TLS Working Group                                                 Y. Nir
Internet-Draft                                               Check Point
Intended status: Standards Track                        December 2, 2014
Expires: June 5, 2015


  Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites for Transport Layer
                Security (TLS) Versions 1.2 and Earlier
                      draft-ietf-tls-rfc4492bis-00

Abstract

   This document describes key exchange algorithms based on Elliptic
   Curve Cryptography (ECC) for the Transport Layer Security (TLS)
   protocol.  In particular, it specifies the use of Elliptic Curve
   Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement in a TLS handshake and the use of
   Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) as a new
   authentication mechanism.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 5, 2015.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
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   include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of



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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Key Exchange Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     2.1.  ECDH_ECDSA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.2.  ECDHE_ECDSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.3.  ECDH_RSA  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.4.  ECDHE_RSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     2.5.  ECDH_anon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   3.  Client Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     3.1.  ECDSA_sign  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.2.  ECDSA_fixed_ECDH  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     3.3.  RSA_fixed_ECDH  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  TLS Extensions for ECC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  Data Structures and Computations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.1.  Client Hello Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.1.1.  Supported Elliptic Curves Extension . . . . . . . . .  12
       5.1.2.  Supported Point Formats Extension . . . . . . . . . .  13
     5.2.  Server Hello Extension  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     5.3.  Server Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     5.4.  Server Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     5.5.  Certificate Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     5.6.  Client Certificate  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
     5.7.  Client Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     5.8.  Certificate Verify  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
     5.9.  Elliptic Curve Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     5.10. ECDH, ECDSA, and RSA Computations . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   6.  Cipher Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   9.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   10. Version History for This Draft  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   Appendix A.  Equivalent Curves (Informative)  . . . . . . . . . .  30
   Appendix B.  Differences from RFC 4492  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   Author's Address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31

1.  Introduction

   Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is emerging as an attractive
   public-key cryptosystem, in particular for mobile (i.e., wireless)
   environments.  Compared to currently prevalent cryptosystems such as



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   RSA, ECC offers equivalent security with smaller key sizes.  This is
   illustrated in the following table, based on [Lenstra_Verheul], which
   gives approximate comparable key sizes for symmetric- and asymmetric-
   key cryptosystems based on the best-known algorithms for attacking
   them.

                     +-----------+-----+------------+
                     | Symmetric | ECC | DH/DSA/RSA |
                     +-----------+-----+------------+
                     |     80    | 163 |    1024    |
                     |    112    | 233 |    2048    |
                     |    128    | 283 |    3072    |
                     |    192    | 409 |    7680    |
                     |    256    | 571 |   15360    |
                     +-----------+-----+------------+

                  Table 1: Comparable Key Sizes (in bits)

   Smaller key sizes result in savings for power, memory, bandwidth, and
   computational cost that make ECC especially attractive for
   constrained environments.

   This document describes additions to TLS to support ECC, applicable
   to TLS versions 1.0 [RFC2246], 1.1 [RFC4346], and 1.2 [RFC5246].  The
   use of ECC in TLS 1.3 is defined in [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13], and is
   explicitly out of scope for this document.  In particular, this
   document defines:

   o  the use of the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement
      scheme with long-term or ephemeral keys to establish the TLS
      premaster secret, and
   o  the use of fixed-ECDH certificates and ECDSA for authentication of
      TLS peers.

   The remainder of this document is organized as follows.  Section 2
   provides an overview of ECC-based key exchange algorithms for TLS.
   Section 3 describes the use of ECC certificates for client
   authentication.  TLS extensions that allow a client to negotiate the
   use of specific curves and point formats are presented in Section 4.
   Section 5 specifies various data structures needed for an ECC-based
   handshake, their encoding in TLS messages, and the processing of
   those messages.  Section 6 defines ECC-based cipher suites and
   identifies a small subset of these as recommended for all
   implementations of this specification.  Section 7 discusses security
   considerations.  Section 8 describes IANA considerations for the name
   spaces created by this document's predecessor.  Section 9 gives
   acknowledgements.  Appendix B provides differences from [RFC4492],
   the document that this one replaces.



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   Implementation of this specification requires familiarity with TLS,
   TLS extensions [RFC4366], and ECC (TBD: reference Wikipedia here?).

1.1.  Conventions Used in This Document

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
   document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

2.  Key Exchange Algorithm

   This document introduces five new ECC-based key exchange algorithms
   for TLS.  All of them use ECDH to compute the TLS premaster secret,
   and they differ only in the lifetime of ECDH keys (long-term or
   ephemeral) and the mechanism (if any) used to authenticate them.  The
   derivation of the TLS master secret from the premaster secret and the
   subsequent generation of bulk encryption/MAC keys and initialization
   vectors is independent of the key exchange algorithm and not impacted
   by the introduction of ECC.

   The table below summarizes the new key exchange algorithms, which
   mimic DH_DSS, DHE_DSS, DH_RSA, DHE_RSA, and DH_anon, respectively.

       +-------------+--------------------------------------------+
       | Algorithm   | Description                                |
       +-------------+--------------------------------------------+
       | ECDH_ECDSA  | Fixed ECDH with ECDSA-signed certificates. |
       | ECDHE_ECDSA | Ephemeral ECDH with ECDSA signatures.      |
       | ECDH_RSA    | Fixed ECDH with RSA-signed certificates.   |
       | ECDHE_RSA   | Ephemeral ECDH with RSA signatures.        |
       | ECDH_anon   | Anonymous ECDH, no signatures.             |
       +-------------+--------------------------------------------+

                   Table 2: ECC Key Exchange Algorithms

   The ECDHE_ECDSA and ECDHE_RSA key exchange mechanisms provide forward
   secrecy.  With ECDHE_RSA, a server can reuse its existing RSA
   certificate and easily comply with a constrained client's elliptic
   curve preferences (see Section 4).  However, the computational cost
   incurred by a server is higher for ECDHE_RSA than for the traditional
   RSA key exchange, which does not provide forward secrecy.

   The ECDH_RSA mechanism requires a server to acquire an ECC
   certificate, but the certificate issuer can still use an existing RSA
   key for signing.  This eliminates the need to update the keys of
   trusted certification authorities accepted by TLS clients.  The
   ECDH_ECDSA mechanism requires ECC keys for the server as well as the




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   certification authority and is best suited for constrained devices
   unable to support RSA.

   The anonymous key exchange algorithm does not provide authentication
   of the server or the client.  Like other anonymous TLS key exchanges,
   it is subject to man-in-the-middle attacks.  Implementations of this
   algorithm SHOULD provide authentication by other means.

   Note that there is no structural difference between ECDH and ECDSA
   keys.  A certificate issuer may use X.509 v3 keyUsage and
   extendedKeyUsage extensions to restrict the use of an ECC public key
   to certain computations.  This document refers to an ECC key as ECDH-
   capable if its use in ECDH is permitted.  ECDSA-capable is defined
   similarly.

