Network Working Group H. Nakajima
Internet-Draft Mercari R4D
Intended status: Informational M. Kusunoki
Expires: January 3, 2019 JDD
K. Hida
JBA
Y. Suga
Advanced Security Div, IIJ
T. Hayashi
Lepidum
July 02, 2018
Terminology for Crypto Asset
draft-nakajima-crypto-asset-terminology-00
Abstract
This document provides terminology used in crypto asset.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1. Introduction
Our goal with this document is to improve our understanding on a set
of terms which frequently used in documents which related to crypto
asset. Mutual understanding about terminology may help to reach a
consensus on issues we're trying to solve.
2. Conventions and Definitions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Terms and Definitions
address: An identifier to represent a public key in a blockchain
network.
asymmetric cryptography: Defined in [RFC4949] as "A modern branch of
cryptography (popularly known as "public-key cryptography") in
which the algorithms use a pair of keys (a public key and a
private key) and use a different component of the pair for each of
two counterpart cryptographic operations (e.g., encryption and
decryption, or signature creation and signature verification). "
block: A basic unit of the blockchain. A set of transactions on a
blockchain which contains a cryptographic hash value of previous
block.
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blockchain: A digital ledger about transactions for crypto assets.
confirmation: (For transactions,) checking correctness of a
transaction in the mainchain.
consensus: Coincidence the way of thinking.
crypto assets: Cryptographically guaranteed value.
deterministic wallet: See: wallet
digital signature: Defined in [RFC4949] as "A value computed with a
cryptographic algorithm and associated with a data object in such
a way that any recipient of the data can use the signature to
verify the data's origin and integrity."
distributed ledger: A distributed database about crypto assets with
agreed processed.
double spending: Defined in [MasteringBitcoinOnline] as "result of
successfully spending some money more than once."
fiat money: Currency which has been established by government or
other authorities.
fork: Defined in [MasteringBitcoinOnline] as "Fork, also known as
accidental fork, occurs when two or more blocks have the same
block height, forking the block chain. Typically occurs when two
or more miners find blocks at nearly the same time."
genesis block: An initial block on a blockchain. Genesis block may
differ to distinguish chains.
hard fork: See: fork
hash value: Defined in [RFC4949] as "The output of a hash function."
hash rate: Amount of a hash value which node is able to generate per
unit of time (generally per second)
hierarchy deterministic wallet: See: wallet
mining: A process to append a received transaction to a block by
validating a transaction with agreed consensus rules such as
proof-of-work and proof-of-stake. Miner is a network node which
contributes its resources to mining.
miner: See: mining
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multisignature: Defined in [MasteringBitcoinOnline] as "requiring
more than one key to authorize a bitcoin transaction". In this
scope, transaction is not limited to bitcoin transaction.
node: A device that connects to blockchain network.
off-chain transaction: The movement of value outside of the
blockchain
on-chain transaction: The movement of value on the blockchain
orphan block: Defined in [MasteringBitcoinOnline] as "Blocks whose
parent block has not been processed by the local node, so they
can't be fully validated yet."
permissioned-chain: A public blockchain that only specified members
can join the blockchain network.
permissionless-chain: See: permissioned-chain
public-chain: An open blockchain that anyone can retrieve all of
blocks and transactions without special privileges.
public key: Defined in [RFC4949] as "The publicly disclosable
component of a pair of cryptographic keys used for asymmetric
cryptography."
private-chain: In contrast with "public-chain", A closed blockchain
that only permissioned users can access blocks and make
transactions.
private key: Defined in [RFC4949] as "The secret component of a pair
of cryptographic keys used for asymmetric cryptography."
proof-of-stake: Defined in [MasteringBitcoinOnline] as "method by
which a cryptocurrency blockchain network aims to achieve
distributed consensus."
proof-of-work: Defined in [MasteringBitcoinOnline] as "A piece of
data that requires significant computation to find."
reorganization: Invalidation process of branched blockchains.
reward: Value by the blockchain network which assigned to a miner
who successfully validates a transaction. Rules may differ among
blockchains and consensus rules.
side-chain: See off-chain
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smart contract: A guaranteed digital procedure that automatically
enforced on a blockchain network.
soft fork: See: fork
token: An unforgeable data object.
transaction: Defined in [MasteringBitcoinOnline] as "More precisely,
a transaction is a signed data structure expressing a transfer of
value."
validation: Checking correctness and consistency of given data.
validated: See: validation
validator: See: validation
wallet: A set of key pair composed of public key and private key.
4. Security Considerations
This document defines terminology for crypto asset. Therefore, there
is no security considerations.
5. IANA Considerations
None.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
6.2. Informative References
[MasteringBitcoinOnline]
Antonopoulos, A., "Mastering Bitcoin", March 2018,
<https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook>.
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[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to members of the Virtual Currency Governance Task Force for
help and feedback.
Authors' Addresses
Hirotaka Nakajima
Mercari, Inc. R4D
Roppongi Hills Mori Tower 18F
6-10-1 Roppongi
Minato, Tokyo 106-6118
JAPAN
Email: nunnun@mercari.com
Masanori Kusunoki
Japan Digital Design, Inc.
Email: masanori.kusunoki@japan-d2.com
Keiichi Hida
Japan Blockchain Association
Email: hida@jba-web.jp
Yuji Suga
Advanced Security Division, Internet Initiative Japan Inc.
Iidabashi Grand Bloom,
2-10-2 Fujimi
Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0071
JAPAN
Email: suga@iij.ad.jp
Tatsuya HAYASHI
Lepidum Co. Ltd.
Email: hayashi@lepidum.co.jp
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