Network Working Group JFC. Morfin
Internet-Draft MLTF
Intended status: Informational February 24, 2008
Expires: August 27, 2008
multilingual/multiscript country code tags
http://mltf.org/draft-mltf-jfcm-cctags-01.txt
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
Abstract
This memo documents the multilingual and multiscript country code
tags that are derived from ISO 3166-1:2006, and their extension from
other tables and standards, which can be used in applications,
protocols, BCP 47 langtags, databases, etc. in order to index,
reference, or sort country oriented information that is expressed in
any mode and language.
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Table of Contents
1. Requirements notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Special mentions [to be removed] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Relation to ISO 3166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Discussion mailing list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Parallel works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. CCTAGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Basic cctags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Regular cctags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Extended cctags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4. Numeric cctags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Syntax of the cctags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. Country code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Language information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.3. Mode number/information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.4. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Different uses of cctags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.1. labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2. multilingual and multimode headers . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.3. roots of information space metastructures . . . . . . . . 8
6.4. Integration to the DDDS network architecture . . . . . . . 8
6.5. Digital Ecosystem cctag taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.6. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.7. BCP 47 langtags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Polynym ccTAGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.1. pcTAG local usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2. pcTAG global usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.3. mixed ccTAGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Further work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.1. Mode definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.2. Other legitimate cctags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.3. Taxonomy related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.4. pragmatics related work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8.5. langtags local variants and extensions . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. MULTINIC Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Appendix A. Geographic Aggregations table . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix B. Elements of information missing in ISO 3166 . . . . . 16
Appendix C. UNIMODE table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Appendix D. CCTAG namespace Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Appendix E. BASIC and REGULAR CCTAG Table . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Appendix F. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 21
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1. Requirements notation
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL"in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. INTRODUCTION
Human society has been, past and present, organized into Nations,
located in Countries and on Territories, as well as structured in
States that are led by Governments. The countries and territories'
administrative information of the world is documented by the ISO 3166
[ISO 3166] standard. For thirty years it has guaranteed the Internet
international stability by providing the multinational framework of
the ccTLD labels [RFC 920], [RFC 1591], [ICP-1], IDNA files, and
languages tags [RFC 4646].
Human beings have, past and present, used a multiple mode (voice,
signal, sign, script, music, computer programming, etc.) language
diversity, regarding their local education, usage, and law.
There are many reasons as to why one would want to identify the local
context of information, and the mode and language it is, or the way
it is to be expressed. A means of indicating this information is by
labeling its container with a structured identifier or "tag", which
the various lingual contexts involved in its transport, sorting,
processing, rendering, or understanding can take advantage of, even
if they differ from the language and script of its content.
While remaining consistent with every other online and offline
application and process, any national or lingual need, architecture,
protocol, or application can now take pragmatic advantage of the
language and script transparent, non-Internet specific, country code
tag system as implied by the ISO 3166:2006 version, and its recently
published administrative language and script information.
This memo fully documents a multilingual multiscript identifier
system (the country code tag) derived from ISO 3166-1:2006 and a
registry that will consistently extend it along the documented
syntax, semantics and pragmatics, as per other standards, such as IS0
639 [ISO 639] or Linguasphere [LS]. It can be used in applications,
protocols, BCP 47 langtags, databases, regulations, etc. in order to
index, structure, sort, or retrieve country or administratively-
oriented information that is expressed in a broad diversity of modes
and languages. It also provides the current status of the regular
cctag registry file.
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This system respects the IETF use of the English language and the
ASCII text format [RFC 2026] as unique references for operators,
developers, and users. This is for utility [RFC 3935] and security
obvious reasons in a multilingual cross-technology operational
environment. This system also assists database and registry
interoperability [ISO 11179], multilingual ontology interoperability
or interintelligibility, and relational sociability.
3. Special mentions [to be removed]
3.1. Relation to ISO 3166
As per the ISO 3166 rules, this memo along with its annexes have been
copied to the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency.
3.2. Discussion mailing list
This document is being discussed on the http://mltf.org/mail.htm
mailing list.
3.3. Parallel works
The Multi-Lingual Technical Forum [MLTF] has engaged in several
parallel works that concern the world digital ecosystem (WDE)
multilinguistic support evolution within the five areas of material
plug to plug interconnectivity, end to end interoperability, brain to
brain interintelligibility (semantic interoperability), folk to folk
intersociability (pragmatic interoperability, and of Multilingual/
Polynym Ontologies, and the Multi-National Information Center
[MULTINIC] to support Multilingual Distributed Referential Systems
(MDRS).
