IPPM H. Song
Internet-Draft Futurewei
Intended status: Standards Track B. Gafni
Expires: November 30, 2022 Nvidia
F. Brockners
Cisco
S. Bhandari
Thoughtspot
T. Mizrahi
Huawei
May 29, 2022
In-situ OAM Direct Exporting
draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-direct-export-08
Abstract
In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (IOAM) is used
for recording and collecting operational and telemetry information.
Specifically, IOAM allows telemetry data to be pushed into data
packets while they traverse the network. This document introduces a
new IOAM option type called the Direct Export (DEX) option, which is
used as a trigger for IOAM data to be directly exported or locally
aggregated without being pushed into in-flight data packets. The
exporting method and format are outside the scope of this document.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on November 30, 2022.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2022 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Requirement Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. The Direct Exporting (DEX) IOAM Option Type . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1. DEX Packet Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2. Responding to the DEX Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. The DEX Option Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. IOAM Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. IOAM DEX Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. IOAM DEX Extension-Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix A. Hop Limit in Direct Exporting . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
IOAM [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data] is used for monitoring traffic in the
network, and for incorporating IOAM data fields into in-flight data
packets.
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IOAM makes use of four possible IOAM options, defined in
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data]: Pre-allocated Trace Option, Incremental
Trace Option, Proof of Transit (POT) Option, and Edge-to-Edge Option.
This document defines a new IOAM option type (also known as an IOAM
type) called the Direct Export (DEX) option. This option is used as
a trigger for IOAM nodes to locally aggregate and process IOAM data,
and/or to export it to a receiving entity (or entities). Throughout
the document this functionality is referred to as collection and/or
exporting. A "receiving entity" in this context can be, for example,
an external collector, analyzer, controller, decapsulating node, or a
software module in one of the IOAM nodes.
Note that even though the IOAM Option-Type is called "Direct Export",
it depends on the deployment whether the receipt of a packet with DEX
option type leads to the creation of another packet. Some
deployments might simply use the packet with the DEX option type to
trigger local processing of OAM data. The functionality of this
local processing is not within the scope of this document.
This draft has evolved from combining some of the concepts of PBT-I
from [I-D.song-ippm-postcard-based-telemetry] with immediate
exporting from [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-flags].
2. Conventions
2.1. Requirement Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2.2. Terminology
Abbreviations used in this document:
IOAM: In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
OAM: Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
DEX: Direct EXporting
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3. The Direct Exporting (DEX) IOAM Option Type
3.1. Overview
The DEX option is used as a trigger for collecting IOAM data locally
or for exporting it to a receiving entity (or entities).
Specifically, the DEX option can be used as a trigger for collecting
IOAM data by an IOAM node and locally aggregating it; thus, this
aggregated data can be periodically pushed to a receiving entity, or
pulled by a receiving entity on-demand.
This option is incorporated into data packets by an IOAM
encapsulating node, and removed by an IOAM decapsulating node, as
illustrated in Figure 1. The option can be read but not modified by
transit nodes. Note: the terms IOAM encapsulating, decapsulating and
transit nodes are as defined in [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data].
^
|Exported IOAM data
|
|
|
+--------------+------+-------+--------------+
| | | |
| | | |
User +---+----+ +---+----+ +---+----+ +---+----+
packets |Encapsu-| | Transit| | Transit| |Decapsu-|
--------->|lating |====>| Node |====>| Node |====>|lating |---->
|Node | | A | | B | |Node |
+--------+ +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
Insert DEX Export Export Remove DEX
option and IOAM data IOAM data option and
export data export data
Figure 1: DEX Architecture
The DEX option is used as a trigger to collect and/or export IOAM
data. The trigger applies to transit nodes, the decapsulating node,
and the encapsulating node:
o An IOAM encapsulating node configured to incorporate the DEX
option encapsulates (possibly a subset of) the packets it forwards
with the DEX option, and MAY export and/or collect the requested
IOAM data immediately. Only IOAM encapsulating nodes are allowed
to add the DEX option type to a packet.
