IPv6 maintenance Working Group (6man) H. Rafiee
INTERNET-DRAFT C. Meinel
Updates RFC 3971 Hasso Plattner Institute
(if approved)
Intended status: Proposed Standard
Expires: June 15, 2014 December 15, 2013
A Simple Secure Addressing Scheme for IPv6 AutoConfiguration (SSAS)
<draft-rafiee-6man-ssas-08.txt>
Abstract
The purpose of this document is to address the current problem
inherent with using Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA)
[RFC3972] and introduces a new algorithm that can eliminate the cost
of CGA algorithm. This algorithm also responds to the security issues
(IP spoofing) exists in Privacy Extension [RFC4941] or any other
documents that does not focus on local security by integrating
privacy with the security.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working
documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is
at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on June 2, 2014.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to
BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF
Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the
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date of publication of this document. Please review these documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions used in this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Algorithms Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Interface ID (IID) Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1. Signature Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.2. Generation of NDP/SeND Messages . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.2.1. SSAS signature data field . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.3. SSAS verification process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Resource Public key Infrastructure (RPKI) . . . . . . . . 9
4. SSAS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. A solution for all nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Authentication in Network layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. Authentication in Application Layer . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4. Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1. Network-based protection vs. Node-based protection . . . 11
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.1. Normative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9.2. Informative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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1. Introduction
In IPv6 networks, nodes can use two different mechanisms to configure
their IP addresses -- Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) [RFC4861,
RFC4862] and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) [RFC3315].
Unfortunately none of these mechanisms are natively secure. So, they
open the nodes with so many local security problems. There are
several attacks possible iin local network [RFC3756]. One example is
IP spoofing that forges the identity of the other node, the other
example is preventing the node from configuring his IP address.
The reasons that local security is important are as follows [5]:
- Not all the nodes on the local link are trusted: viruses or other
malware can infect the legitimate node in the local link and turn it
to an attacker.
- Attacker might be inside the network: The networks of big
enterprises might be harmed by one of the staff that was recently
fired.
There is currently a mechanism available to secure the NDP, i.e.,
Secure Neighbor Discovery (SeND) [RFC3971]. SeND does this protection
by adding 4 options to NDP packets. Among these options,
Cryptographically Generated Addresses (CGA) [RFC3972] is a very
important option that provides the node with the proof of IP address
ownership by finding a binding between the node's public key and his
IP address. Unfortunately CGA has some problems that are listed as
follows:
- CGA sec value problem: This problem is explained in [3].
- CGA increase complexity and decrease performance: CGA uses sec
value (the value between 0 to 7) and claims to complicate the brute
force attacks. (However it is not true based on [3]) If CGA sec value
higher than 0 is in use, then this will reduce the performance
because CGA algorithm needs to repeat some steps and it needs the
high attention of the CPU and makes the CPU busy. So, CGA sec value
higher than 0, consumes more energy than other nodes that do not use
CGA. Today, the demands on multi-functioning smaller devices are
increasing but unfortunately the battery technology is not as
advanced as expected. So, the use of CGA algorithm that needs to use
higher level of energy is not ideal for these types of nodes and the
use of CGA sec value zero does not protect the node as expected.
- CGA might cause privacy issue: Since the generation of CGA higher
sec values might take time. The nodes might not be willing to change
its IP address and keep this address as long as the subnet prefix is
valid. If the node is a fixed node in the network, then it will be
vulnerable to node tracking. The node might also not change the CGA
address when it visits a new network. Since in Hash2 process
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- Packet size
CGA uses RSA as a default key size algorithm and there is no
definition of the use of other public key cryptography algorithms.
This is why the minimum packet size for CGA nodes is 460 bytes.
Packet size also reduces the performance and causes delays in the
network.
Since privacy and security are, both, very important issues in
everyday life, the purpose of this document is to offer an
alternative and simple addressing mechanism to generate an interface
ID (IID) which provides the node with both security and privacy while
does not sacrifice the performance, and tries to decrease the packet
size as much as possible
2. Conventions used in this document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [RFC2119].
In this document, these words will appear with that interpretation
only when in ALL CAPS. Lower case uses of these words are not to be
interpreted as carrying RFC-2119 significance.
In this document the use of || indicates the concatenation of the
values on either side of the sign.
