Network Mobility                                              P. Thubert
Internet-Draft                                             Cisco Systems
Expires: September 30, 2004                                  R. Wakikawa
                                                         Keio University
                                                          V. Devarapalli
                                                                   Nokia
                                                           April 1, 2004


                        NEMO Home Network models
                 draft-ietf-nemo-home-network-models-00

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other
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   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 30, 2004.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This paper documents some usage patterns and the associated issues
   when deploying a Home Network for Nemo enabled Mobile Routers,
   conforming the NEMO Basic Support draft [7].

   The aim here is specifically to provide some examples of organization
   of the Home Network, as they were discussed in the NEMO and NEMO
   Design mailing lists.





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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  General Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   4.  Extended Home Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7
   4.1 Returning Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
   5.  Aggregated Home  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   5.1 Returning Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   6.  Virtual Home Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   7.  Mobile Home  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   8.  Changes from version 00 to 01  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
   9.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
       Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   A.  Returning Home emulation in the virtual case . . . . . . . . . 18
       Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 19


































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1. Introduction

   This document assumes that the reader is familiar with Mobile IPv6 as
   defined in [6], and with the concept of Mobile Router defined in the
   NEMO terminology document [9].

   Four different organizations of the Home Network including a
   hierachical construction are documented:

   Extended Home Network: In this disposition, the Home Network is but
      one subnet of a larger aggregation that encompasses the Mobile
      Networks, called extended Home Network. When at Home, a Mobile
      Router performs normal routing between the Home Link and the
      Mobile Networks.

   Aggregated Home Network: In this disposition, the Home Network
      actually overlaps with the Mobile Networks. When at Home, a Mobile
      Router acts as a bridge between the Home Link and the Mobile
      Networks.

   Virtual Home Network: In this disposition, there is no physical Home
      Link at all for the Mobile Routers to come back Home to.

   Mobile Home Network: In this disposition, there is a bitwise
      hierarchy of Home Networks. A global Home Network is advertised to
      the infrastructure by a head Home Agent and further subnetted into
      Mobile Networks. Each subnet is owned by a Mobile Router that
      registers it in a NEMO fashion while acting as a Home Agent for
      that network.

   In all cases, the Home Agents collectively advertise only the
   aggregation of the Mobile Networks.  The dichotomy is kept within the
   Home Agents and the Mobile Routers, as opposed to advertised by means
   of routing protocols to other parties.

   Also, it is valid for a Mobile Router to register using an address
   from one of its own NEMO-Prefixes in all three cases.

   The examples provided here aim at illustrating the NEMO Basic Support
   draft [7] but are by no mean at limiting its scope of application.











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2. Terminology and concepts

   The key words MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
   SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL in this document are to be
   interpreted as described in RFC2119 [5].

   The following terms used in this document are defined in the IPv6
   Addressing Architecture document [4]:

      link-local unicast address

      link-local scope multicast address

   The following terms used in this document are defined in the mobile
   IPv6 specification [6]:

      home agent (HA)

   The following terms used in this document are defined in the mobile
   network terminology document [9]:

      mobile router (MR)

      mobile network

      mobile host (MH)

   This draft uses the following additional or modified terminology:

   Home Link: The link attached to the interface at the Home Agent on
      which the Home Prefix is configured. The interface can be a
      virtual interface, in which case the Home Link is a virtual Home
      Link.

   Home Network: The Network formed by the application of the Home
      Prefix on the Home Link. With NEMO, the concept of Home Network is
      extended as explained below.

   Home Address: With Mobile IPv6, a Home Address is derived from the
      Home Network prefix.  This is generalized in NEMO, with some
      limitations: A Home Address can be either derived from the Home
      Network or from one of the Mobile Router's NEMO-prefixes.

   MRHA Tunnel: The bi-directional tunnel between a Mobile Router and
      its Home Agent






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   Mobile Aggregated Prefix: An aggregation of NEMO-Prefixes.

   Aggregated Home Network: The Home Network associated with a Mobile
      Aggregated Prefix. This Aggregation is advertised as a subnet on
      the Home Link, and thus used as Home Network for NEMO purposes.

   Extended Home Network: The network associated with the aggregation of
      one or more Home Network(s) and Mobile Network(s). As opposed to
      the Mobile IPv6 Home Network that is a subnet, the extended Home
      Network is an aggregation and is further subnetted.

   Virtual Home Network: The Home Network associated with a Virtual
      Network. The Extended Home Network and the Aggregated Home Network
      can be configured as Virtual Home Network.

   Mobile Home Network: A Mobile Network that is also a Home Network.
      The MR that own the NEMO-Prefix acts as a Home Agent for it.


































