DTN Research Group D. Ellard
Internet-Draft R. Altman
Intended status: Experimental Raytheon BBN Technologies
Expires: May 7, 2016 A. Gladd
D. Brown
Bit9 Inc.
R. in 't Velt
TNO
November 04, 2015
DTN IP Neighbor Discovery (IPND)
draft-irtf-dtnrg-ipnd-03
Abstract
Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) IP Neighbor Discovery (IPND), is
a method for otherwise oblivious nodes to learn of the existence,
availability, and addresses of other DTN participants. IPND both
sends and listens for small IP UDP announcement "beacons." Beacon
messages are addressed to an IP unicast, multicast, or broadcast
destination to discover specified or unspecified remote neighbors, or
unspecified local neighbors in the topology, e.g. within wireless
range. IPND beacons advertise neighbor availability by including the
DTN node's canonical endpoint identifier. IPND beacons optionally
include service availability and parameters. In this way, neighbor
discovery and service discovery may be coupled or decoupled as
required. Once discovered, new neighbor pairs use advertised
availabilities to connect, exchange routing information, etc. This
document describes DTN IPND.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 7, 2016.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Protocol Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Beacon Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Unknown Neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. Enumerated Neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4. Allowing Data to Substitute for Beacons . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5. Discovering Bidirectional Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6. Beacon Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6.1. Service Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6.2. IPND Service Definition TLV Encoding . . . . . . . . 10
2.6.3. Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6.4. Neighborhood Bloom Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7. IPND and CLAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.8. Disconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Relation to Other Discovery Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Implementation Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.1. Port Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2. Tag numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix A. Additional Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Appendix B. Fictional Private Service Example . . . . . . . . . 24
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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1. Introduction
Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs)[RFC4838] make no
presumptions about network topology, routing, or availability. DTNs
therefore attempt to provide communication in challenged environments
where, for instance, contemporaneous end-to-end paths do not exist.
Examples of such DTNs arise in a variety of contexts including mobile
social networks, space communications, rural message delivery,
military networks, etc.
In many DTN scenarios, the identity and meeting schedule of
participating nodes is not known in advance. Therefore, an important
primitive is Neighbor Discovery (ND), or the ability to dynamically
discover other DTN nodes. This document specifies Internet Protocol
Neighbor Discovery (IPND). In contrast to link or physical layer
discovery, IPND enables a general form of neighbor discovery across a
heterogeneous range of links, as are often found in DTN networks.
IPND is particularly useful in mobile, ad hoc DTN environments where
meeting opportunities are not known a priori and connections may
appear or disappear without warning. For example, two mobile nodes
might come into radio distance of each other, discover the new
connection, and move data along that connection before physically
disconnecting.
In addition to discovering neighbors, it is often valuable to
simultaneously discover services available from that neighbor.
Examples of DTN services include a neighbor's available Convergence
Layer Adapters (CLAs) and their parameters (e.g. TCP CLA [RFC7242]),
available routers (e.g. PRoPHET [RFC6693]), tunnels, etc. Newly
discovered nodes will then typically participate in bundle [RFC5050]
routing and delivery.
In other situations it is useful to decouple service discovery from
neighbor discovery for efficiency and generality. For example, upon
discovering a neighbor, a DTN node might initiate a separate
negotiation process to establish 1-hop connectivity via a particular
convergence layer, perform routing setup, exchange availability
information, etc.
IPND beacons thus optionally advertise a node's available services
while maintaining the ability to decouple node and service discovery
as necessary. This flexibility is important to various DTN use
scenarios where connection opportunities may be limited (thus
necessitating an atomic message for all availability information),
bandwidth might be scarce (thus implying that service discovery
should be an independent negotiation to lower beacon overhead), or
connections have very large round-trip-times (service negotiation is
therefore too costly with respect to time).
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DTN IPND is designed to be simple, efficient, and general.
Although this document describes a neighbor discovery protocol in
terms of IP, the principles and basic mechanisms used in this
protocol may also be expressed in terms of other datagram protocols.
The remainder of this document describes DTN IPND.
1.1. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
The following terminology is used for describing DTN IPND.
Bundle A PDU as defined in [RFC5050].
Node A DTN entity in the network that receives and processes
bundles.
Beacon message An IPND-specific message, defined in this document,
used to announce the presence of a DTN node and parameters with
which to connect to that node.
Convergence layer adapter A convergence layer adapter (CLA) sends
and receives bundles on behalf of a node by providing the
conversion between bundles and a transport protocol such as TCP or
UDP.
2. Protocol Description
Nodes use DTN IPND beacons, small UDP messages in the IP underlay, to
advertise presence. Similarly, IPND beacons received from other
nodes serve to detect the availability of DTN neighbors. Nodes
SHOULD both send and receive beacons. When the IP underlay is based
on the the IPv4 protocol, these beacon messages, detailed in
Section 2.6, may be sent as UDP datagrams in either unicast,
multicast, or broadcast packets. When the IP underlay uses IPv6, the
beacon messages may be sent as either unicast or multicast packets.