          Client                                        Server
          ------                                        ------
          ClientHello          -------->
                                                   ServerHello
                                                  Certificate*
                                            ServerKeyExchange*
                                          CertificateRequest*+
                               <--------       ServerHelloDone
          Certificate*+
          ClientKeyExchange
          CertificateVerify*+
          [ChangeCipherSpec]
          Finished             -------->
                                            [ChangeCipherSpec]
                               <--------              Finished
          Application Data     <------->      Application Data
               * message is not sent under some conditions
               + message is not sent unless client authentication
                 is desired

   Figure 1: Message flow in a full TLS handshake

   Figure 1 shows all messages involved in the TLS key establishment
   protocol (aka full handshake).  The addition of ECC has direct impact
   only on the ClientHello, the ServerHello, the server's Certificate
   message, the ServerKeyExchange, the ClientKeyExchange, the
   CertificateRequest, the client's Certificate message, and the
   CertificateVerify.  Next, we describe each ECC key exchange algorithm
   in greater detail in terms of the content and processing of these
   messages.  For ease of exposition, we defer discussion of client
   authentication and associated messages (identified with a + in
   Figure 1) until Section 3 and of the optional ECC-specific extensions
   (which impact the Hello messages) until Section 4.



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2.1.  ECDH_ECDSA

   In ECDH_ECDSA, the server's certificate MUST contain an ECDH-capable
   public key and be signed with ECDSA.

   A ServerKeyExchange MUST NOT be sent (the server's certificate
   contains all the necessary keying information required by the client
   to arrive at the premaster secret).

   The client generates an ECDH key pair on the same curve as the
   server's long-term public key and sends its public key in the
   ClientKeyExchange message (except when using client authentication
   algorithm ECDSA_fixed_ECDH or RSA_fixed_ECDH, in which case the
   modifications from Section 3.2 or Section 3.3.

   Both client and server perform an ECDH operation and use the
   resultant shared secret as the premaster secret.  All ECDH
   calculations are performed as specified in Section 5.10.

2.2.  ECDHE_ECDSA

   In ECDHE_ECDSA, the server's certificate MUST contain an ECDSA-
   capable public key and be signed with ECDSA.

   The server sends its ephemeral ECDH public key and a specification of
   the corresponding curve in the ServerKeyExchange message.  These
   parameters MUST be signed with ECDSA using the private key
   corresponding to the public key in the server's Certificate.

   The client generates an ECDH key pair on the same curve as the
   server's ephemeral ECDH key and sends its public key in the
   ClientKeyExchange message.

   Both client and server perform an ECDH operation Section 5.10 and use
   the resultant shared secret as the premaster secret.

2.3.  ECDH_RSA

   This key exchange algorithm is the same as ECDH_ECDSA except that the
   server's certificate MUST be signed with RSA rather than ECDSA.

2.4.  ECDHE_RSA

   This key exchange algorithm is the same as ECDHE_ECDSA except that
   the server's certificate MUST contain an RSA public key authorized
   for signing, and that the signature in the ServerKeyExchange message
   must be computed with the corresponding RSA private key.  The server
   certificate MUST be signed with RSA.



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2.5.  ECDH_anon

   In ECDH_anon, the server's Certificate, the CertificateRequest, the
   client's Certificate, and the CertificateVerify messages MUST NOT be
   sent.

   The server MUST send an ephemeral ECDH public key and a specification
   of the corresponding curve in the ServerKeyExchange message.  These
   parameters MUST NOT be signed.

   The client generates an ECDH key pair on the same curve as the
   server's ephemeral ECDH key and sends its public key in the
   ClientKeyExchange message.

   Both client and server perform an ECDH operation and use the
   resultant shared secret as the premaster secret.  All ECDH
   calculations are performed as specified in Section 5.10.

   Note that while the ECDH_ECDSA, ECDHE_ECDSA, ECDH_RSA, and ECDHE_RSA
   key exchange algorithms require the server's certificate to be signed
   with a particular signature scheme, this specification (following the
   similar cases of DH_DSS, DHE_DSS, DH_RSA, and DHE_RSA in the TLS base
   documents) does not impose restrictions on signature schemes used
   elsewhere in the certificate chain.  (Often such restrictions will be
   useful, and it is expected that this will be taken into account in
   certification authorities' signing practices.  However, such
   restrictions are not strictly required in general: Even if it is
   beyond the capabilities of a client to completely validate a given
   chain, the client may be able to validate the server's certificate by
   relying on a trusted certification authority whose certificate
   appears as one of the intermediate certificates in the chain.)

3.  Client Authentication

   This document defines three new client authentication mechanisms,
   each named after the type of client certificate involved: ECDSA_sign,
   ECDSA_fixed_ECDH, and RSA_fixed_ECDH.  The ECDSA_sign mechanism is
   usable with any of the non-anonymous ECC key exchange algorithms
   described in Section 2 as well as other non-anonymous (non-ECC) key
   exchange algorithms defined in TLS.  The ECDSA_fixed_ECDH and
   RSA_fixed_ECDH mechanisms are usable with ECDH_ECDSA and ECDH_RSA.
   Their use with ECDHE_ECDSA and ECDHE_RSA is prohibited because the
   use of a long-term ECDH client key would jeopardize the forward
   secrecy property of these algorithms.

   The server can request ECC-based client authentication by including
   one or more of these certificate types in its CertificateRequest
   message.  The server must not include any certificate types that are



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   prohibited for the negotiated key exchange algorithm.  The client
   must check if it possesses a certificate appropriate for any of the
   methods suggested by the server and is willing to use it for
   authentication.

   If these conditions are not met, the client should send a client
   Certificate message containing no certificates.  In this case, the
   ClientKeyExchange should be sent as described in Section 2, and the
   CertificateVerify should not be sent.  If the server requires client
   authentication, it may respond with a fatal handshake failure alert.

   If the client has an appropriate certificate and is willing to use it
   for authentication, it must send that certificate in the client's
   Certificate message (as per Section 5.6) and prove possession of the
   private key corresponding to the certified key.  The process of
   determining an appropriate certificate and proving possession is
   different for each authentication mechanism and described below.

   NOTE: It is permissible for a server to request (and the client to
   send) a client certificate of a different type than the server
   certificate.

3.1.  ECDSA_sign

   To use this authentication mechanism, the client MUST possess a
   certificate containing an ECDSA-capable public key and signed with
   ECDSA.

   The client proves possession of the private key corresponding to the
   certified key by including a signature in the CertificateVerify
   message as described in Section 5.8.

