Network Working Group B. Sarikaya
Internet-Draft F. Xia
Intended status: Standards Track Huawei USA
Expires: July 29, 2011 January 25, 2011
NAT64 for Dual Stack Mobile IPv6
draft-sarikaya-behave-mext-nat64-dsmip-02.txt
Abstract
This memo specifies modifications required to the home agent to
integrate NAT64 with Mobile IP so that IPv6 only mobile nodes (MN)
receiving host-based mobility management using Dual Stack Mobile IPv6
(DSMIPv6) can communicate with IPv4 only servers. The protocol is
based on home agents maintaining a table similar to NAT64 and linking
it to the binding cache. The changes include better keepalive
management in order to preserve battery on the mobile node as well as
multicast support for NAT64 integrated into the current multicast
support scheme in Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 so that IPv6 only mobile
nodes can receive multicast data from IPv4 only content providers.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on July 29, 2011.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Modifications to DSMIPv6 for NAT64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Multicast Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Handover, Route Optimization and Return Routability . . . . . 9
7. Extensions to Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1. Multicast Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8. Protocol Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12.2. Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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1. Introduction
With IPv4 address depletion on the horizon, many techniques are being
standardized for IPv6 migration including NAT64
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]. NAT64 together with DNS64
[I-D.ietf-behave-dns64] and the translation algorithm
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate] enables IPv6-only hosts to communicate
with IPv4-only servers.
NAT64 is designed for fixed hosts. When used for mobile nodes
several problems occur as described in
[I-D.haddad-mext-nat64-mobility-harmful]. In this document we
redesign NAT64 for host based mobility protocol called Dual Stack
Mobile IPv6. The design uses DNS64 as is and integrates NAT64
operation with the binding cache of Dual Stack Mobile IPv6.
The document continues in Section 3 with a set of requirements on a
solution for NAT64 for Dual Stack Mobile IPv6. In Section 4 the
protocol design is presented, multicast translation is explained in
Section 5 while handover and route optimization cases are covered in
Section 6. In Section 7 extensions to DSMIPv6 are described.
2. Terminology
This document uses the terminology defined in [RFC3775], [RFC5555],
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful], [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate],
[RFC6052] and [I-D.ietf-behave-dns64].
3. Requirements
NAT64 has two main problems if used for the mobile nodes: the first
one is related to mobility and the second one is related to NAT
keepalives.
DNS64 uses the IPv6 prefix assigned to the NAT64 IPv6 interface in
the domain in translating IPv4 address of the server to an IPv6
address. This prefix will be referred to as Pref64 as in
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]. [RFC6052] defines two types
of prefixes: Well-Known Prefix or Network-Specific Prefix. If the
well-known prefix of 64:FF9B::/96 is used then the mobile node would
always get the same mapping wherever it moves so no problems can be
anticipated. However, for various reasons this is not expected to be
the case in general.
If Network-Specific Prefixes (NSP) are used problems can be
anticipated especially for mobile nodes
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[I-D.korhonen-behave-nat64-learn-analysis]. This happens because
DNS64 server used by the mobile node may use a different NSP that
NAT64 box is not configured with.
When the mobile node moves to a foreign network, the mobile node's
DNS requests can be done in two ways: either mobile node tunnels it
to the home agent and the home agent sends it to the DNS server in
the home network or the mobile node sends it locally and it goes to
the DNS server of the foreign network. The former case poses no
problems as DNS64 server is synchronized with NAT64 server at the
home network. The latter case poses problems because NSP in the IPv6
address synthesized by the local DNS64 is not recognized by the home
NAT64 server, i.e. its interface is not configured with this NSP. In
this case the mobile node's IPv6 packet may not reach the destination
IPv4-only server. This is called prefix mismatch problem.
Mobile nodes in Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 initiate route optimization
with the correspondent nodes when they move to a foreign network by
sending first a home test init (HoTI) message to the home agent.
This and subsequent messages (Care-of Test Init (CoTI), Home Test
(HoT) and Care-of Test (CoT)) contain IPv6 extension headers.
NAT64's translation algorithm [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate] does not
translate IPv6 extension headers. As a result, HoTI and similar
messages would be rejected at the NAT64 device and the mobile node
would end up receiving an ICMP message.
This fundamental restriction of IPv6-IPv4 translation is avoided in
this document by an additional requirement not to initiate the route
optimization with IPv4-only servers.