3. Algorithms Overview
As explained earlier, one of the problems with using the current IID
generation approach is the intensive computer processing that is
needed for the IID algorithm generation. Another concern is for the
lack of security (if CGA is not in use). Since we assume that a node
will need to generate and keep its address for a short period of
time, we have tried to keep the IID generation process to a minimum.
We have also tried to remain within the confines of NDP protocol.
3.1. Interface ID (IID) Generation
To generate the IID a node will need to execute the following steps.
1. Generate key pairs (public/private keys) using ECC [RFC6090] or
other available algorithms. ECC is the default algorithm, but any
algorithm capable of generating a small key size in a short amount of
time is viable. It is best to have the key pairs generated, on the
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fly, during the start-up phase of the algorithm generation. These
keys SHOULD be valid for only a certain period of time which depends
on network policy. When the time expires for the use of these key
pairs, the node will generate new key pairs. It then uses this new
value for the generation of the IP address and signature. Comparing
the use of ECC to that of RSA shows that an ECC with a 192 bit key is
equivalent to a RSA with a 7680 bit key (according to US National
Security Agency) In this case the packet size would be decreased by a
factor 11 times smaller than that when using RSA.
Note: The node MUST not generate the weak key. For ECC, the node MUST
not use ECC key size lower than 192 bits. If any nodes used a weak
key size, then the other nodes MUST discard receiving the message
from that node.
2. Divide the public key array of bytes into two half byte arrays
(see figure 1). Obtain the first 4 bytes from the first half byte
array and call it the partial IID1. Obtain the first 4 bytes of the
second half byte array and call this the partial IID2. (Dividing the
public key is only for randomization)
3. Concatenate partial IID1 with partial IID2 and call this the IID.
4. Concatenate the IID with the local subnet prefix to set the local
IP address.
5. Concatenate the IID with the router subnet prefix (Global subnet
prefix), obtained from the Router Advertisement (RA) message, and set
it as a tentative public IP address. This IP address will become
permanent after Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) processing. (for
more information about DAD refer to section 3.1.2. )
Note: In this document bits u and g does not have any particular
meaning and is used as a part of public key. This assumption is by
the clarification of using these bits in [3]
+-------------+---------+ +-------------+---------+
|partial IID1 | | |Partial IID2 | |
+-------------+ | +-------------+ |
| | | |
+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+
Figure 1 Public key divided into two halves
3.1.1. Signature Generation
If SSAS is used as an option of SeND, SSAS signature can be placed as
a RSA signature in SeND. If SSAS is used alone, this section MUST be
included in SSAS data structure.
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The SSAS signature is added to NDP messages in order to protect them
from IP spoofing and spoofing types of attack. SSAS will provide
proof of IP address ownership. To generate the SSAS signature, the
node needs to execute the following steps:
1. Concatenate the timestamp with the MAC address, collision count,
algorithm type and the global (public) IP address. (see figure 2)
+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+
|timestamp|Mac address|Collision Count|Algorithm type|
| 8 bytes | 6 bytes | 3 bits | 1 byte |
+---------------------+---------------+--------------+
|Global IP address | Other Options |
| 16 bytes | variable |
+---------------------+---------------+
Figure 2 SSAS Signature format
2. Sign the resulting value from step 1, using the ECC private key
(or any other short key size algorithm), and call the resulting
output the SSAS signature.
If NDP messages contain other data that must be protected, such as
important routing information, then this data SHOULD also be included
in the signature. The signature is designed for the inclusion of any
data needing protection. If there is no data that needs protection,
then the signature will only contain the timestamp, MAC address,
Collision count and Global IP address (Router subnet prefix plus
IID).
3.1.2. Generation of NDP/SeND Messages
After a node generates its IP address, it should then process
Duplicate Address Detection in order to avoid address collisions in
the network. In order to do this the node needs to generate a
Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message. The SSAS signature is added to
the ICMPv6 options of NS messages. The SSAS signature data field is
an extended version of the standard format of the RSA signature
option of SeND [RFC3971]. The timestamp option is the same as that
used with SeND. In the SSAS signature, the data field contains the
following items: type, length, reserved, Other Len, algorithm type,
collision count, subnet prefix, other option and padding.
