Internet Engineering Task Force TSV WG INTERNET-DRAFT Mark Handley/ACIRI draft-ietf-tsvwg-tfrc-00.txt Jitendra Padhye/ACIRI Sally Floyd/ACIRI Joerg Widmer/Univ. Mannheim 17 November 2000 Expires: May 2001 TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification Status of this Document This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This document is a product of the IETF TSV WG. Comments should be addressed to the authors. Abstract This document specifies TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC). TFRC is a congestion control mechanism for unicast flows operating in a best-effort Internet environment. It is reasonably fair when competing for bandwidth with TCP flows, Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 1]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 but has a much lower variation of throughput over time compared with TCP, which makes it more suitable for applications such as telephony or streaming media where a relatively smooth sending rate is of importance. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 2]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 Table of Contents 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Protocol Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. TCP Throughput Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2. Packet Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.1. Data Packets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.2. Feedback Packets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4. Data Sender Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.1. Measuring the Packet Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4.2. Sender behavior when a feedback packet is received. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4.3. Expiration of nofeedback timer . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4.4. Sender Initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.5. Preventing Oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4.6. Scheduling of Packet Transmissions . . . . . . . . . 11 5. Calculation of the loss rate (p). . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.1. Detection of Lost Packets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.2. Translation from Loss History to Loss Events . . . . 12 5.3. Inter-loss Event Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.4. Average Loss Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Data Receiver Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.1. Receiver behavior when a data packet is received. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.2. Expiration of feedback timer . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 6.3. Receiver initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7. Modifying the Packet Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 9. Authors' Addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 3]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 1. Introduction This document specifies TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC). TFRC is a congestion control mechanism for unicast flows operating in a best- effort Internet environment. TFRC is designed to be reasonably fair when competing for bandwidth with TCP flows [1]. However it has a much lower variation of throughput over time compared with TCP, which makes it more suitable for applications such as telephony or streaming media where a relatively smooth sending rate is of importance. The penalty of having smoother throughput than TCP whilst competing fairly for bandwidth is that TFRC responds slower than TCP to changes in available bandwidth. Thus TFRC should only be used when the application has a strong requirement for smooth and predictable throughput. For applications that simply require to transfer as much data as possible in as short a time as possible we recommend using TCP, or if reliability is not required, using an Additive-Increase, Multiplicative-Decrease (AIMD) congestion control scheme with similar parameters to those used by TCP. 2. Terminology In this document, the key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and indicate requirement levels for compliant TFRC implementations. 3. Protocol Mechanism For its congestion control mechanism, TFRC directly uses a throughput equation for the allowed sending rate as a function of the loss event rate and round-trip time. In order to compete fairly with TCP, TFRC uses the TCP throughput equation, which roughly describes TCP's sending rate as a function of the loss event rate and round-trip time. Generally speaking, TFRC's congestion control mechanism works as follows: o The receiver measures the loss event rate and feeds this information back to the sender. o The sender also uses these feedback messages to measure the round- trip time (RTT). o The loss rate and RTT are then fed into TFRC's throughput equation, giving the acceptable transmit rate. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 4]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 o The sender then adjusts its transmit rate to match the calculated rate. The dynamics of TFRC are sensitive to how the measurements are performed and applied. We recommend specific mechanisms below to perform and apply these measurements. Other mechanisms are possible, but it is important to understand how the interactions between mechanisms affect the dynamics of TFRC. 3.1. TCP Throughput Equation Any realistic equation of TCP throughput as a function of loss event rate and RTT should be suitable for use in TFRC. However, we note that the TCP throughput equation used must reflect TCP's retransmit timeout behavior, as this dominates TCP throughput at higher loss rates. We also note that the assumptions implicit in the throughput equation about the loss rate parameter have to be a reasonable match to how the loss rate is actually measured. Whilst this match is not perfect for the throughput equation and loss rate measurement mechanisms given below, in practice the assumptions turn out to be close enough. The throughput equation we currently recommend for TFRC is a slightly simplified version of the throughput equation for Reno TCP from [2]. Ideally we'd prefer a throughput equation based on SACK TCP, but the differences between the two equations are relatively minor. The throughput equation is: s X = ---------------------------------------------------------- R*sqrt(2*p/3) + (t_RTO * (3*sqrt(3*p/8) * p * (1+32*p^2))) Where: X is the transmit rate in bytes/second. s is the packet size in bytes. R is the round trip time in seconds. p is the loss event rate, between 0 and 1.0, of the number of loss events as a fraction of the number of packets transmitted. t_RTO is the TCP retransmission timeout value in seconds. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 5]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 We further simplify this by setting t_RTO = 4*R. A more accurate calculation of t_RTO is possible, but does not appear to be necessary in practice. Another possibility would be to set t_RTO = max(4R, 1 second). In future, different TCP equations may be substituted for this equation. The requirement is that the throughput equation be a reasonable approximation of the sending rate of TCP for conformant TCP congestion control. The parameters s (packet size), p (loss rate) and R (RTT) need to be measured or calculated by a TFRC implementation. The measurement of s is specified in Section 4.1, measurement of R is specified in Section 4.2, and measurement of p is specified in Secion 4.2. 3.2. Packet Contents Before specifying the sender and receiver functionality, we describe the contents of the data packets sent by the sender and feedback packets sent by the receiver. As TFRC will be used along with a transport protocol, we do not specify packet formats, as these depend on the details of the transport protocol used. 3.2.1. Data Packets Each data packet sent by the data sender contains the following information: o A sequence number. This number is incremented by one for each data packet transmitted. The field must be sufficiently large that it does not wrap causing two different packets with the same sequence number to be in the receiver's recent packet history at the same time. o A timestamp indicating when the packet is sent. We denote by ts_i the timestamp of the packet with sequence number i. The resolution of the timestamp should typically be measured in milliseconds. o The sender's current estimate of the round trip time. The estimate reported in packet i is denoted by R_i. o The sender's current transmit rate. The estimate reported in packet i is denoted by X_i. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 6]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 3.2.2. Feedback Packets Each feedback packet sent by the data receiver contains the following information: o The timestamp of the last data packet received. We denote this by t_recvdata. If the last packet received at the receiver has sequence number i, then t_recvdata = ts_i. o The amount of time elapsed between the receipt of the last data packet at the receiver, and the generation of this feedback report. We denote this by t_delay. o The rate at which the receiver estimates that data was received since the last feedback report was sent. We denote this by X_recv. o The receiver's current estimate of the loss event rate, p. 4. Data Sender Protocol The data sender sends a stream of data packets to the data receiver at a controlled rate. When a feedback packet is received from the data receiver, the data sender changes its sending rate, based on the information contained in the feedback report. If the sender does not receive a feedback report for two round trip times, it cuts its sending rate in half. This is achieved by means of a timer called the nofeedback timer. We specify the sender-side protocol in the following steps: o Measurement of the mean packet size being sent. o The sender behavior when a feedback packet is received. o The sender behavior when the nofeedback timer expires. o Oscillation prevention (optional) o Scheduling of transmission on non-realtime operating systems. 4.1. Measuring the Packet Size The parameter s (packet size) is normally known to an application. This may not be the case in two cases: Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 7]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 o The packet size naturally varies depending on the data. In this case, although the packet size varies, that variation is not coupled to the transmit rate. It should normally be safe to use an estimate of the mean packet size for s. o The application needs to change the packet size rather than the number of packets per second to perform congestion control. This would normally be the case with packet audio applications where a fixed interval of time needs to be represented by each packet. Such applications need to have a completely different way of measuring parameters. The second class of applications are discussed separately in Section 7. For the remainder of this section we assume the sender can estimate the packet size, and that congestion control is performed by adjusting the number of packets sent per second. 4.2. Sender behavior when a feedback packet is received The sender knows its current sending rate, X, and maintains an estimate of the current round trip time, R, and an estimate of the timeout interval, t_RTO. When a feedback packet is received by the sender at time t_now, the following actions should be performed: 1) Calculate a new round trip sample. R_sample = (t_now - t_recvdata) - t_delay. 2) Update the round trip time estimate: If no feedback has been received before R = R_sample Else R = q*R + (1-q)*R_sample TFRC is not sensitive to the precise value for the filter constant q, but we recommend a default value of 0.9. 