NAT64 is a NAT device which keeps NAT table as the NAT state. NAT
state is soft state and it expires if it is not refreshed during a
certain time interval. NAT devices delete existing bindings at the
end of a time interval if no activity is detected during that
interval. Timer values of a minimum of two and maximum of five
minutes for UDP [RFC4787] and 2 hours and four minutes [RFC2663] for
TCP [RFC5382] are recommended [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful].
However, existing NAT devices are known to have non-deterministic and
typically short expiration times especially for UDP-based bindings.
Outbound refresh (mobile node initiated) is necessary for allowing
the client (mobile node) to keep the mapping alive. NAT keepalives
are used for this purpose [RFC5245]. Mobile nodes go to sleep mode
when inactive in which battery usage is minimized. However sending
NAT keepalive messages for outbound refresh may drain the mobile
node's battery because it has to cut short its sleep mode.
NAT keepalives should be avoided for the mobile nodes. This
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requirement is met by integrating NAT64 state with binding cache that
the home agent creates for the mobile node in order to keep track of
its mobility and by having the home agent to refresh NAT binding with
the NAT device.
While resolving issues of NAT64 related to mobility, it is desirable
to keep compatibility with fixed hosts. This requirement is met by
reusing DNS64 for mobile nodes as well.
The behaviour of IPv4-only or dual stack mobile nodes using host
based mobility protocol Mobile IPv6 is specified in [RFC5555].
However [RFC5555] does not specify how IPv6-only mobile nodes can
access IPv4-only servers. Hence this specification complements
[RFC5555].
NAT64 is designed for unicast communication, the translation
algorithm is defined in [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate] does not
translate multicast packets. IPv6 only hosts receiving multicast
data from IPv4 only servers is not covered.
For many applications multicast communication for mobile nodes in a
dual stack Mobile IPv6 environment is a requirement. This
requirement is met by designing a multicast translation scheme for
Dual Stack Mobile IPv6. This technique applies to any source
multicast (ASM) as well as Source Specific Multicast (SSM).
4. Modifications to DSMIPv6 for NAT64
This section discusses extensions to NAT64 to support mobility.
Multicast extensions are discussed next in Section 5. It is assumed
that NAT64 and HA can be hosted in different machines, however it is
also possible that HA and NAT64 coexist in the same node.
Mobile nodes reverse tunnel their packets to the home agent when
roaming and at the home network the home agent is the default router.
When forwarding packets sent by the mobile node, the home agent first
checks the Source Address field of the inner header in the binding
cache to find the corresponding binding cache entry for this mobile
node's home address. A further check is made if the destination
address' prefix matches Pref64 in the prefix table. In case of a
match, IPv6-only flag in the binding cache entry for the mobile node
is set if it was not set already.
If NAT64 and HA are collocated, HA creates a "NAT state" of
<MN source address, IPv6 source port> <--> <IPv4 Interface address,
IPv4 source port>
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To this NAT state this specification adds keepalive interval K which
is used to make sure HA/NAT64 initiates NAT64 keepalives. MN does
not have to shorten the time it spends in dormant state and drain its
battery.
Translation into IPv4 packet takes place at the NAT64 server. If
NAT64 server is collocated then the home agent translates IPv6 packet
into an IPv4 packet following the algorithm presented in
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate].
HA (collocated with NAT64 or not) keeps IPv6-only flag and Pref64 in
the binding cache. This state is linked to the binding cache entry
for MN. The home agent forwards IPv6 packet towards NAT64 server.
When forwarding any subsequent packets for the same session
corresponding to <MN source address, source port>, HA collocated with
NAT64 finds the corresponding entry in the NAT table and creates the
corresponding IPv4 packet using this entry. The above procedure of
new NAT64 state creation is repeated only when a new session is
started by MN.
In case of collocated HA and NAT64, an incoming IPv4 packet is
processed as follows: When HA receives a packet addressed to its IPv4
interface it searches the NAT table for the corresponding MN IPv6
source address and port. For example the tuple <203.0.113.1, 2000>
would match the network-specific prefix (NSP) of 2001:FF00::/64 and
the source port of 1500. HA creates an IPv6 packet from IPv4 packet
using this information. IPv4 packet is translated into an IPv6
packet following the algorithm presented in
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate]. Next HA fetches MN's binding cache
entry and finds care-of address of MN. HA encapsulates IPv6 packet
and sends it to the mobile node.