The beacon message content is agnostic to the underlying transport
mode.
Broadcast beacons are designed to reach unknown neighbors in
neighborhoods within the local network broadcast domain. IPv4
multicast [RFC1112] or IPv6 multicast [RFC4291] beacons extend the
scope of beacon dissemination to potentially include multiple
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networks across routed boundaries. On broadcast media such as
Ethernet or wireless, multicast and broadcast beacons are sent as
link-layer broadcast messages.
Broadcast and multicast discovery are described in Section 2.2. In
contrast, unicast beacons are sent only to explicitly known and
enumerated neighbors as described in Section 2.3.
Upon discovering a neighbor and its services, IPND can establish a
connection to the new neighbor via an IP-based Convergence Layer
Adapter (CLA), for example the TCP [RFC7242] or Datagram [RFC7122]
CLA. The CLA then negotiates the connection per its individual
specification and installs the appropriate next-hop routing
information in the local node.
2.1. Beacon Period
An IPND node SHOULD send beacons periodically. The time interval
between beacons SHOULD be appropriate for the conditions of the
network and MAY be configurable.
An IPND node MAY make use of the OPTIONAL Beacon Period field in the
beacon message to explicitly inform neighbors of the interval on
which to expect future beacons. The Beacon Period is not fixed for a
given sender and MAY change with each beacon message. If the Beacon
Period is included and set to zero, then it SHALL be interpreted as
negating any expectation for future beacons.
A receiving node SHOULD either know the expected beacon interval of
neighbors or extract the interval from the Beacon Period field of
arriving messages. The beacon interval along with the existence and
receive time of beacons SHOULD be used to determine the state of the
sender's ability to transmit to the receiver (i.e. the up or down
state of the sender-to-receiver link). The exact algorithm for
determining the link status based on received beacons is
implementation-defined.
2.2. Unknown Neighbors
In the general case, the IP addresses of potential neighbors are not
known in advance. To discover unknown neighbors, IPND beacon
messages are sent as IP packets with either multicast or broadcast
destination addresses. An IPND node MUST support multicast IP
destination addresses [RFC1112] [RFC4291] and multicast IGMP / MLD
group membership [RFC3376] [RFC2710] [RFC3810]. A node MAY support
IP broadcast destinations. IPv4 multicast addresses for IPND SHOULD
be from the IANA assigned local network control block 224.0.0/24
[RFC5771]. This block of multicast addresses is intentionally scoped
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to the local network to prevent dissemination to the wider Internet.
Likewise, IPv6 multicast addresses for IPND should have link-local
scope [RFC4291] [RFC7346].
An IPND node MAY also use other multicast addresses as required, such
as IPv4 multicast addresses from the IANA assigned Internetwork
Control Block [RFC5771] or IPv6 multicast addresses with wider scope
than link-local. One use case for this would be a mobile ad hoc
network (MANET) environment which includes nodes that are not DTN-
capable, but do support IP multicast forwarding, e.g. by means of SMF
[RFC6621]. Those nodes that are DTN-capable would then be able to
discover each other over multiple IP hops.
In all multicast addressing cases, a node MUST support a configurable
IPv4 time-to-live value or IPv6 Hop Limit value for all beacon
messages.
2.3. Enumerated Neighbors
An IPND node SHOULD support unicast beacons. Since multicast or
broadcast discovery may not always be feasible over internetworks,
the IP addresses of potential neighbors reachable only across
multiple underlay hops must be explicitly enumerated for discovery.
While the neighbor's address is therefore known, the availability of
that neighbor is not known. IPND thus permits DTN nodes to discover
available remote neighbors across multiple IP underlay hops when
provided with the addresses of those neighbors. In this way, IPND
can be used to bridge IP-based DTNs while detecting disconnections
among and between the DTNs.
2.4. Allowing Data to Substitute for Beacons
Sending data to an IP address matching a configured beacon
destination SHOULD suppress the generation of beacon messages to that
destination for a period of time up to but no longer than the beacon
sending interval. This suppression SHOULD NOT occur if the
parameters of a new beacon message would differ from the preceding
beacon including the advertised services (Section 2.6.3) or the
Neighborhood Bloom Filter (NBF) (Section 2.6.4).