3.2.  ECDSA_fixed_ECDH

   To use this authentication mechanism, the client MUST possess a
   certificate containing an ECDH-capable public key, and that
   certificate MUST be signed with ECDSA.  Furthermore, the client's
   ECDH key MUST be on the same elliptic curve as the server's long-term
   (certified) ECDH key.  This might limit use of this mechanism to
   closed environments.  In situations where the client has an ECC key
   on a different curve, it would have to authenticate using either
   ECDSA_sign or a non-ECC mechanism (e.g., RSA).  Using fixed ECDH for
   both servers and clients is computationally more efficient than
   mechanisms providing forward secrecy.

   When using this authentication mechanism, the client MUST send an
   empty ClientKeyExchange as described in Section 5.7 and MUST NOT send
   the CertificateVerify message.  The ClientKeyExchange is empty since



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   the client's ECDH public key required by the server to compute the
   premaster secret is available inside the client's certificate.  The
   client's ability to arrive at the same premaster secret as the server
   (demonstrated by a successful exchange of Finished messages) proves
   possession of the private key corresponding to the certified public
   key, and the CertificateVerify message is unnecessary.

3.3.  RSA_fixed_ECDH

   This authentication mechanism is identical to ECDSA_fixed_ECDH except
   that the client's certificate MUST be signed with RSA.

   Note that while the ECDSA_sign, ECDSA_fixed_ECDH, and RSA_fixed_ECDH
   client authentication mechanisms require the client's certificate to
   be signed with a particular signature scheme, this specification does
   not impose restrictions on signature schemes used elsewhere in the
   certificate chain.  (Often such restrictions will be useful, and it
   is expected that this will be taken into account in certification
   authorities' signing practices.  However, such restrictions are not
   strictly required in general: Even if it is beyond the capabilities
   of a server to completely validate a given chain, the server may be
   able to validate the clients certificate by relying on a trust anchor
   that appears as one of the intermediate certificates in the chain.)

4.  TLS Extensions for ECC

   Two new TLS extensions are defined in this specification: (i) the
   Supported Elliptic Curves Extension, and (ii) the Supported Point
   Formats Extension.  These allow negotiating the use of specific
   curves and point formats (e.g., compressed vs. uncompressed,
   respectively) during a handshake starting a new session.  These
   extensions are especially relevant for constrained clients that may
   only support a limited number of curves or point formats.  They
   follow the general approach outlined in [RFC4366]; message details
   are specified in Section 5.  The client enumerates the curves it
   supports and the point formats it can parse by including the
   appropriate extensions in its ClientHello message.  The server
   similarly enumerates the point formats it can parse by including an
   extension in its ServerHello message.

   A TLS client that proposes ECC cipher suites in its ClientHello
   message SHOULD include these extensions.  Servers implementing ECC
   cipher suites MUST support these extensions, and when a client uses
   these extensions, servers MUST NOT negotiate the use of an ECC cipher
   suite unless they can complete the handshake while respecting the
   choice of curves and compression techniques specified by the client.
   This eliminates the possibility that a negotiated ECC handshake will




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   be subsequently aborted due to a client's inability to deal with the
   server's EC key.

   The client MUST NOT include these extensions in the ClientHello
   message if it does not propose any ECC cipher suites.  A client that
   proposes ECC cipher suites may choose not to include these
   extensions.  In this case, the server is free to choose any one of
   the elliptic curves or point formats listed in Section 5.  That
   section also describes the structure and processing of these
   extensions in greater detail.

   In the case of session resumption, the server simply ignores the
   Supported Elliptic Curves Extension and the Supported Point Formats
   Extension appearing in the current ClientHello message.  These
   extensions only play a role during handshakes negotiating a new
   session.

5.  Data Structures and Computations

   This section specifies the data structures and computations used by
   ECC-based key mechanisms specified in the previous three sections.
   The presentation language used here is the same as that used in TLS.
   Since this specification extends TLS, these descriptions should be
   merged with those in the TLS specification and any others that extend
   TLS.  This means that enum types may not specify all possible values,
   and structures with multiple formats chosen with a select() clause
   may not indicate all possible cases.

5.1.  Client Hello Extensions

   This section specifies two TLS extensions that can be included with
   the ClientHello message as described in [RFC4366], the Supported
   Elliptic Curves Extension and the Supported Point Formats Extension.

   When these extensions are sent:

   The extensions SHOULD be sent along with any ClientHello message that
   proposes ECC cipher suites.

   Meaning of these extensions:

   These extensions allow a client to enumerate the elliptic curves it
   supports and/or the point formats it can parse.

   Structure of these extensions:

   The general structure of TLS extensions is described in [RFC4366],
   and this specification adds two new types to ExtensionType.



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      enum { elliptic_curves(10), ec_point_formats(11) } ExtensionType;

   elliptic_curves (Supported Elliptic Curves Extension):  Indicates the
      set of elliptic curves supported by the client.  For this
      extension, the opaque extension_data field contains
      EllipticCurveList.  See Section 5.1.1 for details.
   ec_point_formats (Supported Point Formats Extension):  Indicates the
      set of point formats that the client can parse.  For this
      extension, the opaque extension_data field contains
      ECPointFormatList.  See Section 5.1.2 for details.

   Actions of the sender:

   A client that proposes ECC cipher suites in its ClientHello message
   appends these extensions (along with any others), enumerating the
   curves it supports and the point formats it can parse.  Clients
   SHOULD send both the Supported Elliptic Curves Extension and the
   Supported Point Formats Extension.  If the Supported Point Formats
   Extension is indeed sent, it MUST contain the value 0 (uncompressed)
   as one of the items in the list of point formats.

   Actions of the receiver:

   A server that receives a ClientHello containing one or both of these
   extensions MUST use the client's enumerated capabilities to guide its
   selection of an appropriate cipher suite.  One of the proposed ECC
   cipher suites must be negotiated only if the server can successfully
   complete the handshake while using the curves and point formats
   supported by the client (cf.  Section 5.3 and Section 5.4).

   NOTE: A server participating in an ECDHE-ECDSA key exchange may use
   different curves for (i) the ECDSA key in its certificate, and (ii)
   the ephemeral ECDH key in the ServerKeyExchange message.  The server
   must consider the extensions in both cases.

   If a server does not understand the Supported Elliptic Curves
   Extension, does not understand the Supported Point Formats Extension,
   or is unable to complete the ECC handshake while restricting itself
   to the enumerated curves and point formats, it MUST NOT negotiate the
   use of an ECC cipher suite.  Depending on what other cipher suites
   are proposed by the client and supported by the server, this may
   result in a fatal handshake failure alert due to the lack of common
   cipher suites.