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3. General Expectations

   With  Mobile IPv6, the Home Network is generally a physical network
   interconnecting the Home Agents, and the Mobile Nodes that are at
   Home.  NEMO extends the concept of Home so that it is not only a flat
   subnet composed of Home Addresses but an aggregation that is itself
   subnetted in mobile and Home Networks. This aggregation is still
   referred to as Home.

   As an example, say that the aggregation has a global routing prefix
   of m = 48 bits (A:B:C::/48), with subnet ID size of n = 16 bits ( n +
   m = 64).

   Say that a Mobile Router, MR1, owns the NEMO-Prefix A:B:C:1::/64:
   With basic NEMO, and depending on the deployment, MR1 may register
   using a Home Address from the Home network, A:B:C:0::1, say, or a
   Home Address, A:B:C:1::1, say, from one of its NEMO-Prefixes.

   In a given deployment, one subnet may be reserved for the Home Link
   (say A:B:C:0::/64) while the others are attributed to Mobile Routers
   as Mobile Networks (as A:B:C:1::/64 for MR1). Another approach could
   be to configure the Aggregation of Mobile Networks as the subnet on
   the Home Link, and let the Mobile Routers manage the overlapping
   networks. Finally, the aggregation could be configured on a virtual
   network, with no physical Home Link at all, in which case Home means
   topologically and administratively close to the Home Agent that owns
   the virtual network.

   The following sections provide additional information on these forms
   of Home Network:





















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4. Extended Home Network

   One simple approach can be to reserve one or several subnets from an
   aggregation for the Home Link, and to use the other subnets as
   NEMO-Prefixes. In that case, the Home Network and the Mobile Networks
   do not overlap. The aggregation is called an extended Home Network.


                       |
             route     v  /48                        A:B:C::/48

                       HA
                       | /64                         A:B:C:0::/64
            --+-----+--+- . -+- . -+--
              |     |        |     |
              MR1   MR2      MRi   MRN
              /64   /64      /64   /64      A:B:C:i::/64  0 < i <= N


                            extended Home Network
          <----------------------------------------------------------->

            Home Net      Mobile Net    Mobile Net   ...   Mobile Net
          <------------><------------><------------> ... <------------>


   In that configuration:

   o  There is one physical Home Network and multiple Mobile Networks

   o  The Home and the NEMO-prefixes are tailored to allow for IPv6
      Stateless Address Autoconfiguration with typical interface
      identifier length for the type of interface (can be for example /
      64).

   o  The prefix length of the extended Home Network is shorter than
      that of the Home Network and the NEMO-prefixes, since it is an
      aggregation (can be for example /48).

   o  The Mobile Routers are assigned individually a Home Address from
      the Home Network and use is to register their NEMO-Prefix(es). In
      that case, the Home Agent performs DAD in the Home Network as
      prescribed by Mobile IPv6 for the Home Addresses.

   o  Alternatively, a Mobile Router could also form a Home Address from
      one of its prefixes and use it to register, performing its own DAD
      on its ingress network.




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4.1 Returning Home

   In the extended Home Network model, the Home Network is configured on
   a physical interface of the Home Agent, the Home Link.

   A Mobile Router returns Home by connecting directly to the Home Link,
   and dropping the MRHA tunnel.

   If the Home Address of the Mobile Router is derived from one of its
   Mobile Networks, then the MR may connect to the Home Link using an
   egress interface and autoconfigure an address on the Home Link. The
   MR recognizes the prefix of its Home Agent in order to decide that it
   is Home. Note that in that case the Home Address does not match the
   Home Prefix.

   When at Home, the Mobile Router ensures the connectivity of the
   Mobile Network using standard router operations.

   In particular, if the HA has the necessary information to continue
   routing to the NEMO-Prefixes in the absence of registration, for
   instance if the Home Address of the Mobile Router is derived from the
   Home Network, and if the HA uses a static route to the
   NEMO-Prefix(es) via that address, then the participation of the MR to
   the Home IGP is not required.

   But in the general case, when the MR is at Home, it resumes IGP
   operations on the Home Link in order to advertise its Mobile
   Networks.

   Alternate procedures for ensuring the connectivity of the Mobile
   Networks when at Home are described in Section 6. In Particular, it
   is



















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5. Aggregated Home

   One other approach is to consider that the Aggregation of all the
   NEMO-prefixes is used plainly as the Home Network, refered to as the
   Aggregated Home Network. This means that the Mobile Aggregated Prefix
   is configured on the Home Link and advertised by the Home Agent as a
   subnet.