Upon receiving a data packet from a neighbor where the packets do not
represent a beacon, a node SHOULD behave as if a beacon had been
received from that neighbor, as follows. If the data packet is
addressed to this node via a unicast address, then the behavior
SHOULD be as if the implied received beacon contains a Neighborhood
Bloom Filter advertisement which indicates the membership of the
receiving node in the sender's 1-hop neighborhood. Otherwise, if the
destination address is multicast or broadcast, then the receiving
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node should presume that the link is bidirectional if and only if its
state was bidirectional prior to receiving the data packet
(Section 2.5). The sender's advertised services and beacon period
are presumed to be unchanged since the sender's last received beacon.
If no beacons have previously been received from such a neighbor,
then it is presumed that there are no services associated with the
sender.
2.5. Discovering Bidirectional Links
Many routing protocols work correctly only when links are bi-
directional. In wired IP networks, link bi-directionality can often
be presumed. For other types of networks, such as Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks (MANETs) this assumption often does not hold. If a link to
a neighbor is said to be "up" only because one or more beacon
messages have been received from that neighbor over a wireless
medium, it is not generally safe to assume that the link is
bidirectional. In practice, MANETs often have links that are only
unidirectional due to differences in antennae, transmit power,
hardware variability, multi-path effects, etc.
To discover the bi-directionality of links, an IPND Neighborhood
Bloom Filter (NBF) (Section 2.6.4) facility MAY be employed in which
each node advertises a Bloom filter representation of the set of
neighbors from whom it has received enough recent beacons to be
considered "up". Upon receiving a beacon from an "up" neighbor that
advertises an NBF which represents a set containing the receiving
node's ID, the link SHOULD then be considered bi-directional.
2.6. Beacon Message Format
Figure 1 depicts the format of beacon messages. Note that IPND
follows the DTN convention of using Self-Delimiting Numeric Values
(SDNVs) [RFC6256] to represent variable length integers. An IPND
node MUST use UDP checksums to ensure correctness.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Version | Flags | Beacon Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| EID Len (*) | Canonical EID (variable) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
/ Service Block (optional) /
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Beacon Period (*) (optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 1: Beacon Message Format
The beacon message is comprised of the following fields:
o Version: An 8-bit field indicating the version of IPND that
constructed this beacon. The present document describes version
0x04 of IPND. This version field is incremented for IPND if
either the IPND protocol is modified or the Bundle Protocol
version is incremented. In this way the field can also be used to
determine the BP version supported by a potential DTN neighbor.
o Flags: An 8-bit field indicating IPND processing flags. Four
flags are currently defined. 0x00 indicates that no special
processing should be performed on the beacon. If more than one of
the Flags bits is set, then the associated structures will appear
in the beacon message according to their bit order (Bit 0 is
first). Semantics of bits are described here from least
significant (LSb) to most significant (MSb).
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Bit 0 Source EID present: iff set, indicates that
the source node's EID is present in the beacon.
If the EID is present, it is preceded by an
SDNV indicating its length. An IPND node SHOULD
include its EID in all beacons, therefore
this flag SHOULD always be set.
Bit 1 Service Block present: iff set, indicates
that a service block is present.
Bit 2 Neighborhood Bloom Filter present: iff set,
indicates that a Neighbor Bloom Filter is present
within the Service Block.
Bit 3 Beacon Period present: iff set, indicates that
a Beacon Period field is present.
Bits 4-7 Reserved.
o Beacon sequence number: A two-octet unsigned integer value
incremented once for each beacon transmitted to a particular IP
address.
o EID Length: The byte length of the canonical EID contained in the
beacon. The EID length field is an SDNV and is therefore variable
length. A two-octet length is shown for convenience of
representation.
o Canonical EID: The canonical end node identifier of the neighbor
advertised by the beacon message. The canonical EID is variable
length and represented as a Uniform Resource Identifier [RFC3986].
o Service Block: Optional announced services (Section 2.6.1) in the
beacon. Services MAY include CLAs (Section 2.6.3), routing
parameters, a Neighborhood Bloom Filter (Section 2.6.4), and other
implementation-dependent services.
o Beacon Period: Optional field indicating the sender's current
beacon interval in seconds. A value of zero indicates that the
beacon period is undefined. The Beacon Period is an SDNV and is
therefore variable length. A two-octet length is shown for
convenience of representation.
2.6.1. Service Block
As described previously, beacon messages may optionally include a
block of service availability information. The service block is
intended to contain representations of available CLAs, routers, a
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Neighborhood Bloom Filter, etc., but is sufficiently general to
accommodate implementation-specific services provided by the
advertising node.
For example, the source IP address of a received beacon suffices to
identify the remote node at the IP level. However, the IP address
alone does not inform other processes via which transport mechanism
(e.g. TCP or UDP) or via which transport port the remote node is
offering a connection. Similarly, nodes do not know which routers
(e.g. PRoPHET [RFC6693]) are running on a remote node in order to
inform bundle exchange. Therefore, a beacon MAY contain a service
block which serves to notify nodes about the availability of these
services.
