type 1 Exclude Route. The EXCLUDE_ROUTE object has the following format: Class = XX, C_Type = 1 -- RFC Editor. Please replace XX with the value define by IANA and -- remove this note. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | // (Subobjects) // | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ The contents of an EXCLUDE_ROUTE object are a series of variable- length data items called subobjects. This specification adapts ERO subobjects as defined in [RFC3209], [RFC3473], and [RFC3477] for use in route exclusions. The SRLG subobject as defined in Section 2 of this document has not been defined before. The SRLG subobject is defined here for use with route exclusions. The following subobject types are supported. Type Subobject -------------+------------------------------- 1 IPv4 prefix 2 IPv6 prefix 4 Unnumbered Interface ID 32 Autonomous system number XX SRLG -- RFC Editor. Please replace XX with the value define by IANA and -- remove this note. The defined values for Type above are specified in [RFC3209] and in this document. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 7]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 The concept of loose or strict hops has no meaning in route exclusion. The L bit, defined for ERO subobjects in [RFC3209], is reused here to indicate that an abstract node MUST be excluded (value 0) or SHOULD be avoided (value 1). The distinction is that the path of an LSP must not traverse an abstract node listed in the XRO with the L bit clear, but may traverse one with the L bit set. A node responsible for routing an LSP (for example, for expanding a loose hop) should attempt to minimize the number of abstract nodes listed in the XRO with the L bit set that are traversed by the LSP according to local policy. A node generating XRO subobjects with the L bit set must be prepared to accept an LSP that traverses one, some, or all of the corresponding abstract nodes. Subobjects 1, 2, and 4 refer to an interface or a set of interfaces. An Attribute octet is introduced in these subobjects to indicate the attribute (e.g. interface, node, SRLG) associated with the interfaces that should be excluded from the path. For instance, the attribute node allows a whole node to be excluded from the path by specifying an interface of that node in the XRO subobject, in contrast to the attribute interface, which allows a specific interface (or multiple interfaces) to be excluded from the path without excluding the whole nodes. The attribute SRLG allows all SRLGs associated with an interface to be excluded from the path. 3.1.1 IPv4 prefix Subobject 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |L| Type | Length | IPv4 address (4 bytes) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | IPv4 address (continued) | Prefix Length | Attribute | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ L 0 indicates that the attribute specified MUST be excluded 1 indicates that the attribute specified SHOULD be avoided Attribute Interface attribute values 0 indicates that the interface or set of interfaces associated with the IPv4 prefix should be excluded or avoided node Node attribute value 1 indicates that the node or set of nodes associated with the IPv4 prefix should be excluded or avoided Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 8]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 SRLG attribute values 2 indicates that all the SRLGs associated with the IPv4 prefix should be excluded or avoided The rest of the fields are as defined in [RFC3209]. 3.1.2 IPv6 Prefix Subobject 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |L| Type | Length | IPv6 address (16 bytes) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | IPv6 address (continued) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | IPv6 address (continued) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | IPv6 address (continued) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | IPv6 address (continued) | Prefix Length | Attribute | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ L 0 indicates that the attribute specified MUST be excluded 1 indicates that the attribute specified SHOULD be avoided Attribute Interface attribute value 0 indicates that the interface or set of interfaces associated with the IPv6 prefix should be excluded or avoided Node attribute value 1 indicates that the node or set of nodes associated with the IPv6 prefix should be excluded or avoided SRLG attribute value 2 indicates that all the SRLG associated with the IPv6 prefix should be excluded or avoided The rest of the fields are as defined in [RFC3209]. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 9]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 3.1.3 Unnumbered Interface ID Subobject 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |L| Type | Length | Reserved | Attribute | | | | |(must be zero) | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | TE Router ID | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Interface ID (32 bits) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ L 0 indicates that the attribute specified MUST be excluded 1 indicates that the attribute specified SHOULD be avoided Attribute Interface attribute value 0 indicates that the Interface ID specified should be excluded or avoided Node attribute value 1 indicates that the node with the Router ID should be excluded or avoided (this can be achieved using IPv4/v6 subobject as well, but is included here because it may be convenient to use information from subobjects of an RRO as defined in [RFC3477], in specifying the exclusions). SRLG attribute value 2 indicates that all the SRLGs associated with the interface should be excluded or avoided Reserved This field is reserved. It SHOULD be set to zero on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt. The rest of the fields are as defined in [RFC3477]. 3.1.4 Autonomous System Number Subobject The meaning of the L bit is as follows: 0 indicates that the abstract node specified MUST be excluded 1 indicates that the abstract node specified SHOULD be avoided The rest of the fields are as defined in [RFC3209]. There is no Attribute octet defined. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 10]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 3.1.5 SRLG Subobject The meaning of the L bit is as follows: 0 indicates that the SRLG specified MUST be excluded 1 indicates that the SRLG specified SHOULD be avoided The Attribute octet is not present. The rest of the fields are as defined in the "SRLG Subobject" section of this document. 3.2 Processing Rules for the Exclude Route Object (XRO) The exclude route list is encoded as a series of subobjects con- tained in an EXCLUDE_ROUTE object. Each subobject identifies an abstract node in the exclude route list. Each abstract node may be a precisely specified IP address belonging to a node, or an IP address with prefix identifying interfaces of a group of nodes, an Autonomous System, or an SRLG. The Explicit Route and routing processing is unchanged from the description in [RFC3209] with the following additions: 1. When a Path message is received at a node, the node MUST check that it is not a member of any of the abstract nodes in the XRO if it is present in the Path message. If the node is a member of any of the abstract nodes in the XRO with the L-flag set to "exclude", it SHOULD return a PathErr with the error code "Routing Problem" and error value of "Local node in Exclude Route". If there are SRLGs in the XRO, the node SHOULD check that the resources the node uses are not part of any SRLG with the L-flag set to "exclude" that is specified in the XRO. If it is, it SHOULD return a PathErr with error code "Routing Problem" and error value of "Local node in Exclude Route". 2. Each subobject MUST be consistent. If a subobject is not con- sistent then the node SHOULD return a PathErr with error code "Routing Problem" and error value "Inconsistent Subobject". An example of an inconsistent subobject is an IPv4 Prefix subobject containing the IP address of a node and the attribute field is set to "interface" or "SRLG". 3. The subobjects in the ERO and XRO SHOULD NOT contradict each other. If a Path message is received that contains contradicting ERO and XRO subobjects, then: - subobjects in the XRO with the L flag not set (zero) MUST take precedence over the subobjects in the ERO - that is, a mandatory exclusion expressed in the XRO MUST be honored and an implementation MUST reject such a Path message. This means that a PathErr with error code "Routing Problem" and error Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 11]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 value of "Route blocked by Exclude Route" is returned. - subobjects in the XRO with the L flag set do not take precedence over ERO subobjects - that is, an implementation MAY choose to reject a Path message because of such a contradiction, but MAY continue and set up the LSP (ignoring the XRO subobjects contradicting the ERO subobjects). 4. When choosing a next hop or expanding an explicit route to include additional subobjects, a node: a. MUST NOT introduce an explicit node or an abstract node that equals or is a member of any abstract node that is specified in the Exclude Route Object with the L-flag set to "exclude". The number of introduced explicit nodes or abstract nodes with the L flag set to "avoid", which indicate that it is not mandatory to be excluded but that it is less preferred, SHOULD be minimized in the computed path. b. MUST NOT introduce links, nodes or resources identified by the SRLG Id specified in the SRLG subobjects(s). The number of introduced SLRGs with the L flag set to "avoid" SHOULD be minimized. If these rules preclude further forwarding of the Path message, the node SHOULD return a PathErr with the error code "Routing Problem" and error value of "Route blocked by Exclude Route". Note that the subobjects in the XRO is an unordered list of subobjects. A node receiving a Path message carrying an XRO MAY reject the message if