NB. When considering a garden of various lingually equivalent
ontologies, one tends to call them a "Multilingual Ontology" if they
adapt to the constraints of the language diversity, and a Polynym
Ontology or Polynym Multilinguual Ontology if they enforce a strict
polynymism, i.e. a bijective equivalence of metadata and data. A
Multilingual Ontology will be said "multiintellegible" and a Polynym
Ontology will be said "multioperable".
4. CCTAGs
ASCII Country Code Tags (cctags) are the strict equivalent to their
own locally authoritative version in the script and language that
they refer to. This memo documents cctags in English and the ASCII
compact format. Following RFC 4260 [RFC 4260] considerations, this
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format is alphanumeric. They could be equally validly documented in
any other language, script, and syntax.
Their different forms for every language and script, strictly have
the same meaning and value. This is why cctags are said to be
"polynym".
Four classes of cctags are considered:
4.1. Basic cctags
These cctags are only formed by the ISO 3166 country code elements,
mode, and language that are implied by the context, in which they can
be used for pragmatics needs or for application compatibility
reasons.
4.2. Regular cctags
These cctags are formed only from ASCII elements that are obtained
from ISO 3166-1:2006 country and language alpha2 codes and user
extensions that have been reported to the ISO 3166/MA, separated by
the numeric of the mode. They are five alphanumeric long (up to
seven in case of some specific modes.
4.3. Extended cctags
There are several ASCII cctag types that are formed along the same
syntax as regular cctags in using other tables and standards. Their
purpose is to extend the coverage and use of cctags. They can be up
to eight alphanumeric long, and even to ten in case of some specific
modes.
4.4. Numeric cctags
Numeric cctags are a universal (language and mode independent) form
of the cctags. They can be formed by using ISO 3166 and other
standards' numeric tables, or any algorithm to transform them in a
numeric grid or an IPv6 sub-addressing. This memo does not cover
numeric cctags.
5. Syntax of the cctags
The syntax of the regular cctags concatenates country, mode, and
language code elements into five (or more) alphanumeric formatted
strings.
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5.1. Country code
Country and territory code elements come from the ISO 3166-1 alpha2
list and from Appendix A (Geographic Aggregations). Extended cctags
can be builtby using ISO 3166-1 alpha3 [ISO 3166] and ISO 3166-3 [ISO
3166] alpha4 lists.
5.2. Language information
Language code elements come from ISO 3166 (administrative languages)
and Appendix B (alpha2 code elements of ISO 3166 administrative
languages that are missing in ISO 639-1). Extended cctags can be
formed with ISO 639-2 and 639-3 code elements.
5.3. Mode number/information
Languages can be used in different modes. The mode code elements can
be one, two, or more characters long. The first character is always
numeric, whereas the other characters, if any, are always alpha. The
mode code element list is documented in Appendix C (UNIMODE table).
The default mode ("0") corresponds to a "trihexadecimal" character
set, i.e. a numbering from 0 to Z, which corresponds to the current
English ASCII version of ISO 3166. Trihexadecimal does not change
the current usage, but it can help interoperability with other
standards and non-ASCII tables. It is noted as "Trih" script.
5.4. Examples
In using the documented components shown above, one can form cctags
such as:
"FR0FR" - French from France in pure ASCII (without diacritics)
"FR1FR" - the same but with diacritics
"CN0CN" - ASCII Romanized Chinese from China
"SG1CN" - Han written Chinese from Singapore
6. Different uses of cctags
The polynym nature of cctags enables its use as:
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6.1. labels
They can be used in order to name a local item that is specific of a
mode and language in a file, object, document, application, etc. For
example, a French airport information audiogram for Chinese
passengers can be labeled FR1CN.
6.2. multilingual and multimode headers
They enable the tagging and sorting of multilingual and multimode
information. The cctag sort is made in the sorting order of the
cctag script and the content sort is made in the sorting order of its
own script as documented by the cctag.
6.3. roots of information space metastructures
The cctags enables the creation of country code oriented name
(taxonomy) and information spaces that can be used in ISO 11179
conformant registries [ISO 11179], Ontology building, or Dynamic
Delegation Discovery Systems (DDDS) [RFC 3401].
This will enable the mapping of unique cctag headed multi-taxa (class
and attribute labels) strings to data stored within DDDS databases,
or to resolve the absolute or relative network address of their
distributed description instances.
