PWE3 Working Group Andrew G. Malis Internet Draft Ken Hsu Expiration Date: September 2002 Vivace Networks, Inc. Tom Johnson Jeremy Brayley Marlene Drost Steve Vogelsang Ed Hallman John Shirron Litchfield Communications, Inc. Laurel Networks, Inc. Jim Boyle Luca Martini Protocol Driven Networks, Inc. Craig White Level 3 Communications, LLC. Ron Cohen Lycium Networks David Zelig Corrigent Systems, LTD. Prayson Pate Overture Networks, Inc. March 2002 SONET/SDH Circuit Emulation over Packet (CEP) draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02.txt Status of this Memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of section 10 of RFC 2026 [1]. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 1]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 Abstract Generic requirements for Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) have been described in [3]. This draft lists SONET specific requirements and provides encapsulation formats and semantics for connecting SONET edge networks through a core packet network using IP, L2TP or MPLS. This basic application of SONET interworking will allow SONET service providers to take advantage of new technologies in the core in order to provide SONET services. Table of Contents 1 Conventions used in this document...........................2 2 Introduction................................................2 3 Scope.......................................................3 4 CEP Encapsulation Format....................................4 5 CEP Operation...............................................9 6 SONET/SDH Maintenance Signals..............................12 7 SONET/SDH Transport Timing.................................16 8 SONET/SDH Pointer Management...............................17 9 CEP Performance Monitors...................................18 10 Open Issues................................................20 11 Security Considerations....................................21 12 Intellectual Property Disclaimer...........................21 13 References.................................................22 14 Acknowledgments............................................23 15 Author's Addresses.........................................23 1 Conventions used in this document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [2]. 2 Introduction This document describes a protocol that performs SONET Emulation over a variety of Packet-Switched Networks (PSNs) as part of the PWE3 Working Group. The document assumes that the reader is familiar with the PWE3 terminology and concepts described in PWE3 requirements and framework documents [3] and [4]. The protocol is titled "Circuit Emulation over Packet" (CEP). The transmission system for circuit-oriented TDM signals is the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) [5], [9] / Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) [6]. To support TDM traffic (which includes voice, data, and private leased line services) PSNs must emulate the circuit characteristics of SONET/SDH payloads. A circuit identifer pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 2]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 and a CEP header are used to encapsulate the SONET/SDH TDM signals for transmission over an arbitrary PSN. This document also describes an optional extension to CEP called Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA). This is a method for dynamically reducing the bandwidth utilized by emulated SONET/SDH circuits in the packet network. This bandwidth reduction is accomplished by not sending the SONET/SDH payload through the packet network under certain conditions such as AIS-P or STS SPE Unequipped. This document is based on a previous document describing a method for encapsulating SONET signals for carriage over MPLS networks (CEM) [7]. This document is closely related to [8] which describes a MIB for controlling and observing CEP services. 3 Scope This document describes how to provide CEP for the following digital signals: 1. SONET STS-1 synchronous payload envelope (SPE)/SDH VC-3 2. STS-Nc SPE (N = 3, 12, 48, or 192)/SDH VC-4, VC-4-4c, VC-4-16c, or VC-4-64c For the remainder of this document, these constructs will be referred to as SONET/SDH channels. Although this document currently covers up to OC-192c/VC-4-64c, future revision MAY address higher rates. Other SONET/SDH signals, such as virtual tributary (VT) structured sub-rate mapping, are not explicitly discussed in this document; however, it can be extended in the future to support VT and lower speed non-SONET/SDH services. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 3]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 4 CEP Encapsulation Format In order to transport SONET/SDH SPEs through a packet-oriented network, the SPE is broken into fragments. A Circuit ID Word and CEP Header are pre-pended to each fragment. The basic CEP packet appears in Figure 1. +-----------------------------------+ | Circuit ID Word | +-----------------------------------+ | CEP Header | +-----------------------------------+ | | | | | SONET/SDH SPE Fragment | | | | | +-----------------------------------+ Figure 1. Basic CEP Packet The Circuit ID Word is a 32-bit field that contains an arbitrary value that is used to map CEP packets to specific SONET/SDH channels. The circuit ID word is intentionally designed to match the format of an MPLS shim. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Circuit ID | Exp |S| TTL | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 2. CEP Circuit ID Word Circuit ID: Matches the Label Position in an MPLS shim. It SHOULD be used to map individual packet streams to SONET channels. Exp: Experimental Use, 3 bits. SHOULD conform to use of Exp bits within an MPLS shim. S: Bottom of Stack, 1 bit. SHOULD be set to 1 to indicate the bottom of an MPLS label stack. TTL: Time to Live, 8 bits. SHOULD be utilized in a manner consistent with the TTL field of an MPLS Shim. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 4]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 The CEP Header supports a basic and extended mode. The Basic CEP Header provides the minimum functionality necessary to accurately emulate a TDM SONET over a PSN. Bit 0 of the first 32-bit CEP header indicates whether or not the extended header is present. When this bit is 0, then no extended header is present. When this bit is 1, then an extended header is present. At this time, the contents of the extended header are for future study. However, it is expected that this field will provide support for payload compression, header protection, enhanced performance monitoring, and/or other extensions to the base protocol. The Basic CEP header has the following format: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0|R|D|N|P| Structure Pointer[0:12] | Sequence Number[0:13] | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 3. Basic CEP Header Format The Extended CEP header appears below: 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |1|R|D|N|P| Structure Pointer[0:12] | Sequence Number[0:13] | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Reserved | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 4. Extended CEP Header Format The above fields are defined as follows: R bit: CEP-RDI. This bit is set to one to signal to the remote CEP function that a loss of packet synchronization has occurred. See section 5.4 for details. D bit: Signals DBA Mode. MUST be set to zero for Normal Operation. MUST be set to one if CEP is currently in DBA mode. DBA is an optional mode during which trivial SPEs are not transmitted into the packet network. See Table 1 and section 5 for further details. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 5]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 The N and P bits: MAY be used to explicitly relay negative and positive pointer adjustment events across the PSN. They are also used to relay SONET/SDH maintenance signals such as AIS-P. See Table 1 and sections 6 and 8 for more details. +---+---+---+----------------------------------------------+ | D | N | P | Interpretation | +---+---+---+----------------------------------------------+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | Normal Mode - No Ptr Adjustment | | 0 | 0 | 1 | Normal Mode - Positive Ptr Adjustment | | 0 | 1 | 0 | Normal Mode - Negative Ptr Adjustment | | 0 | 1 | 1 | Normal Mode - AIS-P | | | | | | | 1 | 0 | 0 | DBA Mode - STS SPE Unequipped | | 1 | 0 | 1 | DBA Mode - STS SPE Unequipped Pos Ptr Adj | | 1 | 1 | 0 | DBA Mode - STS SPE Unequipped Neg Ptr Adj | | 1 | 1 | 1 | DBA Mode - AIS-P | +---+---+---+----------------------------------------------+ Table 1. Interpretation of D, N, and P bits Sequence Number[0:13]: This is a packet sequence number, which MUST continuously cycle from 0 to 0x3FFF. It SHOULD begin at zero when a CEP channel is created. Structure Pointer[0:12]: The Structure Pointer MUST contain the offset of the J1 byte within the CEP SPE Fragment. The value is from 0 to 0x1FFE, where 0 means the first byte after the CEP header. The Structure Pointer MUST be set to 0x1FFF if a packet does not carry the J1 byte. See [5], [6] and [9] for more information on the J1 byte and the SONET/SDH payload pointer. Implementations MUST support SPE Fragments of 783 bytes and MAY support SPE fragments of from 8 to 8191 bytes. Note 1: Implementations that choose to support programmable payload lengths SHOULD support payloads that are an integer multiple of 8 bytes. Note 2: CEP packets are fixed in length for all of the packets of a particular emulated TDM stream. This length is statically provisioned for each TDM stream. Therefore, the length of each CEP packet does not need to be carried in the CEP header. 4.1 PSN Encapsulation In principle, CEP packets can be carried over any packet-oriented network. The following sections describe specifically how CEP packets MUST be encapsulated for carriage over MPLS or IP networks. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 6]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 4.1.1 MPLS Encapsulation To transport a CEP packet over an MPLS network, an MPLS label-stack MUST be pushed on top of the CEP packet. +-----------------------------------+ | MPLS Label Stack | +-----------------------------------+ | Circuit ID Word | +-----------------------------------+ | CEP Header | +-----------------------------------+ | | | | | SONET/SDH SPE Fragment | | | | | +-----------------------------------+ Figure 5. Typical MPLS Transport Encapsulation pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 7]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 4.1.2 IP Encapsulation It is highly desirable to define a single encapsulation format that will work for both IP and MPLS. Furthermore, it is desirable that the encapsulation mechanism be as efficient as possible. One way to achieve these goals is to map CEP directly onto IP. Because the Circuit ID Word is essentially an MPLS Shim, the CEP packet may be treated as an MPLS packet. A mechanism for carrying MPLS over IP is described in [10]. Using this encapsulation scheme would result in the packet format illustrated in figure 6. +-----------------------------------+ | | | IPv6/v4 Header [10] | | | +-----------------------------------+ | Circuit ID Word | +-----------------------------------+ | CEP Header | +-----------------------------------+ | | | | | SONET/SDH SPE Fragment | | | | | +-----------------------------------+ Figure 6. MPLS Transport Encapsulation 4.1.3 L2TP Encapsulation Encapsulation for L2TP PSNs is for future study. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 8]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 5 CEP Operation The following sections describe CEP operation. 5.1 Introduction and Terminology CEP MUST support a normal mode of operation and MAY support an optional extension called Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA). During normal operation, SONET/SDH payloads are fragmented, pre- pended with the CEP Header, the Circuit ID Word, and the PSN header, and then transmitted into the packet network. During DBA mode, only the CEP header, the Circuit ID Word, and PSN header are transmitted. This is done to conserve bandwidth when meaningful user data is not present in the SPE, such as during AIS-P or STS SPE Unequipped. 5.1.1 CEP Packetizer and De-Packetizer As with all adaptation functions, CEP has two distinct components: adapting TDM SONET/SDH into a CEP packet stream, and converting the CEP packet stream back into a TDM SONET/SDH. The first function will be referred to as CEP Packetizer and the second as CEP De- Packetizer. This terminology is illustrated in figure 7. +------------+ +---------------+ | | | | SONET --> | CEP | --> PSN --> | CEP | --> SONET SDH | Packetizer | | De-Packetizer | SDH | | | | +------------+ +---------------+ Figure 7. CEP Terminology Note: the CEP de-packetizer requires a buffering mechanism to account for delay variation in the CEP packet stream. This buffering mechanism will be generically referred to as the CEP jitter buffer. 5.1.2 CEP DBA DBA is an optional mode of operation that only transmits the CEP Header, the Circuit ID Word, and PSN Header into the packet network under certain circumstances such as AIS-P or STS Unequipped. If DBA is supported by a CEP implementation, the user SHOULD be able to configure if DBA will be triggered by AIS-P, STS Unequipped, both, or neither on a per channel basis. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 9]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 If DBA is supported, the determination of AIS-P and STS Unequipped MUST be based on the state of SONET/SDH Section, Line, and Path Overhead bytes. During AIS-P, there is no valid payload pointer, so pointer adjustments cannot occur. During STS Unequipped, the SONET/SDH payload pointer is valid, and therefore pointer adjustments MUST be supported even during DBA. See Table 1 for details. 5.2 Description of Normal CEP Operation During normal operation, the CEP packetizer will receive a fixed rate byte stream from a SONET/SDH interface. When a packets worth of data has been received from a SONET/SDH channel, the CEP Header, the Circuit ID Word, and PSN Header are pre-pended to the SPE fragment and the resulting CEP packet is transmitted into the packet network. Because all CEP packets associated with a specific SONET/SDH channel will have the same length, the transmission of CEP packets for that channel SHOULD occur at regular intervals. At the far end of the packet network, the CEP de-packetizer will receive packets into a jitter buffer and then play out the received byte stream at a fixed rate onto the corresponding SONET/SDH channel. The jitter buffer SHOULD be adjustable in length to account for varying network delay behavior. The receive packet rate from the packet network should be exactly balanced by the transmission rate onto the SONET/SDH channel, on average. The time over which this average is taken corresponds to the depth of the jitter buffer for a specific CEP channel. The CEP sequence numbers provide a mechanism to detect lost and/or mis-ordered packets. The CEP de-packetizer MUST detect lost or mis- ordered packets. The CEP de-packetizer SHOULD play out an all ones pattern (AIS) in place of any dropped packets. The CEP de- packetizer MAY re-order packets received out of order. If the CEP de-packetizer does not support re-ordering, it must drop mis-ordered packets. 5.3 Description of CEP Operation during DBA There are several issues that should be addressed by a workable CEP DBA mechanism. First, when DBA is invoked, there should be a substantial savings in bandwidth utilization in the packet network. The second issue is that the transition in and out of DBA should be tightly coordinated between the local CEP packetizer and CEP de- packetizer at the far side of the packet network. A third is that the transition in and out of DBA should be accomplished with minimal disruption to the adapted data stream. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 10]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 Another goal is that the reduction of CEP traffic due to DBA should not be mistaken for a fault in the packet network or vice-versa. Finally, the implementation of DBA should require minimal modifications beyond what is necessary for the nominal CEP case. The mechanism described below is a reasonable balance of these goals. During DBA, packets MUST be emitted at exactly the same rate as they would be during normal operation. This SHOULD be accomplished by transmitting each DBA packet after a complete packet of data has been received from the SONET/SDH channel. The only change from normal operation is that the CEP packets during DBA MUST only carry the CEP header, the Circuit ID Word, and the PSN Header. Because some links have a minimum supported packet size, the CEP packetizer MAY append a configurable number of bytes immediately after the CEP header to pad out the CEP packet to reach the mimumum supported packet size. The D-bit MUST be set to one, to indicate that DBA is active. The CEP de-packetizer MUST assume that each packet received with the D-bit set represents a normal-sized packet containing an AIS-P or SPE Unequipped payload as noted by N and P. See Table 1. The CEP de-packetizer MUST accept DBA packets with or without padding. This allows the CEP packetization and de-packetization logic during DBA to be similar to the nominal case. It ensures that the correct SONET/SDH indication is reliably transmitted between CEP adaptation points. It minimizes the risk of under or over running the jitter buffer during the transition in and out of DBA, since packets are continuously transmitted during DBA. And, it guarantees that faults in the packet network are recognized as distinctly different from line conditioning on the SONET/SDH interfaces. 5.4 Packet Synchronization A key component in declaring the state of a CEP service is whether or not the CEP de-packetizer is in or out of packet synchronization. The following paragraphs describe how that determination is made. As discussed in section 5, a CEP de-packetizer MAY or MAY NOT support re-ordering of mis-ordered packets. As packets are received from the PSN, they are placed into a jitter buffer prior to play out on the SONET interface. If a CEP de- packetizer supports re-ordering, any packet received before it's play out time will still be considered valid. If a CEP de-packetizer does not support re-ordering, a number of approaches may be used to minimize the impact of mis-ordered or lost packets on the final re-assembled SONET stream. For example, AAL1 [11] uses a simple state-machine to re-order packets in a sub-set of pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 11]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 possible cases. The algorithm for these state-machines is outside of the scope of CEP. However, the final determination as to whether or not to declare acquisition or loss of packet synchronization MUST be based on the same criteria regardless of whether an implementation supports or does not support re-ordering. Therefore, the determination of acquisition or loss of packet synchronization is always made at SONET play-out time. During SONET play-out, the CEP de-packetizer will play received CEP packets onto the SONET interface. However, if the jitter buffer is empty or the packet to be played out has not been received, the CEP de-packetizer will have to play out an empty packet onto the SONET interface in place of the unavailable packet. The acquisition of packet synch is based on the number of sequential CEP packets that are played onto the SONET interface. While, loss of packet synch is based on the number of sequential 'empty' packets that are played onto the SONET interface. Specific details of these two cases is described below. 5.4.1 Acquisition of Packet Synchronization At startup, a CEP de-packetizer will be out of packet synchronization by default. To declare packet synchronization at startup or after a loss of packet synchronization, the CEP de- packetizer must play-out a configurable number of CEP packets with sequential sequence numbers towards the SONET interface. 5.4.2 Loss of Packet Synchronization Once a CEP de-packetizer is in packet sync, it may encounter a set of events that will cause it to lose packet synchronization. If the CEP de-packetizer encounters more than a configurable number of sequentialempty packets, the CEP de-packetizer MUST declare loss of packet synchronization defect . LOPS failure is declared after 2.5 +/- 0.5 seconds of LOPS defect, and cleared after 10 seconds free of LOPS defect state. The VC is considered down as long as LOPS failure is declared. 6 SONET/SDH Maintenance Signals There are several issues that must be considered in the mapping of maintenance signals between SONET/SDH and a PSN. A description of pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 12]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 how these signals and conditions are mapped between the two domains is described below. For clarity, the mappings are split into two groups: SONET/SDH to PSN, and PSN to SONET/SDH. 6.1 SONET/SDH to PSN The following sections describe how SONET/SDH Maintenance Signals and Alarm conditions are mapped into a Packet Switched Network. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 13]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 6.1.1 AIS-P Indication In a SONET/SDH network, SONET Path outages are signaled using maintenance alarms such as Path AIS (AIS-P). In particular, AIS-P indicates that the SONET/SDH Path is not currently transmitting valid end-user data, and the SPE contains all ones. It should be noted that nearly every type of service-effecting section or line defect will result in an AIS-P condition. The SONET/SDH hierarchy is illustrated below. +----------+ | PATH | +----------+ ^ | AIS-P | | +----------+ | LINE | + ---------+ ^ ^ | | AIS-L +------ LOP | | +----------+ | SECTION | +----------+ ^ ^ | | | | LOS LOF Figure 8. SONET/SDH Fault Hierarchy. Should the Section Layer detect a Loss of Signal (LOS) or Loss of Frame (LOF) condition, it sends AIS-L up to the Line Layer. If the Line Layer detects AIS-L or Loss of Path (LOP), it sends AIS-P to the Path Layer. In normal mode during AIS-P, CEP packets are generated as usual. The N and P bits MUST be set to 11 binary to signal AIS-P explicitly through the packet network. The D-bit MUST be set to zero to indicate that the SPE is being carried through the packet network. Normal CEP packets with the SPE fragment, CEP Header, the Circuit ID Word, and PSN Header MUST be transmitted into the packet network. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 14]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 However, to conserve network bandwidth during AIS-P, DBA MAY be employed. If DBA has been enabled for AIS-P and AIS-P is currently occurring, the N and P bits MUST be set to 11 binary to signal AIS, and the D-bit MUST be set to one to indicate that the SPE is not being carried through the packet network. Only the CEP header, the Circuit ID Word, and the PSN Header MUST be transmitted into the packet network. 6.1.2 STS SPE Unequipped Indication The declaration of STS SPE unequipped MUST conform to [9]. Quoted below: "R6-135 [481] STS PTE shall detect an STS Path Unequipped (UNEQ-P) defect within 10 ms of the onset of at least five consecutive samples (which may or may not be consecutive frames) of unequipped STS Signal Labels (C2 byte), as specified in Table 6-2" The termination of STS SPE unequipped MUST also conform to [9]. "R6-137 [485v2] STS PTE shall terminate an UNEQ-P defect within 10 ms of the onset of at least five consecutive samples (which may or may not be consecutive frames) of STS Signal Labels that are not unequipped or all-ons, as specified in Table 6-2" For normal operation during SPE Unequipped, the N and P bits MUST be interpreted as usual. The SPE MUST be transmitted into the packet network along with the CEP Header, the Circuit ID Word, and PSN Header, and the D-Bit MUST be set to zero. If DBA has been enabled for STS SPE Unequipped and the Unequipped is occurring on the SONET/SDH channel, the D-bit MUST be set to one to indicate DBA is active. Only the CEP Header, the Circuit ID Word, and PSN Header MUST be transmitted into the packet network. The N and P bits MAY be used to signal pointer adjustments as normal. See Table 1 and section 5 for details. 6.1.3 CEP-RDI The CEP function MUST send CEP-RDI towards the packet network during loss of packet synchronization. This MUST be accomplished by setting the R bit to one in the CEP header. 6.2 PSN to SONET/SDH The following sections discuss how the various conditions on the packet network are converted into SONET/SDH indications. 6.2.1 AIS-P Indication pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 15]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 There are several conditions in the packet network that will cause the CEP de-packetization function to play out an AIS-P indication towards a SONET/SDH channel. The first of these is the receipt of CEP packets with the N and P bits set to one, and the D-bit set to zero. This is an explicit indication of AIS-P being received at the far-end of the packet network, with DBA disabled for AIS-P. The CEP de-packetizer MUST play out the received SPE fragment (which will incidentally be carrying all ones), and MUST configure the SONET/SDH Overhead to signal AIS-P as defined in [5], [6], and [9]. The second case is the receipt of CEP packets with the N and P bits set to one, and the D-bit set to one. This indicates that AIS-P is being received at the far-end of the packet network, with DBA enabled for AIS-P. The CEP de-packetizer MUST play out one packet's worth of all ones for each packet received, and MUST configure the SONET/SDH Overhead to signal AIS-P as defined in [5], [6], and [9]. A third case that will cause a CEP de-packetization function to play out an AIS-P indication onto a SONET/SDH channel is during loss of packet synchronization. The CEP de-packetizer MUST configure the SONET/SDH Overhead to signal AIS-P as defined in [5], [6], and [9]. 6.2.2 STS SPE Unequipped Indication There are three conditions in the packet network that will cause the CEP function to transmit STS SPE Unequipped indications onto the SONET/SDH channel. The first, which is transparent to CEP, is the receipt of regular CEP packets that happen to be carrying an SPE that contains the appropriate Path overhead to signal STS SPE unequipped. This case does not require any special processing on the part of the CEP de- packetizer. The second case is the receipt of CEP packets that have the D-bit set to one to indicate DBA active and the N and P bits set to 00 binary, 01 binary, or 10 binary to indicate SPE Unequipped with or without pointer adjustments. The CEP de-packetizer MUST use this information to transmit a packet of all zeros onto the SONET/SDH interface, and adjust the payload pointer as necessary. The third case when a CEP de-packetizer MUST play out an STS SPE Unequipped Indication towards the SONET interface is when the VC- label has been withdrawn due to de-provisioning of the circuit. 