the XRO is too large or complicated for the local implementation or as governed by local policy. In this case, the node MUST send a PathErr message with the error code "Routing Error" and error value "XRO Too Complex". An ingress LSR receiving this error code/value combination MAY reduce the complexity of the XRO or route around the node that rejected the XRO. The XRO Class-Num is of the form 11bbbbbb so that nodes which do not support the XRO, forward it uninspected and do not apply the extensions to ERO processing described above. This approach is chosen to allow route exclusion to traverse parts of the network that are not capable of parsing or handling the new function. Note that Record Route may be used to allow computing nodes to observe violations of route exclusion and attempt to re-route the LSP accordingly. If a node supports the XRO, but not a particular subobject or part of that subobject, then that particular subobject is ignored. Examples Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 12]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 of a part of a subobject that can be supported are: (1) only prefix 32 of the IPv4 prefix subobject could be supported, or (2) a particular subobject is supported but not the particular attribute field. When a node forwards a Path message, it can do the following three operations related to XRO besides the processing rules mentioned above: 1. If no XRO was present, an XRO may be included. 2. If an XRO was present, it may remove the XRO if it is sure that the next nodes do not need this information anymore. An example is where a node can expand the ERO to a full strict path towards the destination. See Figure 1 where BC2 is removing the XRO from the Path message. 3. If an XRO was present, the content of the XRO can be modified. Subobjects can be added or removed. See Figure 1 for an example where AB2 is stripping off some subobjects. In any case, a node MUST NOT introduce any explicit or abstract node in the XRO (irrespective of the value of the L flag) that it also has introduced in the ERO. 4. Explicit Exclusion Route The Explicit Exclusion Route defines abstract nodes or resources (such as links, unnumbered interfaces or labels) that must not or should not be used on the path between two inclusive abstract nodes or resources in the explicit route. 4.1 Explicit Exclusion Route Subobject (EXRS) A new ERO subobject type is defined. The Explicit Exclusion Route Subobject (EXRS) has type XX. Although the EXRS is an ERO subobject and the XRO is reusing the ERO subobject, an EXRS MUST NOT be present in an XRO. An EXRS is an ERO subobject, which contains one or more subobjects in its own, called EXRS subobjects. -- RFC Editor. Please replace XX with the value define by IANA and -- remove this note. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 13]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 The format of the EXRS is as follows: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |L| Type | Length | Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | // one or more EXRS subobjects // | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ L It MUST be set to zero on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt. [Note: The L bit in an EXRS subobject is as defined for the XRO subobjects] Type The type of the subobject (XX). -- RFC Editor. Please replace XX with the value define by IANA and -- remove this note. Reserved This field is reserved. It SHOULD be set to zero on transmission and MUST be ignored on receipt. EXRS subobjects An EXRS subobject indicates the abstract node or resource to be excluded. The format of an EXRS subobject is exactly the same as the format of a subobject in the XRO. An EXRS may include all subobjects defined in this document for the XRO. Thus, an EXRS for an IP hop may look as follows: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |L| Type | Length | Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |L| Type | Length | IPv4 address (4 bytes) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | IPv4 address (continued) | Prefix Length | Attribute | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 14]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 4.2 Processing Rules for the Explicit Exclusion Route Subobject (EXRS) Each EXRS may carry multiple exclusions. The exclusion is encoded exactly as for XRO subobjects and prefixed by an additional Type and Length. The scope of the exclusion is the step between the previous ERO subobject that identifies an abstract node, and the subsequent ERO subobject that identifies an abstract node. The processing rules of the EXRS are the same as the processing rule of the XRO within this scope. Multiple exclusions may be present between any pair of abstract nodes. Exclusions may indicate explicit nodes, abstract nodes or Autonomous Systems that must not be traversed on the path to the next abstract node indicated in the ERO. Exclusions may also indicate resources (such as unnumbered interfaces, link ids, labels) that