D. Gustafson
Future Foundation
M. Just
Treasury Board of
Canada
Internet Draft M. Nystrom
Document: draft-ietf-sacred-framework-07.txt RSA Security
Expires: May 2004 November 2003
Securely Available Credentials - Credential Server Framework
Status of this Memo
This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
As the number, and more particularly the number of different types,
of devices connecting to the Internet increases, credential mobility
becomes an issue for IETF standardization. This document responds to
the requirements on protocols for secure exchange of credentials
listed in [RFC3157] by presenting an abstract protocol framework.
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Table of Contents
STATUS OF THIS MEMO...................................................1
COPYRIGHT NOTICE......................................................1
ABSTRACT..............................................................1
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................3
2 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW.................................................3
2.1 DEFINITIONS .....................................................3
2.2 CREDENTIALS .....................................................5
2.3 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE ............................................6
3 PROTOCOL FRAMEWORK..................................................7
3.1 CREDENTIAL UPLOAD ...............................................9
3.2 CREDENTIAL DOWNLOAD ............................................10
3.3 CREDENTIAL REMOVAL .............................................11
3.4 CREDENTIAL MANAGEMENT ..........................................12
4 PROTOCOL CONSIDERATIONS............................................13
4.1 SECURE CREDENTIAL FORMATS ......................................13
4.2 AUTHENTICATION METHODS .........................................13
4.3 TRANSPORT PROTOCOL SUITES ......................................16
5 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS............................................18
5.1 COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY ........................................18
5.2 SYSTEMS SECURITY ...............................................19
6 REFERENCES.........................................................20
6.1 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ...........................................20
6.2 INFORMATIVE REFERENCES .........................................21
7 AUTHOR'S ADDRESSES.................................................22
FULL COPYRIGHT STATEMENT.............................................22
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1 Introduction
Digital credentials, such as private keys and corresponding
certificates, are used to support various Internet protocols, e.g.
S/MIME, IPSec, and TLS. In a number of environments end users wish to
use the same credentials on different end-user devices. In a
"typical" desktop environment, the user already has many tools
available to allow import/export of these credentials. However, this
is not very practical. In addition, with some devices, especially
wireless and other more constrained devices, the tools required
simply do not exist.
This document proposes a general framework for secure exchange of
such credentials and provides a high level outline that will help
guide the development of one or more SACRED credential exchange
protocols.
2 Functional Overview
Requirements for Securely Available Credentials are fully described
in [RFC3157]. These requirements assume that two distinctly
different network architectures will be created to support credential
exchange for roaming users:
a) Client/Server Credential Exchange
b) Peer-to-Peer Credential Exchange
This document describes the framework for one or more client/server
credential exchange protocols.
In all cases, adequate user authentication methods will be used to
ensure credentials are not divulged to unauthorized parties. As well,
adequate server authentication methods will be used to ensure that
each client's authentication information (see Section 2.1) is not
compromised, and to ensure that roaming users interact with
intended/authorized credential servers.
2.1 Definitions
This section provides definitions for several terms or phrases used
throughout this document.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
"RECOMMENDED" and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as
described in [RFC2119].
client authentication information: information that is presented by
the client to a server to authenticate the client. This may
include a password token, a registration string that may have
been received out-of-band (and possibly used for initially
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registering a roaming user) or data signed with a signature
key belonging to the client (e.g. as part of TLS [RFC2246]
client authentication).
credentials: cryptographic objects and related data used to support
secure communications over the Internet. Credentials may
consist of public/private key pairs, symmetric keys, X.509
public key certificates, attribute certificates, and/or
application data. Several standardized formats for the
representation of credentials exist, e.g. [PKCS12], [PKCS15]
(see "secured credentials" below).
passkey: a symmetric key, derived from a password.
password: a string of characters known only to a client and used for
the purposes of authenticating to a server and/or securing
credentials. A user may be required to remember more than
one password.
password token: a value derived from a password using a one-way
function that may be used by a client to authenticate to a
server. A password token may be derived from a password using
a one-way hash function, for example.
secured credentials: a set of one or more credentials that have been
cryptographically secured, e.g. encrypted/MACed with a
passkey. Secured credentials may be protected using more than
one layer of encryption, e.g. the credential is secured with
a passkey corresponding to a user's password and also by a
key known only to the server (the credential's stored form).