6.4. Integration to the DDDS network architecture
DDDSs are a proven part of the Internet architecture (the DNS is a
DDDS) that might particularly match the distributed (multi-zone) and
multilingual network constraints well. The "first well known rule"
that will be applied to the cctag headed application "unique strings"
will be the cctag polynym table itself (the list of its own language
and mode versions). It will "rewrite" the cctag based metastructure
portion of the unique string into the application mode and language.
6.5. Digital Ecosystem cctag taxonomy
A digital ecosystem oriented cctag taxonomy is considered by the
MULTINIC project. A Draft taxonomy is introduced in Appendix D.
6.6. Examples
Using that taxonomy in rather simple semantic cctag headed unique
strings that can be used to define
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o a national ccTLD: "FR0FR"."ccTLD" : will be rewritten as ".fr"
o a country name: "CI0FR"."country name" : will be rewritten as
"Cote d'Ivoire"
o a national TLD in a registry: "nationalTLD.cn1cn.reg.org" : will
rewritten as ".zhangguo.reg.org"
6.7. BCP 47 langtags
BCP 47 permits the use of cctags as private agreement subtags in the
"x-" private use area. This can enable easy RFC 4646
interoperability for national administrative languages variants and
extensions. In order to avoid confusion with other private use
subtags, the syntax to be "x-cc-" followed by a cctag. Subsequent
"-" can be used as further information separators.
Example: "x-cc-cn1fr" can tag a legal Chinese document writen in
Latin script French.
7. Polynym ccTAGs
Polynym ccTAGs (also called pcTAGs in case of possible confusion) are
ccTAGs built after a locally authoritative ISO 3166 polynym table.
They are strictly equivalent. They can be handled by applications in
two different ways:
7.1. pcTAG local usage
When pcTAG use a single script, they can be directly used if the
application supports this script.
7.2. pcTAG global usage
In other cases they should be interlinked ("polynym interlink") to
the trihexadecimal version of the country and language table (the
mode stays in hexadecimal).
7.3. mixed ccTAGs
In the case of ccTAGs using different scripts for the country and
language code elements polynym interlinking should be first applied.
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8. Further work
This section is not a part of the cctag current state of the art
description. It only aims at providing Internet community Members
with information on the possible extensions of the cctag
considerations, in order to assist the interoperability of their own
projects or for them to participate in the corresponding work.
8.1. Mode definition
Modes are understood as belonging to a congruent set of content
expression characteristics. They may range from vocality to specific
scripts, or particular orthographies.
8.2. Other legitimate cctags
Other cctags can be privately formed or researched, which might use a
digital format that is based on number lists, or other language code
elements from: ISO 639 series, or widely approved, established, or
open language emergence tables, codes, or directories of language
referents.
Emergences are the common properties that arise from syneergy within
a concept cluster.
Referents can be any form of a dictionary, online language tables,
etc. that authors or interlocutors may refer to. This memo does not
cover language referents.
8.3. Taxonomy related work
The number of taxonomies that can be associated or that can take
advantage of cctags is quasi unlimited. Documenting them should be
carried out in cooperation with other endeavors.
Some of the works that could possible be considered are:
o taxonomy garden management (taxonomies not belonging to the same
class)
o integration of date and epistemological elements
o redundancy reduction: to avoid the same information being entered
twice.
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o polynimy - multilingual thesauri
o polylingualisation - the support of several languages in the same
content.
8.4. pragmatics related work
In linguistics, syntax is the literal organization, semantics is the
literal meaning, and pragmatics is the implied meaning of an idea.
Access to referent registries that determine the sentence meaning and
access to context and personal registries (that influences the
speaker's meaning and the reader's interpretation) are essential to
the inter-relational process.
Work on networking pragmatic competence assistance (also called
"extended services") should extensively benefit from cctags since
most of the norms, standards, cultural, local, and personal models,
and relational contexts are country related and expressed in their
administrative language or in the administrative language of its
visitors or interlocutors.
o multilingual distributed referent systems
o non-linear DDDS and interlink systems?
8.5. langtags local variants and extensions
Pragmatics mainly sort the utterances by language, author/reader,
date, or location. RFC 4646 sorts them by language and regalian
location considered as geographic, and cctags by regalian location
and languages. Work on the use of the cctag metastructure, in an RFC
4646 consistent manner, could help the preservation of
interintelligibility, and even conditional interoperability, between
these two schemes.