3.1.2.1. SSAS signature data field
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+------+-------+------------+---------+
| Type |Length | Reserved |Other len|
|1 byte|1 byte | 2 bytes | 1 byte |
+----------+---------+------+---------+
| Algorithm|Collision|Subnet| Other |
| type | count |prefix|Options |
| 1 byte | 3 bits |8bytes| |
+-------------------------------------+
| |
| SSAS Signature |
| |
+-------------------------------------+
| padding |
+-------------------------------------+
Figure 3 NDP Message Format with SSAS Signature Data Field
- Type: This option is set to 15. This is the sequential number used
in SeND to indicate a SSAS data field.
- Length: The length of the Signature Data field, including the Type,
Length, Reserved, Algorithm type, Signature and padding, must be a
multiple of eight.
- Reserved: A 2 byte field reserved for future use. The value must be
initialized to zero by the sender and should be ignored by the
receiver.
- Other Len: The length of other options in multiples of eight. The
length of this field is 1 byte.
- algorithm type: The algorithm used to generate key pairs and sign
the message. The length of this field is 1 byte. For ECC, this value
is 0. Future algorithms will start at one and increase from there.
- Collision count: When a collision occurs during the DAD, the node
will increment this value and store it in a file to be included in
the sent packets for as long as the current IP address is valid. This
value indicates to the node where it needs to start its check from,
i.e., the first or second or third bytes from the start of the half
byte array of the public key.
- Subnet Prefix: This is the router subnet prefix.
- Other Options. This variable-length field contains important data
that needs to be protected in the packet. The padding is used to
insure that the field is a multiple of eight in length.
- Padding. A variable-length field containing padding to insure that
the entire signature field is a multiple of eight in length. It thus
contains the number of blanks needed to make the entire signature
field end on a multiple of eight.
All NDP messages (except RS messages) SHOULD contain the SSAS
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signature data field which allows receivers to verify senders. If a
node receives a solicited NA message in response to its NS message
showing that another node claims to own this address, then, after a
successful verification process, this node increments the collision
count by one and this value is used as explained in the "Collision
count" item above. It will start from that section of the public key
for the generation of a new IP address. If the node receives the same
claim three times in a row, then it will consider it as an attack and
it will use that IP address.
This document proposes an update to the RFC 3971 in order to include
the the SSAS signature data field as an additional field to SeND to
be used in place of RSA signature.
3.1.3. SSAS verification process
A node's verification process should start when it receives NDP
messages. Following are the steps used in the verification process:
1. Obtain the timestamp from the NDP message and call this value t1.
2. Obtain the timestamp from the node's system, convert it to UTC,
and call this value t2.
3. If (t2- x) < = t1 < = (t2 + x) go to step 4. Otherwise, the
message SHOULD be discarded without further processing. The value of
x is dependent on network delays and network policy. The default
value would be the value of RTT. The implementations SHOULD allow to
set different values.
4. Obtain the public key from its own neighboring cache. If no
matches are found in the node cache and if there is a centralized
RPKI model available in the local network, then the node MIGHT obtain
this public key from that node. Otherwise go to the next step.
5. Compare this to its own public key. If it is not the same, go to
the next step. Otherwise, the message should be discarded without
further processing. (This step should be skipped when the node uses
the RPKI to obtain the other nodes' public key.)
6. Divide the public key into two arrays of bytes. Based on the
collision count, start from the first, second or third bytes of
public key and select 4 bytes from each half byte array and call them
partial IID 1 and 2. Concatenate partial IID 1 with partial IID2.
Obtain the node's source IP address. Compare this value with the
node's IID source IP. If it is the same, go to the next step.
Otherwise, discard the message without further processing.
7. Concatenate the timestamp with the MAC address, algorithm type,
collision count, sender's Global IP address (subnet prefix and IID),
and other options (if any) and call this entity the plain message.
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8. Obtain the SSAS signature from the SSAS signature data field.
Obtain the Algorithm type from the message.
9. Verify the Signature using the public key and then enter the plain
message and the SSAS signature as an input to the verification
function. If the verification process is successful, process the
message. Otherwise, the message should be discarded without further
processing.
After a successful verification, the node SHOULD store the public key
and MAC address of the sender node in its neighboring cache. By
default, the cache is valid for two days but the implementation
SHOULD consider a way to let the end users change this default value.