7 SONET/SDH Transport Timing It is assumed that the distribution of SONET/SDH Transport timing information is addressed through external mechanisms such as pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 16]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 Building Integrated Timing System (BITS), Global Positioning System (GPS) or other such methods and is therefore outside of the scope of this specification. 8 SONET/SDH Pointer Management A pointer management system is defined as part of the definition of SONET/SDH. Details on SONET/SDH pointer management can be found in [5], [6], and [9]. If there is a frequency offset between the frame rate of the transport overhead and that of the SONET/SDH SPE, then the alignment of the SPE shall periodically slip back or advance in time through positive or negative stuffing. The emulation of this aspect of SONET networks may be accomplished using a variety of techniques including (but not limited to) explicit pointer adjustment relay (EPAR) and adaptive pointer management (APM). In any case, the handling of the SPE data by the CEP packetizer is the same. During a negative pointer adjustment event, the CEP packetizer MUST incorporate the H3 byte from the SONET/SDH stream into the CEP packet payload in order with the rest of the SPE. During a positive pointer adjustment event, the CEP de-packetizer MUST strip the stuff byte from the CEP packet payload. When playing out a negative pointer adjustment event, the appropriate byte of the CEP payload MUST be placed into the H3 byte of the SONET/SDH stream. When playing out a positive pointer adjustment, the CEP de-packetizer MUST insert a stuff-byte into the appropriate position within the SONET/SDH stream. The details regarding the use of the H3 byte and stuff byte during positive and negative pointer adjustments can be found in [5], [6], and [9]. 8.1 Explicit Pointer Adjustment Relay (EPAR) CEP provides an OPTIONAL mechanism to explicitly relay pointer adjustment events from one side of the PSN to the other. This technique will be referred to as Explicit Pointer Adjustment Relay (EPAR). The mechanics of EPAR are described below. The following text only applies to implementations that choose to implement EPAR. Any CEP implementation that does not support EPAR MUST either set the N and P bits to zero or utilize them to relay AIS-P and STS Unequipped as shown in table 1. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 17]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 If EPAR is being used, the pointer adjustment event MUST be transmitted in three consecutive packets by the packetizer. The de- packetizer MUST play out the pointer adjustment event when any one packet with N/P bit set is received. References [5],[6],and [9] specify that pointer adjustment events MUST be separated by three SONET/SDH frames without a pointer adjustment event. In order to explicitly relay all legal pointer adjustment events, the packet size for a specific circuit SHOULD be no larger than (783 * 4 * N)/3, where N is the STS-Nc multiplier. However, there are SONET implementations that allow pointer adjustments to occur in back to back SONET/SDH frames. In order to support this possibility, EPAR implementations SHOULD set the packet size for a particular circuit to be no larger than (783*N)/3. Where N is the STS-Nc multiplier. Since the minimum value of N is one, EPAR implementations SHOULD support a minimum payload length of 783/3 or 261 bytes. For EPAR implementations, the CEP de-packetizer MUST utilize the CEP sequence numbers to insure that SONET/SDH pointer adjustment events are not played any more frequently than once per every three CEP packets transmitted by the remote CEP packetizer. If both bits are set, then an AIS-P event has occurred (this is further discussed in section 6). When DBA is invoked (i.e. the D-bit = 1), N and P have additional meanings. See Table 1 and section 5. 8.2 Adaptive Pointer Management (APM) Another OPTIONAL method that may be used to emulate SONET pointer management is Adaptive Pointer Management (APM). In basic terms, APM uses information about the depth of the CEP jitter buffers to introduce pointer adjustments in the reassembled SONET SPE. Details about specific APM algorithms is for future study. 9 CEP Performance Monitors SONET/SDH as defined in [5], [6], and [9], includes the definition of several counters that may be used to monitor the performance of SONET/SDH services. These counters are referred to as Performance Monitors. In order for CEP to be utilized by traditional SONET/SDH network operators, CEP SHOULD provide similar functionality. To this end, pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 18]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 the following sections describe a number of counters that will collectively be referred to as CEP Performance Monitors. 