During network transfer, the passkey-protected credential may
be protected with an additional encryption layer using a
symmetric key chosen by the Credential Server (e.g., the
transmitted form).
strong password protocol: a protocol that authenticates clients to
servers securely (see e.g. [SPEKE] for a more detailed
definition of this), where the client need only memorize a
small secret (a password) and carries no other secret
information, and where the server carries a verifier
(password token) which allows it to authenticate the client.
A shared secret is negotiated between client and server and
is used to protect data subsequently exchanged.
Note the distinction between an "account password" and a "credential
password." An account password (and corresponding password token) is
used to authenticate to a Credential Server and to negotiate a key
that provides session level encryption between client and server.
A credential password is used to derive a passkey that's used to
provide persistent encryption and authentication for a stored
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credential. Applicable secured credential standards documents (e.g.
[PKCS#15]) describe the technical details of specific password-based-
encryption (pbe) techniques that are used to protect credentials from
unauthorized use.
Although the same password value may be used to provide both
services, it is likely that different, algorithm specific passkeys
would be generated from this password (i.e. because of different salt
values, etc.).
In addition, although it may be more convenient for a user to
remember only a single password, differing security policies (e.g.
password rules) between the credential server and the credential
issuers may result in a user having to remember multiple passwords.
2.2 Credentials
This document is concerned with the secure exchange and online
management of credentials in a roaming or mobile environment.
Credentials MAY be usable with any end user device that can connect
to the Internet, such as:
- desktop or laptop PC
- mobile phone
- personal digital assistant (PDA)
- etc.
The end user system may, optionally, store its credential information
on special hardware devices that provide enhanced portability and
protection for user credentials.
Since the credential usually contains sensitive information that is
known only to the credential holder, credentials MUST NOT be sent in
the clear during network transmission and SHOULD NOT be in the clear
when stored on an end user device such as a diskette or hard drive.
For this reason, a secured credential is defined. Throughout this
document we assume that, at least from the point of view of the
protocol, a secured credential is an opaque (and at least partially
privacy and integrity protected) data object that can be used by a
network connected device. Once downloaded, clients must be able to
recover their credentials from this opaque format.
At a minimum, all supported credential formats SHOULD provide privacy
and integrity protection for private keys, secret keys, and any other
data objects that must be protected from disclosure or modification.
Typically, these security capabilities are part of the basic
credential format such that the credential (e.g., a data file) is
protected when stored on hard drives, flexible diskettes, etc.
During network transmission, the secured credential is protected with
a second (outer) encryption layer. The outer encryption layer is
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created using a session-level encryption key that was derived during
the mutual authentication process. Effectively, secured credentials
traverse an "encrypted tunnel" that provides an additional layer of
privacy protection for credentials (and any other) information
exchanged.
2.3 Network Architecture
The network diagram below shows the components involved in the SACRED
client/server framework.
+--------+ +------------+
| Client +-----------| Credential |
+--------+ 1 | Server |
\ +-----+------+
\ |
\ | 2
\ |
\ 3 +-----+------+
-----------| Credential |
| Store(s) |
+------------+
Client - The entity that wants to retrieve their credentials from a
credential server.
Credential Server - The server that downloads secure credentials to
and uploads them from the client. The server is
responsible for authenticating the client to ensure that
the secured credentials are exchanged only with an
appropriate end user. The credential server is
authenticated to the client to ensure that the client's
authentication information is not compromised and so that
the user can trust the credentials retrieved.
Credential Store - The repository for secured credentials. There
might be access control features but those generally aren't
sufficient in themselves for securing credentials. The
credential server may be capable of splitting credentials
across multiple credential stores for redundancy or to
provide additional levels of protection for user
credentials.
Protocol 1 - The protocol used to authenticate the client and
credential server, and download and upload user credentials
from a credential server.
Protocol 2 - The protocol used by the Credential Server to store and
retrieve user credentials (LDAP, LDAP/SSL, or other).
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Protocol 3 - The protocol used by the client to store and retrieve
user credentials from the credential store (LDAP, LDAP/SSL,
or other).
This framework describes the high level design for protocol 1.
Protocols 2 and 3 are closely related (but out of scope for this
document) and could be implemented using standard protocols, such as
LDAP or secure LDAP, or other standard or proprietary protocols.
Note also that any administrator-credential server protocols are
assumed to be server vendor specific and are not the subject of
SACRED standardization efforts at this time.