3) Update the timeout interval: t_RTO = 4*R. 4) Update the sending rate: Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 8]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 First, calculate the allowed transmit rate, X_calc, using the TCP equation from Section 3.1. Then: If p > 0 X = min(X_calc, 2*X_recv) Else X = max(min(2*X, 2*X_recv), s/RTT). Note that if p == 0, then the sender is in slow-start phase, where it approximately doubles the sending rate each round-trip time until a loss occurs. 5) Reset the nofeedback timer to expire after max(2*R, 2*s/X) seconds. 4.3. Expiration of nofeedback timer If the nofeedback timer expires, the sender should perform the following actions: 1) Cut the sending rate in half. This is done by modifying the sender's cached copy of X_recv (the receive rate) as this will trigger the correct slowstart behavior after the problem has been resolved: If X_calc > 2*X_recv X_recv = max(X_recv/2, s/128) Else X_recv = X_calc/4 The s/128 term limits the backoff to one packet every 64 seconds in the case of persistent absense of feedback. 2) The value of X must then be recalculated as described under point (4) above. 3) Restart the nofeedback timer to expire after max(4*R, 2*s/X) seconds. Note that when the sender stops sending, the receiver will stop sending feedback. This will cause the nofeedback timer to start to expire and decrease X_recv. If the sender subsequently starts to send again, X_recv will limit the transmit rate, and a normal slowstart phase will occur until the transmit rate reached X_calc. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 9]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 4.4. Sender Initialization To initialize the sender, the value of X is set to 1 packet/second and the nofeedback timer is set to expire after 2 seconds. The initial values for R (RTT) and t_RTO are undefined until they are set as described above. 4.5. Preventing Oscillations To prevent oscillatory behavior in environments with a low degree of statistical multiplexing it is useful to modify sender's transmit rate to provide congestion avoidance behavior by reducing the transmit rate as the queuing delay (and hence RTT) increases. To do this the sender maintains an estimate of the long-term RTT and modifies its sending rate depending on how the most recent sample of the RTT differs from this value. The long-term sample is R_sqmean, and is set as follows: If no feedback has been received before R_sqmean = sqrt(R_sample) Else R_sqmean = q2*R_sqmean + (1-q2)*sqrt(R_sample) Thus R_sqmean gives the exponentially weighted moving average of the square root of the RTT samples. The constant q2 should be set similarly to q, and we recommend a value of 0.9 as the default. The sender obtains the base tranmit rate, X, from the throughput function. It then calculates a modified instantaneous transmit rate, X_inst, as follows: X_inst = X * R_sqmean / sqrt(R_sample) When sqrt(R_sample) is greater than R_sqmean then the queue is typically increasing and so the transmit rate needs to be decreased for stable operation. Note: This modification is not always strictly required, especially if the degree of statistical multiplexing in the network is high. However we recommend that it is done because it does make TFRC behave better in environments with a low level of statistical multiplexing. If it is not done, we recommend using a very low value of q, such that q is close to or exactly zero. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 10]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 4.6. Scheduling of Packet Transmissions As TFRC is rate-based, and as operating systems typically cannot schedule events precisely, it is necessary to be opportunistic about sending data packets so that the correct average rate is maintained despite the course-grain or irregular scheduling of the operating system. Thus a typical sending loop will calculate the correct inter- packet interval, t_ipi, as follows: t_ipi = 1/(X_inst * s) When a sender first starts sending at time t_0, it calculates t_ipi, and calculates a nominal send time t_1 = t_0 + t_ipi for packet 1. When the application becomes idle, it checks the current time, t_now, and then requests re-scheduling after (t_ipi - (t_now - t_0)) seconds. When the application is re-scheduled, it checks the current time, t_now, again. If (t_now > t_1 - delta) then packet 1 is sent. Now a new t_ipi may be calculated, and used to calculate a nominal send time t_2 for packet 2: t2 = t_1 + t_ipi. The process then repeats, with each successive packet's send time being calculated from the nominal send time of the previous packet. In some cases, when the nominal send time, t_i, of the next packet is calculated, it may already be the case that t_now > t_i - delta. In such a case the packet should be sent immediately. Thus if the operating system has coarse timer granularity and the transmit rate is high, then TFRC may send short bursts of several packets separated by intervals of the OS timer granularity. The parameter delta is to allow a degree of flexibility in the send time of a packet. If the operating system has a scheduling timer granularity of t_gran seconds, then delta would typically be set to: delta = min(t_ipi/2, t_gran/2) t_gran is 10ms on many Unix systems. If t_gran is not known, a value of 10ms can be safely assumed. 5. Calculation of the loss rate (p) Obtaining a accurate and stable measurement of the loss rate is of primary importance for TFRC. Loss rate measurement is performed at the receiver, based on the detection of lost packets from the sequence numbers of arriving packets. We describe this process before describing the rest of the receiver protocol. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 11]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 5.1. Detection of Lost Packets TFRC assumes that all packets contain a sequence number that is incremented by one for each packet that is sent. For the purposes of this specification, we require that if a lost packet is retransmitted, the retransmission is given a new sequence number that is the latest in the transmission sequence, and not the same sequence number as the packet that was lost. If a transport protocol has the requirement that it must retransmit with the original sequence number, then the transport protocol designer must figure out how to distinguish delayed from retransmitted packets and how to detect lost retransmissions. The receiver maintains a data structure that keeps track of which packets have arrived and which are missing. For the purposes of specification, we assume that the data structure consists of a list of packets that have arrived along with the receiver timestamp when each packet was received. In practice this data structure will normally be stored in a more compact representation, but this is implementation- specific. The loss of a packet is detected by the arrival of at least three packets with a higher sequence number than the lost packet. The requirement for three subsequent packets is the same as with TCP, and is to make TFRC more robust in the presence of reordering. In contrast to TCP, if a packet arrives late (after 3 subsequent packets arrived) in TFRC, the late packet can fill the hole in TFRC's reception record, and the receiver can recalculate the loss event rate. Future versions of TFRC might make the requirement for three subsequent packets adaptive based on experienced packet reordering, but we do not specify such a mechanism here. 5.2. Translation from Loss History to Loss Events TFRC requires that the loss fraction be robust to several consecutive packets lost where those packets are part of the same loss event. This is similar to TCP, which (typically) only performs one halving of the congestion window during any single RTT. Thus the receiver needs to map the packet loss history into a loss event record, where a loss event is one or more packets lost in an RTT. To perform this mapping, the receiver needs to know the RTT to use, and this is supplied periodically by the sender, typically as control information piggy-backed onto a data packet. TFRC is not sensitive to how the RTT measurement sent to the receiver is made, but we recommend using the sender's calculated RTT, R, (see Section 4.2) for this purpose. To determine whether a lost packet should start a new loss event, or be counted as part of an existing loss event, we need to compare the sequence numbers and timestamps of the packets that arrived at the Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 12]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 receiver. Assume: S_loss is the sequence number of a lost packet. S_before is the sequence number of the last packet to arrive with sequence number before S_loss. S_after is the sequence number of the first packet to arrive with sequence number after S_loss. T_before is the reception time of S_before. T_after is the reception time of S_after. Note that T_before can either be before or after T_after due to reordering. We can interpolate the nominal "arrival time" of S_loss at the receiver from the arrival times of S_before and S_after. Thus T_loss = T_before + ( (T_after - T_before) * (S_loss - S_before)/(S_after - S_before) ) Note that if the sequence space wrapped between S_before and S_after, then the sequence numbers must be modified to take this into account before performing this calculation. If the largest possible sequence number is S_max, and S_before > S_after, then modifying each sequence number S by S' = (S + (S_max + 1)/2) mod (S_max + 1) would normally be sufficient. If the lost packet S_old was determined to have started the previous loss event, and we have just determined that S_new has been lost, then we interpolate the nominal arrival times of S_old and S_new, called T_old and T_new respectively. If T_old + R >= T_new, then S_new is part of the existing loss event. Otherwise S_new is the first packet in a new loss event. 5.3. Inter-loss Event Interval If a loss interval, A, is determined to have started with packet sequence number S_A and the next loss interval, B, started with packet sequence number S_B, then the number of packets in loss interval A is given by (S_B - S_A). Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 13]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 5.4. Average Loss Interval To calculate the loss event rate p, we first calculate the average loss interval. This is done using a filter that weights the n most recent loss event intervals in such a way that the measured loss event rate changes smoothly. Weights w_0 to w_(n-1) are calculated as: If i < n/2 w_i = 1 Else w_i = 1 - (i - (n/2 - 1))/(n/2 + 1) Thus if n=8, the values of w_0 to w_7 are: 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2 The value n for the number of loss intervals used in calculating the loss event rate determines TRFC's speed in responding to changes in the level of congestion. As currently specified, TFRC should not be used for values of n significantly greater than 8, for traffic that might compete in the global Internet with TCP. At the very least, safe operation with values of n greater than 8 would require a slight change to TFRC's mechanisms to include a more severe response to two or more round-trip times with heavy packet loss. To calculate the average loss interval we need to decide whether to include the interval since the most recent packet loss event. We only do this if it is sufficiently large to increase the average loss interval. Thus if the most recent loss intervals are I_0 to I_n, with I_0 being the interval since the most recent loss event, then we calculate the average loss interval I_mean as: Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 