must not be used on the path to the next abstract node indicated in the ERO. SRLGs may also be indicated for exclusion from the path to the next abstract node in the ERO by the inclusion of an EXRS containing an SRLG subobject. If the L-bit in the SRLG subobject is zero, the resources (nodes, links, etc.) identified by the SRLG MUST NOT be used on the path to the next abstract node indicated in the ERO. If the L-bit is set, the resources identified by the SRLG SHOULD be avoided. If a node is called upon to process an EXRS and does not support handling of exclusions it will behave as described in [RFC3209] when an unrecognized ERO subobject is encountered. This means that this node will return a PathErr with error code "Routing Error" and error value "Bad Explicit Route Object" with the EXPLICIT_ROUTE object inlcuded, truncated (on the left) to the offending EXRS. If the presence of EXRS precludes further forwarding of the Path message, the node SHOULD return a PathErr with the error code "Routing Problem" and error value "Route blocked by Exclude Route". A node MAY reject a Path message if the EXRS is too large or complicated for the local implementation or as governed by local policy. In this case, the node MUST send a PathErr message with the error code "Routing Error" and error value "EXRS Too Complex". An ingress LSR receiving this error code/value combination MAY reduce the complexity of the EXRS or route around the node that rejected the EXRS. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 15]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 5. Processing of XRO together with EXRS When an LSR performs ERO expansion and finds both the XRO in the Path message and EXRS in the ERO, it MUST exclude all the SRLGs, nodes, links and resources listed in both places. Where some elements appears in both lists it MUST be handled according to the stricter exclusion request - that is, if one list says that an SRLG, node, link or resource must be excluded and the other says only that it should be avoided then the element MUST be excluded. 6. Minimum compliance An implementation MUST be at least compliant with the following: 1. The XRO MUST be supported with the following restrictions: - The IPv4 Prefix subobject MUST be supported with a prefix length of 32, and an attribute value of "interface" and "node". Other prefix values and attribute values MAY be supported. - The IPv6 Prefix subobject MUST be supported with a prefix length of 128, and an attribute value of "interface" and "node". Other prefix values and attribute values MAY be supported. 2. The EXRS MAY be supported. If supported, the same restrictions as for the XRO apply. If not supported, an EXRS encountered during normal ERO processing MUST be rejected as an unknown ERO subobject as described in Section 4.2. Note that a node SHOULD NOT parse ahead into an ERO, and if it does, MUST NOT reject the ERO if it discovers an EXRS that applies to another node. 3. If XRO or EXRS are supported, the implementation MUST be compliant with the processing rules of the supported, not supported, or partially supported subobjects as specified within this document. 7. Security Considerations Security considerations for MPLS-TE and GMPLS signaling are covered in [RFC3209] and [RFC3473]. This document does not introduce any new messages or any substantive new processing, and so those security considerations continue to apply. Note that any security concerns that exist with explicit routes should be considered with regard to route exclusions. For example, some administrative boundaries may consider explicit routes to be security violations and may strip EROs from the Path messages that Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 16]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 they process. In this case, the XRO should also be considered for removal from the Path message. It is possible that an arbitrarily complex XRO or EXRS sequence could be introduced as a form of denial of service attack since its presence will potentially cause additional processing at each node on the path of the LSP. It should be noted that such an attack assumes that an otherwise trusted LSR (i.e., one that has been authenticated by its neighbors) is misbehaving. A node that receives an XRO or EXRS sequence that it considers too complex according to its local policy may respond with a PathErr message carrying the error code "Routing Error" and error value "XRO Too Complex" or "EXRS Too Complex". 8. IANA Considerations It might be considered that an alternative approach would be to assign one of the bits of the ERO sub-object type field (perhaps the top bit) to identify that a sub-object is intended for inclusion rather than exclusion. However, [RFC3209] states that the type field (seven bits) should be assigned as 0 - 63 through IETF consensus action, 64 - 95 as first come first served, and 96 - 127 are reserved for private use. It would not be acceptable to disrupt existing implementations so the only option would be to split the IETF consensus range leaving only 32 sub-object types. It is felt that that would be an unacceptably small number for future expansion of the protocol. 