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o A transit node that processes a packet with the DEX option MAY
export and/or collect the requested IOAM data.
o An IOAM decapsulating node that processes a packet with the DEX
option MAY export and/or collect the requested IOAM data, and MUST
decapsulate the IOAM header.
As in [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data], the DEX option can be incorporated
into all or a subset of the traffic that is forwarded by the
encapsulating node, as further discussed in Section 3.1.1 below.
Moreover, IOAM nodes respond to the DEX trigger by exporting and/or
collecting IOAM data either for all traversing packets that carry the
DEX option, or selectively only for a subset of these packets, as
further discussed in Section 3.1.2 below.
3.1.1. DEX Packet Selection
If an IOAM encapsulating node incorporates the DEX option into all
the traffic it forwards it may lead to an excessive amount of
exported data, which may overload the network and the receiving
entity. Therefore, an IOAM encapsulating node that supports the DEX
option MUST support the ability to incorporate the DEX option
selectively into a subset of the packets that are forwarded by it.
Various methods of packet selection and sampling have been previously
defined, such as [RFC7014] and [RFC5475]. Similar techniques can be
applied by an IOAM encapsulating node to apply DEX to a subset of the
forwarded traffic.
The subset of traffic that is forwarded or transmitted with a DEX
option SHOULD NOT exceed 1/N of the interface capacity on any of the
IOAM encapsulating node's interfaces. It is noted that this
requirement applies to the total traffic that incorporates a DEX
option, including traffic that is forwarded by the IOAM encapsulating
node and probe packets that are generated by the IOAM encapsulating
node. In this context N is a parameter that can be configurable by
network operators. If there is an upper bound, M, on the number of
IOAM transit nodes in any path in the network, then it is recommended
to use an N such that N >> M. The rationale is that a packet that
includes a DEX option may trigger an exported packet from each IOAM
transit node along the path for a total of M exported packets. Thus,
if N >> M then the number of exported packets is significantly lower
than the number of data packets forwarded by the IOAM encapsulating
node. If there is no prior knowledge about the network topology or
size, it is recommended to use N>100.
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3.1.2. Responding to the DEX Trigger
The DEX option specifies which data fields should be exported and/or
collected, as specified in Section 3.2. As mentioned above, the data
can be locally collected, and optionally can be aggregated and
exported to a receiving entity, either proactively or on-demand. If
IOAM data is exported, the format and encapsulation of the packet
that contains the exported data is not within the scope of the
current document. For example, the export format can be based on
[I-D.spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport].
An IOAM node that performs DEX-triggered exporting MUST support the
ability to limit the rate of the exported packets. The rate of
exported packets SHOULD be limited so that the number of exported
packets is significantly lower than the number of packets that are
forwarded by the device. The exported data rate SHOULD NOT exceed 1/
N of the interface capacity on any of the IOAM node's interfaces. It
is recommended to use N>100. Depending on the IOAM node's
architecture considerations, the export rate may be limited to a
lower number in order to avoid loading the IOAM node. An IOAM node
MAY maintain a counter or a set of counters that count the events in
which the IOAM node receives a packet with the DEX option type and
does not collect and/or export data due to the rate limits.
Exported packets SHOULD NOT be exported over a path or a tunnel that
is subject to IOAM direct exporting. Furthermore, IOAM encapsulating
nodes that can identify a packet as an IOAM exported packet MUST NOT
push a DEX option into such a packet. This requirement is intended
to prevent nested exporting and/or exporting loops.
A transit or decapsulating IOAM node that receives an unknown IOAM
option type ignores it (as defined in [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data]), and
specifically nodes that do not support the DEX option ignore it.
Note that as per [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data] a decapsulating node
removes the IOAM encapsulation and all its IOAM options, and
specifically in the case where one of these options is a (possibly
unknown) DEX option. The ability to skip over a (possibly unknown)
DEX option in the parsing or in the decapsulation procedure is
dependent on the specific encapsulation, which is outside the scope
of this document. For example, when IOAM is encapsulated in IPv6
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-ipv6-options] the DEX option is incorporated
either in a Hop-by-Hop options header or in a Destination options
header, and thus can be skipped using the length field in the options
header.