The format of a service block is given in Figure 2.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Number of Services N (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
\ Service Definition 0 (IPND-SD-TLV encoded) \
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
\ ... \
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
\ Service Definition N-1 (IPND-SD-TLV encoded) \
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 2: Service Block Format
A service block is comprised of the following fields:
o Number of services: The number of services described in the block.
The number of services is an SDNV and is therefore variable
length.
o Service Definition(s): A list of service definitions encoded
according to the IPND Service Definition TLV encoding
(Section 2.6.2) specification.
2.6.2. IPND Service Definition TLV Encoding
The IPND Service Definition TLV encoding scheme (IPND-SD-TLV)
provides for the standardization of service definitions using a
format that focuses on simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency.
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IPND-SD-TLV borrows many ideas from from the ASN.1 Basic Encoding
Rules (BER) specification [ASN1-BER]. Like ASN.1 BER, IPND-SD-TLV
structures are generally composed of three distinct parts:
1. Tag: A numeric token which identifies the structure (REQUIRED).
2. Length: A numeric value which specifies the size of the content
block (sometimes REQUIRED).
3. Value: The content block, which contains the value(s) described
by the tag (REQUIRED).
IPND-SD-TLV tags SHALL be 8-bit values, providing IPND a range of 256
possible tag numbers. Tag assignments are designed to provide a
basic, standard set of building blocks while remaining flexible
enough to allow the implementation of unforeseen specifications. The
first 128 tag numbers (i.e. 0-127) SHALL be reserved for standard
definitions; the remaining tags (i.e. 128-255) MAY be used for
implementation-specific (private) definitions. This design allows a
node to inspect the most significant bit (bit-7, zero-indexed) of the
tag to determine whether it is a reserved or private value.
IPND-SD-TLV defines two classes of data types: Primitive and
Constructed (the difference between these data types is discussed
below). Reserved tag numbers are designed such that the class of a
data type can be determined by examining the second-most significant
bit (bit-6, zero-indexed) of the tag. If this bit is not set, the
data type is primitive, otherwise it is constructed. As a result of
this design, reserved primitive types SHALL be assigned tag numbers
0-63, while reserved constructed types SHALL be assigned tag numbers
64-127.
Private tag numbers are always expected to represent constructed data
types, therefore private (implementation-specific) constructed types
(if in use by IPND) SHALL be assigned tag numbers 128-255.
The construction of IPND-SD-TLV tags is depicted in Figure 3
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+-----------------------------------+
| Reserved |
+-------+---+---+-------------------+
| Bit | 7 | 6 | 5-0 |
|-------+---+---+-------------------+
| | 0 | 0 | Tag Number | Reserved Primitive Types
+ Value +---+---+-------------------+
| | 0 | 1 | (Tag Number) - 64 | Reserved Constructed Types
+-------+---+---+-------------------+
+-----------------------------------+
| Private |
+-------+---+-----------------------+
| Bit | 7 | 6-0 |
+-------+---+-----------------------+
| Value | 1 | (Tag Number) - 128 | Private Constructed Types
+-------+---+-----------------------+
Figure 3: IPND-SD-TLV Tags
In order to keep encoded services simple and compact, IPND-SD-TLV
SHALL omit the length field in cases where the content's length is
always fixed (e.g. an IP address) or described in-place (e.g. an SDNV
value). In the cases where an explicit length field is required
(e.g. string content), an IPND node SHALL SDNV encode the length
values. Additionally, a length field MUST be included in constructed
types immediately following the tag value which describes the length,
in bytes, of the structure's content block. This constraint allows a
node to skip constructed types that are unrecognized while reading a
received Service Block. An IPND node SHALL SDNV encode these length
values.
Again, IPND-SD-TLV defines two classes of data types: Primitive and
Constructed. Primitive types represent fundamental data types such
as integers or strings. An IPND node MUST support the primitive data
types specified in Figure 4. Note that primitive types use one of
three distinct length specifiers:
o Fixed: The content always has a fixed length and SHALL NOT include
a length field. Fixed length numeric values (including floating
point numbers) SHALL be written in network byte order.
o Variable: The content is variable length but is encoded as an
SDNV, therefore it SHALL NOT include a length field.
o Explicit: The content is variable and does not describe its own
length, therefore it MUST include a length field immediately
following the tag value.
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+---------------------------------------------------+
|TAG # Definition Length Type Content Length |
| (unencoded bytes)|
+---------------------------------------------------+
| 0 boolean Fixed 1 |
| 1 uint64 Variable 1-8* |
| 2 sint64 Variable 1-8* |
| 3 fixed16 Fixed 2 |
| 4 fixed32 Fixed 4 |
| 5 fixed64 Fixed 8 |
| 6 float Fixed 4 |
| 7 double Fixed 8 |
| 8 string Explicit 1-N |
| 9 bytes Explicit 1-N |
|10-63 UNASSIGNED |
+---------------------------------------------------+
*Denotes content that is SDNV encoded
Figure 4: IPND-SD-TLV Primitive Types
Note that a special case exists for representing the empty string and
the empty byte array for the "string" and "bytes" data types,
respectively. In both cases, "empty" is represented by an explicit
length value of 1 and content of a single null byte.