Clients are not precluded from exchanging credentials directly with a
credential store (or any other server of it's choosing). However,
mutual authentication with roaming users and a consistent level of
protection for credential data while stored on network servers and
while in transit is provided by SACRED protocols exchanged with the
credential server. Depending on credential server design, user
credentials may flow through the credential server to the credential
store or directly between the client and the credential store.
Also, users may upload their credentials to several credential
servers to obtain enhanced levels of availability. Coordination
(automatic replication) of user information or credential data among
several credential servers is currently beyond the scope of this
document.
3 Protocol Framework
This section provides a high level description of client/server
protocols that can be used to exchange and manage SACRED credentials.
The client/server credential exchange protocol is based on three
basic and abstract operations; "GET", "PUT", and "DELETE". The
secured credential exchange protocol is accomplished as follows:
connect - the client initiates a connection to a credential
server for the purpose of secure credential exchange.
mutual authentication/key negotiation - using a strong password
protocol (or equivalent) the client authenticates to the
server, the server authenticates to the client, and a
session level encryption key is negotiated. The details
of the mutual authentication protocol exchange are
dependent upon the particular authentication method
used. In all cases, the end result is to authenticate
the client to the server and server to the client, and
establish a strong, shared secret between the two
parties.
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client request(s) - the SACRED client issues one or more high
level credential exchange requests (e.g., GET, PUT, or
DELETE).
server response(s) - the SACRED credential server responds to
each request, either performing the operation
successfully or indicating an appropriate error.
close - the client indicates it has no more requests for the
server at this time. The security context between client
and server is no longer needed. Close is a logical,
session management operation.
disconnect - the parties disconnect the transport level
connection between client and server. Note that
"connect" and "disconnect" are logical, transport-layer
dependent operations that enclose the protocol exchange
between the two communicating processes.
Each high-level credential exchange operation is made up of a
series of request-response pairs. The client initiates each
request, which the server processes before returning an
appropriate response. Each request must complete (server reports
success or failure) before the client issues the next request.
The server SHOULD be willing to service at least one upload or
download request following successful mutual authentication but
either party can terminate the logical connection at any time.
In the following sections, secured credentials and related values are
represented using the following notation:
SC-x is the secured credential file, which includes a format
identifier field and credential data. The credential
data is an opaque, encrypted data object (e.g. PKCS#15
or PKCS#12 file). The format identifier is needed to
correctly parse the credential data.
Name-x is an account-defined selector or locator (a user
friendly name) that is used to indicate a specific
secured credential. The name of each credential stored
under a given user account MUST be unique e.g. there may
be one credential called "financial" and another called
"healthcare", etc. At a minimum, credential names MUST
be unique across a given account/user name. When no name
is supplied for a GET operation, all credentials stored
for the given username will be returned.
ID-x is a distinct credential version indicator that MAY be used
to request a conditional GET/PUT/DELETE operation. This
credential-ID value SHOULD contain the server's "last-
modified" date and time (e.g. the time that this
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particular credential version was stored on the server)
and MAY contain additional information such as a
sequence number or a (complete or partial) credential
fingerprint that is used to ensure the credential-ID is
unique from other credential versions stored under the
same user account and credential name.
All named credentials may be accessed by authenticating under a
single username. If a user needs or prefers to use more than one
distinct authentication password (and/or authentication method) to
protect access to several secured credentials, he/she SHOULD register
those credentials under distinct user/account names, one for each
different authentication method used.
3.1 Credential Upload
The purpose of a credential upload operation is to allow a client to
register new credentials, or replace currently stored credentials
(e.g. credentials that may have been updated by the client using
appropriate key management software).
The framework for the credential upload, as implemented using the PUT
operation, is:
- The client and server establish a mutually authenticated session
and negotiate a shared secret.
- The client will then issue a PUT message that contains the upload
credential and related data fields.
- The server will respond to the PUT, indicating the credential was
successfully stored on the server or that an error occurred.
The client's PUT request MAY contain an optional identifier
(credential-ID) field. If present, the new credential will only be
stored if a credential with the same name and credential-ID is
currently stored on the server (e.g. a logical REPLACE operation is
performed). The server MUST return an error if a client attempts to
replace a credential that does not exist on the server.
The credential server's response to a PUT request MUST contain a
credential version identifier (credential-ID) for the newly stored
credential that MAY be used by clients to optimize subsequent
download operations and avoid credential version mismatches.