9.1 Near-End Performance Monitors These performance monitors are maintained by the CEP De-Packetizer during reassembly of the SONET stream. The performance monitors are based on two types of defects. Type 1 defect is defined as: missing or dropped packet. Type 2 defect is defined as: buffer under run, buffer over-run, LOPS. The specific performance monitors that are defined for CEP are as follows: ES-CEP - CEP Errored Seconds SES-CEP - CEP Severely Errored Seconds UAS-CEP - CEP Unavailable Seconds Each second that contain at least one type 1 defect SHALL be declared as ES-CEP. Each second that contain type 2 defect, or missing packets above pre-defined, configurable threshold of missing/dropped packets SHALL be declared both SES-CEP and ES-CEP. Default value for missing packet to SES is 3. UAS-CEP SHALL be declared after X consecutives SES-CEP, cleared after X consecutive seconds without SES-CEP. Default value of X is 10 seconds. Once unavailability is declared, ES and SES counts SHALL be inhibited up to the point where the unavailability was started. Once unavailability is removed, ES that occurred along the X seconds clearing period SHALL be added to the ES counts. An update is required even for closed intervals if necessary. FC-CEP is the number of time type 1 or type 2 defect states were declared. The NE SHALL have thresholding on ES-CEP, SES-CEP and UAS-CEP (thresholding mean activate a notification if more than pre- defined # of seconds are declared as ES, etc. in 15 minutes interval). 9.2 Far-End Performance Monitors These performance monitors provide insight into the CEM De- packetizer at the far-end of the PSN. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 19]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 Far end statistics are based on the RDI-CEP bit. Limited functionality is supported compared to [GR-253] for simplicity and because it is assumed that all relevant statistics are available from the end point of the PW. CEP-FE defect is declared when CEP-RDI is set in the incoming CEP packets. CEP-FE failure declared after 2.5 +/- 0.5 seconds of CEP-FE defect, and cleared after 10 seconds free of CES-FE defect state. Sending notification to the OS for CEP-FE failure is local policy. This draft does not attempt to define SES-CEPFE, UAS-CEPFE and FC- CEPFE, but they can be added if to fully emulate GR-253 far end PM (thresholding is required too here except for FC-CEPFE). (Note that ES-CEPFE is not relevant since CEP does not report back missing packets - only LOPS which is SES). The definition of additional performance monitors is for future study. 10 Open Issues This version of the draft does not address payload compression within the emulated SONET. Payload compression is expected to be supported by future versions of this draft by utilizing the extended CEP header. This version of the draft does not tie into PWE3 maintenance mechanisms for the setup and tear down of services. That short- coming will be addressed in future revisions of this document. Underlying MPLS QoS requirements are not covered by this revision of the draft. Future revisions may discuss underlying QoS requirements. Support for VT and lower speed non-SONET/SDH services are not covered in this revision of the draft. Future revisions may address VT and non-SONET/SDH TDM services. An alternate version of DBA has been suggested that would suppress transmission of the entire CEP packet stream under certain circumstances. Future versions of this draft may define such a mechanism. 11 Security Considerations This document does not address or modify security issues within the relevant PSNs. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 20]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 12 Intellectual Property Disclaimer This document is being submitted for use in IETF standards discussions. Vivace Networks, Inc. has filed one or more patent applications relating to the CEP technology outlined in this document. Vivace Networks, Inc. will grant free unlimited licenses for use of this technology. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 21]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 13 References [1] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996. [2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997 [3] Xiao et al, " Requirements for Pseudo-Wire Emulation Edge-to- Edge (PWE3)", draft-ietf-pwe3-requirements-02.txt, work in progress, Nov 2001 [4] Pate et al, "Framework for Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3)", draft-ietf-pwe3-framework-00.txt, work in progress, Feb, 2002 [5] American National Standards Institute, "Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) - Basic Description including Multiplex Structure, Rates and Formats," ANSI T1.105-1995. [6] ITU Recommendation G.707, "Network Node Interface For The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy", 1996. [7] Malis et al, "SONET/SDH Circuit Emulation Service Over MPLS (CEM) Encapsulation", draft-malis-sonet-ces-mpls-05.txt, work in progress, July 2001. [8] Danenberg et al, "SONET/SDH Circuit Emulation Service Over PSN (CEP) Management Information Base Using SMIv2", draft- danenberg-pw-cem-mib-02.txt, work in progress, Feb 2002. [9] Telcordia Technologies, "Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems: Common Generic Criteria", GR-253-CORE, Issue 3, September 2000. [10] Worster, "MPLS Label Stack Encapsulation in IP", draft- worster-mpls-in-ip-05, work in progress, July 2001. [11] ITU-T, "Recommendation I.363.1, B-ISDN Adaptation Layer Specification: Type AAL1", Appendix III, August 1996. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 22]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 14 Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank all the members of the PWE3 WG who have contributed to this effort. 15 Author's Addresses Andrew G. Malis Vivace Networks, Inc. 2730 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95134 Email: Andy.Malis@vivacenetworks.com Ken Hsu Vivace Networks, Inc. 2730 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95134 Email: Ken.Hsu@vivacenetworks.com Jeremy Brayley Laurel Networks, Inc. 2706 Nicholson Rd. Sewickley, PA 15143 Email: jbrayley@laurelnetworks.com Steve Vogelsang Laurel Networks, Inc. 2706 Nicholson Rd. Sewickley, PA 15143 Email: sjv@laurelnetworks.com John Shirron Laurel Networks, Inc. 2607 Nicholson Rd. Sewickley, PA 15143 Email: jshirron@laurelnetworks.com Luca Martini Level 3 Communications, LLC. 1025 Eldorado Blvd. Broomfield, CO 80021 Email: luca@level3.net Tom Johnson Litchfield Communications, Inc. 76 Westbury Park Rd. Watertown, CT 06795 Email: tom_johnson@litchfieldcomm.com pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 23]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 Ed Hallman Litchfield Communications, Inc. 76 Westbury Park Rd. Watertown, CT 06795 Email: ed_hallman@litchfieldcomm.com Marlene Drost Litchfield Communications, Inc. 76 Westbury Park Rd. Watertown, CT 06795 Email: marlene_drost@litchfieldcomm.com Jim Boyle Protocol Driven Networks, Inc. 1381 Kildaire Farm #288 Cary, NC 27511 Email: jboyle@pdnets.com David Zelig Corrigent Systems LTD. 126, Yigal Alon st. Tel Aviv, ISRAEL Email: davidz@corrigent.com Ron Cohen Lycium Networks Hamanofim 9, POB 12256 Herzeliya, Israel 46733 Email: ronc@lyciumnetworks.com Prayson Pate Overture Networks P. O. Box 14864 RTP, NC, USA 27709 Email: prayson.pate@overturenetworks.com Craig White Level3 Communications, LLC. 1025 Eldorado Blvd, Broomfield CO 80021 Email: Craig.White@Level3.com pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 24]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 Appendix A. SONET/SDH Rates and Formats For simplicity, the discussion in this section uses SONET terminology, but it applies equally to SDH as well. SDH-equivalent terminology is shown in the tables. The basic SONET modular signal is the synchronous transport signal- level 1 (STS-1). A number of STS-1s may be multiplexed into higher- level signals denoted as STS-N, with N synchronous payload envelopes (SPEs). The optical counterpart of the STS-N is the Optical Carrier- level N, or OC-N. Table 2 lists standard SONET line rates discussed in this document. OC Level OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192 SDH Term - STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 Line Rate(Mb/s) 51.840 155.520 622.080 2,488.320 9,953.280 Table 2. Standard SONET Line Rates Each SONET frame is 125 us and consists of nine rows. An STS-N frame has nine rows and N*90 columns. Of the N*90 columns, the first N*3 columns are transport overhead and the other N*87 columns are SPEs. A number of STS-1s may also be linked together to form a super-rate signal with only one SPE. The optical super-rate signal is denoted as OC-Nc, which has a higher payload capacity than OC-N. The first 9-byte column of each SPE is the path overhead (POH) and the remaining columns form the payload capacity with fixed stuff (STS-Nc only). The fixed stuff, which is purely overhead, is N/3-1 columns for STS-Nc. Thus, STS-1 and STS-3c do not have any fixed stuff, STS-12c has three columns of fixed stuff, and so on. The POH of an STS-1 or STS-Nc is always nine bytes in nine rows. The payload capacity of an STS-1 is 86 columns (774 bytes) per frame. The payload capacity of an STS-Nc is (N*87)-(N/3) columns per frame. Thus, the payload capacity of an STS-3c is (3*87 - 1)*9 = 2,340 bytes per frame. As another example, the payload capacity of an STS- 192c is 149,760 bytes, which is 64 times the capacity of an STS-3c. There are 8,000 SONET frames per second. Therefore, the SPE size, (POH plus payload capacity) of an STS-1 is 783*8*8,000 = 50.112 Mb/s. The SPE size of a concatenated STS-3c is 2,349 bytes per frame or 150.336 Mb/s. The payload capacity of an STS-192c is 149,760 bytes per frame, which is equivalent to 9,584.640 Mb/s. Table 2 lists the SPE and payload rates supported. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 25]
Internet Draft draft-malis-pwe3-sonet-02 March 2002 SONET STS Level STS-1 STS-3c STS-12c STS-48c STS-192c SDH VC Level - VC-4 VC-4-4c VC-4-16c VC-4-64c Payload Size(Bytes) 774 2,340 9,360 37,440 149,760 Payload Rate(Mb/s) 49.536 149.760 599.040 2,396.160 9,584.640 SPE Size(Bytes) 783 2,349 9,396 37,584 150,336 SPE Rate(Mb/s) 50.112 150.336 601.344 2,405.376 9,621.504 Table 2. Payload Size and Rate To support circuit emulation, the entire SPE of a SONET STS or SDH VC level is encapsulated into packets, using the encapsulation defined in section 4, for carriage across packet-switched networks. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Acknowledgement Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. pwe3-sonet Expires September 2002 [Page 26]