Constructed data types represent structures that are composed of
other data types. As described earlier, reserved constructed types
SHALL be assigned tag numbers 64-127. Additionally, nodes MAY assign
tag numbers 128-255 to private constructed types in order to allow
for implementation-specific constructed types. An IPND node SHALL
use constructed types to specify service definitions as described in
Section 2.6.3.
It is important to note that the order in which other types are
composed within a constructed type need not be explicitly stated.
Ordering only becomes an issue in the case where a constructed type
(not representing an array structure) contains multiple instances of
the same data type. In order to defeat this issue, implementations
MUST create data type wrappers in order to differentiate identical
types. This design allows IPND to be order-agnostic when it comes to
reading data types that compose a constructed type. Appendix B
describes an example where data type wrappers are used to
differentiate identical fundamental types.
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2.6.3. Services
A service is an IPND-SD-TLV structure that represents an
advertisement for a DTN-related resource available on the beacon
source node. Each service type SHALL have a unique tag number in
order to identify it within the service block. Nodes SHALL use the
initial set of tag assignments described in Figure 5 (the rationale
for tag numbering is described in Section 2.6.2).
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| TAG # Definition Construction |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 64 CLA-TCP-v4 {IP (fixed32), Port (fixed16)} |
| 65 CLA-UDP-v4 {IP (fixed32), Port (fixed16)} |
| 66 CLA-TCP-v6 {IP (bytes), Port (fixed16)} |
| 67 CLA-UDP-v6 {IP (bytes), Port (fixed16)} |
| 68 CLA-TCP-HN {Hostname (string), Port (fixed16)} |
| 69 CLA-UDP-HN {Hostname (string), Port (fixed16)} |
| 70 CLA-DCCP-v4 {IP (fixed32), Port (fixed16), |
| Servicecode (fixed32)} |
| 71 CLA-DCCP-v6 {IP (bytes), Port (fixed16), |
| Servicecode (fixed32)} |
| 72 CLA-DCCP-HN {Hostname (string), Port (fixed16), |
| Servicecode (fixed32)} |
| 73-125 UNASSIGNED |
| 126 NBF-Hashes Hash IDs (bytes) |
| 127 NBF-Bits Bit Array (bytes) |
|128-255 PRIVATE USE |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 5: IPND-SD-TLV Constructed Services
An IPND node MUST support the service definitions for CLA-TCP-v6 and
CLA-UDP-v6; that is, a node MUST support the standard definitions for
TCP CLA advertisements and UDP CLA advertisements, respectively (both
supporting IPv6 128-bit addresses). An example bitwise
representation of the CLA-TCP-v6 service is depicted in {{figure6}.
Note that the format of the CLA-UDP-v6 service is identical except
for the initial tag number, which would instead be 67 (hex 0x43).
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x42 | Len 0x15 (*) | Tag 0x09 | Len 0x10 (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x03 | Port Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 6: CLA-TCP-v6 Service Format
An IPND node MAY support the CLA-TCP-v4, CLA-UDP-v4, CLA-TCP-HN, CLA-
UDP-HN, CLA-DCCP-v4, CLA-DCCP-v6 and CLA-DCCP-HN service definitions.
Bitwise representations of the CLA-UDP-v4, CLA-TCP-HN and CLA-DCCP-v6
services are depicted in Appendix A. Additionally, a node MAY
support the Neighborhood Bloom Filter services (NBF-Hashes and NBF-
Bits). These services are described below (Section 2.6.4). Lastly,
a node MAY support any implementation-specific services with tag
numbers 128-255. Appendix B describes an example of an
implementation-specific service that makes use of private tag number
assignments.
2.6.4. Neighborhood Bloom Filter
In order to efficiently determine link bi-directionality, a node
represents the set of its 1-hop neighbors using a Bloom filter
referred to as the Neighborhood Bloom Filter (NBF). Upon receiving a
beacon from a neighbor that contains NBF service information, a node
can quickly determine whether it is in the neighbor's NBF set, and
thereby determine whether the link is bidirectional.
Every node that might operate in an environment where discovered
links may not be bidirectional SHOULD include NBF service
advertisements in its multicast or broadcast beacons which describe
the membership of its 1-hop neighbor set. This is especially true if
a node's routing protocol presumes that links are bidirectional.