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3.1.1 Credential Upload Protocol Sequence
The following gives an example of a "credential upload" protocol
sequence:
client server
------- -------
< connect > -->
<--- mutual authentication --->
< PUT SC-1, Name-1, [ID-1] > -->
<-- < Name-1, new-ID-1 >
< PUT SC-2, Name-2, [ID-2] > -->
<-- < Name-2, new-ID-2 >
...
< close > -->
<-- OK (+ disconnect)
new-ID-x is the credential-ID of the newly stored credential.
3.2 Credential Download
Roaming clients can download their credentials at any time after they
have been uploaded to the server.
The framework for a credential download, as implemented using the GET
operation, is:
- The client SHOULD authenticate the server.
- The user MUST be authenticated (by the server).
- A GET request for the credential download is issued.
- The response contains the credential and format identifier.
The specific user credential being requested may be identified by
name in the message sent to the credential server. If successful,
the response MUST contain the requested credential data element
(format ID and data) as defined above.
If the user issues a GET request with a NULL credential name field,
the server SHOULD return all credentials stored under the current
user account.
Optionally, the client MAY include a credential-ID to indicate a
conditional download request. In this case, the server will return
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the requested credential if and only if the ID of the credential
currently stored on the server does NOT match the ID specified.
The server should return either the requested credential or a
distinct response indicating that the conditional download was not
performed (e.g., the client already has a copy of this exact
credential).
3.2.1 Credential Download Protocol Sequence
The following gives an example of a "credential download" protocol
sequence:
client server
------- --------
< connect > -->
<--- mutual authentication -->
< GET Name-1, [ID-1] > -->
<-- < SC-1, ID-1' >
< GET Name-2, [ID-2] > -->
<-- < GET response >
...
< close > -->
<-- OK (+ disconnect)
Notice that for the second request, no credential has been returned
since ID-2, as included in the client's request, matched the
identifier for the Name-2 credential.
3.3 Credential Removal
The framework for the credential removal, as implemented with the
DELETE operation, is:
- The credential server MUST be authenticated (by the client) using
a method-dependent protocol sequence.
- The user MUST be authenticated (by the server) using a method-
dependent protocol sequence.
- The user then sends a DELETE request message that contains the
credential name indicating which credential to remove.
- Optionally, the client may include a credential-ID in the DELETE
request. In this case, the credential will be deleted if the
request ID matches the ID of the credential currently stored on
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the server. This may be done to ensure that a client intending to
delete their stored credential does not mistakenly delete a
different version of the credential.
3.3.1 Credential Removal Protocol Sequence
The following gives an example of a "credential removal" protocol
sequence:
client server
------- --------
< connect > -->
<-------- mutual authentication -------->
< DEL Name-1, [ID1] > -->
<-- < Name-1 deleted >
< DEL Name-2, [ID2] > -->
<-- < Name-2 deleted >
...
< close > -->
<-- OK (+ disconnect)
3.4 Credential Management
Note that the three operations defined above (GET, PUT, DELETE) can
be used to perform the basic credential management operations:
- add a new credential on the server,
- update (replace) an existing credential, and
- delete an existing credential.
The information provided for these basic operations might be used to
help guide the design of more complex operations such as user
registration (add account), user deregistration (remove account),
change account password, or list all credentials.
Note that, in the case where a credential with the same name exists
on the server, uploading a NULL credential is logically equivalent to
removing a previously stored credential.
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4 Protocol Considerations
4.1 Secure Credential Formats
To ensure that credentials created on, and uploaded from, one device
can be downloaded and used on any other device, there is a need to
define a single "mandatory to implement" credential format that must
be supported by all conforming client implementations.
At least two well-defined credential formats are available today:
[PKCS12] and [PKCS15].
Other optional credential formats may also be supported if necessary.
For example, additional credential formats might be defined for use
with specific (compatible) client devices. Each credential format
MUST provide adequate privacy protection for user credentials when
they are stored on flexible diskettes, hard disks, etc.
Throughout this document, the credential is treated as an opaque
(encrypted) data object and, as such, the credential format does not
affect the basic credential exchange protocol.
4.2 Authentication Methods
Authentication is vitally important to ensure that credentials are
accepted from and delivered to the authorized end user only. If an
unsecured credential is delivered to some other party, the credential
may be more easily compromised. If a credential is accepted from an
unauthorized party, the user might be tricked into using a credential
that has been substituted by an attacker (e.g. an attacker might
replace a newer credential with an older credential belonging to the
same user).