                      HA
                       | /56                       Aggreg /56
            --+-----+--+- . -+- . -+--
              |     |        |     |
             MR1   MR2      MRi   MRN
          ------  ------  ------ ------
              /64   /64     /64   /64         Aggreg|i /64  0 < i <= N


                            Aggregated Home
          <----------------------------------------------------------->

           Mobile Net    Mobile Net    Mobile Net    ...   Mobile Net
          <------------><------------><------------> ... <------------>


   Note: a Mobile Router coming Home sees overlapping prefixes between
   the ingress and the egress interface and some specific support may be
   needed.

   A node on the Home Link will compute that the Aggregated Home Network
   is actually a subnet on the Home Link and may use it for
   autoconfiguration purposes. Such a node may also install a connected
   route to the Aggregated Home Network over the Home Link.

   As a result, unless the node has a better (longest match) route to a
   given NEMO-Prefix, it will lookup all MNNs using Neighbor Discovery
   over the Home Link.

   Thus, the Home Agent MUST intercept all the packets to the MNNs on
   the registered prefixes. In order to do so, the Home Agent MAY
   perform ND proxying for all addresses in all registered Mobile
   Network Prefixes, and protect the NEMO-Prefix space from
   autoconfiguration by uncontrolled visitors on the Home Link.

   Alternatives based on a routing protocol or ICMP redirect may apply
   in some cases.






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5.1 Returning Home

   The Aggregated Home Prefix is configured on a physical interface of
   the Home Agent, the Home Link. As a consequence, the Home Agent has a
   connected route to the Aggregated Home Network over the Home Link.

   A Mobile Router returns Home by connecting directly to the Home Link,
   and dropping the MRHA tunnel. The Mobile Router recognizes its Home
   Link by a prefix match with its Home Agent. Note that it must expect
   a shorter prefix than that of its Mobile Networks, even if its Home
   Address is formed out of one of its NEMO-Prefixes, but that the Home
   Address matches the Home Network Prefix.

   When a Mobile Router connects to the Home Link using its egress
   interface, it MAY set up a bridge between its ingress interface(s)
   and the Home Link. Alternatively, the Mobile Router MAY perform ND
   proxying for all addresses in its NEMO-Prefixes, between the egress
   and the related ingress interface. Since the prefixes on the egress
   and ingress interfaces are overlapping, routing is disallowed.

                    HA
                    | /56                         Aggreg /56
         --+-----+--+- . -+- . -+--
           |     |        |     |
          MR1   MR2      MRi   MRN
        ------  ------  ------ ------
           /64   /64     /64    /64               Aggreg|i /64  0 < i <= N


          Bridging between egress and ingress

   Alternatively, if the MR has a single ingress Interface, the Mobile
   Router may use the Mobile Link to connect to the Home Link, merging
   the two links in a single consistent network.

                    HA
                    | /56                         Aggreg /56
          --+-----+--+- . -+- . -+--
           /64   /64     /64    /64               Aggreg|i /64  0 < i <= N
        ------  ------  ------ ------
           MR1   MR2      MRi   MRN
            |     |        |     |

          Merging the Home and the Mobile Networks

   This fits the connected route model, since the Aggregated Home is
   truly located on that network.




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6. Virtual Home Network

   The Home Link can be configured on the Home Agent on a virtual link,
   in which case there's no physical Home Link for Mobile Routers to
   return Home or for Home Agents to discover each others and perform
   the ND level interactions as described in Mobile IPv6. [6]


                    /48                       eg: A:B:C::/48
                    HA
                    | /64                         A:C:C:E::/64
         --+-----+--+- . -+- . -+--
           |     |        |     |
           MR1   MR2      MRi   MRN
           /64   /64      /64   /64               A:B:C:i::/64  0 < i <= N



                        Virtual Home Network


   The Extended Home network and the Aggregated Home network models can
   be adapted for virtual links. There is no change in the way Home
   Addresses are allocated. As in the case of a physical link, the Home
   Address of a Mobile router is constructed based on the Home Prefix or
   one of the prefixes of its Mobile Network(s).

   There are certain advantages to making the Home Link a virtual link:

      A virtual link may not experience any disruption related to
      physical maintenance or to hardware problems, so it is more
      available than a physical link. The high availability of the Home
      Link is critical for the mobility service.

      The Home Agent does not have to defend the Mobile Router's Home
      Address through Proxy Neighbor Discovery. The Home Agent does not
      also have to perform Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) for the
      Mobile Router's Home Address when it receives a Binding Update
      from the Mobile Router.