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3.2. The DEX Option Format
The format of the DEX option is depicted in Figure 2. The length of
the DEX option is at least 8 octets. The DEX option MAY include one
or more optional fields. The existence of the optional fields is
indicated by the corresponding flags in the Extension-Flags field.
Two optional fields are defined in this document, the Flow ID and the
Sequence Number fields. Every optional field MUST be exactly 4
octets long. Thus, the Extension-Flags field explicitly indicates
the length of the DEX option. Defining a new optional field requires
an allocation of a corresponding flag in the Extension-Flags field,
as specified in Section 4.2.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Namespace-ID | Flags |Extension-Flags|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IOAM-Trace-Type | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Flow ID (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number (Optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: DEX Option Format
Namespace-ID A 16-bit identifier of the IOAM namespace, as defined
in [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data].
Flags An 8-bit field, comprised of 8 one-bit subfields.
Flags are allocated by IANA, as defined in
Section 4.2.
Extension-Flags An 8-bit field, comprised of 8 one-bit subfields.
Extension-Flags are allocated by IANA, as defined in
Section 4.3. Every bit in the Extension-Flag field
that is set to 1 indicates the existence of a
corresponding optional 4-octet field. An IOAM node
that receives a DEX option with an unknown flag set
to 1 MUST ignore the corresponding optional field.
IOAM-Trace-Type A 24-bit identifier which specifies which data fields
should be exported. The format of this field is as
defined in [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data]. Specifically,
the bit that corresponds to the Checksum Complement
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data field SHOULD be assigned to be zero by the IOAM
encapsulating node, and ignored by transit and
decapsulating nodes. The reason for this is that the
Checksum Complement is intended for in-flight packet
modifications and is not relevant for direct
exporting.
Reserved This field SHOULD be ignored by the receiver.
Optional fields The optional fields, if present, reside after the
Reserved field. The order of the optional fields is
according to the respective bits that are enabled in
the Extension-Flags field. Each optional field is 4
octets long.
Flow ID An optional 32-bit field representing the flow
identifier. If the actual Flow ID is shorter than 32
bits, it is zero padded in its most significant bits.
The field is set at the encapsulating node. The Flow
ID can be used to correlate the exported data of the
same flow from multiple nodes and from multiple
packets. Flow ID values are expected to be allocated
in a way that avoids collisions. For example, random
assignment of Flow ID values can be subject to
birthday problem conflicts, while centralized
allocation can avoid this problem. The specification
of the Flow ID allocation method is not within the
scope of this document.
Sequence Number An optional 32-bit sequence number starting from 0
and increasing by 1 for each following monitored
packet from the same flow at the encapsulating node.
The Sequence Number, when combined with the Flow ID,
provides a convenient approach to correlate the
exported data from the same user packet.
4. IANA Considerations
4.1. IOAM Type
The "IOAM Type Registry" was defined in Section 7.2 of
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data]. IANA is requested to allocate the
following code point from the "IOAM Type Registry" as follows:
TBD-type IOAM Direct Export (DEX) Option Type
If possible, IANA is requested to allocate code point 4 (TBD-type).
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4.2. IOAM DEX Flags
IANA is requested to define an "IOAM DEX Flags" registry. This
registry includes 8 flag bits. Allocation is based on the "RFC
Required" procedure, as defined in [RFC8126].
New registration requests MUST use the following template:
Bit: Desired bit to be allocated in the 8 bit Flags field of the DEX
option.
Description: Brief description of the newly registered bit.
Reference: Reference to the document that defines the new bit.
4.3. IOAM DEX Extension-Flags
IANA is requested to define an "IOAM DEX Extension-Flags" registry.