3.2. Resource Public key Infrastructure (RPKI)
To Authorize the Routers in the network and increase the security of
the nodes in this network, it is recommended to use an RPKI explained
in RFC 6494 and 6495. It is explained in more detail in [1] and local
security deployment [5].
4. SSAS Applications
4.1. A solution for all nodes
SSAS is capable to be used in standard nodes (standard computers) and
nodes where limited computational resources are available. One
example is the use of SSAS in sensor networks. Sensor networks are a
prime example of nodes with limited resources (such as battery, CPU,
and etc); see RFC-4919 [RFC4919] for use in IPv6 networks. Because
currently, as explained in section 4. RFC-6775, the generation of the
IID is based on EUI-64 which makes these nodes vulnerable to privacy
and security attacks. One of these types of attack can occur during
the Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) process.
4.2. Authentication in Network layer
Another example for the use of SSAS would be in mobile networks
during the generation of IP addresses, as explained in section 4.4
RFC-6275 [RFC6275]. The current problem with the addressing mechanism
in a mobile node is that no privacy is observed when a node moves to
another network while usually keeping its Home Address. If there were
a fast and secure mechanism available, then it would be possible to
set this Home Address and change it and re-register it to the Home
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network. Another possible use for SSAS in mobile nodes could be as a
security mechanism during the configuration of Care of Address (CoA);
see section 3. RFC-5213 [RFC5213]. In that RFC, home proxy plays the
role of a home agent for mobile nodes and mobile nodes set their CoA
by the use of either stateful or stateless autoconfiguration.
Currently they MUST use IPsec in order to secure this process.
Section 4 of that RFC discusses the possibility of using another
algorithm in order to secure mobile nodes.
4.3. Authentication in Application Layer
SSAS can be used as a means of authentication for the nodes in
application layer. It is really important that the nodes know who
they are talking to. So, application can make use of this approach as
a way to authenticate the other nodes in the network. It can have an
access list based on the IP address and verify the node by processing
SSAS verification.
4.4. Other Applications
With the wide usage of IP addresses in different types of devices and
by the use of autoconfiguration mechanisms to configure these IP
addresses, the need for the use of a security algorithm is increased.
One type of application would be for use in vehicular networks or in
the car-to-car networks. There is currently some work in progress
that makes use of Neighbor Discovery. SSAS could also be a solution
for enabling fast protection against ND attacks.
5. Security Considerations
There are two security considerations
Since SSAS cannot prevent the layer 2 attacks but can mitigate it
after the first verification, therefore one would need to use a
monitoring device to prevent MAC spoofing. The other possibility is
to have a dynamic MAC address. This means the SSAS node can use the
48 rightmost bits of the its public key as a MAC address. In this
case there is a binding between the IP address, MAC address and
public key. Since the verification process would have failed, it
cannot be spoofed. However, this approach might be problematic from
an operational view and might need to have some consideration before
being used.
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Another security consideration is how to attack SSAS. One might ask
oneself that what are the odds of an attacker being able to generate
a public key having two four sequential bytes (from two different
halves of public key) that are the same as 64 bits of that in
Interface ID? If he could, he could then generate the signature using
his own private key and thus break SSAS.
Mathematically it has been shown that the probability of matching 64
bits in the public key against 64bits in the IID is about pow(1/2,64)
where pow is the power function, 2 is a base and 64 is an exponent.
in [1] the analysis of SSAS is explained and compared to CGA. Since
the nodes in the network need to keep the public key and the MAC
address of other nodes in the cache, the attacker only has a few
seconds to perform this attack and then the attacker needs to perform
this attack against the whole public key. For CGA, this value is
less. in [3], the attack in CGA was explained. So, in general, SSAS
is faster and more secure than CGA.
6. IANA Considerations
This document defines an algorithm for the generation of an Interface
ID in IPv6 networks that provides IP layer privacy and local link
security. It is needed to assign a number for this option in NDP and
SeND packet so that the nodes can detect SSAS value by checking the
"TYPE" field.
