Network Working Group David J. Smith
Internet Draft John Mullooly
Updates: 3031 Cisco Systems
Intended Status: Proposed Standard
Expiration Date: June 2011 William Jaeger
AT&T
Tom Scholl
nLayer Communications
December 15, 2010
Requirements for Label Edge Router Forwarding of IPv4 Option Packets
draft-ietf-mpls-ip-options-06.txt
Abstract
This document specifies how Label Edge Routers (LER) should behave
when determining whether to MPLS encapsulate an IP packet with header
options. Lack of a formal standard has resulted in different LER
forwarding behaviors for IP packets with header options despite being
associated with a prefix-based Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC).
IP option packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC, yet are
forwarded into an IP/MPLS network without being MPLS-encapsulated,
present a security risk against the MPLS infrastructure. Further,
LERs that are unable to MPLS encapsulate IP packets with header
options cannot operate in certain MPLS environments. While this
newly defined LER behavior is mandatory to implement, it is optional
to invoke.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
Drafts.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
This Internet-Draft will expire on June 1, 2011.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1 Specification of Requirements ...................... 3
2 Motivation ......................................... 3
3 Introduction ....................................... 3
4 Ingress Label Edge Router Requirement .............. 4
5 Security Considerations ............................ 5
5.1 IP Option Packets that Bypass MPLS Encapsulation ... 5
5.2 Router Alert Label Imposition ...................... 7
6 IANA Considerations ................................ 7
7 Acknowledgements ................................... 8
8 Normative References ............................... 8
9 Informational References ........................... 8
10 Authors' Addresses ................................. 9
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1. Specification of Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Motivation
This document is motivated by the need to formalize MPLS
encapsulation processing of IPv4 packets with header options in order
to mitigate the existing risks of IP options-based security attacks
against MPLS infrastructures. We believe that this document adds
details that have not been fully addressed in [RFC3031] and
[RFC3032], and that the methods presented in this document update
[RFC3031] as well as complement [RFC3270], [RFC3443] and [RFC4950].
3. Introduction
The IP packet header provides for various IP options as originally
specified in [RFC791]. IP header options are used to enable control
functions within the IP data forwarding plane that are required in
some specific situations but not necessary for most common IP
communications. Typical IP header options include provisions for
timestamps, security, and special routing. Example IP header options
and applications include but are not limited to:
o Strict and Loose Source Route Options: Used to IP route the IP
packet based on information supplied by the source.
o Record Route Option: Used to trace the route an IP packet takes.
o Router Alert Option: Indicates to downstream IP routers to
examine these IP packets more closely.
The list of current IP header options can be accessed at [IANA].
IP packets may or may not use IP header options (they are optional)
but IP header option handling mechanisms must be implemented by all
IP protocol stacks (hosts and routers). Each IP header option has
distinct header fields and lengths. IP options extend the IP packet
header length beyond the minimum of 20 octets. As a result, IP
packets received with header options are typically handled as
exceptions and in a less efficient manner due to their variable
length and complex processing requirements. For example, many router
implementations, punt such IP option packets from the hardware
forwarding (fast) path into the software forwarding (slow) path
causing high CPU utilization. Even when the forwarding plane can
parse a variable length header, it may still need to punt to the
control plane, because the forwarding plane may not have the clock
cycles or intelligence required to process the header option.
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Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) [RFC3031] is a technology in
which packets associated with a prefix-based Forwarding Equivalence
Class (FEC) are encapsulated with a label stack and then switched
along a label switched path (LSP) by a sequence of label switch
routers (LSRs). These intermediate LSRs do not generally perform any
processing of the IP header as packets are forwarded. (There are some
exceptions to this rule, such as ICMP processing and LSP ping, as
described in [RFC3032] and [RFC4379], respectively.) Many MPLS
deployments rely on LSRs to provide layer 3 transparency much like
ATM switches are transparent at layer 2. Such deployments often
minimize the IP routing information (e.g., no BGP transit routes)
carried by LSRs since it is not necessary for MPLS forwarding of
transit packets.
Even though MPLS encapsulation seems to offer a viable solution to
provide layer 3 transparency, there is currently no formal standard
for MPLS encapsulation of IP packets with header options that belong
to a prefix-based FEC. Lack of a formal standard has resulted in
inconsistent forwarding behaviors by ingress Label Edge Routers
(LERs). When IP packets are MPLS encapsulated by an ingress LER, for
example, the IP header including option fields of transit packets are
not acted upon by downstream LSRs which forward based on the MPLS
label(s). Conversely, when a packet is IP forwarded by an ingress
LER two undesirable behaviors can result. First, a downstream LSR may
not have sufficient IP routing information to forward the packet
resulting in packet loss. Second, downstream LSRs must apply IP
forwarding rules which may expose them to IP security attacks.