9. MULTINIC Registry
This memo does not cover the MULTINIC repository. Its purpose is to
host cctag based and multilaterally sourced multilingual information
ontologies and registries. They should encompass data of common good
necessary to navigate the real (norms), technical (standards),
virtual (models), and relational (contexts) worlds and to master
their multiple technologies in the world digital ecosystem as well as
their permanent evolution.
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The registry files documented in Appendixes are:
o Appendix A - Geographic Aggregation table
This registry documents ISO 3166 conformant aggregation as per ISO
3166-1 8.1.2. and 8.1.3. clauses. The ISO 3166 MA has been copied
to the present Draft.
o Appendix B - Element of information missing in ISO 3166
This registry documents the information that is missing in ISO
3166 to fully support cctags.
o Appendix C - The UNIMODE table
This registry documents the mode related information. Its syntax
is one numeric, which is optionally followed by one or several
alphas.
o Appendix D - a cctag taxonomy
These are initially suggested taxa matching Internet needs. New
taxa can be added as they become necessary, and the online version
of this list can be subsequently extended.
o Appendix E - the CCTAG table
The ISO 3166 CCTAG resulting ASCII code, documenting the
corresponding country, script, and administrative language for
each CCTAG.
These files will be maintained by the MULTINIC and should be
distributed through MDRS.
10. Security Considerations
This memo does not introduce any security related issue. However, it
is to be considered that in strictly abiding by RFC 1591 and the
definition of e-countries from ISO 3166, and by the positions of the
World Submit on Information Society [WSIS] regarding national naming
sovereignty, it may conflict with alternative projects. The ICANN
IDN working group investigates such an alternative project, which may
want to consider that the territories covered by IDNs could differ
from the territories Internet Communities named by the ASCII ccTLDs,
and thereby, departing from regular cctags. However, nothing opposes
extended cctags being used, based on ISO 3166-2 or ISO 3166-2
aggregations.
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11. IANA Considerations
This memo does not call for any IANA involvement. However, the IANA
may freely decide to host the MULTINIC's files. Currently, the
MULTINIC update service to the MDRS is not documented.
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Appendix A. Geographic Aggregations table
Geographic Aggregations table Documents ISO 3166 conformant
aggregation as per ISO 3166-1 8.1.2. and 8.1.3. clauses: ISO 3166 MA
Members has been copied the present Draft.
ISO 3166 customized codes for geographic aggregations
+------+--------+--------+-----+---------------------------------+
| CONT | alpha2 | alpha3 | NR | Description |
+------+--------+--------+-----+---------------------------------+
| QT | QT | ZQT | 001 | World |
| QM | QM | ZQM | 002 | Africa |
| QM | XA | ZXA | 014 | Eastern Africa |
| QM | XB | ZXB | 017 | Middle Africa |
| QM | XC | ZXC | 015 | Northern Africa |
| QM | XD | ZXD | 018 | Southern Africa |
| QM | XE | ZXE | 011 | Western Africa |
| QN | QN | ZQN | 019 | Americas |
| QN | QO | ZQO | 419 | Latin America and the Caribbean |
| QN | QP | ZQP | 021 | Northern America b/ |
| QN | XF | ZXF | 029 | Caribbean |
| QN | XG | ZXG | 013 | Central America |
| QN | XH | ZXH | 005 | South America |
| QO | QO | ZQO | 419 | Latin America and the Caribbean |
| QP | QP | ZQP | 021 | Northern America |
| QQ | QQ | ZQQ | 142 | Asia |
| QQ | XI | ZXI | 143 | Central Asia |
| QQ | XJ | ZXJ | 030 | Eastern Asia |
| QQ | XK | ZXK | 034 | Southern Asia |
| QQ | XL | ZXL | 035 | South-Eastern Asia |
| QQ | XM | ZXM | 145 | Western Asia |
| QR | QR | ZQR | 150 | Europe |
| QR | XN | ZXN | 151 | Eastern Europe |
| QR | XO | ZXO | 154 | Northern Europe |
| QR | XP | ZXP | 039 | Southern Europe |
| QR | XQ | ZXQ | 155 | Western Europe |
| QS | QS | ZQS | 009 | Oceania |
| QS | XR | ZXR | 053 | Australia and New Zealand |
| QS | XS | ZXS | 054 | Melanesia |
| QS | XT | ZXT | 057 | Micronesia |
| QS | XU | ZXU | 061 | Polynesia |
+------+--------+--------+-----+---------------------------------+
Table 1: Addition to 3166 - (sub)continents
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ISO 3166 customized codes for geographic aggregations
+------+--------+--------+-----+------------------------------------+
| CONT | alpha2 | alpha3 | NR | Description |
+------+--------+--------+-----+------------------------------------+
| QU | QU | ZQU | 990 | Martime part of the World (5 |
| | | | | oceans cluster) |
| QV | QV | ZQV | 991 | Atlantic Ocean |
| QW | QW | ZQW | 992 | Indian Ocean |
| QX | QX | ZQX | 993 | Pacific Ocean |
| QY | QY | ZQY | 994 | Arctic Ocean |
| QZ | QZ | ZQZ | 995 | Antartic Ocean |
+------+--------+--------+-----+------------------------------------+
Table 2: Addition to 3166 - Oceans
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Appendix B. Elements of information missing in ISO 3166
Elements of information missing in ISO 3166 Documents the information
that is missing in ISO 3166 in order to fully support cctags.