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5.1.1.  Supported Elliptic Curves Extension

           enum {
               sect163k1 (1), sect163r1 (2), sect163r2 (3),
               sect193r1 (4), sect193r2 (5), sect233k1 (6),
               sect233r1 (7), sect239k1 (8), sect283k1 (9),
               sect283r1 (10), sect409k1 (11), sect409r1 (12),
               sect571k1 (13), sect571r1 (14), secp160k1 (15),
               secp160r1 (16), secp160r2 (17), secp192k1 (18),
               secp192r1 (19), secp224k1 (20), secp224r1 (21),
               secp256k1 (22), secp256r1 (23), secp384r1 (24),
               secp521r1 (25),
               reserved (0xFE00..0xFEFF),
               arbitrary_explicit_prime_curves(0xFF01),
               arbitrary_explicit_char2_curves(0xFF02),
               (0xFFFF)
           } NamedCurve;

   sect163k1, etc: Indicates support of the corresponding named curve or
   class of explicitly defined curves.  The named curves defined here
   are those specified in SEC 2 [SECG-SEC2].  Note that many of these
   curves are also recommended in ANSI X9.62 [ANSI.X9-62.2005] and FIPS
   186-4 [FIPS.186-4].  Values 0xFE00 through 0xFEFF are reserved for
   private use.  Values 0xFF01 and 0xFF02 indicate that the client
   supports arbitrary prime and characteristic-2 curves, respectively
   (the curve parameters must be encoded explicitly in ECParameters).

   The NamedCurve name space is maintained by IANA.  See Section 8 for
   information on how new value assignments are added.

           struct {
               NamedCurve elliptic_curve_list<1..2^16-1>
           } EllipticCurveList;

   Items in elliptic_curve_list are ordered according to the client's
   preferences (favorite choice first).

   As an example, a client that only supports secp192r1 (aka NIST P-192;
   value 19 = 0x0013) and secp224r1 (aka NIST P-224; value 21 = 0x0015)
   and prefers to use secp192r1 would include a TLS extension consisting
   of the following octets.  Note that the first two octets indicate the
   extension type (Supported Elliptic Curves Extension):

           00 0A 00 06 00 04 00 13 00 15

   A client that supports arbitrary explicit characteristic-2 curves
   (value 0xFF02) would include an extension consisting of the following
   octets:



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           00 0A 00 04 00 02 FF 02

5.1.2.  Supported Point Formats Extension

           enum { uncompressed (0), ansiX962_compressed_prime (1),
                  ansiX962_compressed_char2 (2), reserved (248..255)
           } ECPointFormat;
           struct {
               ECPointFormat ec_point_format_list<1..2^8-1>
           } ECPointFormatList;

   Three point formats are included in the definition of ECPointFormat
   above.  The uncompressed point format is the default format in that
   implementations of this document MUST support it for all of their
   supported curves.  Compressed point formats reduce bandwidth by
   including only the x-coordinate and a single bit of the y-coordinate
   of the point.  Implementations of this document MAY support the
   ansiX962_compressed_prime and ansiX962_compressed_char2 formats,
   where the former applies only to prime curves and the latter applies
   only to characteristic-2 curves.  (These formats are specified in
   [ANSI.X9-62.2005].)  Values 248 through 255 are reserved for private
   use.

   The ECPointFormat name space is maintained by IANA.  See Section 8
   for information on how new value assignments are added.

   Items in ec_point_format_list are ordered according to the client's
   preferences (favorite choice first).

   A client that can parse only the uncompressed point format (value 0)
   includes an extension consisting of the following octets; note that
   the first two octets indicate the extension type (Supported Point
   Formats Extension):

           00 0B 00 02 01 00

   A client that in the case of prime fields prefers the compressed
   format (ansiX962_compressed_prime, value 1) over the uncompressed
   format (value 0), but in the case of characteristic-2 fields prefers
   the uncompressed format (value 0) over the compressed format
   (ansiX962_compressed_char2, value 2), may indicate these preferences
   by including an extension consisting of the following octets:

           00 0B 00 04 03 01 00 02







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5.2.  Server Hello Extension

   This section specifies a TLS extension that can be included with the
   ServerHello message as described in [RFC4366], the Supported Point
   Formats Extension.

   When this extension is sent:

   The Supported Point Formats Extension is included in a ServerHello
   message in response to a ClientHello message containing the Supported
   Point Formats Extension when negotiating an ECC cipher suite.

   Meaning of this extension:

   This extension allows a server to enumerate the point formats it can
   parse (for the curve that will appear in its ServerKeyExchange
   message when using the ECDHE_ECDSA, ECDHE_RSA, or ECDH_anon key
   exchange algorithm, or for the curve that is used in the server's
   public key that will appear in its Certificate message when using the
   ECDH_ECDSA or ECDH_RSA key exchange algorithm).

   Structure of this extension:

   The server's Supported Point Formats Extension has the same structure
   as the client's Supported Point Formats Extension (see
   Section 5.1.2).  Items in elliptic_curve_list here are ordered
   according to the server's preference (favorite choice first).  Note
   that the server may include items that were not found in the client's
   list (e.g., the server may prefer to receive points in compressed
   format even when a client cannot parse this format: the same client
   may nevertheless be capable of outputting points in compressed
   format).

   Actions of the sender:

   A server that selects an ECC cipher suite in response to a
   ClientHello message including a Supported Point Formats Extension
   appends this extension (along with others) to its ServerHello
   message, enumerating the point formats it can parse.  The Supported
   Point Formats Extension, when used, MUST contain the value 0
   (uncompressed) as one of the items in the list of point formats.

   Actions of the receiver:

   A client that receives a ServerHello message containing a Supported
   Point Formats Extension MUST respect the server's choice of point
   formats during the handshake (cf.  Section 5.6 and Section 5.7).  If
   no Supported Point Formats Extension is received with the



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   ServerHello, this is equivalent to an extension allowing only the
   uncompressed point format.

5.3.  Server Certificate

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent in all non-anonymous ECC-based key exchange
   algorithms.

   Meaning of this message:

   This message is used to authentically convey the server's static
   public key to the client.  The following table shows the server
   certificate type appropriate for each key exchange algorithm.  ECC
   public keys MUST be encoded in certificates as described in
   Section 5.9.

   NOTE: The server's Certificate message is capable of carrying a chain
   of certificates.  The restrictions mentioned in Table 3 apply only to
   the server's certificate (first in the chain).

   +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
   | Algorithm   | Server Certificate Type                             |
   +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
   | ECDH_ECDSA  | Certificate MUST contain an ECDH-capable public     |
   |             | key.  It MUST be signed with ECDSA.                 |
   | ECDHE_ECDSA | Certificate MUST contain an ECDSA-capable public    |
   |             | key.  It MUST be signed with ECDSA.                 |
   | ECDH_RSA    | Certificate MUST contain an ECDH-capable public     |
   |             | key.  It MUST be signed with RSA.                   |
   | ECDHE_RSA   | Certificate MUST contain an RSA public key          |
   |             | authorized for use in digital signatures.  It MUST  |
   |             | be signed with RSA.                                 |
   +-------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

                     Table 3: Server Certificate Types

   Structure of this message:

   Identical to the TLS Certificate format.