IP option packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC, yet are
forwarded into an IP/MPLS network without being MPLS-encapsulated,
present a security risk against the MPLS infrastructure. Further,
LERs that are unable to MPLS encapsulate IP packets with header
options cannot operate as an LER in certain MPLS environments. This
new requirement will reduce the risk of IP options-based security
attacks against LSRs as well as assist LER operation across MPLS
networks which minimize the IP routing information (e.g., no BGP
transit routes) carried by LSRs.
4. Ingress Label Edge Router Requirement
An ingress LER MUST implement the following policy:
o When determining whether to push an MPLS label stack onto an IP
packet, the determination is made without considering any IP
options that may be carried in the IP packet header. Further,
the label values that appear in the label stack are determined
without considering any such IP options.
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This policy MAY be configurable on an ingress LER, however, it SHOULD
be enabled by default. When processing of signaling messages or data
packets with more specific forwarding rules is enabled, this policy
SHOULD NOT alter the specific processing rules. This applies to, but
is not limited to, RSVP as per [RFC2205], source routing as per
[RFC791] as well as other FEC elements defined by future
specifications. Further, how an ingress LER processes the IP header
options of packets before MPLS encapsulation is out of scope since
these are processed before they enter the MPLS domain.
Implementation of the above policy prevents IP packets that belong to
a prefix-based FEC from bypassing MPLS encapsulation due to header
options. The policy also prevents specific option types such as
Router Alert (option value 148) from forcing MPLS imposition of the
MPLS Router Alert Label (label value 1) at ingress LERs. Without
this policy, the MPLS infrastructure is exposed to security attacks
using legitimate IP packets crafted with header options. Further,
LERs that are unable to MPLS encapsulate IP packets with header
options cannot operate as an LER in certain MPLS environments as
described above in Section 3.
5. Security Considerations
There are two potential categories of attacks using crafted IP option
packets that threaten existing MPLS infrastructures. Both are
described below. To mitigate the risk of these specific attacks, the
ingress LER policy specified above is required.
5.1. IP Option Packets that Bypass MPLS Encapsulation
Given that a router's exception handling process (i.e., CPU,
processor line-card bandwidth, etc.) used for IP header option
processing is often shared with IP control and management protocol
router resources, a flood of IP packets with header options may
adversely affect a router's control and management protocols,
thereby, triggering a denial-of-service (DoS) condition. Note, IP
packets with header options may be valid transit IP packets with
legitimate sources and destinations. Hence, a DoS-like condition may
be triggered on downstream transit IP routers that lack protection
mechanisms even in the case of legitimate IP option packets.
IP option packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC yet bypass MPLS
encapsulation at an ingress LER may be inadvertently IP routed
downstream across the MPLS core network (not label switched). This
allows an external attacker the opportunity to maliciously craft
seemingly legitimate IP packets with specific IP header options in
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order to intentionally bypass MPLS encapsulation at the MPLS edge
(i.e., ingress LER) and trigger a DoS condition on downstream LSRs.
Some of the specific types of IP option-based security attacks that
may be leveraged against MPLS networks include:
o Crafted IP option packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC yet
bypass MPLS encapsulation at an ingress LER may allow an attacker
to DoS downstream LSRs by saturating their software forwarding
paths. By targeting a LSR's exception path, control and
management protocols may be adversely affected and, thereby, a
LSR's availability. This assumes, of course, that downstream
LSRs lack protection mechanisms.
o Crafted IP option packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC yet
bypass MPLS encapsulation at an ingress LER may allow for IP TTL
expiry-based DoS attacks against downstream LSRs. MPLS enables
IP core hiding whereby transit IP traffic flows see the MPLS
network as a single router hop [RFC3443]. However, MPLS core
hiding does not apply to packets that bypass MPLS encapsulation
and, therefore, IP option packets may be crafted to expire on
downstream LSRs which may trigger a DoS condition. Bypassing
MPLS core hiding is an additional security consideration since it
exposes the network topology.
o Crafted IP option packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC yet
bypass MPLS encapsulation at an ingress LER may allow for DoS
attacks against downstream LSRs that do not carry the IP routing
information required to forward transit IP traffic. Lack of such
IP routing information may prevent legitimate IP option packets
from transiting the MPLS network and, further, may trigger
generation of ICMP destination unreachable messages which could
lead to a DoS condition. This assumes, of course, that
downstream LSRs lack protection mechanisms and do not carry the
IP routing information required to forward transit traffic.
o Crafted IP option packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC yet
bypass MPLS encapsulation at an ingress LER may allow an attacker
to bypass LSP Diff-Serv tunnels [RFC3270] and any associated MPLS
CoS field [RFC5462] marking policies at ingress LERs and,
thereby, adversely affect (i.e., DoS) high-priority traffic
classes within the MPLS core. Further, this could also lead to
theft of high-priority services by unauthorized parties. This
assumes, of course, that the [RFC3270] Pipe model is deployed
within the MPLS core.
o Crafted RSVP packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC yet bypass
MPLS encapsulation at an ingress LER may allow an attacker to
build RSVP soft-states [RFC2205, RFC3209] on downstream LSRs
which could lead to theft of service by unauthorized parties or
to a DoS condition caused by locking up LSR resources. This
assumes, of course, that the MPLS network is enabled to process
RSVP packets.