Ideally, the list of authentication methods should be open ended,
allowing new methods to be added as needs are identified and as they
become available. For all credentials, the user authentication method
and data is defined when a user is first registered with the
credential server and may be updated from time to time thereafter by
the authorized user.
To adequately protect user credentials from unauthorized disclosure
or modification in a roaming environment, all SACRED authentication
methods MUST provide protection for user credentials in network
environments where attackers might attempt to exploit potential
security vulnerabilities. See SACRED Requirements [RFC3157], Section
3.1, Vulnerabilities.
At a minimum, each SACRED authentication method SHOULD ensure that:
- The server authenticates the client
- The client authenticates the server
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- The client and server securely negotiate (or derive) a
cryptographically strong, secret key (e.g., a session key).
- The exchange of one or more user credentials is protected
using this session key.
It is expected that all SACRED client/server protocols will provide
each of these basic security functions. Some existing authentication
protocols that might be used for this purpose include:
- Strong password protocols
- TLS
Sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 provide some guidance about when to use
these authentication methods based on the generic security
capabilities they provide and the security elements (passwords, key
pairs, user certificates, CA certificates) that must be available to
the SACRED client.
4.2.1 Strong Password Protocols
Strong password protocols such as those described in [RFC2945],
[BM92], [BM94], and [SPEKE] MAY be used to provide mutual
authentication and privacy for SACRED protocols.
All strong password protocols require that user-specific values (i.e.
a passtoken and related values) be configured within the server. Only
a party who knows the password can calculate the verifier value. It
must be securely delivered to the server at a time when the client
establishes a relationship with the server. At connect time,
messages are exchanged between the two parties and complementary
algorithms are used to compute a shared common value known only to
the legitimate user and the server. Both parties derive a strong
(symmetric) key that may be used to secure communications between the
two parties.
4.2.2 TLS Authentication
TLS authentication may either be mutual between the client and server
or unilateral where only the server is authenticated to the client.
These options are described in the next two subsections.
In both cases, TLS can be used to authenticate the server whenever
the TLS client has been pre-configured with the necessary
certificates needed to validate the server's certificate chain
(including revocation status checking).
TLS Server Authentication (sTLS)
TLS provides a basic secure session capability (sometimes called
server-side TLS) whereby the client authenticates the server and a
pair of session level encryption keys is securely exchanged between
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client and server. Following server authentication and security
context setup, all client requests and server responses exchanged are
integrity and privacy protected.
Protocol designers and implementors should be aware that the
flexibility of the certificate-based TLS server authentication method
creates security risks that need to be mitigated. Specifically, the
need to ensure the user is connected to the intended credential
server (secure site), and no other. The TLS v1.0 standard [RFC2246]
identifies the basis for managing this risk in section F.3 (see also
Section 5.2 in this document):
"Implementations and users must be careful when deciding which
certificates and certificate authorities are acceptable; a
dishonest certificate authority can do tremendous damage."
Note also that a faulty implementation of (increasingly complex) TLS
server certificate chain processing, by the SACRED client, could lead
to similar compromise, allowing successful credential server
masquerade or man-in-the-middle attacks.
An engineering approach that provides an enhanced or augmented server
authentication method may be warranted for SACRED protocol designs.
It is also important to understand that simple layering of
independently developed security protocols (e.g. using BEEP or
similar layering techniques) produces a complex, multilayer security
protocol that might be easily defeated by a combination-specific
attack that is able to expose and exploit known weaknesses of the
individual protocol(s).
When necessary, and after a TLS session has been established between
the two parties, the credential server can request that the client
provide her user id and password information to authenticate the
remote user. Preferably, client and server can cooperate to perform
an authentication operation that allows the server to authenticate
the client (and perhaps vice-versa) in a "zero knowledge manner". In
such cases, the client need not have a security credential.
TLS with Client Authentication (cTLS)
TLS provides an optional, secure session capability (sometimes called
client-side TLS) whereby the TLS server can request client
authentication by verifying the client's digital signature.
In order to use cTLS to provide mutual authentication, the client
must also be configured with at least one security credential that is
acceptable to the TLS server for remote client authentication
purposes.
4.2.3 Other Authentication Methods
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Other authentication methods that provide the necessary security
capabilities MAY also be suitable for use with SACRED credential
exchange protocols.
4.3 Transport Protocol Suites
It is intended that one or more underlying protocol stacks may carry
the SACRED credential exchange protocols. It is recognized at the
outset that the use of several underlying protocol suites, although
not ideal from an interoperability standpoint, may well be required
to support the wide variety of needs anticipated.