8.1 New ERO Subobject Type IANA registry: RSVP PARAMETERS Subsection: Class Names, Class Numbers, and Class Types Add a new subobject of the existing entry for: 20 EXPLICIT_ROUTE The text should read: 33 Explicit Exclusion Route subobject (EXRS) The Explicit Exclusion Route subobject (EXRS) is defined in section "Explicit Exclusion Route Subobject (EXRS)". This subobject may be present in the Explicit Route Object, but not in the Route Record Object, nor in the new Exclude Route Object and should not be listed among the subobjects for those objects. Suggested value 33 Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 17]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 8.2 New RSVP-TE Class Numbers IANA registry: RSVP PARAMETERS Subsection: Class Names, Class Numbers, and Class Types One new class number is required for Exclude Route object (XRO) defined in Section "Exclude Route Object (XRO)". EXCLUDE_ROUTE Class-Num of type 11bbbbbb Suggested value 232 Defined CType: 1 (Exclude Route) Subobjects 1, 2, 4 and 32 as for Explicit Route Object. Additional subobject as requested in Section "New ERO and XRO Subobject Type". The text should appear as: Sub-object type 1 IPv4 address [RFC3209] 2 IPv6 address [RFC3209] 4 Unnumbered Interface ID [RFC3477] 32 Autonomous system number [RFC3209] 33 Explicit Exclusion Route subobject (EXRS) [this doc] 34 SRLG [this doc] The SRLG subobject is defined in section "SRLG Subobject". The value 34 is suggested. 8.3 New Error Codes IANA registry: RSVP PARAMETERS Subsection: Error Codes and Globally-Defined Error Value Sub-Codes New Error Values sub-codes are needed for the Error Code 'Routing Problem' (24). Unsupported Exclude Route Subobject Type Suggested value 64 Inconsistent Subobject Suggested value 65 Local Node in Exclude Route Suggested value 66 Route Blocked by Exclude Route Suggested value 67 XRO Too Complex Suggested value 68 EXRS Too Complex Suggested value 69 Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 18]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 9. Acknowledgments This document reuses text from [RFC3209] for the description of EXCLUDE_ROUTE. The authors would like to express their thanks to Lou Berger, Steffen Brockmann, Igor Bryskin, Dimitri Papadimitriou, Cristel Pelsser, and Richard Rabbat for their considered opinions on this draft. Also thanks to Yakov Rekhter for reminding us about SRLGs! Thanks to Eric Gray for providing GenArt review and to Ross Callon for his comments. 10. References 10.1 Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V., and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels", RFC 3209, December 2001. [RFC3473] Berger, L., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473, January 2003. [RFC3477] Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "Signalling Unnumbered Links in Resource ReSerVation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)", RFC 3477, January 2003. [RFC4202] Kompella, K. and Y. Rekhter, "Routing Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)", RFC 4202, October 2005. 10.2 Informational References [CRANKBACK] Farrel, A., Satyanarayana, A., Iwata, A., Ash, G., and S. Marshall-Unitt, "Crankback Signaling Extensions for MPLS Signaling", draft-ietf-ccamp-crankback, work in progress. [RFC3630] Katz, D., Kompella, K., and D. Yeung, "Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2", RFC 3630, September 2003. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 19]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 [RFC3784] Smit, H. and T. Li, "Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Extensions for Traffic Engineering (TE)", RFC 3784, June 2004. [RFC3812] Srinivasan, C., Viswanathan, A., and T. Nadeau, "Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Traffic Engineering (TE) Management Information Base (MIB)", RFC 3812, June 2004. [RFC4208] Swallow, G., Drake, J., Ishimatsu, H., and Y. Rekhter, "Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) User-Network Interface (UNI): Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Support for the Overlay Model", RFC 4208, October 2005. [RFC4216] Zhang, R. and JP. Vasseur, "MPLS Inter-Autonomous System (AS) Traffic Engineering (TE) Requirements", RFC 4216, November 2005. 