An NBF need not be included within every beacon, but one SHOULD be
present within at least one broadcast or multicast beacon following a
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change in the 1-hop neighborhood of the node. An NBF advertisement
MAY be present in every broadcast or multicast beacon.
In order to advertise an NBF, an IPND node MUST include two distinct
services in the Service Block of some (or all) of its beacons: NBF-
Hashes, which describes the hash algorithms used to compute the NBF
bit array; and NBF-Bits, which contains the actual bit array of the
NBF. The bits set in the NBF-Bits structure MUST be defined by
computing hashes on the canonical EID of each 1-hop neighbor
considered to be "up". Each hash algorithm used to compute the NBF
bit array MUST be identified in the NBF-Hashes structure (using
numerical identifiers; one byte per identifier). Exemplary bitwise
formats of fictional NBF-Hashes and NBF-Bits structures are depicted
in Figure 7 and Figure 8, respectively. Note that the NBF bit array
in the NBF-Bits structure must be byte-aligned, and SHALL be padded
with zero bits at the end of the bit array to achieve byte-alignment.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x7E | Len 0x05 (*) | Tag 0x09 | Len 0x03 (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hash 0 ID | Hash 1 ID | Hash 2 ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 7: Fictional NBF-Hashes Service Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x7F | Len 0x06 (*) | Tag 0x09 | Len 0x04 (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Byte 0 | Byte 1 | Byte 2 | Byte 3 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 8: Fictional NBF-Bits Service Format
Different networks naturally have distinct requirements, tolerance
for overhead, and node computing resources, so the parameters of the
Bloom Filter such as the bit array length, and the number and types
of hash algorithms, are not mandated by IPND. However, all nodes
participating in such a DTN SHOULD be aware of the same set of hash
algorithms and their respective identifiers used in NBF-Hashes
structures.
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NBF services, if present, MAY be ignored by a receiving IPND node if
its implementation does not provide for it, or if the parameters of
the Bloom filter cannot be determined with certainty (e.g. if the
hash function identifiers are not recognized).
2.7. IPND and CLAs
IP-based CLAs are generally expected to depend on an IPND
implementation module for their discovery service. A CLA MAY opt not
to use IPND, either because that CLA does not require discovery or
provides its own.
Once IPND discovers a new neighbor it MUST inform all CLAs which
depend on IPND of the neighbor's existence and the discovered
parameters. The exact means by which IPND communicates with the CLAs
is implementation dependent.
Similarly, once IPND determines that a link has gone down, it MUST
inform all dependent CLAs of the link down event.
2.8. Disconnection
Note that an IPND node SHOULD maintain state over all existing
neighbors in order to prevent CLAs from needlessly attempting to
establish connections between nodes that are already connected. To
maintain the current neighbor set, IPND removes stale neighbors after
the defined neighbor receive timeout period elapses without receiving
any beacon messages from a particular neighbor.
Upon detecting a neighbor that is no longer available, IPND MAY
provide hints to the CLAs that the neighbor is gone. Note that some
CLAs themselves provide keepalive-type functionality and therefore
IPND is not necessarily required to detect down neighbors. However,
relying on IPND to provide both discovery and availability
information provides a single, coherent point in the system design to
maintain neighbor information.
3. Relation to Other Discovery Protocols
A variety of discovery protocols exist in other contexts and domains.
These discovery protocols include the ability to discover available
neighbors and services. For example, the IETF zero configuration
working group [RFC3927], the Bonjour protocol [BONJOUR], and the
OLSRv2 neighborhood discovery protocol(NHDP)[RFC6130] all provide
similar functionality.
Other rendezvous mechanisms are possible that allow a node to find a
neighbor of a particular type or with particular properties. For
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example, the Domain Name System (DNS) or Distributed Hash Tables
(DHTs) could be used to find a neighbor that provides an inter-
planetary gateway. Such advanced rendezvous schemes are beyond the
scope of this document.
In contrast, DTN-IPND is designed to be DTN-specific, efficient, and
extremely lightweight. For instance, DTN-IPND is capable of
supporting arbitrary length DTN EIDs, and may include CLA information
in order to maximize the utility of each beacon message without
requiring multiple round-trip transmissions in order to perform
complex protocol negotiation.
While DTN-IPND MAY be used in non-DTN environments, its use is
RECOMMENDED only in DTNs.
4. Implementation Experience
Raytheon BBN Technologies (BBN) developed an implementation of DTN
IPND which has been added to the bundle protocol reference
implementation, DTN2, as an experimental build option.
BBN has also implemented and deployed an earlier version of DTN IPND
as part of the [SPINDLE] project.
An earlier version of this specification has also been implemented as
part of the [IBR-DTN] project at Technical University of
Braunschweig, Germany.