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The security attacks outlined above specifically apply to IP option
packets that belong to a prefix-based FEC yet bypass ingress LER
label stack imposition. Additionally, these attacks only apply to IP
option packets forwarded using the global routing table (i.e., IPv4
address family) of a ingress LER. IP option packets associated with
a BGP/MPLS IP VPN service are always MPLS encapsulated by the ingress
LER per [RFC4364] given that packet forwarding uses a Virtual
Forwarding/Routing (VRF) instance. Therefore, BGP/MPLS IP VPN
services are not subject to the threats outlined above [RFC4381].
Further, IPv6 [RFC2460] makes use of extension headers not header
options and is therefore outside the scope of this document. A
separate security threat that does apply to both BGP/MPLS IP VPNs and
the IPv4 address family makes use of the Router Alert Label. This is
described directly below.
5.2. Router Alert Label Imposition
[RFC3032] defines a "Router Alert Label" (label value of 1) which is
analogous to the "Router Alert" IP header option (option value of
148). The MPLS Router Alert Label (when exposed and processed only)
indicates to downstream LSRs to examine these MPLS packets more
closely. MPLS packets with the MPLS Router Alert Label are also
handled as an exception by LSRs and, again, in a less efficient
manner. At the time of this writing, the only legitimate use of the
Router Alert Label is for LSP ping/trace [RFC4379]. Since there is
also no formal standard for Router Alert Label imposition at ingress
LERs:
o Crafted IP packets with specific IP header options (e.g., Router
Alert) and that belong to a prefix-based FEC may allow an
attacker to force MPLS imposition of the Router Alert Label at
ingress LERs and, thereby, trigger a DoS condition on downstream
LSRs. This assumes, of course, that downstream LSRs lack
protection mechanisms.
6. IANA Considerations
This document has no actions for IANA.
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7. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Adrian Cepleanu, Bruce Davie, Rick
Huber, Chris Metz, Pradosh Mohapatra, Ashok Narayanan, Carlos
Pignataro, Eric Rosen, Mark Szczesniak and Yung Yu for their valuable
comments and suggestions.
8. Normative References
[RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol Specification," RFC791,
September 1981.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels," March 1997.
[RFC3031] Rosen, E., Viswanathan, A., and Callon, R., "MPLS Label
Switching Architecture," RFC3031, January 2001.
[RFC3032] Rosen, E., Tappan, D., Fedorkow, G., Rekhter, Y.,
Farinacci, D., Li, T., and Conta, A., "MPLS Label Stack Encoding,"
RFC3032, January 2001.
9. Informational References
[RFC2205] Braden, R., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., Jamin, S.,
"Resource ReSerVation Protocol -- Version 1 Functional
Specification," RFC2205, September 1997.
[RFC2460] Deering, S., Hinden, R. "Internet Protocol, Version 6
Specification," RFC2460, December 1998.
[RFC3209] Awduche, D., L. Berger, D. Gan, T. Li, V. Srinivasan, G.
Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP Tunnels," RFC3209,
December 2001.
[RFC3270] Le Faucheur, F., Wu, L., Davie, B., Davari, S., Vaananen,
P., Krishnan, R., Cheval, P., Heinanen, J., "Multi-Protocol Label
Switching Support of Differentiated Services," RFC3270, May 2002.
[RFC3443] Agarwal, P., Akyol, B., "Time To Live (TTL) Processing in
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Networks," RFC3443, January
2003.
[RFC4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs)," RFC4364, February 2006.
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[RFC4379] "Kompella, K., Swallow, G., "Detecting Multi-Protocol Label
Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures," RFC4379, February 2006.
[RFC4381] Behringer, M., "Analysis of the Security of BGP/MPLS IP
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)," RFC4381, February 2006.
[RFC4950] Bonica, R., Gan, D., Tappan, D., and Pignataro, C., "ICMP
Extensions for Multiprotocol Label Switching," RFC4950, August 2007.
[IANA] "IP Option Numbers," IANA, February 15, 2007,
<www.iana.org/assignments/ip-parameters>.
[RFC5462] Andersson, L., and R. Asati, "Multiprotocol Label Switching
(MPLS) Label Stack Entry: EXP Field Renamed to Traffic Class Field,"
RFC5462, February 2009.
10. Authors' Addresses
William Jaeger
AT&T
200 S. Laurel Avenue
Middletown, NJ 07748
Email: wjaeger@att.com
John Mullooly
Cisco Systems
111 Wood Avenue South
Iselin, NJ 08830
E-mail: jmullool@cisco.com
Tom Scholl
nLayer Communications
209 West Jackson, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60606
E-mail: tscholl@nlayer.net
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David J. Smith
Cisco Systems
111 Wood Avenue South
Iselin, NJ 08830
E-mail: djsmith@cisco.com
Smith, et al. [Page 10]