The SACRED list members have discussed several protocol suites that
have been considered on their technical merits, each with distinct
benefits and protocol design/implementation costs. Among these
protocols are:
- TCP
- BEEP
- HTTP
All protocol suites listed here depend on TCP to provide a reliable,
end-to-end transport layer protocol. Each of these building block
approaches provides a different way of handling the remaining
application layer issues (basic session management, session level
security, presentation/formatting, application functionality).
4.3.1 TCP
This approach (layering a SACRED credential exchange protocol
directly on top of a TCP connection) requires the development of a
custom credential exchange messaging protocol that interfaces to a
TCP connection/socket. The primary benefit of this approach is the
ability to provide exactly the protocol functionality needed and no
more. Most server and client development environments already provide
the socket level API needed.
4.3.2 BEEP
This approach builds on the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol
(BEEP) described in [RFC3080]. BEEP provides general purpose, peer-
to-peer message exchange over any of several transport mechanisms
where the necessary transport layer mappings have been defined for
operation over TCP, TLS, etc. See also [RFC3081].
BEEP provides the necessary user authentication/session security and
session management capabilities needed to support SACRED credential
exchange operations.
4.3.3 HTTP
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This approach builds on the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)
described in [RFC1945] and [RFC2616]. HTTP provides general purpose
typing and negotiation of data representation, allowing systems to be
built independently of the data objects being transferred. HTTP
support is available in a wide variety of server and client
platforms, including portable devices that apply to roaming
environments (laptop PCs, PDAs, mobile phones, etc.).
HTTP is layered over TCP and can be used, optionally, with TLS to
provide authenticated, session level security. Either or both TLS
authentication options, sTLS or cTLS, may be used whenever TLS is
supported.
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Credential Server Framework
5 Security Considerations
The following security considerations identify general observations
and precautions to be considered for a framework supporting
credential mobility. When designing or implementing a protocol to
support this framework, one should recognize these security
considerations, and furthermore consult the SACRED Requirements
document [RFC3157] Security Considerations.
5.1 Communications Security
A SACRED PDU will contain information pertaining to client or server
authentication, or communication of credentials.
This information is subject to the traditional security concerns
identified below.
5.1.1 Confidentiality
The password or password verifier should be protected when
communicated from the client to credential server. The communicated
value should be resistant to a dictionary attack.
Similarly, the entity credentials must be confidentiality protected,
when communicated from the client to the server and
vice-versa. The communicated value should also resist a dictionary
attack.
5.1.2 Integrity
Communication integrity between the client and the credential server
is required. In this way, intended client operations may not be
altered (e.g. from an update to a deletion of credentials), nor may
clients be maliciously given "old" credentials (e.g. possibly by an
attacker replaying a previous credential download).
5.1.3 Entity Authentication
Proper authentication of the client and server is required to achieve
communication confidentiality and integrity.
The server must properly authenticate the client, so that credentials
are not mistakenly revealed to an attacker.
The client must ensure the proper identification of the credential
server so as to prevent revealing their password to an
attacker. These goals may be achieved implicitly with a strong
password-based protocol or explicitly. If the server is identified
explicitly, the user or client must ensure that the user password is
conveyed to a trusted server. This might be achieved by installing
appropriate trusted key(s) in the client.
5.1.4 Non-repudiation
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Credential Server Framework
There are no requirements upon the SACRED protocol itself to support
non-repudiation, although the context in which the credentials are
being used may have such requirements.
5.2 Systems Security
Systems security is concerned with protection of the protocol
endpoints (i.e. the client and server) and information
stored at the server in support of the SACRED protocol.
5.2.1 Client Security
As with most security protocols, secure use of the client often
relies, in part, upon secure behavior by the user. In the
case of a password-based SACRED protocol, users should be educated,
or enforced through policy, to choose passwords with a reasonable
amount of entropy. Additionally, users should be made aware of the
importance of protecting the confidentiality of their account
password.
In addition, the client interface should be designed to thwart
"shoulder surfing" where an attacker can observe the password as
entered by a user. This is often achieved by not echoing the exact
characters of the password when entered.
As well, the interface should encourage the entering of the password
in the appropriate interface field so that protections can be
properly enforced. For example, a user should be guided to not
mistakenly enter their password in the "username" field (since their
password would likely be echoed to the screen in this case, and might
not be encrypted when communicated to the server). This might be
accomplished via the automatic insertion of the user name or several
user name choices in the appropriate on-screen dialog field, for
example.