This registry includes 8 flag bits. Bit 0 (the most significant bit)
and bit 1 in the registry are allocated by this document, and
described in Section 3.2. Allocation of the other bits should be
performed based on the "RFC Required" procedure, as defined in
[RFC8126].
Bit 0 "Flow ID [RFC XXXX] [RFC Editor: please replace with the RFC
number of the current document]"
Bit 1 "Sequence Number [RFC XXXX] [RFC Editor: please replace with
the RFC number of the current document]"
New registration requests MUST use the following template:
Bit: Desired bit to be allocated in the 8 bit Extension-Flags field
of the DEX option.
Description: Brief description of the newly registered bit.
Reference: Reference to the document that defines the new bit.
5. Performance Considerations
The DEX option triggers IOAM data to be collected and/or exported
packets to be exported to a receiving entity (or entities). In some
cases this may impact the receiving entity's performance, or the
performance along the paths leading to it.
Therefore, the performance impact of these exported packets is
limited by taking two measures: at the encapsulating nodes, by
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selective DEX encapsulation (Section 3.1.1), and at the transit
nodes, by limiting exporting rate (Section 3.1.2). These two
measures ensure that direct exporting is used at a rate that does not
significantly affect the network bandwidth, and does not overload the
receiving entity. Moreover, it is possible to load balance the
exported data among multiple receiving entities, although the
exporting method is not within the scope of this document.
It should be noted that in some networks DEX data may be exported
over an out-of-band network, in which a large volume of exported
traffic does not compromise user traffic. In this case an operator
may choose to disable the exporting rate limiting.
6. Security Considerations
The security considerations of IOAM in general are discussed in
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data]. Specifically, an attacker may try to use
the functionality that is defined in this document to attack the
network.
An attacker may attempt to overload network devices by injecting
synthetic packets that include the DEX option. Similarly, an on-path
attacker may maliciously incorporate the DEX option into transit
packets, or maliciously remove it from packets in which it is
incorporated.
Forcing DEX, either in synthetic packets or in transit packets may
overload the receiving entity (or entities). Since this mechanism
affects multiple devices along the network path, it potentially
amplifies the effect on the network bandwidth and on the receiving
entity's load.
The amplification effect of DEX may be worse in wide area networks in
which there are multiple IOAM domains. For example, if DEX is used
in IOAM domain 1 for exporting IOAM data to a receiving entity, then
the exported packets of domain 1 can be forwarded through IOAM domain
2, in which they are subject to DEX. The exported packets of domain
2 may in turn be forwarded through another IOAM domain (or through
domain 1), and theoretically this recursive amplification may
continue infinitely.
In order to mitigate the attacks described above, the following
requirements (Section 3) have been defined:
o Selective DEX (Section 3.1.1) is applied by IOAM encpsulating
nodes in order to limit the potential impact of DEX attacks to a
small fraction of the traffic.
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o Rate limiting of exported traffic (Section 3.1.2) is applied by
IOAM nodes in order to prevent overloading attacks and in order to
significantly limit the scale of amplification attacks.
o IOAM encapsulating nodes are required to avoid pushing the DEX
option into IOAM exported packets (Section 3.1.2), thus preventing
some of the amplification and export loop scenarios.
Although the exporting method is not within the scope of this
document, any exporting method MUST secure the exported data from the
IOAM node to the receiving entity. Specifically, an IOAM node that
performs DEX exporting MUST send the exported data to a pre-
configured trusted receiving entity. Furthermore, an IOAM node MUST
gain explicit consent to export data to a receiving entity before
starting to send exported data.
An attacker may keep track of the information sent in DEX headers as
a means of reconnaissance. This form of recon can be mitigated to
some extent by careful allocation of the Flow ID and Sequence Number
space, in a way that does not compromise privacy aspects such as
customer identities.
IOAM is assumed to be deployed in a restricted administrative domain,
thus limiting the scope of the threats above and their affect. This
is a fundamental assumption with respect to the security aspects of
IOAM, as further discussed in [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data].