If HA and NAT64 are not collocated, NAT64 translates IPv4 packet and
forwards to HA as IPv6 packet. HA, after receiving the incoming IPv6
packet to the mobile node's home network, searches its binding cache
and finds care-of address of MN and encapsulates the packet and sends
it to MN.
Keepalive interval is used to send NAT keepalive messages when HA is
collocated with NAT64. NAT keepalive messages are ICMP Echo Request
messages [RFC3519]. ICMPv6 Echo Request message MUST be encoded with
a UDP header. The packet's destination address is the destination
address associated with the keepalive interval. The source address
is MN's home address. Keepalive interval is used to keep track of
inactivity of the mobile node's session with its NAT64 host, IPv4-
only server. UDP header contains the source and destination port
numbers of NAT64 binding. Any ICMP Echo Request message sent from
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the home agent serves as outbound refresh message for the session and
any corresponding ICMP Echo Reply received serves as the inbound
refresh.
ICMPv6 Echo Request message encoded in UDP header is translated into
ICMPv4 Echo Request message with UDP header at NAT64 server following
translation rules defined in [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate] since the
UDP header preserves the source and destination port numbers that are
needed in order to match with NAT64 binding. NAT64 server also
refreshes NAT64 state for this session. An ICMPv4 Echo is sent to
IPv4 only server as an IPv4 packet with UDP header. IPv4 server
replies with IPv4 Echo Reply which is translated into ICMPv6 Echo
Reply message and received by the home agent.
Keepalive interval of K seconds controls the frequency of keepalive
messages. K is a protocol constant with a default value. The
default value should be less that the timeout value used by the NAT
server. Because of this K can be set to the default value of 110
seconds [RFC3519].
Home agent collocated with NAT64 forwards any subsequent packets for
the same session corresponding to <MN source address, source port>
and refreshes the keepalive interval. Home agent does not do any
inbound refresh. Home agent MUST not forward ICMPv6 Echo Reply
message to MN. Incoming packets for this session do not refresh the
keepalive interval since it is the interval for outbound refresh. It
is up to IPv4 only server to do the inbound refreshes.
5. Multicast Translation
In this section we specify how mobile node can receive IPv4 multicast
data from IPv4-only content provider based on the current multicast
support scheme in Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 [RFC3775]. The reverse
translation of IPv6 multicast data for IPv4-only receivers is out of
scope. Multicast translation specified in this section applies to
both cases of collocated HA and NAT64 as well as HA and NAT64 hosted
in different machines.
IPv6-only mobile node will join IPv4 multicast group by sending MLD
Membership Report message to the home agent. This message is sent in
the mobile node-home agent tunnel. Mobile node will use synthesized
IPv6 address of IPv4 multicast group address, e.g. a /96 prefix used
for any source multicast called IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix followed by
a.b.c.d, IPv4 multicast group address. IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix
takes the form of FFxx::/96, it is non-SSM prefix
[I-D.venaas-behave-mcast46]. Multicast router at the home agent
receives this join message from the mobile node for the group
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IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix:a.b.c.d.
Each home agent is assigned a unique IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix.
Mobile nodes can learn this value by means out of scope with this
document. With this, mobile node can easily create an IPv6 multicast
address from the IPv4 group address a.b.c.d that it wants to join.
Home agent as multicast anchor checks the group address and
recognizes IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix. It next checks the last 32
bits is an IPv4 multicast address in range 224/8 - 239/8. If all
checks succeed, home agent joins a.b.c.d using IGMP on its IPv4
interface.
Home agent identifies the mobile node from the tunnel and adds the
multicast group address to the multicast state associated with the
mobile node's binding cache entry. Home agent also sets IPv6-only
bit if it was not set before.
When home agent receives multicast data for the group a.b.c.d, it
first obtains the IPv6 address IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix:a.b.c.d and
then checks to see if at least one mobile node is subscribed to this
address from the binding cache and multicast state.
Home agent will then translate IPv4 multicast data packet into an
IPv6 multicast data packet. The destination address is IPv6 group
address IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix:a.b.c.d and source address is home
agent's IPv6 interface address. The value in Type of Service (TOS)
field of IPv4 packet is copied into IPv6 Traffic Class field. IPv4
Protocol and TTL fields are copied into IPv6 Next Header and Hop
Limit fields respectively. IPv4 payload is copied into IPv6 payload.
UDP checksum is updated which completes the packet translation
process [Thesis]. Home agent duplicates the packet for each mobile
node member of this group and sends each packet tunneled to the
individual mobile node separately.