7. Appendix
7.1. Network-based protection vs. Node-based protection
Node-based protection is the ability of the node to protect against
some types of attacks such as IP spoofing, MITM attack. On the other
hand, network-based protection is the use of some devices in the
network edges to protect the nodes inside this network against router
advertisement spoofing attacks or other types of attack. Both of
these protection is required and both can complement each other. This
is because the attacker might be inside the network and play a role
of MITM, spoof the other nodes' IP address, prevent other nodes from
configuring their IP address and cause many delays and problems in
the local network (Not all the nodes in the network is ever trustee).
One important consideration about node-based protection is that, it
should support any node and apply to any nodes (Including nodes with
limited energy resources or limited memory resources). This is why
there is a need for a good mechanism to provide this protection with
less cost. The proposed mechanism in this document, i.e., SSAS can
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provide the node with node-based protection. With only node-based
protection, the malicious node inside this network can claim to be a
router and the node does not have any means to authorize him. This is
why, the network-based protection is also the complement solution to
a node-based protection. There are some approaches to provide the
node with network-based protection. One such approach might be
RA-gaurd [4] which limits subnet prefixes. Unfortunately with this
approach, still the node inside this network can maliciously claim to
be a router and play the MITM attack inside the network by sending
unicast router advertisement messages. So, the attack is still
possible. The other approach is the use of RPKI as explained in RFC
6494 and RFC 6495. Unfortunately these RFCs only explain the
possibility of using them but not the detail of implementation. The
detail implementation is explained in [1]. The local RPKI node also
can play a role of monitoring device in the network.
8. Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to acknowledge Erik Nordmard for his supports
and assistance to improve this document.The authors also would like
to acknowledge Michael Richardson, Dan Wing, Tim Chown, Christian
Huitema for their comments to improve this document
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to
Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R., Deering, S., "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture," RFC 4291, February 2006.
[RFC3972] Aura, T., "Cryptographically Generated Addresses
(CGA)", RFC 3972, March 2005.
[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., Krishnan, S., "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, September 2007.
[RFC3971] Arkko, J., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and Nikander, P.,
"SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March 2005.
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T.,
Perkins, C., Carney, M. , " Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[RFC3756] Nikander, P., Kempf, J., Nordmark, E., "IPv6
Neighbor Discovery (ND) Trust Models and Threats", RFC
3972, May 2004.
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[RFC4919] Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., Schumacher, C.,"
IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
(6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and
Goals", RFC 4919, August 2007.
[RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E.,
Bormann, C. , " Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6
over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
RFC 6775, November 2012.
[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Johnson, D., Arkko, J., "Mobility
Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, July 2011.
[RFC6543] Gundavell, S., "Reserved IPv6 Interface
Identifier for Proxy Mobile IPv6", RFC 6543, May 2012.
[RFC6090] McGrew, D., Igoe, K., Salter, M., "Fundamental
Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithms", RFC 6090, February
2012.
[RFC3756] Nikander, F., Kempf, J., Nordmark, E., "IPv6
Neighbor Discovery (ND) Trust Models and Threats", RFC
3756, May 2004.
9.2. Informative References
[1] Rafiee, H., Meinel, C., "'SSAS: a Simple Secure Addressing
Scheme for IPv6 AutoConfiguration". In Proceedings of the 11th
IEEE International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust
(PST), IEEE Catalog number: CFP1304F-ART, ISBN:
978-1-4673-5839-2.
[2] Carpenter, B., Jiang, S., Work In Progress,
http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-ug, 2013
[3] Rafiee,H., Meinel, C., "Possible Attack on Cryptographically
Generated Addresses (CGA)"
,http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-rafiee-6man-cga-attack, 2013
[4] Gont, F,"Implementation Advice for IPv6 Router Advertisement
Guard
(RA-Guard)",tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-v6ops-ra-guard-implementation,
2012
[5] Rafiee,H., Meinel, C., "Recommendations for Local Security
Deployments"
,http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-rafiee-6man-local-security,
2013
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Authors' Addresses
Hosnieh Rafiee
Hasso-Plattner-Institute
Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Str. 2-3
Potsdam, Germany
Phone: +49 (0)331-5509-546
Email: ietf@rozanak.com
Dr. Christoph Meinel
(Professor)
Hasso-Plattner-Institute
Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Str. 2-3
Potsdam, Germany
Email: meinel@hpi.uni-potsdam.de
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