7. Acknowledgments
The authors thank Martin Duke, Tommy Pauly, Greg Mirsky, and other
members of the IPPM working group for many helpful comments.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data]
Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., and T. Mizrahi, "Data Fields
for In Situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
(IOAM)", draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-data-17 (work in progress),
December 2021.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
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[RFC5475] Zseby, T., Molina, M., Duffield, N., Niccolini, S., and F.
Raspall, "Sampling and Filtering Techniques for IP Packet
Selection", RFC 5475, DOI 10.17487/RFC5475, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5475>.
[RFC7014] D'Antonio, S., Zseby, T., Henke, C., and L. Peluso, "Flow
Selection Techniques", RFC 7014, DOI 10.17487/RFC7014,
September 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7014>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
8.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-flags]
Mizrahi, T., Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., Sivakolundu, R.,
Pignataro, C., Kfir, A., Gafni, B., Spiegel, M., and J.
Lemon, "In-situ OAM Loopback and Active Flags", draft-
ietf-ippm-ioam-flags-07 (work in progress), October 2021.
[I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-ipv6-options]
Bhandari, S. and F. Brockners, "In-situ OAM IPv6 Options",
draft-ietf-ippm-ioam-ipv6-options-07 (work in progress),
February 2022.
[I-D.song-ippm-postcard-based-telemetry]
Song, H., Mirsky, G., Filsfils, C., Abdelsalam, A., Zhou,
T., Li, Z., Mishra, G., Shin, J., and K. Lee, "In-Situ OAM
Marking-based Direct Export", draft-song-ippm-postcard-
based-telemetry-12 (work in progress), May 2022.
[I-D.spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport]
Spiegel, M., Brockners, F., Bhandari, S., and R.
Sivakolundu, "In-situ OAM raw data export with IPFIX",
draft-spiegel-ippm-ioam-rawexport-06 (work in progress),
February 2022.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
Appendix A. Hop Limit in Direct Exporting
In order to help correlate and order the exported packets, it is
possible to include the Hop_Lim/Node_ID data field in exported
packets; if the IOAM-Trace-Type [I-D.ietf-ippm-ioam-data] has the
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Hop_Lim/Node_ID bit set, then exported packets include the Hop_Lim/
Node_ID data field, which contains the TTL/Hop Limit value from a
lower layer protocol.
An alternative approach was considered during the design of this
document, according to which a 1-octet Hop Count field would be
included in the DEX header (presumably by claiming some space from
the Flags field). The Hop Limit would starts from 0 at the
encapsulating node and be incremented by each IOAM transit node that
supports the DEX option. In this approach the Hop Count field value
would also be included in the exported packet.
Contributors
The Editors would like to recognize the contributions of the
following individuals to this document.
Tianran Zhou
Huawei
156 Beiqing Rd.
Beijing 100095
China
Email: zhoutianran@huawei.com
Zhenbin Li
Huawei
156 Beiqing Rd.
Beijing 100095
China
Email: lizhenbin@huawei.com
Ramesh Sivakolundu
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Dr.
SAN JOSE, CA 95134
U.S.A.
Email: sramesh@cisco.com
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Authors' Addresses
Haoyu Song
Futurewei
2330 Central Expressway
Santa Clara 95050
USA
Email: haoyu.song@futurewei.com
Barak Gafni
Nvidia
350 Oakmead Parkway, Suite 100
Sunnyvale, CA 94085
U.S.A.
Email: gbarak@nvidia.com
Frank Brockners
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Hansaallee 249, 3rd Floor
DUESSELDORF, NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN 40549
Germany
Email: fbrockne@cisco.com
Shwetha Bhandari
Thoughtspot
3rd Floor, Indiqube Orion, 24th Main Rd, Garden Layout, HSR Layout
Bangalore, KARNATAKA 560 102
India
Email: shwetha.bhandari@thoughtspot.com
Tal Mizrahi
Huawei
8-2 Matam
Haifa 3190501
Israel
Email: tal.mizrahi.phd@gmail.com
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