5. Security Considerations
Neighbor discovery may be perceived as an impediment to security
because it advertises a potential target for attacks. Discovering
the existence of a particular node is orthogonal to securing the
services of that node. Nodes that desire or require higher-levels of
security SHOULD disable the broadcast IPND beacons and rely instead
on static neighbor configuration.
Further, neighbor discovery represents a potential source of network
congestion and contention. Therefore, careful consideration should
be made to the frequency and TTL / Hop Limit scope of beacons when
setting implementation-specific parameters, particularly when a
setting affects larger regions of the network.
6. IANA Considerations
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6.1. Port Number
Port number TBD1 has been assigned as the default UDP port for IPND.
Service Name: dtn-ipnd
Transport Protocol(s): UDP
Assignee: Ronald in 't Velt (ronald.intvelt@tno.nl)
Contact: Ronald in 't Velt (ronald.intvelt@tno.nl)
Description: DTN IP Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Reference: (This document)
Port Number: TBD1
6.2. Tag numbers
A new IANA registry should be created to document the standard tag
number assignments for IPND Service Definition TLV structures. The
registry shall define a single numberspace with values representing
the IPND-SD-TLV tag numbers as described in Section 2.6.2.
The registration policy for this new registry shall be:
0-63: Specification Required. Specifications in this subset must
only be for primitive datatypes, and the specification must describe
which "length type" will be used for the new datatype as well as the
unencoded content length (see Figure 4). New registrations shall
only be approved for datatypes reasonably expected to have a use case
applicable throughout the community.
64-127: Specification Required. Specifications in this subset must
only be for constructed datatypes, and the specification must
describe the composition of the new datatype using references to
existing datatypes (as in Figure 5). New registrations shall only be
approved for datatypes reasonably expected to have a use case
applicable throughout the community.
128-255: Private or Experimental use. No assignment by IANA.
The value range is: unsigned 8-bit integer.
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+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Value Description Reference |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 Primitive boolean tag This Document |
| 1 Primitive uint64 tag This Document |
| 2 Primitive sint64 tag This Document |
| 3 Primitive fixed16 tag This Document |
| 4 Primitive fixed32 tag This Document |
| 5 Primitive fixed64 tag This Document |
| 6 Primitive float tag This Document |
| 7 Primitive double tag This Document |
| 8 Primitive string tag This Document |
| 9 Primitive byte array tag This Document |
| 10-63 Unassigned (primitive only) |
| 64 CLA-TCP-v4 service tag This Document |
| 65 CLA-UDP-v4 service tag This Document |
| 66 CLA-TCP-v6 service tag This Document |
| 67 CLA-UDP-v6 service tag This Document |
| 68 CLA-TCP-HN service tag This Document |
| 69 CLA-UDP-HN service tag This Document |
| 70 CLA-DCCP-v4 service tag This Document |
| 71 CLA-DCCP-v6 service tag This Document |
| 72 CLA-DCCP-HN service tag This Document |
| 73-125 Unassigned (constructed only) |
| 126 NBF-Hashes service tag This Document |
| 127 NBF-Bits service tag This Document |
|128-255 Private/Experimental Use |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 9: IANA IPND-SD-TLV Tag Number Assignments
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC1112] Deering, S., "Host extensions for IP multicasting", STD 5,
RFC 1112, DOI 10.17487/RFC1112, August 1989,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1112>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2710] Deering, S., Fenner, W., and B. Haberman, "Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710, DOI
10.17487/RFC2710, October 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2710>.
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[RFC3376] Cain, B., Deering, S., Kouvelas, I., Fenner, B., and A.
Thyagarajan, "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version
3", RFC 3376, DOI 10.17487/RFC3376, October 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3376>.
[RFC3810] Vida, R., Ed. and L. Costa, Ed., "Multicast Listener
Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810, DOI
10.17487/RFC3810, June 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3810>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
[RFC5050] Scott, K. and S. Burleigh, "Bundle Protocol
Specification", RFC 5050, DOI 10.17487/RFC5050, November
2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5050>.
[RFC7346] Droms, R., "IPv6 Multicast Address Scopes", RFC 7346, DOI
10.17487/RFC7346, August 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7346>.
7.2. Informative References
[ASN1-BER]
"ITU-T Rec. X.690, Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1),
Encoding Rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules
(BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished
Encoding Rules (DER), ISO/IEC 8825-1:2002", 2002.
[BONJOUR] Cheshire, S., "Bonjour", April 2005.
[IBR-DTN] Schildt, S., Morgenroth, J., Poettner, W-B., and L. Wolf,
"IBR-DTN: A lightweight, modular and highly portable
Bundle Protocol implementation", in Electronic
Communicatios of the EASST, Vol. 37, pages 1-11, January
2011.
[RFC3927] Cheshire, S., Aboba, B., and E. Guttman, "Dynamic
Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses", RFC 3927, DOI
10.17487/RFC3927, May 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3927>.