11. Authors' Addresses Cheng-Yin Lee Email: c.yin.lee@gmail.com Adrian Farrel Old Dog Consulting Phone: +44 (0) 1978 860944 Email: adrian@olddog.co.uk Stefaan De Cnodder Alcatel Francis Wellesplein 1 B-2018 Antwerp Belgium Phone: +32 3 240 85 15 Email: stefaan.de_cnodder@alcatel.be Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 20]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 Appendix A. Applications This section describes some applications that can make use of the XRO. The intention is to show that the XRO is not an application specific object, but that it can be used for multiple purposes. In a few examples, other solutions might be possible for that particular case but the intention is to show that a single object can be used for all the examples, hence making the XRO a rather generic object without having to define a solution and new objects for each new application. A.1 Inter-area LSP protection One method to establish an inter-area LSP is where the ingress router selects an ABR, and then the ingress router computes a path towards this selected ABR such that the configured constraints of the LSP are fulfilled. In the example of figure A.1, an LSP has to be established from node A in area 1 to node C in area 2. If no loose hops are con- figured, then the computed ERO at A could looks as follows: (A1- strict, A2-strict, ABR1-strict, C-loose). When the Path message arrives at ABR1, then the ERO is (ABR1-strict, C-loose) and it can be expanded by ABR1 to (B1-strict, ABR3-strict, C-loose). Similar, at ABR3 the received ERO is (ABR3-strict, C-loose) and it can be expanded to (C1-strict, C2-strict, C-strict). If also a backup LSP has to be established, then A takes another ABR (ABR2 in this case) and computes a path towards this ABR that fulfills the constraints of the LSP and such that is disjoint from the path of the primary LSP. The ERO generated by A looks as follows for this example: (A3-strict, A4-strict, ABR2-strict, C-loose). In order to let ABR2 expand the ERO, it also needs to know the path of the primary LSP to expand the ERO such that it is disjoint from the path of the primary LSP. Therefore, A also includes an XRO that at least contains (ABR1, B1, ABR3, C1, C2). Based on these con- straints, ABR2 can expand the ERO such that it is disjoint from the primary LSP. In this example, the ERO computed by ABR2 would be (B2- strict, ABR4-strict, C-loose), and the XRO generated by B contains at least (ABR3, C1, C2). The latter information is needed to let ABR4 to expand the ERO such that the path is disjoint from the primary LSP in area 2. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 21]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 Area 1 Area 0 Area 2 <---------------><--------------><---------------> +---A1---A2----ABR1-----B1-----ABR3----C1---C2---+ | | | | | | | | | | A | | | C | | | | | | | | | | +---A3---A4----ABR2-----B2-----ABR4----C3---C4---+ Figure A.1: Inter-area LSPs In this example, a node performing the path computation, first selects an ABR and then it computes a strict path towards this ABR. For the backup LSP, all nodes of the primary LSP in the next areas has to be put in the XRO (with the exception of the destination node if node protection and no link protection is required). When an ABR computes the next path segment, i.e. the path over the next area, it may remove the nodes from the XRO that are located in that area with the exception of the ABR where the primary LSP is exiting the area. The latter information is still required because when the selected ABR (ABR4 in this example) further expands the ERO, it has to exclude the ABR on which the primary is entering that area (ABR3 in this example). This means that when ABR2 generates an XRO, it may remove the nodes in area 0 from the XRO but not ABR3. Note that not doing this would not harm in this example because there is no path from ABR4 to C via ABR3 in area2. If there is a link between ABR4- ABR3 and ABR3-C, then it is required to have ABR3 in the XRO gen- erated by ABR2. Discussion on the length of the XRO: when link or node protection is requested, the length of the XRO is bounded by the length of the RRO of the primary LSP. It can be made shorter by removing nodes by the ingress node and the ABRs. In the example above, the RRO of the pri- mary LSP contains 8 subobjects, while the maximum XRO length can be bounded by 6 subobjects (nodes A1 and A2 do not have to be in the XRO. For SRLG protection, the XRO has to list all SRLGs that are crossed by the primary LSP. A.2 Inter-AS LSP protection When an inter-AS LSP is established, which has to be protected by a backup LSP to provide link or node protection, the same method as for the inter-area LSP case can be used. The difference is when the backup LSP is not following the same AS-path as the primary LSP because then the XRO should always contain the full path of the pri- mary LSP. In case the backup LSP is following the same AS-path (but with different ASBRs - at least in case of node protection), it is Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 22]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 similar to the inter-area case: ASBRs expanding the ERO over the next AS may remove the XRO subobjects located in that AS. Note that this can only be done by ingress ASBRs (the ASBR where the LSP is entering the AS). Discussion on the length of the XRO: the XRO is bounded by the length of the RRO of the primary LSP. Suppose that SRLG protection is required, and the ASs crossed by the main LSP use a consistent way of allocating SRLG-ids to the links (i.e. the ASs use a single SRLG space). In this case, the SRLG-ids