5.2.2 Client Security, TLS Server Authentication
When TLS is used as the SACRED transport protocol, the client
interface should be designed to allow the user to verify that she is
connected to the intended credential server. For example, client
software should allow for the visual display of identifying
components from the TLS server's X.509 certificate, like the server's
name, the certificate fingerprint, etc.
Users should be guided to verify this information regularly, allowing
ready recognition of trusted credential servers. In addition, users
should be made aware of the importance of verifying their credential
server's identity before initiating any credential exchange
operations.
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Credential Server Framework
A SACRED client SHOULD only be configured with those SACRED trust
anchors that are to be used by the client. Re-use of trust anchors
from other applications, e.g. Internet browsers is NOT RECOMMENDED.
5.2.3 Server Security
Password verifiers and user credentials must be afforded a high level
of protection at the credential server. In addition to salting and
super-encrypting each (to ensure resistance to offline dictionary
attacks), a system should ensure that credential server keys are
protected using sufficient procedural and physical access controls.
The login to the credential server should be resistant to replay
attacks.
Online attempts to access a particular user account should be
controlled, or at least monitored. Control might be enforced by
incorporating a time delay after a number of unsuccessful logins to a
particular account, or possibly the locking of the account
altogether. Alternatively, one might simply log unsuccessful attempts
where an administrative notice is produced once a threshold of
unsuccessful credential access attempts is reached.
5.2.4 Denial of Service
As with most protocols, Denial of Service (DoS) issues must also be
considered. In the case of SACRED, most DoS issues are a concern for
the underlying transport protocol. However, some concerns may still
be mitigated.
Service to a user might be denied in case their account is locked
after numerous unsuccessful login attempts. Consideration of
protection against online attacks must therefore be considered (as
described above). Proper user authentication should ensure that an
attacker does not maliciously overwrite a user's credentials.
Credential servers should be wary of repeated logins to a particular
account (which also identifies a possible security breach, as
described above) or abnormal volumes of requests to a
number of accounts (possibly identifying a DoS attack).
6 References
6.1 Normative references
[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3",
BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, March 1997.
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Credential Server Framework
[RFC3157] Arsenault, A., Farrell, S., "Securely Available Credentials
- Requirements", RFC 3157, August 2001.
6.2 Informative references
[BM92] S. Bellovin and M. Merritt, "Encrypted Key Exchange:
Password-based protocols secure against dictionary
attacks", Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research in
Security and Privacy, May 1992.
[BM94] S. Bellovin and M. Merritt, "Augmented Encrypted Key
Exchange: a Password-Based Protocol Secure Against
Dictionary Attacks and Password File Compromise, ATT Labs
Technical Report, 1994.
[PKCS12] "PKCS 12 v1.0: Personal Information Exchange Syntax", RSA
Laboratories, June 24, 1999
[PKCS15] "PKCS #15 v1.1: Cryptographic Token Information Syntax
Standard", RSA Laboratories, June 2000.
[RFC1945] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and H. Frystyk, "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol-- HTTP/1.0", RFC 1945, May 1996.
[RFC2246] Dierks, T., Allen, C., "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC
2246, January 1999.
[RFC2289] Haller, N., Metz, P., Nesser, P., & Straw, M., "A One-Time
Password System", RFC 2289.
[RFC2444] Newman, C., "The One-Time-Password SASL Mechanism", RFC
2444, November 1997.
[RFC2616] R. Fielding, J. Gettys, J. Mogul,, H. Frysyk, L. Masinter,
M. Leach, T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -
HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616.
[RFC2945] Wu, T., "The SRP Authentication and Key Exchange System",
RFC 2945, September 2000.
[RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core",
RFC 3080, March 2001.
[RFC3081] Rose, M., "Mapping the BEEP Core onto TCP", RFC 3081, March
2001.
[SPEKE] Jablon, D., "Strong Password-Only Authenticated Key
Exchange", September 1996.
Gustafson, Just, & Nystrom [page 21]
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7 Author's addresses
Dale Gustafson
Future Foundation Inc.
degustafson@comcast.net
Mike Just
Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat
Just.Mike@tbs-sct.gc.ca
Magnus Nystrom
RSA Security Inc.
magnus@rsasecurity.com
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Gustafson, Just, & Nystrom [page 22]