      The Mobile Router does not have to implement the Returning Home
      procedure (section 11.5.4 of Mobile IPv6. [6]).

   In order for a Mobile Router to emulate returning Home, it can
   connect to one or more access link(s) configured for that purpose on
   the Home Agent. The Mobile Router, after connecting to the access
   link, SHOULD not send any routing protocol updates on the egress
   interface because the routing information from the Mobile Router



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   might adversely affect IPv6 route aggregation on the Home Network.
   However, the Mobile Router must register its binding as if it was
   accessing a foreign link.

   There are also some drawbacks to the virtual Home Link approach:

      There can be only one Home Agent since Mobile IPv6 relies on
      Neighbor Discovery on the Home Link for other HA discovery and for
      Duplicate Address Detection.

      The Home Agent must maintain a Binding Cache entry for a Mobile
      Router and forwarding state for its Mobile Network even when the
      Mobile Router is directly connected to it. All traffic to and from
      the Mobile Network is sent through the bi-directional tunnel
      regardless of the Mobile Router location. This results in a
      tunneling overhead even though the Mobile Router is connected to
      the Home Network.

   Some solutions can be proposed in order to perform an equivalent of
   returning Home on a virtual Home Network. One such approach is
   sketched in appendix as an illustration.






























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7. Mobile Home

   In this disposition, there is a bitwise hierarchy of Home Networks. A
   global Home Network is advertised to the infrastructure by a head
   Home Agent(s) and further subnetted into Mobile Networks. As a
   result, only the Home Agent(s) responsible for the most global
   (shortest prefix) aggregation receive all the packets for all the
   NEMO-prefixes, which are leaves in the hierarchy tree.

   Each subnet is owned by a Mobile Router that registers it in a NEMO
   fashion while acting as a Home Agent for that network. This Mobile
   Router is at Home at the upper level of hierarchy. This configuration
   is referred to as Mobile Home.

   An example of that is the Cab Co configuration. Say a Taxi Company
   owns a /32 prefix. This prefix is advertised at a fixed point, the
   Headquarters say. Regional offices are deployed around the world.
   Even though these regional offices are relatively stable in terms of
   location and prefix requirement -say this changes every few years-
   making them mobile allows a simpler management when a move has to
   take place, or should the ISP service change. Finally, each regional
   office owns a number of taxis, each one equipped with a mobile router
   and an associated /64 prefix.

   To illustrate this, here is a possible addressing scheme:


         global Home Network   CAB:C0::/32  owned by HQ
    <------------------------------------------------------------------->



      HQ extended Home Net              Mobile Home for SFO office
          (casa)
      CAB:C0:CA5A::/48                          CAB:C0:5F0::/48
    <----------------------------> ... <-------------------------------->
                                                       |
      Home for offices        HQ                       |
     CAB:C0:CA5A:CA5A::/64    MN                       |
    <----------------------><---->                     |
     CAB:C0:CA5A:CA5A::CA5A                            |
     CAB:C0:CA5A:CA5A::CA5B                            |
     are HAs on link with for each office a route like |
                                                       |
     CAB:C0:CA5A:CA5A::5F0    <---------------------- via
       is the Home addr
       of SFO office




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    and recursively for each Office, say San Francisco (SFO) as example:


        Mobile Home Network CAB:C0:5f0::/48  owned by SFO office
    <------------------------------------------------------------------>

      HQ Home Network             Mobile Networks for taxis
        for offices
     CAB:C0:5F0:5F0::/64  CAB:C0:5F0:CAB1::/64     CAB:C0:5F0:....::/6
    <-------------------><-------------------> ... <------------------->
     CAB:C0:5F0:5F0::5F0           |
     is HA on link with for        |
     each taxi a route like        |
                                   |
     CAB:C0:5F0:5F0::CAB1 <------ via
       is the Home addrSsync
       of CAB 1


   Note that the hierarchy occurs at a configuration level and may not
   be reflected in the actual connection between nodes. For instance in
   the Cab Co case, cabs are roaming within the city, each one attaching
   to a different hot spot, while the regional office is connected to
   the infrastructure using some ISP connection.

   But it is also possible to reflect the organizational hierarchy in a
   moving cloud of Mobile Router. If a Mobile Home Agent acts as root-MR
   for a nested configuration of its own MRs, then the communication
   between MRs is confined within the nested structure.

   This can be illustrated in the case of a fleet at sea. Say that now
   SFO is a communication ship of a fleet, using a satellite link to
   join the infrastructure, and that the cabs are Mobile Routers
   installed on smaller ships, equipped with low range radios.