14]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 I_tot0 = 0 I_tot1 = 0 W_tot = 0 for i = 0 to n-1 { I_tot0 = I_tot0 + (I_i * w_i) W_tot = W_tot + w_i } for i = 1 to n { I_tot1 = I_tot1 + (I_i * w_(i-1)) } I_tot = max(I_tot0, I_tot1) I_mean = I_tot / W_tot The loss event rate, p is simply: p = 1 / I_mean 6. Data Receiver Protocol The receiver periodically sends feedback messages to the sender. Feedback packets should normally be sent at least once per RTT, unless the sender is sending at a rate of less than one packet per RTT, in which case a feedback packet should be send for every data packet received. A feedback packet should also be sent whenever a new loss event is detected without waiting for the end of an RTT, and whenever an out-of-order data packet is received that removes a loss event from the history. If the sender is transmitting at a high rate (many packets per RTT) there may be some advantages to sending periodic feedback messages more than once per RTT as this allows faster response to changing RTT measurements, and more resilience to feedback packet loss. However there is little gain from sending a large number of feedback messages per RTT. 6.1. Receiver behavior when a data packet is received When a data packet is received, the receiver performs the following steps: 1) Add the packet to the packet history. 2) Let the previous value of p be p_prev. Calculate the new value of p as described in Section 5. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 15]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 3) If p < p_prev, cause the feedback timer to expire, and perform the actions described in Section 6.2. If p >= p_prev no action need be performed. However an optimization might check to see if the arrival of the packet caused a hole in the packet history to be filled and consequently two loss intervals were merged into one. If this is the case, the receiver might also send feedback immediately. The effects of such an optimization are normally expected to be small. 6.2. Expiration of feedback timer When the feedback timer at the receiver expires, the action to be taked depends on whether data packets have been received since the last feedback was sent. Let the maximum sequence number of a packet at the receiver so far be S_m, and the value of the RTT measurement included in packet S_m be R_m. If data packets have been received since the pervious feedback was sent, the receiver performs the following steps: 1) Calculate the average loss event rate using the algorithm described above. 2) Calculate the measured receive rate, X_sample, based on the packets received within the previous R_m seconds. 3) Calculate X_recv as follows: X_recv = q3*X_sample + (1-q3)*X_recv Where q3 is a constant with recommended value 0.5. 4) Prepare and send a feedback packet containing the information described in Section 3.2.2. 5) Restart the feedback timer to expire after R_m seconds. If no data packets have been received since the last feedback was sent, no feedback packet is sent, and the feedback timer is restarted to expire after R_m seconds. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 16]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 6.3. Receiver initialization The receiver is initialized by the first packet that arrives at the receiver. Let the sequence number of this packet be i. When the first packet is received: o Set p=0 o Set X_recv = X_send, where X_send is the sending rate the sender reports in the first data packet. o Prepare and send a feedback packet. o Set the feedback timer to expire after R_i seconds. 7. Modifying the Packet Size 8. Security Considerations TFRC is not a transport protocol in its own right, but a congestion control mechanism that is intended to be used in conjunction with a transport protocol. Therefore security primarily needs to be considered in the context of a specific transport protocol and its authentication mechanisms. Congestion control mechanisms can potentially be exploited to create denial of service. This may occur through spoofed feedback. Thus any transport protocol that uses TFRC should take care to ensure that feedback is only accepted from the receiver of the data. The precise mechanism to achieve this will however depend on the transport protocol itself. In addition, congection control mechanisms may potentially be manipulated by a greedy receiver that wishes to receive more than its fair share of network bandwidth. A receiver might do this by claiming to have received packets that in fact were lost due to congestion. Possible defenses against such a receiver would normally include some form of nonce that the receiver must feed back to the sender to prove receipt. However, the details of such a nonce would depend on the transport protocol, and in particular on whether the transport protocol is reliable or unreliable. 9. Authors' Addresses Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 17]
INTERNET-DRAFT Expires: May 2001 November 2000 Mark Handley, Jitendra Padhye, Sally Floyd ACIRI/ICSI 1947 Center St, Suite 600 Berkeley, CA 94708 mjh@aciri.org, padhye@aciri.org, floyd@aciri.org Joerg Widmer Lehrstuhl Praktische Informatik IV Universitat Mannheim L 15, 16 - Room 415 D-68131 Mannheim Germany widmer@informatik.uni-mannheim.de 10. Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge feedback and discussions on equation-based congestion control with a wide range of people, including members of the Reliable Multicast Research Group, the Reliable Multicast Transport Working Group, and the End-to-End Research Group. 11. References [1] Sally Floyd, Mark Handley, Jitendra Padhye, and Joerg Widmer, "Equation-Based Congestion Control for Unicast Applications", August 2000, Proc SIGCOMM 2000. [2] Padhye, J. and Firoiu, V. and Towsley, D. and Kurose, J., "Modeling TCP Throughput: A Simple Model and its Empirical Validation", Proc ACM SIGCOMM 1998. Handley/Padhye/Floyd/Widmer [Page 18]