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[RFC4838] Cerf, V., Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst,
R., Scott, K., Fall, K., and H. Weiss, "Delay-Tolerant
Networking Architecture", RFC 4838, DOI 10.17487/RFC4838,
April 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4838>.
[RFC5771] Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., and D. Meyer, "IANA Guidelines for
IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments", BCP 51, RFC 5771, DOI
10.17487/RFC5771, March 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5771>.
[RFC6130] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and J. Dean, "Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)",
RFC 6130, DOI 10.17487/RFC6130, April 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6130>.
[RFC6256] Eddy, W. and E. Davies, "Using Self-Delimiting Numeric
Values in Protocols", RFC 6256, DOI 10.17487/RFC6256, May
2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6256>.
[RFC6621] Macker, J., Ed., "Simplified Multicast Forwarding", RFC
6621, DOI 10.17487/RFC6621, May 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6621>.
[RFC6693] Lindgren, A., Doria, A., Davies, E., and S. Grasic,
"Probabilistic Routing Protocol for Intermittently
Connected Networks", RFC 6693, DOI 10.17487/RFC6693,
August 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6693>.
[RFC7122] Kruse, H., Jero, S., and S. Ostermann, "Datagram
Convergence Layers for the Delay- and Disruption-Tolerant
Networking (DTN) Bundle Protocol and Licklider
Transmission Protocol (LTP)", RFC 7122, DOI 10.17487/
RFC7122, March 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7122>.
[RFC7242] Demmer, M., Ott, J., and S. Perreault, "Delay-Tolerant
Networking TCP Convergence-Layer Protocol", RFC 7242, DOI
10.17487/RFC7242, June 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7242>.
[SPINDLE] Krishnan, R., "Survivable Policy-Influenced Networking:
Disruption-tolerance through Learning and Evolution",
October 2006.
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Appendix A. Additional Figures
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x41 | Len 0x08 (*) | Tag 0x04 | IPv4 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv4 Address (cont) | Tag 0x03 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Port Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-++-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 10: CLA-UDP-v4 Service Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x44 | Len 0x0F (*) | Tag 0x08 | Len 0x0A (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hostname ("dtnfoo.net") |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hostname ("dtnfoo.net") (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Hostname ("dtnfoo.net") (cont) | Tag 0x03 | Port Num |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Port Num (cont)|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 11: CLA-TCP-HN Service Format
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x47 | Len 0x1A (*) | Tag 0x09 | Len 0x10 (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 Address (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x03 | Port Number | Tag 0x04 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DCCP Service Code |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 12: CLA-DCCP-v6 Service Format
Appendix B. Fictional Private Service Example
The following describes a fictional implementation-specific routing
service in order to demonstrate the use of IPND-SD-TLV encoding
rules. Figure 13 defines the construction of the service structure
using tag numbers out of the private tag assignment space. Note the
use of "wrapper" data types in order to differentiate between what
would otherwise be identical data types within the composition of the
router service's definition.
+-----------------------------------------------+
| TAG # Definition Construction |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| 128 FooRouter {Seed (SeedVal), |
| BaseWeight (WeightVal), |
| RootHash (bytes)} |
| 129 SeedVal Value (fixed16) |
| 130 WeightVal Value (fixed16) |
+-----------------------------------------------+
Figure 13: Fictional Router Definition
Figure 14 depicts the bitwise representation of an IPND-SD-TLV
encoded FooRouter service using fictional content values. Note that
the ordering of the service's composition does not exactly match the
definition; this should not be an issue for a receiving node with
knowledge of the FooRouter service.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x80 | Len 0x11 (*) | Tag 0x82 | Len 0x03 (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x03 | Weight Value (e.g. 0x123F) | Tag 0x09 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Len 0x05 (*) | Byte 0xDE | Byte 0xAD | Byte 0xBE |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Byte 0xEF | Byte 0x04 | Tag 0x81 | Len 0x03 (*) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tag 0x03 | Seed Value (e.g. 0xB4A1) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(*) Denotes the use of SDNV encoding
Figure 14: Fictional FooRouter Format
Authors' Addresses
Daniel Ellard
Raytheon BBN Technologies
10 Moulton St.
Cambridge MA 02138
US
Email: dellard@bbn.com
Richard Altmann
Raytheon BBN Technologies
9861 Broken Land Parkway, Suite 400
Columbia MD 21046
US
Email: raltmann@bbn.com
Alex Gladd
Email: argladd86@gmail.com
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Daniel Brown
Bit9 Inc.
266 Second Ave.
Waltham MA 02451
US
Email: dbrown@bit9.com
Ronald in 't Velt
TNO
Anna van Buerenplein 1
Den Haag 2595 DA
The Netherlands
Email: Ronald.intVelt@tno.nl
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