   Actions of the sender:

   The server constructs an appropriate certificate chain and conveys it
   to the client in the Certificate message.  If the client has used a
   Supported Elliptic Curves Extension, the public key in the server's
   certificate MUST respect the client's choice of elliptic curves; in



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   particular, the public key MUST employ a named curve (not the same
   curve as an explicit curve) unless the client has indicated support
   for explicit curves of the appropriate type.  If the client has used
   a Supported Point Formats Extension, both the server's public key
   point and (in the case of an explicit curve) the curve's base point
   MUST respect the client's choice of point formats.  (A server that
   cannot satisfy these requirements MUST NOT choose an ECC cipher suite
   in its ServerHello message.)

   Actions of the receiver:

   The client validates the certificate chain, extracts the server's
   public key, and checks that the key type is appropriate for the
   negotiated key exchange algorithm.  (A possible reason for a fatal
   handshake failure is that the client's capabilities for handling
   elliptic curves and point formats are exceeded; cf. Section 5.1.)

5.4.  Server Key Exchange

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent when using the ECDHE_ECDSA, ECDHE_RSA, and
   ECDH_anon key exchange algorithms.

   Meaning of this message:

   This message is used to convey the server's ephemeral ECDH public key
   (and the corresponding elliptic curve domain parameters) to the
   client.

   Structure of this message:

           enum { explicit_prime (1), explicit_char2 (2),
                  named_curve (3), reserved(248..255) } ECCurveType;

   explicit_prime:  Indicates the elliptic curve domain parameters are
      conveyed verbosely, and the underlying finite field is a prime
      field.
   explicit_char2:  Indicates the elliptic curve domain parameters are
      conveyed verbosely, and the underlying finite field is a
      characteristic-2 field.
   named_curve:  Indicates that a named curve is used.  This option
      SHOULD be used when applicable.

   Values 248 through 255 are reserved for private use.

   The ECCurveType name space is maintained by IANA.  See Section 8 for
   information on how new value assignments are added.



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           struct {
               opaque a <1..2^8-1>;
               opaque b <1..2^8-1>;
           } ECCurve;

   a, b:  These parameters specify the coefficients of the elliptic
      curve.  Each value contains the byte string representation of a
      field element following the conversion routine in Section 4.3.3 of
      [ANSI.X9-62.2005].

           struct {
               opaque point <1..2^8-1>;
           } ECPoint;
   point:  This is the byte string representation of an elliptic curve
      point following the conversion routine in Section 4.3.6 of
      [ANSI.X9-62.2005].  This byte string may represent an elliptic
      curve point in uncompressed or compressed format; it MUST conform
      to what the client has requested through a Supported Point Formats
      Extension if this extension was used.

       enum { ec_basis_trinomial, ec_basis_pentanomial } ECBasisType;
   ec_basis_trinomial:  Indicates representation of a characteristic-2
      field using a trinomial basis.
   ec_basis_pentanomial:  Indicates representation of a characteristic-2
      field using a pentanomial basis.


























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           struct {
               ECCurveType    curve_type;
               select (curve_type) {
                   case explicit_prime:
                       opaque      prime_p <1..2^8-1>;
                       ECCurve     curve;
                       ECPoint     base;
                       opaque      order <1..2^8-1>;
                       opaque      cofactor <1..2^8-1>;
                   case explicit_char2:
                       uint16      m;
                       ECBasisType basis;
                       select (basis) {
                           case ec_trinomial:
                               opaque  k <1..2^8-1>;
                           case ec_pentanomial:
                               opaque  k1 <1..2^8-1>;
                               opaque  k2 <1..2^8-1>;
                               opaque  k3 <1..2^8-1>;
                       };
                       ECCurve     curve;
                       ECPoint     base;
                       opaque      order <1..2^8-1>;
                       opaque      cofactor <1..2^8-1>;
                   case named_curve:
                       NamedCurve namedcurve;
               };
           } ECParameters;
   curve_type:  This identifies the type of the elliptic curve domain
      parameters.
   prime_p:  This is the odd prime defining the field Fp.
   curve:  Specifies the coefficients a and b of the elliptic curve E.
   base:  Specifies the base point G on the elliptic curve.
   order:  Specifies the order n of the base point.
   cofactor:  Specifies the cofactor h = #E(Fq)/n, where #E(Fq)
      represents the number of points on the elliptic curve E defined
      over the field Fq (either Fp or F2^m).
   m: This is the degree of the characteristic-2 field F2^m.
   k: The exponent k for the trinomial basis representation x^m + x^k+1.
   k1, k2, k3:  The exponents for the pentanomial representation x^m +
      x^k3 + x^k2 + x^k1 + 1 (such that k3 > k2 > k1).
   namedcurve:  Specifies a recommended set of elliptic curve domain
      parameters.  All those values of NamedCurve are allowed that refer
      to a specific curve.  Values of NamedCurve that indicate support
      for a class of explicitly defined curves are not allowed here
      (they are only permissible in the ClientHello extension); this
      applies to arbitrary_explicit_prime_curves(0xFF01) and
      arbitrary_explicit_char2_curves(0xFF02).



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           struct {
               ECParameters    curve_params;
               ECPoint         public;
           } ServerECDHParams;
   curve_params:  Specifies the elliptic curve domain parameters
      associated with the ECDH public key.
   public:  The ephemeral ECDH public key.

   The ServerKeyExchange message is extended as follows.

           enum { ec_diffie_hellman } KeyExchangeAlgorithm;

   ec_diffie_hellman:  Indicates the ServerKeyExchange message contains
      an ECDH public key.

      select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
          case ec_diffie_hellman:
              ServerECDHParams    params;
              Signature           signed_params;
      } ServerKeyExchange;

   params:  Specifies the ECDH public key and associated domain
      parameters.
   signed_params:  A hash of the params, with the signature appropriate
      to that hash applied.  The private key corresponding to the
      certified public key in the server's Certificate message is used
      for signing.

        enum { ecdsa } SignatureAlgorithm;
        select (SignatureAlgorithm) {
           case ecdsa:
                digitally-signed struct {
                    opaque sha_hash[sha_size];
                };
        } Signature;
      ServerKeyExchange.signed_params.sha_hash
          SHA(ClientHello.random + ServerHello.random +
                                 ServerKeyExchange.params);

   NOTE: SignatureAlgorithm is "rsa" for the ECDHE_RSA key exchange
   algorithm and "anonymous" for ECDH_anon.  These cases are defined in
   TLS.  SignatureAlgorithm is "ecdsa" for ECDHE_ECDSA.  ECDSA
   signatures are generated and verified as described in Section 5.10,
   and SHA in the above template for sha_hash accordingly may denote a
   hash algorithm other than SHA-1.  As per ANSI X9.62, an ECDSA
   signature consists of a pair of integers, r and s.  The digitally-
   signed element is encoded as an opaque vector <0..2^16-1>, the




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   contents of which are the DER encoding corresponding to the following
   ASN.1 notation.