   If SFO is also the root-MR of a nested structure of cabs, the
   communication between cabs is relayed by SFO and does not require the
   satellite link. SFO recursively terminates the nested tunnels to the
   cabs and reencapsulates all the packets between the nested cloud and
   correspondents in the infrastructure in a single tunnel to CA5A, this
   providing for nested NEMO Route Optimization.










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8. Changes from version 00 to 01

      Added Mobile Home Section
















































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9. Acknowledgements

   The authors wish to thank:

   Erik Nordmark, Kent Leung, Thierry Ernst, TJ Kniveton, Patrick
   Wetterwald and Alexandru Petrescu for their contributions.

References

   [1]   Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
         Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.

   [2]   Narten, T., Nordmark, E. and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery
         for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December 1998.

   [3]   Thomson, S. and T. Narten, "IPv6 Stateless Address
         Autoconfiguration", RFC 2462, December 1998.

   [4]   Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
         Addressing Architecture", RFC 3513, April 2003.

   [5]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [6]   Johnson, D., Perkins, C. and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in
         IPv6", draft-ietf-mobileip-ipv6-24 (work in progress), July
         2003.

   [7]   Devarapalli, V., "Nemo Basic Support Protocol",
         draft-ietf-nemo-basic-support-02 (work in progress), December
         2003.

   [8]   Ernst, T., "Network Mobility Support Goals and Requirements",
         draft-ietf-nemo-requirements-02 (work in progress), February
         2004.

   [9]   Ernst, T. and H. Lach, "Network Mobility Support Terminology",
         draft-ietf-nemo-terminology-01 (work in progress), February
         2004.

   [10]  Wakikawa, R., Devarapalli, V. and P. Thubert, "Inter Home
         Agents Protocol (HAHA)", draft-wakikawa-mip6-nemo-haha-01 (work
         in progress), February 2004.








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Authors' Addresses

   Pascal Thubert
   Cisco Systems Technology Center
   Village d'Entreprises Green Side
   400, Avenue Roumanille
   Biot - Sophia Antipolis  06410
   FRANCE

   EMail: pthubert@cisco.com


   Ryuji Wakikawa
   Keio University and WIDE
   5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa
   252-8520
   JAPAN

   EMail: ryuji@sfc.wide.ad.jp


   Vijay Devarapalli
   Nokia Research Center
   313 Fairchild Drive
   Mountain View, CA  94043
   USA

   EMail: vijay.devarapalli@nokia.com























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Appendix A. Returning Home emulation in the virtual case

   When a Home Link is virtual, all traffic to and from the Mobile
   Network is sent through the bi-directional tunnel even at the Home
   Link.  This section describes one possible mechanism that extends
   basic NEMO to eliminate this tunneling overhead.

   Although the Home Link is virtual, the Home Agent has at least one
   physical link to communicate with the external world. One or several
   of such links, called the virtual Home Access Links, are conceptually
   associated with the virtual Home Link and considered as part of Home.

   When accessing one of its virtual Home Access Links, a Mobile Router
   autoconfigures a Care-of Address from a Router Advertisement as it
   would do on any visited link, in order to perform the next binding
   flow.

   If the Mobile Router is configured to recognize the virtual Home
   Access Links as part of Home, it deregisters by sending a Binding
   update with null lifetime sourced at the CareOf. Alternatively, the
   Home Agent may indicate that the MR has moved to the virtual Home
   Access Links as a status code in the binding acknowledgement. The
   status code implies that Home Agent successsful de-register the
   binding at the virtual Home Access Link. Detection of the virtual
   Home Access Links is achieved by a prefix comparison(s) between the
   care-of address and the prefix(es) on the virtual Home Access
   Link(s).

   With both approaches, the result of the binding flow is a
   deregistration. Consequently, both the Mobile Router and the Home
   Agent disable the bi-directional tunnel.  At that point, the Home
   Agent configures its forwarding in order to reach the Mobile Router
   and its mobile networks at Home. For instance, this may take the form
   of a route to the Mobile Network prefixes via the MR Home Address,
   and a connected host route to the MR Home Address via the virtual
   Home Access link.

   After successful binding de-registration, the Mobile Router MUST
   receive packets meant to the Mobile Router's Home Address at the
   Virtual Home Link. How to intercept packets addressed to the Home
   Address depends on implementations of the Mobile Router.  If the Home
   Address is not configured at the egress interface, the Mobile Router
   MUST use proxy Neighbor Discovery to intercept all packets addressed
   to the Home Address on the virtual Home Link.  Otherwise, the Mobile
   Router does not have to perform any special operation at the virtual
   Home Link.





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