Any IPv4 fragments sent by the routers must be translated into IPv6
packets with IPv6 Fragment Header. Fragmentation Offset field is
copied into the corresponding field in the Fragment Header. 16-bit
Identification field is copied into the low-order 16 bits of IPv6
Fragment Header Identification field. The high-order bits of the 32-
bit IPv6 Fragment Header Identification field are set to zero. More
Fragments (MF) flag is copied to the corresponding field in IPv6
Fragment Header [Thesis].
Multicast translation described in this section is not mobile node
agnostic. Home agent gets the join message directly from the mobile
node and then updates the membership database which is connected to
the binding cache. Home agent has to know all members of each IPv4
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group so that it can correctly duplicate the data packets and tunnel
to individual mobile nodes.
Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) can also be supported similar to the
Any Source Multicast (ASM) described above. In case of SSM, IPv4
multicast addresses use 232.0.0.0/8 prefix and IPv6 multicast
addresses use FF3X::/96 prefix. A unique SSM prefix can be
configured such as FF3E::/96. This prefix is referred to as
IPV6_TRSSM_ADDRESS prefix. Since SSM translation requires a unique
address for each IPv4 multicast source, an IPv6 unicast prefix must
be configured to the translator to represent IPv4 sources. This
prefix is prepended to IPv4 source addresses in translated packets.
Also this prefix must be routed towards the translator on the IPv6
network, to enable reverse path forwarding for multicast, and to
inform other PIM routers about the correct destination for PIM (S,G)
Join messages [Thesis].
6. Handover, Route Optimization and Return Routability
The mobile node moves to a foreign network and sends DNS request
locally and the request goes to the DNS server of the foreign network
that is configured with a different Pref64. This creates a prefix
mismatch problem. Mobile node gets a different synthetic AAAA RR
with a different IPv6 address of the destination. MN reverse tunnels
its IPv6 packet destined to IPv4-only server to the home agent.
Home agent checks the source address (mobile node's home address) of
the inner header in the binding cache for any entry with IPv6-only
flag set. Next destination address' prefix is checked in the binding
cache. In case the prefix does not match, HA checks the prefix table
for a match with the destination address' prefix. In case of a
match, a new binding cache entry is added with the new Pref64. HA is
responsible for routing the MN's packet with the new Pref64. The
packet may take a longer path or the packet may not even reach the
destination due to a non existing roaming agreement with the foreign
network. If the prefix does not match, home agent forwards the
packet since this packet should be going to another IPv6 destination
host.
If IPv6-only flag is not set and the prefix matches then this is the
first packet sent to a new IPv4-only server. Home agent processes
this packet as described in Section 4.
The effect of handover on multicast translation described in
Section 5 depends on how IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix is configured.
Mobile node may get a different IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix locally
after moving to a foreign network. Mobile node sends a join request
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(Multicast Listener Discovery Report message) with a new multicast
group address to the home agent in a tunnel. Home agent adds this
group address to its membership database. Home agent MUST add the
new IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix to the multicast prefix table. Home
agent MUST set IPv6-only flag in the binding cache for this mobile
node.
Route optimization (RO) in DSMIPv6 is used to avoid triangular route
every packet to the corresponding node takes by enabling the mobile
node to directly send the packets to the correspondent node
[RFC3775]. RO is established using control signaling involving the
home agent, mobile node and correspondent node. After RO is
established mobile node sends its packets directly to the
correspondent node. The source address of these packets is the
care-of address and MN home address is included in an extension
header called home address option. All RO packets involve extension
headers.
Because all route optimization packets (signaling and data) contain
extension headers the translation algorithm
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate] used in NAT64 would simply ignore the
data included in these headers. As a result, route optimization can
not even be initiated. IPv6 only mobile nodes involved in
communication with IPv4-only servers MUST NOT use route optimization.
This ensures that all traffic between the mobile node and
corresponding node goes through the home agent and correct IPv6-IPv4
packet translation can be conducted.
7. Extensions to Dual Stack Mobile IPv6
Binding cache entry contains the following new entry:
A flag indicating whether or not this mobile node is IPv6-only node
and Pref64, the prefix used to route NAT64 traffic to NAT64 server.
IPv6-only flag is set after receiving the first IPv6 packet
containing a synthetic IPv6 address. This flag is used to connect
the binding cache with the NAT table.