              Ecdsa-Sig-Value ::= SEQUENCE {
                  r       INTEGER,
                  s       INTEGER
              }

   Actions of the sender:

   The server selects elliptic curve domain parameters and an ephemeral
   ECDH public key corresponding to these parameters according to the
   ECKAS-DH1 scheme from IEEE 1363 [IEEE.P1363.1998].  It conveys this
   information to the client in the ServerKeyExchange message using the
   format defined above.

   Actions of the receiver:

   The client verifies the signature (when present) and retrieves the
   server's elliptic curve domain parameters and ephemeral ECDH public
   key from the ServerKeyExchange message.  (A possible reason for a
   fatal handshake failure is that the client's capabilities for
   handling elliptic curves and point formats are exceeded; cf.
   Section 5.1.)

5.5.  Certificate Request

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent when requesting client authentication.

   Meaning of this message:

   The server uses this message to suggest acceptable client
   authentication methods.

   Structure of this message:

   The TLS CertificateRequest message is extended as follows.

           enum {
               ecdsa_sign(64), rsa_fixed_ecdh(65),
               ecdsa_fixed_ecdh(66), (255)
           } ClientCertificateType;

   ecdsa_sign, etc.  Indicates that the server would like to use the
      corresponding client authentication method specified in Section 3.




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   Actions of the sender:

   The server decides which client authentication methods it would like
   to use, and conveys this information to the client using the format
   defined above.

   Actions of the receiver:

   The client determines whether it has a suitable certificate for use
   with any of the requested methods and whether to proceed with client
   authentication.

5.6.  Client Certificate

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent in response to a CertificateRequest when a
   client has a suitable certificate and has decided to proceed with
   client authentication.  (Note that if the server has used a Supported
   Point Formats Extension, a certificate can only be considered
   suitable for use with the ECDSA_sign, RSA_fixed_ECDH, and
   ECDSA_fixed_ECDH authentication methods if the public key point
   specified in it respects the server's choice of point formats.  If no
   Supported Point Formats Extension has been used, a certificate can
   only be considered suitable for use with these authentication methods
   if the point is represented in uncompressed point format.)

   Meaning of this message:

   This message is used to authentically convey the client's static
   public key to the server.  The following table summarizes what client
   certificate types are appropriate for the ECC-based client
   authentication mechanisms described in Section 3.  ECC public keys
   must be encoded in certificates as described in Section 5.9.

   NOTE: The client's Certificate message is capable of carrying a chain
   of certificates.  The restrictions mentioned in Table 4 apply only to
   the client's certificate (first in the chain).













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   +------------------+------------------------------------------------+
   | Client           | Client Certificate Type                        |
   | Authentication   |                                                |
   | Method           |                                                |
   +------------------+------------------------------------------------+
   | ECDSA_sign       | Certificate MUST contain an ECDSA-capable      |
   |                  | public key and be signed with ECDSA.           |
   | ECDSA_fixed_ECDH | Certificate MUST contain an ECDH-capable       |
   |                  | public key on the same elliptic curve as the   |
   |                  | server's long-term ECDH key.  This certificate |
   |                  | MUST be signed with ECDSA.                     |
   | RSA_fixed_ECDH   | Certificate MUST contain an ECDH-capable       |
   |                  | public key on the same elliptic curve as the   |
   |                  | server's long-term ECDH key.  This certificate |
   |                  | MUST be signed with RSA.                       |
   +------------------+------------------------------------------------+

                     Table 4: Client Certificate Types

   Structure of this message:

   Identical to the TLS client Certificate format.

   Actions of the sender:

   The client constructs an appropriate certificate chain, and conveys
   it to the server in the Certificate message.

   Actions of the receiver:

   The TLS server validates the certificate chain, extracts the client's
   public key, and checks that the key type is appropriate for the
   client authentication method.

5.7.  Client Key Exchange

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent in all key exchange algorithms.  If client
   authentication with ECDSA_fixed_ECDH or RSA_fixed_ECDH is used, this
   message is empty.  Otherwise, it contains the client's ephemeral ECDH
   public key.

   Meaning of the message:

   This message is used to convey ephemeral data relating to the key
   exchange belonging to the client (such as its ephemeral ECDH public
   key).



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   Structure of this message:

   The TLS ClientKeyExchange message is extended as follows.

           enum { implicit, explicit } PublicValueEncoding;

   implicit, explicit:  For ECC cipher suites, this indicates whether
      the client's ECDH public key is in the client's certificate
      ("implicit") or is provided, as an ephemeral ECDH public key, in
      the ClientKeyExchange message ("explicit").  (This is "explicit"
      in ECC cipher suites except when the client uses the
      ECDSA_fixed_ECDH or RSA_fixed_ECDH client authentication
      mechanism.)

           struct {
               select (PublicValueEncoding) {
                   case implicit: struct { };
                   case explicit: ECPoint ecdh_Yc;
               } ecdh_public;
           } ClientECDiffieHellmanPublic;
   ecdh_Yc:  Contains the client's ephemeral ECDH public key as a byte
      string ECPoint.point, which may represent an elliptic curve point
      in uncompressed or compressed format.  Here, the format MUST
      conform to what the server has requested through a Supported Point
      Formats Extension if this extension was used, and MUST be
      uncompressed if this extension was not used.

           struct {
               select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
                   case ec_diffie_hellman: ClientECDiffieHellmanPublic;
               } exchange_keys;
           } ClientKeyExchange;

   Actions of the sender:

   The client selects an ephemeral ECDH public key corresponding to the
   parameters it received from the server according to the ECKAS-DH1
   scheme from IEEE 1363.  It conveys this information to the client in
   the ClientKeyExchange message using the format defined above.

   Actions of the receiver:

   The server retrieves the client's ephemeral ECDH public key from the
   ClientKeyExchange message and checks that it is on the same elliptic
   curve as the server's ECDH key.






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5.8.  Certificate Verify

   When this message is sent:

   This message is sent when the client sends a client certificate
   containing a public key usable for digital signatures, e.g., when the
   client is authenticated using the ECDSA_sign mechanism.

   Meaning of the message:

   This message contains a signature that proves possession of the
   private key corresponding to the public key in the client's
   Certificate message.