of each link used by the main LSP can be recorded by means of the RRO, which are then used by the XRO. If the SRLG-ids are only meaningfull local to the AS, putting SRLG-ids in the XRO crossing many ASs makes no sense. To provide SRLG protection for inter-AS LSPs the link IP address of the inter-AS link used by the primary LSP can be put into the XRO of the Path message of the detour LSP or bypass tunnel. The ASBR where the detour LSP or bypass tunnel is entering the AS can translate this into the list of SRLG-ids known to the local AS. Discussion on the length of the XRO: the XRO only contains 1 subobject, which contains the IP address of the inter-AS link traversed by the primary LSP (assuming that the primary LSP and detour LSP or bypass tunnel are leaving the AS in the same area, and they are also entering the next AS in the same area). A.3 Protection in the GMPLS overlay model When an edge-node wants to establish an LSP towards another edge-node over an optical core network as described in [RFC4208] (see figure A.2), the XRO can be used for multiple purposes. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 23]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 Overlay Overlay Network +--------------------------------+ Network +----------+ | | +----------+ | +----+ | | +-----+ +-----+ +-----+ | | +----+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --+ EN1+-+-----+--+ CN1 +---+ CN2 +---+ CN3 +---+-----+-+ EN3+-- | | | | | +--+--+ | | | | +---+--+ | | | | | +----+ | | | +--+--+ +--+--+ +--+--+ | | | +----+ | | | | | | | | | | | | +----------+ | | | | | | | +----------+ | | | | | | | +----------+ | | | | | | | +----------+ | | | | +--+--+ | +--+--+ | | | | | +----+ | | | | | +------+ | | | | +----+ | | | +-+--+ | | CN4 +-------------+ CN5 | | +--+-+ | | | --+ EN2+-+-----+--+ | | +---+-----+-+ EN4+-- | | | | | | +-----+ +-----+ | | | | | | +----+ | | | | +----+ | | | +--------------------------------+ | | +----------+ Core Network +----------+ Overlay Overlay Network Network Legend: EN- Edge Node CN- Core Node Figure A.2 A first application is where an edge-node wants to establish multiple LSPs towards the same destination edge-node, and these LSPs need to have as few or no SRLGs in common. In this case EN1 could establish an LSP towards EN3 and then it can establish a second LSP listing all links used by the first LSP with the indication to avoid the SRLGs of these links. This information can be used by CN1 to compute a path for the second LSP. If the core network consists of multiple areas, then the SRLG-ids have to be listed in the XRO. The same example applies to nodes and links. Another application is where the edge-node wants to set up a backup LSP that is also protecting the links between the edge-nodes and core-nodes. For instance, when EN2 establishes an LSP to EN4, it sends a Path message to CN4, which computes a path towards EN4 over for instance CN5. When EN2 gets back the RRO of that LSP, it can sig- nal a new LSP to CN1 with EN4 as destination and the XRO computed based on the RRO of the first LSP. Based on this information, CN1 can compute a path that has the requested diversity properties (e.g, a path going over CN2, CN3 and then to EN4). Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 24]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 It is clear that in these examples, the core-node may not edit the RRO in a Resv message such that it includes only the subobjects from the egress core-node through the egress edge-node. A.4 LSP protection inside a single area The XRO can also be used inside a single area. Take for instance a network where the TE extensions of the IGPs as described in [RFC3630] and [RFC3784] are not used, and hence each node has to select a next- hop and possibly crankback [CRANKBACK] has to be used when there is no viable next-hop. In this case, when signaling a backup LSP, the XRO can be put in the Path message to exclude the links, nodes or SRLGs of the primary LSP. An alternative to provide this functionality would be to indicate in the Path message of the backup LSP, the primary LSP together with an indication which type of protection is required. This latter solution would work for link and node protec- tion, but not for SRLG protection. When link or node protection is requested, the XRO is of the same length as the RRO of the primary LSP. For SRLG protection, the XRO has to list all SRLGs that are crossed by the primary LSP. Note that for SRLG protection, the link IP address to reference the SRLGs of that link cannot be used since the TE extensions of the IGPs are not used in this example. Hence, a node cannot translate any link IP address located in that area to its SRLGs. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 25]
Internet-Draft Exclude Routes - Extension to RSVP-TE November 2006 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr. The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2006). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Lee, De Cnodder, Farrel [Page 26]