Home agent is configured with a table of NAT64 prefixes, Pref64's
that are supported in Dual Stack Mobile IPv6 home domain and its
roaming partners. For each Pref64, home agent keeps a 32-bit suffix
which is concatenated to the prefix. The resulting 96-bit value is
concatenated with IPv4 address of the destination IPv4-only server to
obtain the synthesized IPv6 address.
If the Well-Known Prefix is used this table contains 64:FF9B::/96.
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In this case there is no associated suffix.
IPv6-only mobile nodes MUST avoid initiating return routability
procedure described in Section 5.2.5 of [RFC3775]. When the home
agent receives a Home Test Init message, it checks the source address
(mobile node's home address) in the binding cache. If the
corresponding binding cache entry has its IPv6-only flag set home
agent drops the Home Test Init message.
7.1. Multicast Extensions
Multicast anchor at the home agent MUST support at least one
IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefix. Multicast anchor at the home agent MUST
support IGMP on its IPv4 interface.
Home agent has a table of IPV6_TRASM_ADDRESS prefixes. This table
normally contains a single entry, i.e. the local prefix value. It
may be populated by more entries in case of handover as described in
Section 6. The entries are kept as soft-state and removed after a
period of no activity.
Multicast anchor at the home agent MUST support at least one
IPV6_TRSSM_ADDRESS prefix. Multicast anchor at the home agent MUST
support IGMPv3 on its IPv4 interface as source filtering needed for
SSM is supported only by IGMPv3.
8. Protocol Constants
K 110 seconds (as defined in [RFC3519].
9. Security Considerations
For IPv4-only or dual stack mobile nodes security considerations
stated in [RFC5555] apply. This document specifies procedures for
MIPv6 [RFC3775] for the case of IPv6-only mobile nodes which are not
covered in [RFC5555]. Security considerations for IPv4 interface of
the home agent is similar to [I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]
and the considerations stated there apply.
10. IANA Considerations
TBD.
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11. Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Marcelo Bagnulo for his comments that
helped improve the document.
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2629] Rose, M., "Writing I-Ds and RFCs using XML", RFC 2629,
June 1999.
[RFC2663] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
RFC 2663, August 1999.
[RFC5382] Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, October 2008.
[RFC3519] Levkowetz, H. and S. Vaarala, "Mobile IP Traversal of
Network Address Translation (NAT) Devices", RFC 3519,
April 2003.
[RFC4787] Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
(NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
RFC 4787, January 2007.
[RFC5245] Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment
(ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT)
Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245,
April 2010.
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful]
Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers",
draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-stateful-12 (work in
progress), July 2010.
[I-D.ietf-behave-dns64]
Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum,
"DNS64: DNS extensions for Network Address Translation
from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers",
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draft-ietf-behave-dns64-11 (work in progress),
October 2010.
[RFC6052] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
October 2010.
[I-D.ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate]
Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
Algorithm", draft-ietf-behave-v6v4-xlate-23 (work in
progress), September 2010.
[RFC5555] Soliman, H., "Mobile IPv6 Support for Dual Stack Hosts and
Routers", RFC 5555, June 2009.
[RFC3775] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support
in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
12.2. Informative references
[I-D.haddad-mext-nat64-mobility-harmful]
Haddad, W. and C. Perkins, "A Note on NAT64 Interaction
with Mobile IPv6",
draft-haddad-mext-nat64-mobility-harmful-01 (work in
progress), April 2010.
[I-D.venaas-behave-mcast46]
Venaas, S., Asaeda, H., SUZUKI, S., and T. Fujisaki, "An
IPv4 - IPv6 multicast translator",
draft-venaas-behave-mcast46-02 (work in progress),
December 2010.
[I-D.korhonen-behave-nat64-learn-analysis]
Korhonen, J. and T. Savolainen, "Analysis of solution
proposals for hosts to learn NAT64 prefix",
draft-korhonen-behave-nat64-learn-analysis-01 (work in
progress), January 2011.
[Thesis] Teemu Kiviniemi, Helsinki University of Technology,
Master's Thesis, "Implementation of an IPv4 to IPv6
Multicast Translator", October 2009.
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Authors' Addresses
Behcet Sarikaya
Huawei USA
1700 Alma Dr. Suite 500
Plano, TX 75075
Phone: +1 972-509-5599
Email: sarikaya@ieee.org
Frank Xia
Huawei USA
1700 Alma Dr. Suite 500
Plano, TX 75075
Phone: +1 972-509-5599
Email: xiayangsong@huawei.com
Sarikaya & Xia Expires July 29, 2011 [Page 14]