   Structure of this message:

   The TLS CertificateVerify message and the underlying Signature type
   are defined in the TLS base specifications, and the latter is
   extended here in Section 5.4.  For the ecdsa case, the signature
   field in the CertificateVerify message contains an ECDSA signature
   computed over handshake messages exchanged so far, exactly similar to
   CertificateVerify with other signing algorithms:

           CertificateVerify.signature.sha_hash
               SHA(handshake_messages);

   ECDSA signatures are computed as described in Section 5.10, and SHA
   in the above template for sha_hash accordingly may denote a hash
   algorithm other than SHA-1.  As per ANSI X9.62, an ECDSA signature
   consists of a pair of integers, r and s.  The digitally-signed
   element is encoded as an opaque vector <0..2^16-1>, the contents of
   which are the DER encoding [CCITT.X690] corresponding to the
   following ASN.1 notation [CCITT.X680].

           Ecdsa-Sig-Value ::= SEQUENCE {
               r       INTEGER,
               s       INTEGER
           }

   Actions of the sender:

   The client computes its signature over all handshake messages sent or
   received starting at client hello and up to but not including this
   message.  It uses the private key corresponding to its certified
   public key to compute the signature, which is conveyed in the format
   defined above.

   Actions of the receiver:



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   The server extracts the client's signature from the CertificateVerify
   message, and verifies the signature using the public key it received
   in the client's Certificate message.

5.9.  Elliptic Curve Certificates

   X.509 certificates containing ECC public keys or signed using ECDSA
   MUST comply with [RFC3279] or another RFC that replaces or extends
   it.  Clients SHOULD use the elliptic curve domain parameters
   recommended in ANSI X9.62, FIPS 186-4, and SEC 2 [SECG-SEC2].

5.10.  ECDH, ECDSA, and RSA Computations

   All ECDH calculations (including parameter and key generation as well
   as the shared secret calculation) are performed according to
   [IEEE.P1363.1998] using the ECKAS-DH1 scheme with the identity map as
   key derivation function (KDF), so that the premaster secret is the
   x-coordinate of the ECDH shared secret elliptic curve point
   represented as an octet string.  Note that this octet string (Z in
   IEEE 1363 terminology) as output by FE2OSP, the Field Element to
   Octet String Conversion Primitive, has constant length for any given
   field; leading zeros found in this octet string MUST NOT be
   truncated.

   (Note that this use of the identity KDF is a technicality.  The
   complete picture is that ECDH is employed with a non-trivial KDF
   because TLS does not directly use the premaster secret for anything
   other than for computing the master secret.  In TLS 1.0 and 1.1, this
   means that the MD5- and SHA-1-based TLS PRF serves as a KDF; in TLS
   1.2 the KDF is determined by ciphersuite; it is conceivable that
   future TLS versions or new TLS extensions introduced in the future
   may vary this computation.)

   All ECDSA computations MUST be performed according to ANSI X9.62 or
   its successors.  Data to be signed/verified is hashed, and the result
   run directly through the ECDSA algorithm with no additional hashing.
   The default hash function is SHA-1 [FIPS.180-2], and sha_size (see
   Section 5.4 and Section 5.8) is 20.  However, an alternative hash
   function, such as one of the new SHA hash functions specified in FIPS
   180-2 [FIPS.180-2], may be used instead if the certificate containing
   the EC public key explicitly requires use of another hash function.
   (The mechanism for specifying the required hash function has not been
   standardized, but this provision anticipates such standardization and
   obviates the need to update this document in response.  Future PKIX
   RFCs may choose, for example, to specify the hash function to be used
   with a public key in the parameters field of subjectPublicKeyInfo.)





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   All RSA signatures must be generated and verified according to
   [PKCS1] block type 1.

6.  Cipher Suites

   The table below defines new ECC cipher suites that use the key
   exchange algorithms specified in Section 2.

        +---------------------------------------+----------------+
        | CipherSuite                           | Identifier     |
        +---------------------------------------+----------------+
        | TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA          | { 0xC0, 0x01 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA       | { 0xC0, 0x02 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA  | { 0xC0, 0x03 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA   | { 0xC0, 0x04 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA   | { 0xC0, 0x05 } |
        |                                       |                |
        | TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA         | { 0xC0, 0x06 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA      | { 0xC0, 0x07 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA | { 0xC0, 0x08 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA  | { 0xC0, 0x09 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA  | { 0xC0, 0x0A } |
        |                                       |                |
        | TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA            | { 0xC0, 0x0B } |
        | TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA         | { 0xC0, 0x0C } |
        | TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA    | { 0xC0, 0x0D } |
        | TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA     | { 0xC0, 0x0E } |
        | TLS_ECDH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA     | { 0xC0, 0x0F } |
        |                                       |                |
        | TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA           | { 0xC0, 0x10 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA        | { 0xC0, 0x11 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA   | { 0xC0, 0x12 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA    | { 0xC0, 0x13 } |
        | TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA    | { 0xC0, 0x14 } |
        |                                       |                |
        | TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_NULL_SHA           | { 0xC0, 0x15 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_SHA        | { 0xC0, 0x16 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA   | { 0xC0, 0x17 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA    | { 0xC0, 0x18 } |
        | TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA    | { 0xC0, 0x19 } |
        +---------------------------------------+----------------+

                      Table 5: TLS ECC cipher suites

   The key exchange method, cipher, and hash algorithm for each of these
   cipher suites are easily determined by examining the name.  Ciphers
   (other than AES ciphers) and hash algorithms are defined in [RFC2246]
   and [RFC4346].  AES ciphers are defined in [RFC5246].



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   Server implementations SHOULD support all of the following cipher
   suites, and client implementations SHOULD support at least one of
   them:

   o  TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
   o  TLS_ECDH_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
   o  TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
   o  TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA.

7.  Security Considerations

   Security issues are discussed throughout this memo.

   For TLS handshakes using ECC cipher suites, the security
   considerations in appendices D of all three TLS base documemts apply
   accordingly.

   Security discussions specific to ECC can be found in
   [IEEE.P1363.1998] and [ANSI.X9-62.2005].  One important issue that
   implementers and users must consider is elliptic curve selection.
   Guidance on selecting an appropriate elliptic curve size is given in
   Table 1.

   Beyond elliptic curve size, the main issue is elliptic curve
   structure.  As a general principle, it is more conservative to use
   elliptic curves with as little algebraic structure as possible.
   Thus, random curves are more conservative than special curves such as
   Koblitz curves, and curves over F_p with p random are more
   conservative than curves over F_p with p of a special form (and
   curves over F_p with p random might be considered more conservative
   than curves over F_2^m as there is no choice between multiple fields
   of similar size for characteristic 2).  Note, however, that algebraic
   structure can also lead to implementation efficiencies, and
   implementers and users may, therefore, need to balance conservatism
   against a need for efficiency.  Concrete attacks are known against
   only very few special classes of curves, such as supersingular
   curves, and these classes are excluded from the ECC standards that
   this document references [IEEE.P1363.1998], [ANSI.X9-62.2005].