+--------+--------+------------------------------+
| alpha2 | alpha3 | language |
+--------+--------+------------------------------+
| ns | nso | Northern Sotho, Pedi, Sepedi |
| pu | pau | Palau |
| sy | cpt | Selsewa creole |
| tp | tpi | Tok Pisin |
| tu | tet | Tetum |
| zz | zzz | no defined language |
+--------+--------+------------------------------+
Table 3: Addition to 3166
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Appendix C. UNIMODE table
UNIMODE table Documents one numeric, plus one or two optional alpha,
code for mode information.
Value Description
0 trihexadecimal (0-Z) numbering is equivalent to the
ASCII character set, but adds some computing, sorting,
etc. possibilities.
1 to 4 lists the value of other scripts associated with
languages.
5 voice.
6 to 7 reserved for further use.
8 to 9 escape sequence to the general alpha second character
from A to Z in order to document special modes.
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Appendix D. CCTAG namespace Taxonomy
CCTAG namespace Taxonomy These taxa are suggested to form an initial
Internet cctag taxonomy. New taxa can be added as they become
cecessary, and the online version of this list can be subsequently
extended. This is an embryonic taxonomy project for initiating a
debate on the organisation and the support of this namespace.
+-------+---------+-----------------------------------------+
| Class | Taxa | Description |
+-------+---------+-----------------------------------------+
| MA | | Maintenance Agency taxonomy |
| MA | IT | Maintenance Agency ITU information |
| MA | IN | Maintenance Agency Internet information |
| IT | | ITU taxonomy |
| IT | MA | Maintenance Agency |
| IT | E164 | E.164 code for the country |
| IT | DCC | X.121 Data Country Code. |
| IN | | Internet taxonomy |
| IN | IANA.IP | IP address of the IANA repository |
| IN | IANA.DN | iana.org - IANA Repositiry Domain Name |
+-------+---------+-----------------------------------------+
Table 4: Proposed cctag taxonomy for the World Digital Ecosystem
(WDE)
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Appendix E. BASIC and REGULAR CCTAG Table
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC1591] Postel, J., "Domain Name System Structure and Delegation",
RFC 1591, March 1994.
[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision
3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, October 1996.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3401] Mealling, M., "Dynamic Delegation Discovery System (DDDS)
Part One: The Comprehensive DDDS", RFC 3401, October 2002.
[RFC3935] Alvestrand, H., "A Mission Statement for the IETF",
BCP 95, RFC 3935, October 2004.
[RFC4646] Phillips, A. and M. Davis, "Tags for Identifying
Languages", BCP 47, RFC 4646, September 2006.
12.2. Informative References
[ICP-1] ICANN, "ICANN/ICP-1 Internet Domain Name System Structure
and Delegation (ccTLD Administration and Delegation)",
1999, <http://www.icann.org/icp/icp-1.htm>.
[ISO3166] ISO, "ISO 3166 Codes for the representation of names of
countries and their subdivisions", Month 2006,
<http://iso.org>.
[ISO3166-2]
ISO, "ISO 3166-2 Codes for the representation of names of
countries and their subdivisions", Month 2007,
<http://iso.org>.
Appendix F. Acknowledgments
Any list of contributors is bound to be incomplete. This one would
have to go back far in the past and quote so many people unknown who
contributed greatly at their level to the world stability. I wish
however to thank in particular the co-founders of the MLTF for the
work achieved together and those who have made the ISO 3166-1:2006
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administrative language section possible.
Author's Address
Jean-Francois C. Morfin
INTLNET
23 rue Saint Honore
Versailles 78000
France
Phone: (33.1) 39 50 05 10
Email: jefsey@jefsey.com
URI: http://intlnet.org
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