   Another issue is the potential for catastrophic failures when a
   single elliptic curve is widely used.  In this case, an attack on the
   elliptic curve might result in the compromise of a large number of
   keys.  Again, this concern may need to be balanced against efficiency
   and interoperability improvements associated with widely-used curves.
   Substantial additional information on elliptic curve choice can be
   found in [IEEE.P1363.1998], [ANSI.X9-62.2005], and [FIPS.186-4].





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   Implementers and users must also consider whether they need forward
   secrecy.  Forward secrecy refers to the property that session keys
   are not compromised if the static, certified keys belonging to the
   server and client are compromised.  The ECDHE_ECDSA and ECDHE_RSA key
   exchange algorithms provide forward secrecy protection in the event
   of server key compromise, while ECDH_ECDSA and ECDH_RSA do not.
   Similarly, if the client is providing a static, certified key,
   ECDSA_sign client authentication provides forward secrecy protection
   in the event of client key compromise, while ECDSA_fixed_ECDH and
   RSA_fixed_ECDH do not.  Thus, to obtain complete forward secrecy
   protection, ECDHE_ECDSA or ECDHE_RSA must be used for key exchange,
   with ECDSA_sign used for client authentication if necessary.  Here
   again the security benefits of forward secrecy may need to be
   balanced against the improved efficiency offered by other options.

8.  IANA Considerations

   [RFC4492], the predecessor of this document has already defined the
   IANA registries for the following:

   o  NamedCurve Section 5.1
   o  ECPointFormat Section 5.1
   o  ECCurveType Section 5.4

   For each name space, this document defines the initial value
   assignments and defines a range of 256 values (NamedCurve) or eight
   values (ECPointFormat and ECCurveType) reserved for Private Use.  Any
   additional assignments require IETF Consensus action.

9.  Acknowledgements

   Most of the text is this document is taken from [RFC4492], the
   predecessor of this document.  The authors of that document were:

   o  Simon Blake-Wilson
   o  Nelson Bolyard
   o  Vipul Gupta
   o  Chris Hawk
   o  Bodo Moeller

   In the predecessor document, the authors acknowledged the
   contributions of Bill Anderson and Tim Dierks.

10.  Version History for This Draft

   NOTE TO RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THIS SECTION

   Changes from RFC 4492 to draft-nir-tls-rfc4492bis-00:



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   o  Added TLS 1.2 to references.
   o  Moved RFC 4492 authors to acknowledgements.
   o  Removed list of required reading for ECC.

11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [ANSI.X9-62.2005]
              American National Standards Institute, "Public Key
              Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry, The
              Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)", ANSI
              X9.62, 2005.

   [CCITT.X680]
              International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative
              Committee, "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1):
              Specification of basic notation", CCITT Recommendation
              X.680, July 2002.

   [CCITT.X690]
              International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative
              Committee, "ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of basic
              encoding Rules (BER), Canonical encoding rules (CER) and
              Distinguished encoding rules (DER)", CCITT Recommendation
              X.690, July 2002.

   [FIPS.186-4]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
              Signature Standard", FIPS PUB 186-4, 2013,
              <http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/
              NIST.FIPS.186-4.pdf>.

   [PKCS1]    RSA Laboratories, "RSA Encryption Standard, Version 1.5",
              PKCS 1, November 1993.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2246]  Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0",
              RFC 2246, January 1999.

   [RFC3279]  Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and
              Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key
              Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
              (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, April 2002.





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   [RFC4346]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.

   [RFC4366]  Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen, J.,
              and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
              Extensions", RFC 4366, April 2006.

   [RFC5246]  Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, August 2008.

   [SECG-SEC2]
              CECG, "Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters", SEC
              2, 2000.

11.2.  Informative References

   [FIPS.180-2]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure
              Hash Standard", FIPS PUB 180-2, August 2002,
              <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/
              fips180-2.pdf>.

   [I-D.ietf-tls-tls13]
              Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
              (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3", draft-ietf-tls-tls13-02 (work
              in progress), July 2014.

   [IEEE.P1363.1998]
              Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
              "Standard Specifications for Public Key Cryptography",
              IEEE Draft P1363, 1998.

   [Lenstra_Verheul]
              Lenstra, A. and E. Verheul, "Selecting Cryptographic Key
              Sizes", Journal of Cryptology 14 (2001) 255-293, 2001.

   [RFC4492]  Blake-Wilson, S., Bolyard, N., Gupta, V., Hawk, C., and B.
              Moeller, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Cipher Suites
              for Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 4492, May 2006.

Appendix A.  Equivalent Curves (Informative)

   All of the NIST curves [FIPS.186-4] and several of the ANSI curves
   [ANSI.X9-62.2005] are equivalent to curves listed in Section 5.1.1.
   In the following table, multiple names in one row represent aliases
   for the same curve.





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          Curve names chosen by different standards organizations

                  +-----------+------------+------------+
                  | SECG      | ANSI X9.62 | NIST       |
                  +-----------+------------+------------+
                  | sect163k1 |            | NIST K-163 |
                  | sect163r1 |            |            |
                  | sect163r2 |            | NIST B-163 |
                  | sect193r1 |            |            |
                  | sect193r2 |            |            |
                  | sect233k1 |            | NIST K-233 |
                  | sect233r1 |            | NIST B-233 |
                  | sect239k1 |            |            |
                  | sect283k1 |            | NIST K-283 |
                  | sect283r1 |            | NIST B-283 |
                  | sect409k1 |            | NIST K-409 |
                  | sect409r1 |            | NIST B-409 |
                  | sect571k1 |            | NIST K-571 |
                  | sect571r1 |            | NIST B-571 |
                  | secp160k1 |            |            |
                  | secp160r1 |            |            |
                  | secp160r2 |            |            |
                  | secp192k1 |            |            |
                  | secp192r1 | prime192v1 | NIST P-192 |
                  | secp224k1 |            |            |
                  | secp224r1 |            | NIST P-224 |
                  | secp256k1 |            |            |
                  | secp256r1 | prime256v1 | NIST P-256 |
                  | secp384r1 |            | NIST P-384 |
                  | secp521r1 |            | NIST P-521 |
                  +-----------+------------+------------+

        Table 6: Equivalent curves defined by SECG, ANSI, and NIST

Appendix B.  Differences from RFC 4492

   o  Added TLS 1.2

Author's Address

   Yoav Nir
   Check Point Software Technologies Ltd.
   5 Hasolelim st.
   Tel Aviv  6789735
   Israel

   Email: ynir.ietf@gmail.com




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